Communities attitudes and conservation strategies for flying foxes Pteropus spp. (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): a case study from Sabah, Malaysia Borneo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9870.17.9.27464-27487Keywords:
Community survey, conservation attitudes, fruit bats, human-wildlife interactions, hunting & culling, knowledge, Palaeotropics, perceptions, Pteropus hypomelanus, Pteropus vampyrusAbstract
Flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) are keystone pollinators and seed dispersers in tropical ecosystems, yet over half of these bat species are threatened with extinction, making their conservation a global priority. In Sabah, Malaysia, understanding local communities’ attitudes toward flying foxes is crucial for guiding effective conservation strategies. This study used a self-administered questionnaire survey targeting Sabahan communities (n = 320; 100 in-person, 220 online across various districts in Sabah) to assess conservation attitudes, knowledge gaps, and factors influencing these attitudes. Statistical tests revealed approximately 70% of Sabahan respondents (68% in-person; 77% online), expressed conservation-positive attitudes toward flying foxes, providing a strong basis for expanding community-driven conservation efforts, although over half exhibited limited ecological understanding or held misconceptions about flying foxes. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) identified knowledge level (Odds Ratio, OR = 7.43, p < 0.05), recognition of ecological importance (OR = 4.30, p < 0.05), and ethical opposition to culling (OR = 3.62, p < 0.05) as the strongest predictors of conservation support. Neither socio-demographic factors nor conflict-based experiences significantly predicted conservation attitudes. These findings highlight an urgent need for targeted education and community engagement to improve knowledge and dispel misconceptions, raise awareness of legal protections for flying foxes, such as hunting permit requirements, and proactive efforts to address misinformation about zoonotic transmission risks from flying foxes. The development of educational tools, community outreach programmes, and non-lethal conflict mitigation strategies should be prioritised as key intervention points to promote flying fox conservation. Such measures, although grounded in Sabah’s context, can inform and strengthen flying fox conservation efforts in similar community settings elsewhere.
References
Albarracín, D., A. Sunderrajan, S. Lohmann, M.P.S. Chan & D. Jiang (2018). The psychology of attitudes, motivation, and persuasion, pp. 44. In: Albarracín, D. & B.T. Johnson (eds.). The Handbook of Attitudes, Volume 1: Basic Principles, 2nd Edition. Routledge, New York, 678pp.
Atkinson, R. & J. Flint (2001). Accessing Hidden and Hard-to-Reach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies. Social Research Update 33: 1–4.
Aziz, S.A., G.R. Clements, X. Giam, P.M. Forget & A. Campos-Arceiz (2017a). Coexistence and conflict between the Island Flying Fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) and humans on Tioman Island, Peninsular Malaysia. Human Ecology 45(3): 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-017-9905-6
Aziz, S.A., G.R. Clements, K.R., McConkey, T. Sritongchuay, S. Pathil, M.N.H.A. Yazid, A. Campos-Arceiz, P.-M. Forget & S. Bumrungsri (2017b). Pollination by the locally endangered island Flying Fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) enhances fruit production of the economically important Durian (Durio zibethinus). Ecology and Evolution 7(21): 8670–8684. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3213
Aziz, S.A., G.R. Clements, L.Y. Peng, A. Campos-Arceiz, K.R. McConkey, P.M. Forget & H.M. Gan (2017c). Elucidating the diet of the island flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus) in Peninsular Malaysia through Illumina Next-Generation Sequencing. PeerJ 5: e3176. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3176
Aziz, S.A., K.R. McConkey, K. Tanalgo, T. Sritongchuay, M.-R. Low, J.Y. Yong, T.L. Mildenstein, C.E. Nuevo-Diego, V.-C. Lim & P.A. Racey (2021). The critical importance of Old-World Fruit Bats for healthy ecosystems and economies. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9: 1–29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.641411
Aziz, S.A., K.J. Olival, S. Bumrungsri, G.C. Richards & P.A. Racey (2016). The conflict between Pteropodid bats and fruit growers: species, legislation and mitigation, pp. 377. In: Voigt, C.C. & T. Kingston (eds.). Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer, Switzerland, 601 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_13
Ballard, H.L., C.G.H. Dixon & E.M. Harris (2017). Youth-focused citizen science: examining the role of environmental science learning and agency for conservation. Biological Conservation 208: 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.024
Basak, S.M., M.D. Hossain, D.T. O’Mahony, H. Okarma, E. Widera & I.A. Wierzbowska (2022). Public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters – A decade of change. Science of the Total Environment 834: 155603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155603
Bates, D., M. Mächler, B. Bolker & S. Walker (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67(1): 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Bennett, N.J., A. Di Franco, A. Calò, E. Nethery, F. Niccolini, M. Milazzo & P. Guidetti (2019). Local support for conservation is associated with perceptions of good governance, social impacts, and ecological effectiveness. Conservation Letters 12(4): e12640. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12640
Berthinussen, A., O.C. Richardson & J.D. Altringham (2021). Bat Conservation: global evidence for the effects of interventions. Conservation evidence series synopses. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 316 pp.
Bethlehem, J. (2010). Selection bias in web surveys. International Statistical Review 78(2): 161–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00112.x
Bhatia, S., S.M. Redpath, K. Suryawanshi & C. Mishra (2019). Beyond conflict: exploring the spectrum of human–wildlife interactions and their underlying mechanisms. Oryx 54(5): 621–628. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060531800159x
Boso, À., B. Álvarez, J.C. Pérez, A. Imio, A. Altamirano & F. Lisón (2021). Understanding human attitudes towards bats and the role of information and aesthetics to boost a positive response as a conservation tool. Animal Conservation 24(6): 937–945. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12692
Castilla, M.C., C. Campos, S. Colantonio & M. Díaz (2020). Perceptions and attitudes of the local people towards bats in the surroundings of the Escaba dam (Tucumán, Argentina). Ethnobiology and Conservation 9. https://ethnobioconservation.com/index.php/ebc/article/view/251
Charerntantanakul, W., S. Shibata & C.E. Vincenot (2023). Amidst nets and typhoons: conservation implications of bat–farmer conflicts on Okinawa Island. Oryx 57(4): 467–475. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605322000631
Chen, S.F., T.J. Shen, H.C. Lee, H.W. Wu, W.T. Zeng, D.J. Lu & H.C. Lin (2017). Preference of an insular flying fox for seed figs enhances seed dispersal of a dioecious species. Biotropica 49(4): 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12449
Clayton, S., C. Litchfield & E.S. Geller (2013). Psychological science, conservation, and environmental sustainability. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11(7): 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1890/120351
Coutts, E. & B. Jann (2011). Sensitive questions in online surveys: experimental results for the Randomized Response Technique (RRT) and the Unmatched Count Technique (UCT). Sociological Methods & Research 40(1): 169–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124110390768
Curran, P.G. (2016). Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 66: 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2015.07.006
De Leeuw, E.D. (2017). Mixing modes in a population-based interview survey: How to do it, and how does it affect data quality? Archives of Public Health 75(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-017-0237-1
Deshpande, K. & N. Kelkar (2015). How do fruit bat seed shadows benefit agroforestry? Insights from local perceptions in Kerala, India. Biotropica 47(6): 654–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12275
DeSimone, J.A., P.D. Harms & A.J. De Simone (2014). Best practice recommendations for data screening. Journal of Organizational Behaviour 36(2): 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1962
Dickman, A.J. (2010). Complexities of conflict: The importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human-wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation 13(5): 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00368.x
Florens, F.B.V. & C. Baider (2019). Mass-culling of a threatened island flying fox species failed to increase fruit growers’ profits and revealed gaps to be addressed for effective conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation 47: 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.11.008
Florens, F.V.B. (2016). Mauritius culls endangered fruit bats. Nature 530: 33. https://doi.org/10.1038/530033a
Fotsing, E.D., M.F. Meigang, Kamkeng & D. Zinner (2024). Opinions, attitudes and perceptions of local people towards the conservation of Nigeria‐Cameroon chimpanzees in Mpem‐Djim National Park, central Cameroon. People and Nature 6(2): 865-881. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10621
Fox, J. & G. Monette (1992). Generalised collinearity diagnostics. Journal of the American Statistical Association 87(417): 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1992.10475190
Fujita, M.S. & M.D. Tuttle (1991). Flying foxes threatened animals of key economic importance. Conservation Biology 5: 455–463.
Gaveau, D.L.A., S. Sloan, E. Molidena, H. Yaen, D. Sheil, N.K. Abram, M. Ancrenaz, R. Nasi, M. Quinones, N. Wielaard & E. Meijaard (2014). Four Decades of Forest Persistence, Clearance and Logging on Borneo. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101654. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101654
González, J. & M. Revilla (2020). Combining sources of information to increase survey response rates. Spanish Journal of Marketing – ESIC 24(1): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1108/sjme-04-2020-0060
Hagger, M.S., J. Polet & T. Lintunen (2018). The reasoned action approach applied to health behaviour: role of past behaviour and test of some key moderators using Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modelling. Social Science & Medicine 213: 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.038
Hallwass, G., P. Evelyn, K.C. Vieira, P.F.M. Lopes, A. Schiavetti & R.A.M. Silvano (2024). Fishers’ knowledge indicates that collective benefits outweigh the individual costs of coexisting with dolphins. Journal for Nature Conservation 81: 126691–126691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126691
Harrison, M.E., S.M. Cheyne, F. Darma, D.A. Ribowo, S.H. Limin & M.J. Struebig (2011). Hunting of flying foxes and perception of disease risk in Indonesian Borneo. Biological Conservation 144(10): 2441–2449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.021
Hinsley, A., A. Keane, F.A.V. St. John, H. Ibbett & A. Nuno (2019). Asking sensitive questions in conservation using the unmatched count technique: Applications and guidelines. Biological Conservation 237: 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13137
Huang, J.L., M. Liu & N.A. Bowling (2015). Insufficient effort responding: Examining an insidious confound in survey data. Journal of Applied Psychology 100(3): 828–845. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038510
Huong N.T.T., B.M. Hung, N. Andrzej, D.T. Hai, N.Q. Dung A. Siu, T.H. Vy & S. Lynn (2024). Traditional knowledge, attitude and behaviour of indigenous people towards endangered wildlife conservation in Kon Plong District, Vietnam. Ecological Questions 35(4): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2024.044
Kansky, R. & A.T. Knight (2014). Key factors driving attitudes towards large mammals in conflict with humans. Biological Conservation 179: 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.008
Kaplowitz, M.D., T.D. Hadlock & R. Levine (2004). A comparison of web and mail survey response rates. Public Opinion Quarterly 68(1): 94–101.
Kassambara, A. (2021). Rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. R package version 0.7.0. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=rstatix
Kingston, T., F.B.V. Florens & C.E. Vincenot (2023). Large old world fruit bats on the brink of extinction: causes and consequences. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 54(1): 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110321-055122
Kollmuss, A. & J. Agyeman (2002). Mind the gap: why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behaviour? Environmental Education Research 8(3): 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
Latinne, A., S. Saputro, J. Kalengkongan, C.L. Kowel, L. Gaghiwu, T.A. Ransaleleh, M.J. Nangoy, I. Wahyuni, T. Kusumaningrum, D. Safari, Y. Feferholtz, H. Li, E. Hagan, M. Miller, L. Francisco, P. Daszak, K.J. Olival & J. Pamungkas (2020). Characterising and quantifying the wildlife trade network in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Global Ecology and Conservation 21: e00887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00887
Li, M., W. Jiang, B. Li & N. Butt (2023). Social and cultural aspects of human–wildlife conflicts: Understanding people’s attitudes to crop‐raiding animals and other wildlife in agricultural systems of the Tibetan Plateau. Integrative Conservation 2(4): 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/inc3.30
Liordos, V., V.J. Kontsiotis, M. Anastasiadou & E. Karavasias (2017). Effects of attitudes and demography on public support for endangered species conservation. Science of the Total Environment 595: 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.241
Low, M.-R., W.Z. Hoong, Z. Shen, B. Murugavel, N. Mariner, L.M. Paguntalan, K. Tanalgo, M.M. Aung, Sheherazade, L.A. Bansa, T. Sritongchuay, J.H. Preble & S.A. Aziz (2021). Bane or blessing? reviewing cultural values of bats across the Asia-Pacific region. Journal of Ethnobiology 41(1): 18–34. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.1.18
Loyau, A. & D.S. Schmeller (2016). Positive sentiment and knowledge increase tolerance towards conservation actions. Biodiversity and Conservation 26(2): 461–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1253-0
Lubos, L.C. (2019). Community leaders’ knowledge and perceptions about biodiversity and conservation method in Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, Philippines. Asian Journal of Biodiversity 10(1): 175–191.
MacCallum, R.C., S. Zhang, K.J. Preacher & D.D. Rucker (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods 7(1): 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.19
Meade, A.W. & S.B. Craig (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods 17(3): 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028085
Merz, L., E.F. Pienaar, T.J. Fik, S. Muyengwa & B. Child (2023). Wildlife institutions highly salient to human attitudes toward wildlife. Conservation Science and Practice 5(2): e12879. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12879
Mildenstein, T., S.A. Aziz, L. Paguntalan, P.G. Jakosalem, J. Mohd-Azlan, A. Tagtag, L. Bansa, A.R. Reintar, M. Struebig, G. Fredriksson, B. Lee, V.D. Thong & Sheherazade (2022). Pteropus vampyrus. In: IUCN 2022. 2022 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Accessed on 26.i.2025. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T18766A22088824.en
Mildenstein, T., I. Tanshi & P.A. Racey (2016). Exploitation of Bats for Bushmeat and Medicine, pp. 325. In: Voigt, C. & T. Kingston (eds.). Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer, Switzerland, 601 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12
Mo, M., L. Oliver, K. Coutts-McClelland, N. Jones & J. Gregory (2022). A management case study of a Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus camp on residential land. Australian Zoologist 42(3): 752–769. https://doi.org/10.7882/az.2022.006
Mohd-Azlan, J., J.Y, Yong, N.N.M. Hazzrol, P. Pengiran, A. Atong & S.A. Aziz (2022a). Local hunting practices and perceptions regarding the distribution and ecological role of the Large Flying Fox (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae: Pteropus vampyrus) in western Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(1): 20387–20399. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6977.14.1.20387-20399
Mohd-Azlan, J., S.S. Kaicheen & L. Lok (2022b). The Distribution and Community’s Perception of Flying Fox, Pteropus vampyrus in Limbang, a Transboundary Area in Sarawak. Tropical Life Sciences Research 33(3): 195–225. https://doi.org/10.21315/tlsr2022.33.3.11
Mubalama, L., F. Igunzi & G. Buhendwa (2020). Local community perceptions towards biodiversity conservation within protected areas: Implications for policy making and management in Itombwe Nature Reserve, Eastern DR Congo. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science 14(4): 26–48.
Nakagawa, S. & H. Schielzeth (2012). A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4(2): 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x
Nathan, P.T., H. Raghuram, V. Elangovan, T. Karuppudurai & G. Marimuthu (2005). Bat pollination of kapok tree, Ceiba pentandra. Current Science 88(10): 1679–1681. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110496
Nguyen-Van, P., A. Stenger & T. Tiet (2021). Social incentive factors in interventions promoting sustainable behaviours: A meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 16(12): e0260932. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260932
Nissen, J.M., M. Jariwala, E.W. Close & B.V. Dusen (2018). Participation and performance on paper- and computer-based low-stakes assessments. International Journal of STEM Education 5(1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0117-4
Oleksy, R., L. Giuggioli, T.J. McKetterick, P.A. Racey & G. Jones (2017). Flying foxes create extensive seed shadows and enhance germination success of pioneer plant species in deforested Madagascan landscapes. PLOS ONE 12(9): e0184023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184023
Oliveira Júnior, J.G.C. de, A.P. de Oliveira Santos, A.C.M. Malhado, C.N. Souza, C. Bragagnolo, A.O. dos Santos, E.L. Barros, S.F.C. de dos, F.A.S. Vieira, I.F.V. Dantas, J.C. Aldabalde, J.V. Campos-Silva, J.A.S. Lima, J.T. Verba, M.R. Santos-Silva, N.N. dos Fabré, N.C. Gamarra, R.J. Ladle & V. da S. Batista (2024). Local attitudes towards conservation governance in a large tropical multiple-use Marine Protected Area in Brazil. Ocean & Coastal Management 248: 106974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106974
Otto, S. & P. Pensini (2017). Nature-based environmental education of children: Environmental knowledge and connectedness to nature, together, are related to ecological behaviour. Global Environmental Change 47: 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.009
Palinkas, L.A., S.M. Horwitz, C.A. Green, J.P. Wisdom, N. Duan & K. Hoagwood (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 42(5): 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
Parolin L.C., T.E. Lacher Jr., G.V. Bianconi & S.B. Mikich (2021). Frugivorous bats as facilitators of natural regeneration in degraded habitats: A potential global tool. Acta Oecologica 111: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2021.103748
Phillipps, Q. & K. Phillipps (2018). Phillipps’ field guide to the mammals of Borneo and their ecology: Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan, 2nd edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 400 pp.
Pulscher, L.A., E.S. Dierenfeld, J.A. Welbergen, K.A. Rose & D.N. Phalen (2021). A comparison of nutritional value of native and alien food plants for a critically endangered island flying-fox. Plos One 16(5): e0250857. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250857
R Core Team (2024). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
Rand, S., J. Malley, A. Netten & J. Forder (2019). Comparing internet and face-to-face surveys as methods for eliciting preferences for social care-related quality of life: Evidence from England using the ASCOT service user measure. Quality of Life Research 28(5): 1313–1327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02124-4
Reid, J.L. (2016). Knowledge and experience predict indiscriminate bat killing intentions among Costa Rican men. Biotropica 48: 394–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.12279
Rimba (2021). Fruit Bat Outreach Materials. https://rimba.ngo/fruit-bat-outreach-materials/. Accessed 21.i. 2021.
Sabah Biodiversity Centre (2024). Sabah Biodiversity Strategy 2024-2034. Sabah Biodiversity Centre, Kota Kinabalu, 237 pp.
Schultz, P.W. (2011). Conservation means behaviour. Conservation Biology 25(6): 1080–1083. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01766.x
Seegobin, V.O., R.Z. Oleksy & F.B.V. Florens (2022). Foraging and roosting patterns of a repeatedly mass-culled island flying fox reveals opportunities to mitigate human–wildlife conflict. Biodiversity 23(2): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2022.2107569
Selan, Y.N., H. Wihadmadyatami, A. Haryanto & D.L. Kusindarta (2023). The tongue morphology of Pteropus vampyrus from Timor Island, Indonesia: New insights from scanning electron and light microscopic studies. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 24(6): 3512–3518. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d240649
Shapiro, H., A. Willcox, M. Tate & E. Willcox (2020). Can farmers and bats co-exist? farmer attitudes, knowledge, and experiences with bats in Belize. Human–Wildlife Interactions 14(1): 5–15. https://doi.org/10.26077/5wwp-sp53
Slagle, K., R. Zajac, J.T. Bruskotter, R.S. Wilson & S. Prange (2013). Building tolerance for bears: A communications experiment. The Journal of Wildlife Management 77(4): 863–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.515
Stern, P.C., T. Dietz, T. Abel, G.A. Guagnano & L. Kalof (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human Ecology Review 6(2): 81–97.
Tang, X., J. Yuan & X. Zeng (2023). Influencing factors of community residents’ pro-environmental behaviour in East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve under the policy intervention. Scientific Reports 13(1): 6076. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32553-0
Teitcher, J.E.F., W.O. Bockting, J.A. Bauermeister, C.J. Hoefer, M.H. Miner & R.L. Klitzman (2015). Detecting, preventing, and responding to “fraudsters” in internet research: Ethics and trade-offs. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43(1): 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12200
Todd, C.M., D.A. Westcott, J.M. Martin, K. Rose, A. McKeown, J. Hall & J.A. Welbergen (2022). Body-size dependent foraging strategies in the Christmas Island Flying-fox: Implications for seed and pollen dispersal within a threatened island ecosystem. Movement Ecology 10(19): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-022-00315-8
Tsang, S.M. (2022). Flying Foxes: Imperilled Island Taxa. Imperilled: The Encyclopaedia of Conservation: 216–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-821139-7.00144-6
Vaske, J.J., C.A. Miller, S. Pallazza & B. Williams (2021). Attitudes and emotions as predictors of support for wolf management. Journal of Environmental Psychology 78: 101695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101695
Vincenot, C.E., A.M. Collazo, K. Wallmo & L. Koyama (2015). Public awareness and perceptual factors in the conservation of elusive species: The case of the endangered Ryukyu flying fox. Global Ecology and Conservation 3: 526–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.02.005
Wendeye, B. (2009). Implementation of Biodiversity Instruction and its Impact on Students’ achievement in knowledge and attitude. MEd Thesis. School of Graduate Studies, Haramaya University, 56 pp.
Wilbur, R.C., S.A. Lischka, J.R. Young & H.E. Johnson (2018). Experience, Attitudes, and Demographic Factors Influence the Probability of Reporting Human–Black Bear Interactions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 42(1): 22–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/90020020
Wildlife Conservation Enactment (1997). Sabah Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997. https://sagc.sabah.gov.my/sites/default/files/law/WildlifeConservationEnactment1997.pdf. Accessed 21.i. 2025.
Yabsley, S.H., J. Meade, J.M. Martin & J.A. Welbergen (2021). Human-modified landscapes provide key foraging areas for a threatened flying mammal: The grey-headed flying-fox. Plos One 16(11): e0259395. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259395
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Lawrence Alan Bansa, Marcela Pimid, Liesbeth Frias, Sergio Guerrero-Sánchez, Noor Haliza Hasan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors own the copyright to the articles published in JoTT. This is indicated explicitly in each publication. The authors grant permission to the publisher Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society to publish the article in the Journal of Threatened Taxa. The authors recognize WILD as the original publisher, and to sell hard copies of the Journal and article to any buyer. JoTT is registered under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY), which allows authors to retain copyright ownership. Under this license the authors allow anyone to download, cite, use the data, modify, reprint, copy and distribute provided the authors and source of publication are credited through appropriate citations (e.g., Son et al. (2016). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the southeastern Truong Son Mountains, Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(7): 8953–8969. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2785.8.7.8953-8969). Users of the data do not require specific permission from the authors or the publisher.
