The status of wild canids (Canidae, Carnivora) in Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
Four species of wild canids are documented as occurring in Vietnam: Dhole Cuon alpinus, Eurasian Golden Jackal Canis aureus, Red Fox Vulpes vulpes and Raccoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides. Except for Dhole, all species are widely distributed globally and are listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Concerned by the paucity of recent records of these species from Vietnam, especially in the context of rapidly declining mammal populations in the country in general, we undertook a review of the status of these species in Vietnam. All traceable and potentially verifiable canid records from 01 January 2002 until 31 December 2018 were collated and reviewed. The Dhole, formerly the most widely distributed of all canid species in Vietnam, and Raccoon Dog, apparently formerly widely distributed in the northern part of the country, appear to have both declined; Dhole is now either extirpated, or close to extirpation, while Raccoon Dog is of uncertain status. The Eurasian Golden Jackal does not seem to have been reliably observed in the wild since 2004, although it is possible the species may persist in some areas. Red Fox has only ever been known from a handful of records, and the current status of this species is unknown. In summary, Vietnam cannot be considered to sustain healthy populations of any of its four native wild canid species. These declines seem largely attributable to hunting of both the canids themselves and, for Dhole, their prey base, exacerbated by habitat loss.
Article Details
Authors own the copyright to the articles published in JoTT. This is indicated explicitly in each publication. The authors grant permission to the publisher Wildlife Information Liaison Development (WILD) Society to publish the article in the Journal of Threatened Taxa. The authors recognize WILD as the original publisher, and to sell hard copies of the Journal and article to any buyer. JoTT is registered under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY), which allows authors to retain copyright ownership. Under this license the authors allow anyone to download, cite, use the data, modify, reprint, copy and distribute provided the authors and source of publication are credited through appropriate citations (e.g., Son et al. (2016). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the southeastern Truong Son Mountains, Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam. Journal of Threatened Taxa 8(7): 8953–8969. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2785.8.7.8953-8969). Users of the data do not require specific permission from the authors or the publisher.
References
Abramov, A.V., A.A. Kalinin & P.N. Morozov (2007). Mammal survey on Phu Quoc Island, southern Vietnam. Mammalia 71: 40–46.
Brook, S.M., P. van Coeverden de Groot, C. Scott, P. Boag, B. Long, R.E. Ley, G.H. Reischer, A.C. Williams, S.P. Mahood, Tran Minh Hien, G. Polet, N. Cox & Bach Thanh Hai (2012). Integrated and novel survey methods for rhinoceros populations confirm the extinction of Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus from Vietnam. Biological Conservation 155: 59–67.
Dang Huy Huynh, Dao Van Tien, Cao Van Sung, Pham Trong Anh & Hoang Minh Khien (1994). Checklist of Mammals in Vietnam. “Science and Technics†Publishing House, Hanoi, 168 pp [in Vietnamese]
Dang Ngoc Can, H. Endo, Nguyen Truong Son, T. Oshida, Le Xuan Canh, Dang Huy Phuong, D.P. Lunde, S.I. Kawada, A. Hayashida & M. Sasaki (2008). Checklist of Wild Mammal Species of Vietnam. Hanoi: Primate Research Institute, Inuyama, Japan and Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, 400pp.
Dao Van Tien (1977). Sur quelques rares mammifères au nord du Vietnam. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 53: 325–330.
Delacour, J. (1940). Liste provisoire des mammifères de l’Indochine française. Mammalia 4: 20–29, 46–58.
Duckworth, J.W., G.Q.A. Anderson, A.A. Desai & R. Steinmetz (1998). A clarification of the status of the Asiatic Jackal Canis aureus in Indochina. Mammalia 62: 549–556.
Eames, J., Nguyen Duc Tu, Le Trong Trai, Dang Ngoc Can, Ngo Van Tri, Hoang Duc Dat, Thai Ngoc Tri & Nguyen Thi Thu He (2004). Draft Final Biodiversity Report for Yok Don National Park, Dak Lak Province. PARC Project VIE/95/G31&031, Government of Viet Nam (FPD) /UNOPS/UNDP/Scott Wilson Asia-Pacific Ltd., Ha Noi, 104pp.
Gray, T.N.E., A.C. Hughes, W.F. Laurance, B. Long, A.J. Lynam, H. O’Kelly, W.J. Ripple, T. Seng, L. Scotson & N.M. Wilkinson (2018). The wildlife snaring crisis: an insidious and pervasive threat to biodiversity in Southeast Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 1031–1037.
Gray, T.N.E., A.J. Lynam, T. Seng, W.F. Laurance, B. Long, L. Scotson & W.J. Ripple (2017). Wildlife-snaring crisis in Asian forests. Science 355 (6322): 255–256.
Kamler, J.F., N. Songsasen, K. Jenks, A. Srivathsa, L. Sheng & K. Kunkel (2015). Cuon alpinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T5953A72477893. Downloaded on 14 August 2017. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T5953A72477893.en
Kauhala, K. & R. Kowalczyk (2011). Invasion of the Raccoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides in Europe: history of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna. Current Zoology 57: 584–598.
Kim, S.-I., S.-K. Park, H. Lee, T. Oshida, J. Kimura, Y.-J. Kim, Nguyen Truong Son, M. Sashika & M. Min (2013). Phylogeography of Korean Raccoon Dogs: implications of peripheral isolation of a forest mammal in East Asia. Journal of Zoology 290: 225–235.
Koepfli, K.P., J. Pollinger, R. Godinho, J. Robinson, A. Lea, S. Hendricks, R.M. Schweizer, O. Thalmann, P. Silva, Z. Fan, A.A. Yurchenko, P. Dobrynin, A. Makunin, J.A. Cahill, B. Shapiro, F. Ãlvares, J.C. Brito, E. Geffen, J.A. Leonard, K.M. Helgen, W.E. Johnson, S.J. O’Brien, B. van Valkenburgh & R.K. Wayne (2015). Genome-wide evidence reveals that African and Eurasian Golden jackals are distinct species. Current Biology 25: 2158–2165.
Kuznetsov, G.V. (2006). Mammals of Vietnam. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow, 428pp [in Russian].
Le Trong Trai, Le Manh Hung, Ha Van Tue, Trinh Viet Cuong, Nguyen Truong Son, Pham Duc Tien & Bui Xuan Phuong (2004). Biodiversity Surveys of the Proposed Francois’ Langur Species and Habitat Conservation Area, Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam. Hanoi: PARC Project, Na Hang/Ba Be Component, 91pp.
Luu Hong Truong, Kieu Dinh Thap & Nguyen Dai Phu (2012). Survey on Biodiversity and Status of threaten species in Bu Gia Map National Park. Bu Gia Map National Park, and Center for Biodiversity and Development, Binh Phuoc, 150pp. [in Vietnamese]
Mahood, S.P. & Tran Van Hung (2008). The Biodiversity of Bac Huong Hoa Nature Reserve, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam, 79pp.
Millet, F. (1930). Les Grands animaux sauvages de l’Annam, leurs moeurs, leur chasse et leur tir. Plon-Nourrit, Paris, 376pp.
(MoST) & (VAST) (2007). Vietnam Red Data Book. Part 1. Animals. Ministry of Science and Technology & Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam [In Vietnamese]
Nguyen Dao Ngoc Van & Nguyen Tap (eds). (2008). An overview of the use of plants and animals in traditional medicine systems in Vietnam. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Ha Noi, Viet Nam, 92pp.
Nguyen van Song (2008). Wildlife trading in Vietnam: situation, causes, and solutions. Journal of Environment and Development 17: 145–165.
Nguyen Truong Son, Nguyen Xuan Dang & Dang Ngoc Can (2011). Fauna (Mammalia) diversity of northeast region of Vietnam, 865–875. Proceedings of the 4th National Conference on Ecology and Biological Resources Hanoi. Agricultural Publish House,
Nguyen Xuan Dang, Nguyen Truong Son, Nguyen Xuan Nghia & Dang Van Thuan (2005). Rapid assessment of mammals in the Tam Dao National Park. A report for GTZ - Tam Dao Project, Hanoi.
Nguyen Xuan Dang, Kieu Dinh Thap & Nguyen Dai Phu (2011). Final Report on Survey and Monitoring Gaur (Bos frontalis) and carnivores (Carnivora) in Bu Gia Map National Park, Binh Phuoc Province. Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, and Bu Gia Map National Park. [In Vietnamese]
Osgood, W.H. (1932). Mammals of the Kelley-Roosevelts and Delacour Asiatic expeditions. Publication. Field Museum of Natural History. Zoological series 18(10): 193–339.
Pham Trong Anh (1990). Asiatic jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) - newly revealed species in Vietnam, pp.16–19. Tuyển táºp các công trình nghiên cứu sinh thái và tà i nguyên sinh (1986–1990), Hanoi. [in Vietnamese]
Pham Trong Anh (1996). List of mammals in the animal collection of the Biology Institute in Da Lat. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc [Journal of Biology, Hanoi] 18: 16–22. [in Vietnamese]
SFNC (2000). Pù Mát: a biodiversity survey of a Vietnamese protected area. Grieser Johns, A. (Ed.) SFNC Project, Vinh, Vietnam, 170pp.
Thomas, O. (1928). The Delacour Exploration of French Indoâ€China. Mammals. On Mammals collected during the Winter of 1926–27. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 98: 139-150.
Timmins, R.J., J.W. Duckworth, W. Robichaud, B. Long, T.N.E. Gray & A. Tilker (2016). Muntiacus vuquangensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T44703A22153828. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T44703A22153828.en
Timmins, R., K. Kawanishi, B. Giman, A. Lynam, B. Chan, R. Steinmetz, H.S. Baral & N.S. Kumar (2015). Rusa unicolor (errata version published in 2015). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T41790A85628124. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41790A22156247.en
Tordoff, A.W., Tran Quang Ngoc, Le Van Cham & Dang Thang Long (2000). A rapid field survey of five sites in Bac Kan, Cao Bang and Quang Ninh Provinces, Vietnam: a review of the Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregion. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme (Conservation report No. 14), and FIPI, Hanoi, Vietnam, 17pp.
Viranta, S., A. Atickem, L. Werdelin & N.C. Stenseth (2017). Rediscovering a forgotten canid species. BMC Zoology 2: 6.
Wang, Y.-X. (2002). A Complete Checklist of Mammal Species and Subspecies in China. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, China, 394pp.
Willcox, D.H.A., Tran Quang Phuong, Hoang Minh Duc & Nguyen The Truong An (2014). The decline of non-Panthera cat species in Vietnam. Cat News Special Issue 8: 53–61.