A review of research on the distribution, ecology, behaviour, and conservation of the Slender Loris Loris lydekkerianus (Mammalia: Primates: Lorisidae) in India

Main Article Content

Mewa Singh
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9198-0192
Mridula Singh
Honnavalli N. Kumara
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7958-6395
Shanthala Kumar
Smitha D. Gnanaoliu
Ramamoorthy Sasi

Abstract

The Slender Loris in India includes two subspecies, the Mysore Slender Loris and the Malabar Slender Loris, with unidentified populations at overlapping ranges of the subspecies. Prior to 1996, the knowledge on Indian lorises was mostly limited to laboratory studies, or some anecdotes from the wild. Since late 1990, several intensive field studies have been carried out which informed about the status, ecology, behaviour, conservation issues, and management of the Slender Loris in India. Here, we review all these studies, discuss the major findings and identify directions for future research. 

Article Details

Section
Reviews

References

Cabrera, A. (1908). Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus. Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural.

Das, S., S. Dutta, M. Mangalam, R.K. Verma, S. Rath, H.N. Kumara & M. Singh (2011). Prioritising remnant forests for the conservation of Mysore slender loris in Karnataka, India through estimation of population density. International Journal of Primatology 32: 1153–1160.

Dittus, W., M. Singh, S.N. Gamage, H.N. Kumara, A. Kumar & K.A.I. Nekaris (2020). Loris lydekkerianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T44722A17970358. Downloaded on 20 September 2021. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44722A17970358.en

Fuller, G., M.A. Raghanti, P.M. Dennis, C.W. Kuhar, M.A. Willis, M.W. School & K.E. Lukas (2016). A comparison of nocturnal primate behavior in exhibits illuminated with red and blue light. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 184: 126–134.

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E. (1796). Mémoire sur les rapports naturels des Makis Lemur, L. et Description d’uneespèce nouvelle de Mammifère. Magas in Encyclopédique, An 2(1): 20–50.

Gnanaolivu, S.D., H.N. Kumara, M. Singh, D. Sudarsanam (2020). Ecological determinants of Malabar Slender Loris (Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus, Cabrera 1908) Occupancy and abundance in Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Ghats, India. International Journal of Primatology 41: 511–524.

Gnanaolivu, S.D. & M. Singh (2019). First sighting of predatory attack on a Malabar Slender Loris Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus by brown palm civet Paradoxurus jerdonii. Asian Primates Journal 8: 37–40.

Groves, C.P. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC.

Harris. S., W.J. Cresswell, P.G. Forde, W.J. Trewhella, T. Wollard & S. Wrary (1990). Home range analysis using radio-tracking data-a review of problems and techniques particularly applied to the study of mammals. Mammal Review 20: 97–123.

International Commission on Zoological Nomanclature (1999). Opinion 1922: LorisE.Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1796 (Mammalia, Primates): conserved, and correction made to the entry for Choleopus liliger, 1811 (Xenarthra) on the Official list. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 56: 101–103.

Jenkins, P.D. (1987).Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and elsewhere in the British Isles. Part IV: Suborder Strepsirrhini, including the subfossil Madagascar lemurs and Family Tarsiidai. British Museum (Natural History), London.

Kanagavel, A., C. Sinclair, R. Sekar & R. Raghavan (2013).Moolah, misfortune or spinsterhood? The plight of slender loris lydekkerianus in southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(1): 3585–3588. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3265.948

Kar Gupta, K. (1998). Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus) distribution and habitat use in Kalakad-Mundathurai Tiger Reserve, India. Folia Primatologica 69 (Supplement): 364.

Kar Gupta, K. (2007). Socioecology and conservation of the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus) in southern India. PhD Thesis. Arizona State University, Tempe.

Kumara, H.N., M. Irfan-Ullah & S. Kumar (2009). Mapping potential distributions of Slender Loris subspecies in peninsular India. Endangered Species Research 7: 29–38

Kumara, H.N. (2020). Evaluation of field techniques used to assess populations of Pottos and Lorises, pp. 295–303. In: Nekaris, K.A.I. & A.M. Burrows (eds.), Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 491 pp.

Kumara, H.N., S. Kumar & M. Singh (2005). A novel foraging technique observed in slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus) feeding on red ants. Folia Primatologica 76: 116–118.

Kumara, H.N., K.A.I. Nekaris & M. Singh (2020a). Loris lydekkerianus ssp. lydekkerianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T185394075A17991588. Downloaded on 20 September 2021. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T185394075A17991588.en

Kumara, H.N., K.A.I. Nekaris & M. Singh (2020b). Loris lydekkerianus ssp. malabaricus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T44720A17991563. Downloaded on 20 September 2021. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44720A17991563.en

Kumara, H.N. & S. Radhakrishna (2013). Evaluation of census techniques to estimate the density of slender Loris(Loris lydekkerianus) in Southern India. Current Science 104: 1083–1086.

Kumara, H.N., R. Sasi, S. Chandran & S. Radhakrishna (2016). Distribution of the Grey Slender Loris(Loris lyddekerianus Cabrera, 1908) in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. Folia Primatologica 87: 291–302.

Kumara, H.N., M. Singh & S. Kumar (2006). Distribution, habitat correlates, and conservation of Loris lydekkerianus in Karnataka, India. International Journal of Primatology 27: 941–969.

Kumara, H.N., M. Singh, M. Irfan-Ullah & S. Kumar (2012). Status, distribution and conservation of Slender Lorises in India, pp. 343–352. In: Master, J., M. Gamba & F. Genin (Eds.). Leaping Ahead: Advances in Prosimian Biology, Springer, New York.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae. 10th edition. L. Salvius, Stockholm, 136 pp.

Lydekker, R. (1905). On two lorises. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1904: 345–346.

Nekaris, K.A.I. (2000). The socioecology of the Mysore Slender Loris in Dindigul, Tamilnadu, south India. PhD Thesis. Washington University, St. Louis.

Nekaris, K.A.I. (2001). Activity budget and positional behaviour of the Mysore slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus): Implications for slow climbing locomotion. Folia Priamtologica 72: 228–241.

Nekaris, K.A.I. (2003). Observations of mating, birthing and parental behaviour in three subspecies of Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus and Loris lydekkerianus) in India and Sri Lanka. Folia Primatologica 74: 312–336.

Nekaris, K.A.I. (2005). Foraging behaviour of the slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus): implications for theories of primate origins. Journal of Human Evolution 49: 289–300.

Nekaris, K.A.I., R.A. Munds & E.R. Pimpley (2020). Trapping, collaring and monitoring Lorisinaeof Asia (Loris, Nycticebus) and Perodicticinae (Arctocebus, Perodicticus) of Africa, pp. 279–294. In: Nekaris, K.A.I. & A.M. Burrows (eds.). Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 491 pp.

Nekaris, K.A.I. & T. Rasmussen (2003). Diet and feeding behaviour of Mysore Slender Loris. International Journal of Primatology 24: 33–46.

Poindexter, S. & K.A.I. Nekaris (2020). The evolution of social organization in Lorisiformes, pp. 129–137. In: Nekaris, K.A.I. & A.M. Burrows (eds.). Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 491 pp.

Radhakrishna, S. (2001). Reproductive and social behaviour of the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus) in its natural habitat, PhD Theses. University of Mysore, Mysuru.

Radhakrishna, S. (2004). Sociality in a solitary primate: How gregarious is the slender loris? Resonance: Journal of Science Education 9: 64–81.

Radhakrishna, S. & H.N. Kumara (2010). Behavioural variations in the Mysore Slender Loris Loris lydekerrianus lydekkerianus. Current Science 99: 1226–1232.

Radhakrishna, S., H.N. Kumara & R. Sasi (2011). Distribution patterns of slender loris subspecies (Loris lydekkerianus) in Kerala, Southern India. International Journal of Primatology 32: 1007–1019.

Radhakrishna, S. & M. Singh (2002a). Activity schedule and habitat use of slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus). Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 99: 400–407.

Radhakrishna, S. & M. Singh (2002b). Home range and ranging pattern in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus). Primates 43: 237–248.

Radhakrishna, S. & M. Singh (2002c). Social behavior of slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus). Folia Primatologica 73: 181–196.

Radhakrishna, S. & M. Singh (2004a). Reproductive biology of the Slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus). Folia Primatologica 75: 1–13.

Radhakrishna, S. & M. Singh (2004b). Infant development in the slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus). Current Science 86: 1121–1127.

Ramakrishna, P.A. & M.R.N. Prasad (1967). Changes in the male reproductive organs of Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus (Canbrera). Folia Primatologica 5: 176–189.

Ramaswami, L.S. & T.C.A. Kumar (1962). Reproductive cycle of the slender loris. Naturwissenschaften 5: 115–116.

Ramaswami, L.S. & T.C.A. Kumar (1965). Some aspects of reproduction of the female slender loris Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus Cabr. Acta Zoologica XLVI: 257–273.

Sasi, R. & H.N. Kumara (2014). Distribution and relative abundance of the Slender Loris Loris lydekkerianus in southern Kerala, India. Primate Conservation 28: 165–170.

Seba, A. (1735). Locupletissimi rerum naturalism accurate description eticonibusartificiosissimis expression per universam physics historiam. Amsterdam: Jansson-Waesberg.

Schulze, H. & B. Meier (1995). The subspecies of Loris tardigradus and their conservation status: a review, pp. 193–210. In: Alterman, L., G.A. Doyle & M.K. Izard (Eds.). Creatures of the Dark: the Nocturnal Prosimians, Plenum, New York, 563 pp.

Sellers, W. (1996). A biomechanical investigation into the absence of leaping in the locomotor repertoire of the slender loris (Loris tardigradus). Folia Primatologica 67: 1–14.

Singh, M., M.A. Kumar, H.N. Kumara & S.M. Mohnot (2000). Distribution and conservation of Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) in southern Andhra Pradesh, south India. International Journal of Primatology 21: 721–730.

Singh, M., D.G. Lindburg, A. Udhayan, M.A. Kumar & H.N. Kumara (1999). Status survey of Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India. Oryx 33: 31–37.

Subrahmanyam, S., M.L. Das & H.N. Kumara (2021). Climate change projections of current and future distributions of the endemic Loris lydekkerianus (Lorinae) in peninsular India, pp. 321–358. In: Venkatramanan, V., S. Shah & R. Prasad (eds.). Exploring Synergies and Trade-offs Between Climate Change and the Sustainable Development Goals, Springer Nature Private Limited, Singapore, 402 pp.

Swayamprabha, M.S. & K.M. Kadam (1980). Mother-infant relationship in the slender loris (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus). Primates 21: 561–566.

Weldon, A., M. Campera& K.A.I. Nekaris (2020). Red light for nocturnal observations, pp. 281–282. In: Nekaris, K.A.I. & A.M. Burrows (Eds.), Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 491 pp.

Wroughton, R.C. (1917). The Slender Loris of Malabar. Journal of the Bombay History Society 25: 45.

Most read articles by the same author(s)