Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2026 | 18(5): 28940–28949
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9896.18.5.28940-28949
#9896 | Received 04 May 2025| Final received 13 April 2026| Finally
accepted 21 April 2026
Documentation of
dicotyledonous angiosperm diversity of Kanakamala, Kerala, India
Marunnoli Umaiba Fitha 1 &
Puravannoor Edakkad Sreejith 2
1,2 Postgraduate & Research Department of
Botany, The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673014, India.
1 umaibafitha@gmail.com, 2 sreejithzgc@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Abstract: The present study deals with identification
and documentation of dicotyledonous angiosperm plants in Kanakamala, Kannur
District, Kerala. The survey was conducted during March 2024 to March 2025 and
documented 182 dicotyledonous angiosperms belonging to 152 genera under 57
families. Out of the reported plants, 17 species are endemic, one is ‘Vulnerable’, and one is
‘Endangered’. Names of plants and status are also provided.
Keywords: Angiosperm plants, endangered, endemic,
herbarium, flora, Kannur District, lateritic plateau, tropical moist deciduous,
vulnerable.
Editor: K. Haridasan, Palakkad, Kerala, India. Date of publication: 26 May 2026
(online & print)
Citation: Fitha,
M.U. & P.E. Sreejith (2026). Documentation of dicotyledonous
angiosperm diversity of Kanakamala, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 18(5): 28940–28949. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9896.18.5.28940-28949
Copyright: © Fitha & Sreejith 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: There is no external funding and the work is done as part of MSc
Project
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Umaiba Fitha is a M.Sc. Botany graduate and 4th rank holder under
the University of Calicut from The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College. Her
research focused on the dicot flora of Kanakamala. Her interests include plant
taxonomy, floral diversity, ecology, and biodiversity conservation. Dr. Sreejith P.E., is Assistant Professor in the Post
Graduate and Research Department of Botany at The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan
College, Kozhikode, affiliated with the University of Calicut. His academic and
research interests include plant taxonomy, angiosperm
systematics, floristics, biodiversity conservation, and banana taxonomy. He has
published more than 23 research papers in national and international journals
and has contributed to several books and book chapters related to plant
diversity and taxonomy. He is also actively involved in
editorial and review activities of scientific journals and has guided multiple
postgraduate research projects in botany and biodiversity studies.
Author contribution: The present work was carried out as part of the M.Sc. project of the first author under the supervision and guidance of
the second author. Field exploration and specimen collection were conducted by
the first author, while identification and all other aspects of the study were
completed jointly by both the student and the supervisor.
Acknowledgments: We would like to express my sincere gratitude to the principal, The
Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College for providing the resources and academic
environment necessary to carry out this research. We
are especially thankful to Dr. P. Indulekha, head of the department, Dr. Rajesh
K.P. and Dr. Sanoj E., faculty members of the Department of Botany, for their
continuous encouragement, guidance, and support throughout this study. Their
insights and feedback were invaluable in shaping the
direction and quality of this work.
INTRODUCTION
India is well-known for its rich biodiversity
and vast landscapes. Globally, it accounts for only 2.3% of the total land
area. One of the major contributors to India’s biodiversity is the Western
Ghats, which harbors numerous habitats due to its high range of variation in
latitude, altitude, and climate. It also exhibits a high level of endemism,
which is attributed to the long period of isolation from similar habitats in
the Indian subcontinent (ATREE & CEPF 2013). Lateritic plateau is an
important area that has rich species contribution. This plateau thus possesses
different endemic and habitat specific species due to special environmental
conditions (Drisya et al. 2023). However, these plateaus have received less
conservation awareness compared to forests of Western Ghats (Pramod &
Pradeep 2021). Present work is an attempt to document the diversity of
dicotyledonous angiosperms in Kanakamala, Chokli of Kannur District of Kerala,
southern India. It is more over a lateritic plateau and so this work is crucial
for understanding the importance of lateritic plateau in biodiversity and
conservation.
STUDY AREA
The study was conducted on the Kanakamala,
located in Panoor Municipality in Kannur District of Kerala, India (Image 1).
It is a lateritic hill spread around 0.4 km2. It is geographically
located between 11.719° N and 75.581° E with an average elevation of 118 m. It
is a part of Western Ghats and located appropriately 6 km away from Chokli
town, 10 km away from Mahe, and 12 km away from Thalassery Town.
Vegetation
The vegetation of Kanakamala, Kannur
represents a tropical moist deciduous to secondary scrub landscape influenced
by monsoonal climate and anthropogenic disturbances. The floristic composition,
based on the recorded dicotyledonous species, shows dominance of Fabaceae,
Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Malvaceae, indicating a well-developed herb
and shrub layer. Tree species such as Terminalia paniculata, Syzygium
caryophyllatum, Holigarna arnottiana, Memecylon umbellatum, Bridelia
retusa, and Ficus spp. reflect remnants of forest vegetation, while
shrubs and herbs like Clerodendrum infortunatum, Lantana camara, Chromolaena
odorata, Ageratum conyzoides, and Euphorbia hirta
characterize secondary growth and disturbed habitats. Climbers including Cyclea
peltata, Gymnema sylvestre, Hemidesmus indicus, and Ipomoea
spp. contribute to structural complexity along forest margins. The presence of
Western Ghats endemic and conservation-significant species highlights the
ecological importance of the area, and overall, the vegetation can be described
as secondary moist deciduous vegetation with scrub and weed elements.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An extensive and repeated field survey was
carried out from March 2024 to March 2025. Frequent explorations helped
document the diverse flora across different seasons. Frequent collection trips
were conducted in every weekend to ensure maximum collection. Plant samples
were collected for laboratory studies and herbarium preparation.
Simultaneously, photographs of the plants were taken against a black cloth with
a scale placed beside them. The photographs were captured using mobile phone
cameras (Vivo V20 and Oppo A10). The herbarium specimens were prepared using
the dry method (Jain & Rao 1977) and were mounted on standard-sized
herbarium sheets and deposited in the Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College
Herbarium (ZGC). Identification of plants was carried out using Gamble (1925)
and Pramod & Pradeep (2020), along with online resources (eFlora of Kerala https://www.eflorakerala.com;
Indian Biodiversity Portal https://indiabiodiversity.org; IPNI https://www.ipni.org).
Maximum efforts were taken to use the latest nomenclature and were treated
according to the latest APG systems of classification. The threat category was
gathered from IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (https://www.iucnredlist.org/).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present study was undertaken to document
the diversity of dicotyledonous angiosperms in Kanakamala, Chockli, Kannur. A
total of 182 plant species, belonging to 152 genera under 57 families were
collected, identified, and documented (Table 1). Among these, 85 species
(46.70%) are herbs, 43 (23.63%) are shrubs, 28 (15.38%) are trees, and 26
(14.29) are climbers (Figure 1a). The dominant family is Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
comprising 23 genera and 26 species. It is followed by Rubiaceae with 14
species, Malvaceae, and Lamiaceae with 13 species, Asteraceae and Acanthaceae
with nine species each, Apocynaceae and Phyllanthaceae with seven species each,
and Convolvulaceae and Amaranthaceae with six species each, among others.
Sida and Spermacoce are the most abundant
genera, with four species each. They are followed by Phyllanthus and
Alternanthera with three species each. Furthermore, Cleome,
Hibiscus, Urena, Alysicarpus, Grona, Bauhinia, Memecylon,
Oldenladia, Canscora, Ipomoea, Torenia, Asystasia, Clerodendron, Holmskioldia,
Pogostemon, Bridelia, Euphorbia and Ficus contribute two species
each. Additionally, this study also identifies nine monotypic genera including Naregamia,
Rivina, Hewittia, Hemidesmus, Ichnocarpus, Synedrella,
Centratherum, Getonia, and Hultholia.
The identified plants include 132 native and
50 exotic taxa as per the latest records in Plants of the World Online
(https://powo.science.kew.org) (Figure 1b). According to the IUCN Red List
Version 2025-1, a total of 62 plant species has been classified into various
categories. Among these, two species are categorized as ‘Data Deficient’, another two fall
under different threat categories. These include one ‘Vulnerable’ species, Syzygium
caryophyllatum and one ‘Endangered’ species, Utricularia cecilii.
Among the plants obtained, 17 species are
endemic (Table 1, Image 2 & 3). Out of which eight species are endemic to
Western Ghats, four are endemic to southern India, three are endemic to
southern Western Ghats and two are endemic to peninsular India. This plateau
shows a relatively high rate of endemism.
CONCLUSION
Kanakamala exhibited a diverse range of
angiosperms, especially dicots, and it can be considered a repository of
endemic and rare plant taxa. A preliminary analysis revealed the presence of
182 dicot plants, of which 17 are endemic and three are threatened. That
represents 9.3 percent of the total dicot flora (Table 1). Notably, many of the
plant species collected from the area possess medicinal properties and are commonly
used for various ailments (Jamsheena & Abdussalam 2018; Sukhadev et al. 2022).
Although the area is frequently visited for birdwatching and other recreational
activities, systematic documentation of plant diversity has been limited. The
present floristic inventory highlights the need for further studies,
particularly those incorporating rapid threat assessment and habitat-level
evaluations, to better understand conservation priorities of the laterite
plateau. Such focused assessments would complement floristic surveys and
support informed management and conservation planning for the area.
Table
1. Dicot angiosperms of Kanakamala, Kannur, Kerala.
|
|
Binomial name |
Family |
Distribution |
Endemism |
Red List status |
|
1. |
Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth |
Piperaceae |
E |
|
|
|
2. |
Uvaria narum (Dunal) Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson |
Annonaceae |
N |
|
|
|
3. |
Cassytha filiformis L. |
Lauraceae |
N |
|
|
|
4. |
Cyclea peltata (Burm.f.) Hook.f. & Thomson |
Menispermaceae |
N |
|
|
|
5. |
Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
6. |
Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
|
|
7. |
Centrosema molle Mart. ex Benth. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
8. |
Crotalaria pallida Aiton |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
|
|
9. |
Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.) Mabb. |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
10. |
Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
11. |
Geissaspis tenella Benth. |
Fabaceae |
N |
SI |
LC |
|
12. |
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
13. |
Grona heterocarpa (L.) H.Ohashi
& K.Ohashi var. heterocarpa |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
|
|
14. |
Grona triflora (L.) H.Ohashi
& K.Ohashi |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
15. |
Indigofera prostrata Willd. |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
|
|
16. |
Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Taub. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
17. |
Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
18. |
Tephrosia pulcherrima (Wight ex Baker) Gamble |
Fabaceae |
N |
SI |
LC |
|
19. |
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
|
|
20. |
Zornia gibbosa Span. |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
|
|
21. |
Bauhinia acuminata L. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
22. |
Bauhinia purpurea L. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
23. |
Chamaecrista kleinii (Wight & Arn.) V.Singh |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
|
|
24. |
Hultholia mimosoides (Lam.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis |
Fabaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
25. |
Libidibia coriaria (Jacq.) Schltdl. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
26. |
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
27. |
Tamarindus indica L. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
28. |
Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
29. |
Adenanthera pavonina L. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
30. |
Mimosa pudica L. |
Fabaceae |
E |
|
|
|
31. |
Polygala glaucoides L. |
Polygalaceae |
N |
|
|
|
32. |
Casuarina equisetifolia L. |
Casuarinaceae |
E |
|
|
|
33. |
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. |
Rhamnaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
34. |
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. |
Rhamnaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
35. |
Ziziphus rugosa Lam. |
Rhamnaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
36. |
Ficus benghalensis L. |
Moraceae |
N |
|
|
|
37. |
Ficus hispida L.f. |
Moraceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
38. |
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. |
Urticaceae |
E |
|
|
|
39. |
Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Bennett |
Urticaceae |
N |
|
|
|
40. |
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt |
Cucurbitaceae |
N |
|
|
|
41. |
Cucumis maderaspatanus L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
N |
|
|
|
42. |
Connarus paniculatus Roxb |
Connaraceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
43. |
Rourea minor (Gaertn.) Alston |
Connaraceae |
N |
|
|
|
44. |
Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. |
Oxalidaceae |
N |
|
|
|
45. |
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. |
Rhizophoraceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
46. |
Euphorbia hirta L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
47. |
Euphorbia thymifolia L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
48. |
Macaranga peltata Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
49. |
Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
50. |
Campylospermum serratum (Gaertn.) Bittrich & M.C.E.Amaral |
Ochnaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
51. |
Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C.Fisch. |
Phyllanthaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
52. |
Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. |
Phyllanthaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
53. |
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume |
Phyllanthaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
54. |
Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. |
Phyllanthaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
55. |
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. |
Phyllanthaceae |
E |
|
|
|
56. |
Phyllanthus urinaria L. |
Phyllanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
57. |
Phyllanthus virgatus G.Forst. var. virgatus |
Phyllanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
58. |
Passiflora foetida L. |
Passifloraceae |
E |
|
|
|
59. |
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. |
Salicaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
60. |
Pigea enneasperma (L.) P.I.Forst. |
Violaceae |
N |
|
|
|
61. |
Hugonia mystax L. |
Linaceae |
N |
|
|
|
62. |
Getonia floribunda Roxb. |
Combretaceae |
N |
|
|
|
63. |
Terminalia paniculata Roth |
Combretaceae |
N |
PI |
LC |
|
64. |
Rotala malampuzhensis R.V.Nair ex
C.D.K.Cook |
Lythraceae |
N |
WG |
LC |
|
65. |
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell |
Onagraceae |
E |
|
|
|
66. |
Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Alston var. caryophyllatum |
Myrtaceae |
N |
|
VU |
|
67. |
Melastoma malabathricum L. |
Melastomataceae |
N |
|
|
|
68. |
Memecylon randerianum S.M.Almeida &
M.R.Almeida |
Melastomataceae |
N |
SWG |
|
|
69. |
Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f. |
Melastomataceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
70. |
Osbeckia muralis Naudin |
Melastomataceae |
N |
|
|
|
71. |
Anacardium occidentale L. |
Anacardiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
72. |
Holigarna arnottiana Hook.f. |
Anacardiaceae |
N |
SWG |
LC |
|
73. |
Mangifera indica L. |
Anacardiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
74. |
Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. |
Rutaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
75. |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Meliaceae |
E |
|
|
|
76. |
Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. |
Meliaceae |
N |
PI |
|
|
77. |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. |
Malvaceae |
E |
|
|
|
78. |
Hibiscus surattensis L. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
|
|
79. |
Sida acuta Burm.f. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
|
|
80. |
Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
|
|
81. |
Sida cordifolia L. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
|
|
82. |
Sida rhombifolia L. ssp. alnifolia (L.) Ugbor. |
Malvaceae |
E |
|
|
|
83. |
Urena lobata L. ssp. lobata Mast. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
84. |
Urena lobata L. ssp. sinuata (L.) Borss.Waalk. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
|
|
85. |
Melochia corchorifolia L. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
86. |
Sterculia guttata Roxb. ex DC. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
87. |
Waltheria indica L. |
Malvaceae |
E |
|
|
|
88. |
Microcos paniculata L. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
89. |
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. |
Malvaceae |
N |
|
|
|
90. |
Cleome rutidosperma DC. var. burmanni (Wight & Arn.)
Siddiqui & S.N.Dixit |
Cleomaceae |
N |
|
|
|
91. |
Cleome viscosa L. |
Cleomaceae |
N |
|
|
|
92. |
Santalum album L. |
Santalaceae |
E |
|
|
|
93. |
Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Etting. |
Loranthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
94. |
Drosera indica L. |
Droseraceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
95. |
Polycarpaea aurea Wight & Arn. |
Caryophyllaceae |
N |
SI |
|
|
96. |
Rivina humilis L. |
Petiveriaceae |
E |
|
|
|
97. |
Achyranthes aspera L. var. aspera |
Amaranthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
98. |
Aerva lanata (Linn.) Juss. |
Amaranthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
99. |
Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regel) G.Nicholson |
Amaranthaceae |
E |
|
|
|
100. |
Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze |
Amaranthaceae |
E |
|
|
|
101. |
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex. DC. |
Amaranthaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
102. |
Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume |
Amaranthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
103. |
Boerhavia diffusa L. |
Nyctaginaceae |
N |
|
|
|
104. |
Trigastrotheca pentaphylla (L.) Thulin |
Molluginaceae |
N |
|
|
|
105. |
Impatiens minor (DC.) Bennet |
Balsaminaceae |
N |
WG |
|
|
106. |
Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. |
Sapotaceae |
E |
|
|
|
107. |
Mimusops elengi L. |
Sapotaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
108. |
Benkara malabarica (Lam.) Tirveng. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
109. |
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
110. |
Chassalia curviflora (Wall. ex Kurz) Thwaites |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
111. |
Exallage auricularia (L.) Bremek. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
112. |
Ixora coccinea L. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
113. |
Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. |
Rubiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
114. |
Mussaenda frondosa L. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
115. |
Neanotis subtilis (Miq.) Govaerts ex Punekar & Lakshmin. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
116. |
Oldenlandia corymbosa L. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
117. |
Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
118. |
Spermacoce articularis L. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
119. |
Spermacoce latifolia Aubl. |
Rubiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
120. |
Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
121. |
Spermacoce pusilla Wall. |
Rubiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
122. |
Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. |
Gentianaceae |
N |
|
|
|
123. |
Canscora perfoliata Lam. |
Gentianaceae |
N |
WG |
|
|
124. |
Strychnos nux-vomica L. |
Loganiaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
125. |
Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G.Don |
Apocynaceae |
N |
|
|
|
126. |
Ichnocarpus
frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton |
Apocynaceae |
N |
|
|
|
127. |
Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. |
Apocynaceae |
N |
SWG |
|
|
128. |
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. |
Apocynaceae |
N |
|
|
|
129. |
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. |
Apocynaceae |
N |
|
|
|
130. |
Stephanotis volubilis (L.f.) S.Reuss |
Apocynaceae |
N |
|
|
|
131. |
Vincetoxicum indicum (Burm.f.) Mabb. |
Apocynaceae |
N |
|
|
|
132. |
Euploca marifolia (J. Koenig ex Retz.) Ancy & P.Javad |
Boraginaceae |
N |
|
|
|
133. |
Camonea vitifolia (Burm.f.) A.R.Simões
& Staples |
Convolvulaceae |
E |
|
|
|
134. |
Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L., var. alsinoides |
Convolvulaceae |
N |
|
|
|
135. |
Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh |
Convolvulaceae |
N |
|
|
|
136. |
Ipomoea quamoclit L. |
Convolvulaceae |
E |
|
|
|
137. |
Ipomoea triloba L. |
Convolvulaceae |
E |
|
|
|
138. |
Xenostegia tridentata (L.) D.F.Austin
& Staples |
Convolvulaceae |
N |
|
|
|
139. |
Jasminum malabaricum Wight |
Oleaceae |
N |
WG |
|
|
140. |
Tetrapilus dioicus (Roxb.) L.A.S.Johnson |
Oleaceae |
N |
|
|
|
141. |
Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small |
Plantaginaceae |
E |
|
|
|
142. |
Scoparia dulcis L. |
Plantaginaceae |
E |
|
|
|
143. |
Bonnaya ciliata (Colsm.) Spreng. |
Linderniaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
144. |
Torenia
bicolor Dalzell |
Linderniaceae |
N |
WG |
LC |
|
145. |
Torenia
crustacea (L.)
Cham. & Schltdl. |
Linderniaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
146. |
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
147. |
Clerodendrum paniculatum L. |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
148. |
Gmelina arborea Roxb. |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
LC |
|
149. |
Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. |
Lamiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
150. |
Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. forma sanguinea |
Lamiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
151. |
Premna serratifolia L. |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
152. |
Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
153. |
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
154. |
Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze |
Lamiaceae |
E |
|
|
|
155. |
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
156. |
Platostoma hispidum (L.) A.J.Paton |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
|
|
157. |
Pogostemon purpurascens Dalzell |
Lamiaceae |
N |
WG |
|
|
158. |
Pogostemon quadrifolius (Benth.) F.Muell. |
Lamiaceae |
N |
|
DD |
|
159. |
Parasopubia hofmannii var. albiflora Pradeep & Pramod |
Orobanchaceae |
N |
SI |
|
|
160. |
Striga angustifolia (D.Don) Saldanha |
Orobanchaceae |
N |
|
|
|
161. |
Utricularia cecilii P.Taylor |
Lentibulariaceae |
N |
WG |
EN |
|
162. |
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees |
Acanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
163. |
Asystasia dalzelliana Sant. |
Acanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
164. |
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson |
Acanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
165. |
Phaulopsis dorsiflora (Retz.) Sant. |
Acanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
166. |
Rostellularia procumbens (L.) Nees |
Acanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
167. |
Ruellia prostrata Poir. |
Acanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
168. |
Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees |
Acanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
169. |
Staurogyne zeylanica (Nees) Kuntze |
Acanthaceae |
N |
|
|
|
170. |
Thunbergia erecta (Benth.) T.Anderson |
Acanthaceae |
E |
|
|
|
171. |
Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. |
Bignoniaceae |
E |
|
|
|
172. |
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl |
Verbenaceae |
E |
|
|
|
173. |
Lantana camara L. |
Verbenaceae |
E |
|
|
|
174. |
Ageratum conyzoides L. |
Asteraceae |
E |
|
|
|
175. |
Blumea laevis (Lour.) Merr. |
Asteraceae |
N |
|
|
|
176. |
Centratherum punctatum Cass. |
Asteraceae |
E |
|
|
|
177. |
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King
& H.Rob. |
Asteraceae |
E |
|
|
|
178. |
Cyanthillium cinereum (DC.) H.Rob. |
Asteraceae |
N |
|
|
|
179. |
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. |
Asteraceae |
N |
|
|
|
180. |
Mikania micrantha Kunth |
Asteraceae |
E |
|
|
|
181. |
Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. |
Asteraceae |
E |
|
|
|
182. |
Tricholepis amplexicaulis C.B.Clarke |
Asteraceae |
N |
WG |
|
N—Native |
E—Exotic | PI—Peninsular India | SI—Southern India | WG—Western Ghats |
SWG—Southern Western Ghats | LC—Least Concern | DD—Data Deficient |
EN—Endangered | VU—Vulnerable | Blank—Not Evaluated.
For
figure & images - - click here for full PDF
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