Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2025 | 17(12): 28048–28065
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9914.17.12.28048-28065
#9914 | Received 11 May 2025 | Final received 29 November 2025 | Finally
accepted 06 December 2025
Floristic composition and plant
functional types on the lateritic plateau of Panchgani Tableland, Maharashtra,
India
Sarita Gosavi 1 , Pratiksha Mestry 2 , Swapnil Vyas 3 & Ankur Patwardhan 4
1 Department of Environmental Sciences,
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
1,2,4 Research and Action in Natural
Wealth Administration (RANWA), Plot no. 16, Swastishri Society, Near Alankar
Police Station, Pune, Maharashtra 411052, India.
3 Department of Geography
(Geoinformatics), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra 411007,
India.
1 saritagosavi78@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 pratiksha.mestry46@gmail.com, 3 swapneil.vyas@gmail.com,
4 ankurpatwardhan@gmail.com
Editor: Aparna Watve, Biome
Conservation Foundation, Pune, India. Date of publication: 26 December 2025 (online & print)
Citation:
Gosavi. S., P. Mestry, S. Vyas & A. Patwardhan (2025). Floristic
composition and plant functional types on the lateritic plateau of Panchgani
Tableland, Maharashtra, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 17(12):
28048–28065. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9914.17.12.28048-28065
Copyright: © Gosavi et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: Zooreach Conservation Seed Grant (24ZCSG09P).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Sarita Gosavi is a Ph.D. research scholar at
Department of Environmental Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,
Maharashtra, India. She has been associated with RANWA,
Pune. Pratiksha Mestry holds a Master’s degree in
Biodiversity from the Annasaheb Kulkarni Department of Biodiversity, M.E.S.
Abasaheb Garware College, Pune. As a Project Coordinator at RANWA, she has
explored plant–insect interactions, woody species diversity,
and reproductive phenology cycles in tree species in evergreen forests of
northern Western Ghats. Currently, she works on the conservation of threatened
plant species. She is a recipient of Prakriti Research Fellowship for
Conservation two endangered plant species. Swapnil Vyas holds a Masters in Geoinformatics
and Doctorate in Remote Sensing. Currently, he is serving as an Assistant
Professor at Department of Geography (Geoinformatics), Savitribai Phule Pune
University, Pune, Maharashtra, India. His research areas are focused on
drought monitoring, agriculture and sustainable development, climate change and
resilience, glacier recession trend analysis, mangrove ecosystems, and
biodiversity. Ankur Patwardhan is an associate professor and
entrepreneur. He holds a doctorate in
Environmental Sciences. His main interests include Assessment of ecosystem
services, understanding impact of climate change on phenology in plants,
plant-insect interaction, seed biology and urban ecology. He undertakes ‘Ecological Surveys’ and drafts ‘Biodiversity Management Plans’ (essential
for Environmental Sustainability Disclosures) for industrial establishments and
developmental projects.
Author contributions: Sarita Gosavi—data collection (equal), data curation (equal), funding acquisition (lead), investigation (equal), methodology
(equal), resources(equal), visualization (equal), writing- original draft
(lead), writing- review and editing (equal). Pratiksha Mestry—data collection
(equal), data curation (equal), investigation (equal), methodology
(equal), resources(equal), writing- review and editing (equal). Swapnil Vyas—resources(equal), visualization
(equal), writing- review and editing (equal). Ankur Patwardhan—data curation (equal),
investigation (equal), methodology (equal), resources(equal),
writing- review and editing (equal).
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to Zoo Outreach
Organization for supporting the study. We sincerely thank Shri. Pandit Patil,
CO, Panchgani Hill Station Municipal Council for his encouragement and support. Thanks are also due to Dr. Aparna Watve for guiding
us through the entire period. We are also thankful to Bhushan Shigwan for
helping with identification, Aboli Kulkarni gave her inputs regarding the
sampling and we thank her for her insights. The field work was supported
by Satish Bhondave, Yuvradni Patil, Chaitrali Khod, Dheeraj Magar, Ved
Kinjavadekar and Radhika Kanade.
Abstract: The
conservation zone of Panchgani Tableland lies within the Mahabaleshwar
Panchgani Eco-sensitive Zone, Satara District, Maharashtra, India, in northern
Western Ghats. The present paper reports 189 species across 54 families
recorded throughout the year on this lateritic plateau. The most represented
family is Poaceae, and it also shows the highest endemism (nine taxa). During
the study, 78 endemic taxa were recorded, which makes up to 48% endemism. A
total of 12 threatened taxa have been recorded during the study, of which four
are ‘Endangered’ (Dipcadi ursulae var. ursulae Blatt.,
Curcuma caulina (J.Graham) Baker, Iphigenia stellata Blatt., and
Isachne swaminathanii V.Prakash & S.K.Jain), two are ‘Vulnerable’ (Eriocaulon
tuberiferum A.R.Kulkarni & Desai, Utricularia albocaerulea Dalzell)
and six are ‘Near Threatened’ (Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook.,
Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt. & Hallb., Habenaria grandifloriformis
Blatt. & McC., Pinda concanensis (Dalzell) P.K.Mukh. &
Constance, Utricularia praeterita P. Taylor, and Vigna
khandalensis (Santapau) Sundararagh. & Wadhwa). Though a large number
of species are therophytes (73.4%), 12.5% of the taxa are geophytes, and 4.7%
are carnivorous. Remaining taxa belong to other plant functional types viz.
helophytes, hydrophytes, succulents, hemiparasites, and epiphytes. The study
also explored the impact of anthropogenic pressures such as tourism, grazing,
and soil alteration that threaten the diversity on the plateau. A comparison
with floristic data by Blatter (1909) revealed the absence of 12 taxa in the
existing vegetation, including the two rare species Adelocaryum malabaricum (C.B.Clarke)
Brand., and Smithia purpurea Hook., and recorded another 129
species that were not recorded earlier.
Keywords: Carnivorous
plants, disturbance, endemism, geophytes, Mahabaleshwar Panchgani Eco-sensitive
Zone, natural heritage site, plant diversity, therophytes, threatened species.
INTRODUCTION
The famous hill station of
Panchgani in Satara District, Maharashtra, is in the Mahabaleshwar Panchgani
Eco-sensitive zone declared in 2001 (ESZ notification 2001). This region
includes five different plateaus and Tableland, the largest of the five,
spanning over 100 acres, is a major tourist attraction and the most visited
location. All these plateaus are declared conservation zones as per the
development plan of the region (Pandit 2014; Urban Development Department
2013).
The Tableland witnesses the
challenges due to anthropogenic pressures like exploitative tourism, trampling,
grazing, fires, littering, and the introduction of alien species. The High
Court has ordered the preparation of a conservation plan for the plateau in
2006, but there are data gaps. Therefore, as a step towards minimizing the data
gaps, this study aims to document the herbaceous angiosperm diversity of the
Tableland with a specific focus on threatened and endemic taxa.
The Panchgani Tableland has a
history of botanical study dating back to the British era. This historical
context provides a valuable opportunity to assess changes in floristic
composition over time. This paper presents data from the plateau for a complete
monsoon season and compares it with previous work by Blatter (1909).
Rock outcrops are landscapes
having large proportions of exposed bedrock and are of common occurrence in the
Western Ghats (Watve 2006). The environment on rock outcrops ranges from very
hot & arid most of the year to waterlogged in the wet season. Along with
seasonal water availability, shallow soil cover, low nutrient availability,
high light, and wind intensities are also key environmental features associated
with rock outcrops (Deil 2005; Porembski 2007). Organisms inhabiting such
environments have developed adaptive strategies to resist, avoid, and tolerate
drought through morphological and physiological traits (Bell 2012; Bechtold
2018). The habitats on the plateau include exposed rock surfaces, ephemeral
pools, soil-covered areas, and disturbed soil layers.
The present study identifies
angiosperm diversity on the plateau along with their habit, habitats,
plant functional types, endemicity,
and conservation status.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Tableland
is the largest among the five plateaus around Panchgani (Satara District,
Maharashtra, India), and is a natural heritage site lying within the
Mahabaleshwar–Panchgani Eco-sensitive Zone. It is located between 17.903o N, 73.845o E
and 17.924o N, 73.803o E at an elevation of 1,330 m
(Image 1).
Geology
High-level
Ferricretes (HLF) occur between 15–18.333o N, extend inland to 74o
E, and are located between 800–1,400 m (Widdowson & Cox 1996). The
soil formation on the outcrops is extremely slow, and the soil depth varies
from a few centimeters on flat areas to about a meter in deep cracks and
depressions. The soil is sandy to sandy loam in texture, highly acidic, and
poor in phosphates (Jalal & Jayanthi 2018). The Tableland is covered by
ferricrete patches all over and is underlined with brown saprolite (chemically
weathered rock). There are a few caves, towards the western edge of the
Tableland, where the duricrust has a maximum thickness of 25 m, and where the
saprolite has been eroded out (Deshpande 1998).
Climatic
conditions
The climate
is characterized by three distinct seasons: heavy rains during monsoon
(June–September) along with strong winds, drier winters (October–January) and
scorching hot summers (February–May). Panchgani Tableland receives an average
annual rainfall of approx. 1,700 mm (Kale 2014), resulting in relative humidity
often reaching up to 90% during monsoons. Nevertheless, humidity is only 14%
during the dry period, when the temperature of the exposed rock surface is very
high (58 oC) in summer (Watve 2009) (Image 2).
Methods
Scientific
literature related to floristic diversity of lateritic plateaus in Satara
District was consulted (Blatter 1909; Watve 2013) as a reference material.
Monthly visits were conducted from early monsoon to early winter
(June–November) from 2022–2024. The plants observed while exploring the plateau
were recorded and identified using local and regional flora (Deshpande et al.
1995). Endemicity was verified using Singh et al. (2015). The plant functional
types (PFT) classification for vascular plants on rocky plateaus was adopted
and modified from Kulkarni et al. (2021). The status of the
species was listed as per the IUCN Red List (https://www.iucnredlist.org).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Types of microhabitats and
vegetation
Plants on the plateaus are
adapted to various microhabitats, and each microhabitat is unique in its
edaphic properties, water availability, and species composition. The most
common habitat types observed on plateaus are described below by following an
established categorization for rock outcrops by Porembski & Barthlott
(2000), and Jacobi et al. (2007) with some modifications (Image 3). Table 1
describes each of the habitats present along with the typical species found in
that habitat. The habitats observed on the Tableland are: crust edges and
cliffs, ephemeral flush vegetation, exposed rock surfaces, rock crevices &
fissures, seasonal ponds, small ephemeral pools, soil-covered areas,
soil-filled depressions, tree cover & tree associates, introduced compacted
soil, disturbed soil layer, and soil introduced for plantation. Boulders were
absent.
Floristic composition
A total of 189 species were
observed on Panchgani Tableland, with
94% of them being herbs. The recorded species span 54 families. The most
represented families are Poaceae (38 species), Fabaceae (16 species),
Asteraceae (13 species), Acanthaceae (10 species), Commelinaceae (8 species),
Orchidaceae (8 species), Lamiaceae
(7 species), Lentibulariaceae (7 species), and Rubiaceae (7 species) (Figure
1).
The largest genus is Utricularia
(7 species), followed by Eriocaulon (5 species). Most gregarious
flowering is shown by Utricularia arcuata Wight, Eriocaulon
eurypeplon Körn., Smithia hirsuta Dalzell, Exacum lawi C.B.Clarke,
Linum mysorense B.Heyne ex Benth., and Parasopubia delphinifolia
(L.) H.-P.Hofm. & Eb.Fisch.
Carnivorous plants observed are
seven species of Utricularia and two species of Drosera. Striga
densiflora (Benth.) Benth., Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke,
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth., and Parasopubia
delphinifolia (L.) H.-P.Hofm. & Eb.Fisch. are hemiparasitic plants
observed on the plateau.
Rare plants on the plateau
Between the year 2022 and 2024,
12 species of threatened plant species have been recorded. Four species are
‘Endangered’, viz., Dipcadi ursulae var. ursulae Blatt.,
Curcuma caulina (J.Graham) Baker, Iphigenia stellata Blatt., and
Isachne swaminathanii V. Prakash & S.K. Jain. Two species are ‘Vulnerable’,
viz., Eriocaulon tuberiferum Kulkarni & Desai, Utricularia
albocaerulea Dalzell. Six species are ‘Near Threatened’, viz., Arisaema
murrayi (J.Graham) Hook., Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt. &
Hallb., Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McC., Pinda concanensis
(Dalz.) P.K.Mukh. & Constance, Utricularia praeterita P. Taylor,
and Vigna khandalensis (Santapau) Sundararagh. & Wadhwa) as per
IUCN Red List (Table 2).
Two threatened species, Adelocaryum
malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Brand. (Endangered, B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)) and Smithia
purpurea Hook (Near Threatened, B1b(iii)+2b(iii)), observed by Blatter
(1909), could not be recorded in the present exploration between 2022–2024.
Endemism
Among the species recorded (192)
on Panchgani Tableland, 78 species are endemic, which constitute about 40% of
the existing vegetation. Families with highest endemism are Poaceae (nine
species), Fabaceae (nine species), Orchidaceae (six species), Commelinaceae
(five species), Gentianaceae (five species), Apiaceae (four species), and
Eriocaulaceae (four species) (Figure 2).
Plant Functional Types
The observed plants are
classified into plant functional types according to Kulkarni et al. (2021).
Cryptophytes have been further divided into geophytes, helophytes, and
hydrophytes. Graminoids (Poaceae and Cyperaceae) and leguminous plants have
been identified separately, and other seed-bearing plants have been classified
under therophytes. Analysis of life form shows that 82 plant species (42.7%)
are therophytes (other than graminoids and leguminous), 43 species (22.4%) are
graminoids, 24 species (12.5%) are geophytes, 16 species (8.3%) are leguminous,
nine species (4.7%) are carnivorous, six species (3.1%) are helophytes, four
species (2.1%) are hemiparasites, three species (1.6%) are hydrophytes, three
species (1.6%) are succulents, and two species (1%) are epiphytes (Figure 3).
Seasonal succession and phenology
A chronological succession is
observed among the plant communities observed on the plateau. Most of the
plants start their growth with the advent of monsoon. Four major phases that
can be identified are pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and summer. The
early-monsoon phase (June–July) is characterized by the growth of grasses on
the plateaus. The common grass genera are Eragrostis, Glyphochloa, Indopoa,
Isachne, and Paspalum. Early flowering is seen in Eria reticosa Wight,
Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McC., Iphigenia stellata Blatt.,
Hypoxis aurea Lour., and Indigofera dalzelli T.Cooke. The
monsoon phase (August–September) is characterised by mass blooming of mainly
geophytes such as Habenaria suaveolens Dalzell, Habenaria heyneana Lindl.,
Habenaria rariflora A.Rich. and Eriocaulon tuberiferum Kulkarni
& Desai. A few other abundant ephemerals that flower along with geophytes
are Smithia hirsuta Dalzell, Smithia bigemina Dalz.,
Utricularia arcuata Wight, Eriocaulon eurypeplon Körn.,
Eriocaulon stellulatum Körn., and Striga gesnerioides (Willd.)
Vatke. In the post-monsoon phase (October–December), grasses like Arundinella
spicata Dalzell, Eulalia shrirangii Salunkhe & Potdar,
Indopoa paupercula (Stapf) Bor ex Ramamoorthy, and Ischaemum
impressum Hack enter flowering. Rotala densiflora (Roth)
Koehne and Swertia densifolia (Griseb.) Kashyapa, are
among few other taxa. The dry summer marks the fourth phase (January–May)
during which only a few herbaceous species such as Blumea lacera (Burm.f.)
DC., Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt. & Hallb., Lepidgathis
cuspidata Nees, and Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. bloom. Few other
shrubs that have been introduced to the plateau by anthropogenic activities
also survive the dry summer; examples being Lantana camara L., Nerium
oleander L., and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. The phenological
observations showed that approximately 93% of species complete their
reproductive cycle between August and January. These annuals complete their
life-cycle during the favourable edapho-climatic conditions before the onset of
a long dry spell.
Adaptive traits
The plants on the plateau show
certain traits that help them overcome the hot and dry summers, the light
intensity, and the nutrient deficiency. A detailed account on the
adaptation/ecophysiology of vascular plants of rock outcrops is provided by
Kluge & Brulfert (2000). Some of the common adaptive traits that are observed
on the Panchgani plateau are based on the description by Lekhak & Yadav
(2012)
Carnivory: The acidic soil conditions
deficient in Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur can support carnivorous plants
like Drosera spp. and Utricularia spp. These species are abundant
in areas with a negligible layer of soil.
Succulence: Succulent plants are known to
store water in different organs which allow them to withstand the harsh
climate. The typical leaf succulents on the plateau are Cyanotis fasciculata
(B.Heyne ex Roth) Schult. & Schult.f., Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt.
& Hallb., and Kalanchoe olivacea Dalzell.
Poikilohydry: These plants can withstand dry
climates by varying water content following the humidity in the environment. On
the plateau, Glyphochloa forficulata (C.E.C.Fisch.) Clayton, Indopoa
paupercula (Stapf) Bor ex Ramamoorthy, and Tripogon bromoides Roth
are poikilohydrous grasses (Smrithy 2023) that can resurrect when
sufficient moisture is available.
Subterranean perennating organs: These plants can survive the dry
season by producing underground organs like corms, rhizomes, bulbs, and tubers.
Geophytes like Hypoxis aurea Lour., Dipcadi ursulae Blatt., Eriocaulon
tuberiferum Kulkarni & Desai, Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt.
& Hallb., Flemingia nilgheriensis (Benth. ex Baker f.) Wight ex T.
Cooke, Iphigenia spp., Habenaria spp., Peristylus spp.,
and Zingiber spp. fall in this category.
Vegetative propagation: Some plants produce bulbs or
bulbils at the leaf tips that can help them survive the dry season.
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. is one such species present on the plateau.
Anthropogenic influence: Panchgani Tableland, like most
other plateaus in Maharashtra, is dominated by annual herbaceous vegetation,
which is neglected as compared to the surrounding forest area. The plateau is
also barren for a major part of the year, i.e., from December to May. This
plateau has unique geological features like lateritic caves attracting tourists
and the plateau is visited by nearly one lakh tourists every year throughout
the year. The plateau features numerous food stalls and paved parking spaces,
while continuous trampling has led to barren soil patches. Movement of horses,
horse carts, and tourists across vegetated areas further exacerbates trampling
and vegetation loss. Major anthropogenic disturbances apart from these are
grazing by horses and cattle, fires, uprooting the herbs, garbage littering,
and soil deposition by local authorities. The lakes on the plateau are also
visited by locals for immersion of idols.
Aliens: Many alien species are observed
on the plateau, which are not characteristic of the region. Many of them are
found at sites where the soil layer is disturbed. The silt in the permanent
ponds has been removed and deposited on the plateau. This has carried seeds of
Marigold Tagetes erecta, which is offered to the idols immersed in water
after the Ganesh Festival. Ageratum conyzoides L., Alternanthera
sessilis (L.) DC., Amaranthus spinosus L., Argemone mexicana
L., Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A.Rich., Celosia argentea L.,
Polygonum plebeium R.Br., Verbascum coromandelianum (Vahl) Hub. Mor.,
Gynura bicolor (Roxb.ex Willd.) DC., Tagetes erecta L., and
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. have been observed on the plateau. The
aliens are slowly invading the undisturbed parts of the plateau.
Introduced plants: Some plants like Ziziphus
jujuba Mill., Lantana camara L., and Nerium oleander L.
have been introduced along the lakes for beautification.
Panchgani Tableland over the last
century
The plateau was studied for flora
by Blatter (1909) and the data was compared with observations in recent years
(2022–2024). Blatter had identified four zones based on land use and marked the
presence of species. Figure 4 shows an old map published in the paper by Blatter
(1909).
Of the 192 species documented in
this study, 62 were previously recorded by Blatter either on the plateau or in
its vicinity. In 1909, only 31 of these species were reported as occurring
directly on the plateau. The remaining species were documented from adjacent
zones and were not known to inhabit the plateau at that time. The current
occurrence of these species on the plateau suggests that they may have been
introduced intentionally or have arrived through natural dispersal processes
over the past century (Table 3). The data collection has been more exhaustive
recently as is evident from the number of species recorded.
Out of the 62 species reported in
1909, 14 are not observed on the plateau in the recent past. Among these, there
are three rare species Adelocaryum malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Brand. (Endangered),
Adelocaryum coelestinum (Lindl.) Brand., and Smithia purpurea Hook.
(Near Threatened).
Comparison of plant life forms of
species recorded in 1909 and 2022–24 (Table 4) sheds light on the number of
species recorded by Blatter in 1909 and by the authors in 2024 along with the
numbers and percentages for various life forms. It is further interpreted that
the percentage of cryptophytes (geophytes, helophytes, and hydrophytes) among
the recorded species has significantly increased in the recent past. Geophytes
recorded by Blatter included nine species, the number has risen to 23 in
present study; six helophytes are recorded now which were missing earlier; and
a species of hydrophytes is missing now as the number reduces from two to one.
Cryptophytes have a special advantage of surviving harsh climates with the help
of subterranean perennating organs.
CONCLUSION
The ever-increasing popularity of
Panchgani Tableland as a tourist place makes it susceptible to anthropogenic
pressures. It has also been recently notified as a conservation zone within the
Mahabaleshwar Panchgani Eco-sensitive zone. A comparison of data collected from
the plateau nearly a century ago (Blatter 1909) with current data sheds light
on some of the significant species that are not reported now. Notable amongst
them are species like Adelocaryum malabaricum (Endangered), Adelocaryum
coelestinum (Near Threatened), Smithia purpurea (Near Threatened),
and Nymphoides sp. Therefore, these species should be given a key
priority in restoration. The
increasing percentage of cryptophytes may be correlated with edaphoclimatic
data to conclude about the influence of the latter. A significant increase in
the number of aliens is alarming. It is evident from observations that
anthropogenic factors like the dumping of soil have largely aided the spread of
aliens such as Argemone mexicana and Alternanthera sessilis that
are not characteristic of lateritic plateau habitat. This study, therefore,
provides a strong basis for guiding interventions on the plateau towards
conservation and restoration.
Table 1. Habitats observed on
Panchgani Tableland with their description and commonly observed species.
|
|
Habitat Type |
Description |
Typical plants associated with
the particular habitat |
|
1 |
Crust Edges or Cliffs (C) |
Edges of the plateau |
Begonia crenata, Pinda
concanensis, Pimpinella adscendens |
|
2 |
Ephemeral Flush Vegetation
(EFV) |
Stretches of rock covered with
a sheet of water through the rainy season with negligible soil deposition |
Utricularia arcuata, Eriocaulon
sedgewickii, Rotala densiflora, Pogostemon deccanensis |
|
3 |
Exposed Rock Surfaces (ERS) |
Flat or uneven rock surfaces
exposed to direct sunlight with absence of soil. The tiny crevices accumulate
soil that can host small plants |
Moss, Riccia, Indopoa
paupercula, Eriocaulon eurypeplon, Utricularia arcuata |
|
4 |
Rock Crevices (RC) |
Present along the edge of the
plateau, provides a unique niche |
Hitchenia caulina, Indigifera
dalzelli, Nanotis foetida |
|
5 |
Seasonal Ponds (SP) |
Small ponds formed only during
the monsoon |
Marsilia, Scleria rugosa |
|
6 |
Small Ephemeral Pools (SEP) |
Shallow depression inundated
with water, with very little soil deposition |
Rotala densiflora, Fimbristylis
bispicula |
|
7 |
Soil Covered Areas (SCA) |
Soil thickness less than 20 cm |
Habenaria grandifloriformis,
Hypoxis aurea, Iphigenia stellata, Peristylis densus, Euphorbia
panchganiensis, Smithia hirsuta, Smithia bigemina, Drosera indica |
|
8 |
Soil Filled Depressions (SFD) |
Depressions that accumulate soil
and water |
Eriocaulon tuberiferum,
Pogostemon deccanensis, Rotala densiflora |
|
9 |
Soil Rich Areas (SRA) |
Stretches with soil thickness
more than 20 cm |
Smithia hirsuta, Murdannia
simplex |
|
10 |
Tree Cover And Tree Associates
(T) |
Some trees grow on the slopes of
the plateau, the shady areas beneath the trees and the moist branches provide
a unique habitat |
Mosses, Eria reticosa,
Utricularia striatula |
|
11 |
Introduced Compacted Soil (ICS) |
Soil introduced and compacted
for making pathways shows a drastically different habitat |
Habenaria grandifloriformis,
Exacum lawii |
|
12 |
Disturbed Soil Layer (DSL) |
Soil excavated from pools is
deposited on some stretches of plateau. It has invited weeds |
Argemone Mexicana, Nicandra
physallodes, Amaranthus spinosus, Ageratum conyzoides, Alternanthera sessilis |
|
13 |
Soil Introduced For Plantation |
High mounds of soil along the
edges of lakes provide deep soil for the bigger introduced plants |
Ziziphus jujuba, Nerium
oleander, Lantana camara |
Table 2. Threatened plant species
observed on the Panchgani Tableland.
|
|
Species |
IUCN status |
Criteria |
Population trend |
|
1. |
Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. |
NT |
B2b(iii) |
Unknown |
|
2. |
Dipcadi ursulae Blatt. |
EN |
B2ab(iii,v) |
Stable |
|
3. |
Eriocaulon tuberiferum Kulkarni &
Desai |
VU |
B1ab(ii,iii)+2ab(ii,iii);D2 |
Decreasing |
|
4. |
Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt. & McCann |
NT |
B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) |
Unknown |
|
5. |
Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McC. |
NT |
B2b(ii,iii,iv) |
Decreasing |
|
6. |
Hitchenia caulina Baker |
EN |
B1ab(iii) |
Unknown |
|
7. |
Iphigenia stellata Blatt. |
EN |
B2ab(i,ii,iii,v) |
Decreasing |
|
8. |
Isachne swaminathanii V.Prakash &
S.K.Jain |
EN |
B2ab(I,ii,iii) |
Unknown |
|
9. |
Pinda concanensis (Dalz.) P.K.Mukh.
& Constance |
NT |
B2b(iii) |
Decreasing |
|
10. |
Utricularia albocaerulea Dalzell |
VU |
B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii) |
Unknown |
|
11. |
Utricularia praeterita P.Taylor |
NT |
--- |
Unknown |
|
12. |
Vigna khandalensis (Santapau) Raghavan
& Wadhava |
NT |
--- |
Unknown |
Table 3. Comparison of species composition on Pachgani
Tableland in 1909 and 2022–2024.
|
|
Total no. of species |
No. of species reported in
1909 |
No. of species reported in
2022–24 |
|
Total no. of species reported |
189 |
62 |
177 |
|
Endemic |
77 |
29 |
71 |
|
Rare species |
15 |
7 |
12 |
|
Aliens |
24 |
9 |
24 |
|
|
|
|
|
Table 4. Comparison of plant
functional types recorded from Panchgani Tableland in 1909 and 2022–2024.
|
|
Total no. of species |
No. of species reported in 1909 |
No. of species reported in
2022–24 |
|
Other therophytes |
82 |
37 |
74 |
|
Graminoids |
43 |
4 |
43 |
|
Leguminous |
15 |
3 |
14 |
|
Geophytes |
26 |
9 |
26 |
|
Carnivores |
8 |
2 |
8 |
|
Helophytes |
6 |
0 |
6 |
|
Hemiparasites |
4 |
2 |
4 |
|
Hydrophytes |
3 |
2 |
1 |
|
Succulents |
3 |
2 |
3 |
|
Epiphytes |
2 |
1 |
2 |
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Appendix 1. Panchgani Tableland
checklist of angiosperms.
|
Species name (Accepted as per
POWO) |
Synonyms |
Family |
Life form |
Ende-micity |
IUCN Red List |
Recorded by Blatter (1909) |
Recorded by authors in 2024 |
|
Asystasia dalzelliana Santapau |
|
Acanthaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson
var. gangetica |
Asystasia violacea Dalzell |
Acanthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Dicliptera sp. |
|
Acanthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau |
Justicia betonica L. |
Acanthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees |
Justicia procumbens L. |
Acanthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Nicoteba trinervia (Vahl) Lindau |
Justicia trinervia Vahl |
Acanthaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Lepidagathis cuspidata Nees |
|
Acanthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Rungia elegans Dalzell &
A.Gibson |
|
Acanthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Achyranthes aspera L. |
|
Amaranthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Alternanthera sp. (Pink) |
|
Amaranthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. |
Alternanthera triandra Lam. |
Amaranthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Tableland cliff |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Amaranthus spinosus L. |
|
Amaranthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Celosia argentea L. |
|
Amaranthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
LC |
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Gomphrena serrata L. |
|
Amaranthaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Pinda concanensis (Dalz.) P.K.Mukh. &
Constance |
Heracleum concanense Dalzell |
Apiaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
NT |
On Tableland cliff |
On Tableland cliff |
|
Pimpinella adscendens Dalz. |
|
Apiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Tableland cliff |
|
Pimpinella candolleana Wight & Arn. |
|
Apiaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Tableland cliff |
Absent |
|
Pimpinella wallichiana (Miq.) Gandhi |
Pimpinella monoica Dalzell |
Apiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
On Tableland cliff |
Absent |
|
Pimpinella tomentosa Dalzell ex
C.B.Clarke |
|
Apiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
On Tableland cliff |
Absent |
|
Nerium oleander L. |
|
Apocynaceae |
Therophyte |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Arisaema leschenalutii Blume |
|
Araceae |
Geophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. |
|
Araceae |
Geophyte |
E |
NT |
On Tableland cliff |
On Tableland cliff |
|
Dipcadi montanum (Dalzell) Baker |
|
Asparagaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Dipcadi ursulae var. ursulae Blatt. |
Dipcadi ursulae Blatt. |
Asparagaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
EN |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Adenoon indicum Dalzell |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
E |
LC |
On Panchgani Tableland |
Absent |
|
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
LC |
On Tableland cliff,3 |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
DD |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &
H.Rob. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eschenbachia stricta (Willd.) Raizadae |
Conyza stricta Willd. |
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Gynura bicolor (Roxb.ex Willd.)
DC. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Gynura nitida DC. |
|
Asteraceae |
Geophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Senecio bombayensis Balakr. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Tagetes erecta L. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Tridax procumbens L. |
|
Asteraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Impatiens balsamina L. |
|
Balsaminaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Impatiens dalzellii Hook.f. &
Thomson |
|
Balsaminaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
On Tableland cliff |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Begonia crenata Dryand. |
|
Begoniaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
|
On Tableland cliff |
On Tableland cliff |
|
Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Sw. ex Lehm.)
Thunb. ex Brand |
Cynoglossum denticulatum var. zeylanicum (Sw.
ex Lehm) C.B.Clarke |
Boraginaceaae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
Absent |
|
Adelocaryum coelestinum (Lindl.) Brand. |
Paracaryum coelestinum (Lindl.) Benth. ex
C.B.Clarke/ Paracaryopsis coelestina (Lindl.) R.R.Mill |
Boraginaceaae |
Therophyte |
E |
NT |
On Tableland cliff |
Absent |
|
Adelocaryum malabaricum (C.B.Clarke) Brand. |
Paracaryum malabaricum C.B.Clarke / Paracaryopsis
malabarica (C.B.Clarke) R.R.MIll |
Boraginaceaae |
Therophyte |
E |
EN |
On Tableland cliff |
Absent |
|
Brassica sp. |
|
Brassicaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex A.Rich. |
Cardamine subumbellata Hook. ex Hook.f. |
Brassicaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Wahlenbergia erecta (Roth ex Schult.)
Tuyn. |
Cephalostigma schimperi Hochst. ex A.Rich. |
Campanulaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
Absent |
|
Iphigenia pallida Baker |
|
Colchicaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Iphigenia stellata Blatt. |
|
Colchicaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
EN |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan |
Aneilema sinicum Ker Gawl. |
Commelinaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
LC |
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Commelina forskaolii Vahl |
|
Commelinaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Commelina sp. |
|
Commelinaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Cyanotis fasciculata (B.Heyne ex Roth)
Schult. & Schult.f. |
|
Commelinaceae |
Succulent |
E |
LC |
On Tableland cliff |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult.
& Schult.f. |
|
Commelinaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Murdannia crocea (Griff.) Faden |
|
Commelinaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Murdannia lanuginosa (Wall. ex
C.B.Clarke) G.Brückn. |
|
Commelinaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Murdannia semiteres (Dalz) Sant. |
|
Commelinaceae |
Therophyte |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Kalanchoe olivacea Dalzell |
|
Crassulaceae |
Succulent |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Tableland cliff |
|
Crotalaria sp. |
|
Crotalariaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Cucumis sp. |
|
Cucurbitaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Cyperus flavidus Retz. |
|
Cyperaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Fimbristylis tenera Schult |
|
Cyperaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz. |
|
Cyperaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Fimbristylis bispicula Govind |
|
Cyperaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Scleria rugosa R.Br. |
|
Cyperaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Drosera burmanni (Vahl) |
|
Droseraceae |
Carnivores |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Drosera indica L. |
|
Droseraceae |
Carnivores |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eriocaulon odoratum Dalzell |
|
Eriocaulaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eriocaulon eurypeplon Körn. |
|
Eriocaulaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eriocaulon sedgwickii Fyson |
|
Eriocaulaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eriocaulon stellulatum Körn. |
|
Eriocaulaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eriocaulon tuberiferum Kulkarni &
Desai |
|
Eriocaulaceae |
Helophyte |
E |
VU |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Euphorbia khandallensis Blatt. &
Hallb. |
Euphorbia
panchganiensis Blatt. & McCann |
Euphorbiaceae |
Succulent/ Geophyte |
E |
NT |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Desmodiastrum belgaumens (Wight) A. Pramanik
&Thoth. |
Alysicarpus belgaumensis Wight |
Fabaceae |
Legume |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland,3 |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. |
Alysicarpus vaginalis Hochst. ex Baker |
Fabaceae |
Legume |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Alysicarpus tetragonolobus Edgew. |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Desmodium rotundifolium DC. |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Grona triflora (L.) H.Ohashi &
K.Ohashi |
Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
Legume |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Flemingia nilgheriensis (Benth. Ex Baker
f.) Wight ex T.Cooke |
Flemingia nilgheriensis (Baker) T.Cooke |
Fabaceae |
Legume/ Geophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Geissaspis cristata var. tenella (Benth.)
M.R.Almeida |
Geissaspis tenella Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Legume |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Indigofera dalzellii T.Cooke |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Smithia bigemina Dalz. |
Smithia agharkarii Hem. |
Fabaceae |
Legume |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Smithia hirsuta Dalzell |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Smithia purpurea Hook. |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume |
E |
NT |
On Panchgani Tableland |
Absent |
|
Smithia setulosa Dalzell |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Vigna khandalensis (Santapau)
Sundararagh. & Wadhwa |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume / Geophyte |
E |
NT |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Zornia gibbosa Span. |
|
Fabaceae |
Legume |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex
Roem. & Schult. |
|
Gentianaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Tableland cliff |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Exacum lawii C.B.Clarke |
|
Gentianaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
LC |
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Exacum pumilum Griseb. |
|
Gentianaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Swertia densifolia (Griseb.) Kashyapa |
Swertia
decussata Nimmo ex C.B.Clarke / Ophelia densifolia Griseb. |
Gentianaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Lomatogonium minus (Griseb.) Fernald |
Swertia
minor (Griseb.) Knobl. / Ophelia minor Griseb. |
Gentianaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Hydrocharita sp. |
|
Hydrocharitaceae |
Hydrophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. |
|
Hypoxidaceae |
Geophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Hypoxis aurea Lour. |
|
Hypoxidaceae |
Geophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Coleus strobilifer (Roxb.) A.J.Paton |
Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. ex Benth
var. glabrior |
Lamiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Pogostemon stellatus (Lour.) Kuntze |
Dysophylla stellata (Lour.) Benth. ex
Wall. |
Lamiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
LC |
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don)
H.Hara |
|
Lamiaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Leucas montana (Roth) Spreng. |
|
Lamiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Leucas stelligera Wall. ex Benth. |
|
Lamiaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigr.) Press |
|
Lamiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Utricularia albocaerulea Dalzell |
|
Lentibulariaceae |
Carnivores |
E |
VU |
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Utricularia arcuata Wight |
|
Lentibulariaceae |
Carnivores |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Utricularia caerulea L. |
|
Lentibulariaceae |
Carnivores |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
Absent |
|
Utricularia praeterita P.Taylor |
|
Lentibulariaceae |
Carnivores |
E |
NT |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Utricularia striatula Sm. |
|
Lentibulariaceae |
Carnivores |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Utricularia uliginosa Vahl |
|
Lentibulariaceae |
Carnivores |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Linum mysorense B.Heyne ex Benth. |
|
Linaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Rotala belgaumensis S.R. Yadav, Malpure
& Chandore |
|
Lythraceae |
Helophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Rotala biglandulosa Arun Pr. &
Sardesai |
|
Lythraceae |
Helophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Rotala densiflora (Roth) Koehne |
|
Lythraceae |
Helophyte |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Sida acuta Burm.f. |
|
Malvaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
On Tableland cliff |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Nymphoides hydrophyllum (Lour.) Kuntze |
Limnanthemum cristatum (Roxb.) Griseb. |
Menyanthaceae |
Hydrophyte |
|
LC |
On Panchgani Tableland |
Absent |
|
Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze |
Limnanthemum indicum Thw. |
Menyanthaceae |
Hydrophyte |
|
LC |
On Panchgani Tableland |
Absent |
|
Trigastrotheca pentaphylla (L.) |
Mollugo pentaphylla L. |
Molluginaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton |
|
Onagraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eria reticosa Wight |
|
Orchidaceae |
Epiphyte |
E |
|
|
On Tableland cliff |
|
Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McC. |
|
Orchidaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
NT |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Habenaria heyneana Lindl. |
|
Orchidaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Habenaria suaveolens Dalzell |
Habenaria panchganiensis Sant & Kap. |
Orchidaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Habenaria rariflora A.Rich. |
|
Orchidaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
L C |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Peristylus densus (Lindl.) Santapau
& Kapadia |
|
Orchidaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Peristylus stocksii (Hook.f.) Kraenzl. |
|
Orchidaceae |
Geophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Porpax jerdoniana (Wight) Rolfe |
Porpax lichenora (Lindl.) T.Cooke |
Orchidaceae |
Epiphyte |
E |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Tableland cliff |
|
Striga densiflora (Benth.) Benth. |
|
Orobanchaceae |
Hemiparasite |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke |
Striga orobanchoides (R. Br.) Beth. |
Orobanchaceae |
Hemiparasite |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Biophytum sensitivum DC. |
|
Oxalidaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Oxalis corniculata L. |
|
Oxalidaceae |
Geophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Argemone mexicana L. |
|
Papavaeraceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Glossostigma diandrum (L.) Kuntze |
|
Phrymaceae |
Helophyte |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Glossostigma elatinoides (Benth.) Hook.f. |
|
Phrymaceae |
Helophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Arthraxon raizadae S.K.Jain, Hemadri
& Deshp. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Arthraxon villosus C.E.C.Fisch. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Arundinella spicata Dalzell |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Chloris pycnothrix Trin. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Coelachne minuta Bor. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Dichanthium armatum (Hook.f.) Blatt.
& McCann |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Dimeria ornithopoda Trin. |
Dimeria ornithopoda var. megalantha Bor |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Dimeria sp. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Echinochloa crus-galis (L.) P.Beauv. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. utilis |
Echinochloa crus-galli f. aristata (Vasinger)
Morariu |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex
Roam. & Schult. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex
Steud. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Eulalia shrirangii Salunkhe &
Potdar |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Pseudopogonatherum trispicatum (Schult.) Ohwi |
Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henrard |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Glyphochloa forficulata (C.E.C.Fisch.)
Clayton |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex
Roem. & Schult. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Indopoa paupercula (Stapf) Bor ex
Ramamoorthy |
Tripogon pauperculus Staph |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Isachne elegans Dalzell |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Isachne globosa (Thunb. ex Murray)
Kuntze |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Isachne lisboae Hook.f. |
Isachne lisboae Hook.f. |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Isachne swaminathanii V.Prakash &
S.K.Jain |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
EN |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Ischaemum impressum Hack |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Jansenella griffithiana (C.Muell.) Bor |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Oryza rufipogon Griff. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Panicum sumatrense Roth |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Paspalidium sp. |
Paspalidium sp. |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Paspalum canarae (Steud.) Veldkamp |
Paspalum canarae var. fimbriatum
(Bor) Veldk |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Paspalum distichum L. |
Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook.f. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. &
Schult. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br. |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze |
|
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Tripogon bromoides Roth. |
Tripogon bromoides Roem. &
Schult. |
Poaceae |
Graminoid |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Polygala persicariifolia DC. |
|
Polygalaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
In the vicinity of Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Persicaria chinensis (L.) H.Gross |
Persicaria chinensis (L.) Nakai |
Polygonaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross |
Polygonum alatum (Meisn.) H.Gross |
Polygonaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Tableland cliff |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Polygonum plebeium R.Br. |
|
Polygonaceae |
Therophyte |
|
LC |
On Tableland cliff |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Anagallis arvensis L. |
|
Primulaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Tableland cliff |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Thalictrum dalzellii Hook. |
|
Ranunculaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Ziziphus jujuba Mill. |
|
Rhamnaceae |
Therophyte |
|
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Oldenlandia stocksii Hook.f. |
Hedyotis stocksii (Hook.f.) R.S.Rao
& Hemadri |
Rubiaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Neanotis subitilis (Miq.) Govaerts ex
Punekar & Lakshmin. |
Neanotis foetida (Dalzell)
W.H.Lewis |
Rubiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Neanotis lancifolia (Hook.f.) W.H.Lewis |
|
Rubiaceae |
Therophyte |
E |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. |
|
Rubiaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Spermacoce pusilla Wall. |
|
Rubiaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. |
|
Rubiaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Hochst.) Benth. |
Rhamphicarpa longiflora (Arn.) Bth. |
Scrophulariaceae |
Hemiparasite |
E |
LC |
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Parasopubia delphiniifolia (L.) H.-P.Hofm.
& Eb.Fisch. |
Sopubia delphinifolia (L.) G.Don |
Scrophulariaceae |
Hemiparasite |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Sopubia trifida Buch.-Ham, ex D.Don |
|
Scrophulariaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Verbascum coromandelianum (Vahl) Hub.-Mor. |
Verbascum chinensis |
Scrophulariaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Solanum virginianum L. |
|
Solanaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Lantana camara L. |
|
Verbenaceae |
Therophyte |
|
|
On Panchgani Tableland |
On Panchgani Tableland |
|
Curcuma neilgherrensis Wight |
|
Zingiberaceae |
Geophyte |
|
|
|
On Tableland cliff |
|
Curcuma caulina (J.Graham) Baker |
Hitchenia caulina (J.Graham) Baker |
Zingiberaceae |
Geophyte |
E |
EN |
On Tableland cliff |
On Tableland cliff |