Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2025 | 17(10): 27661–27674

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9786.17.10.27661-27674

#9786 | Received 26 March 2025 | Final received 11 September 2025 | Finally accepted 29 September 2025

Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Magnoliopsida: Fabales: Fabaceae) associated arboreal diversity in Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India

Buchanapalli Sunil Kumar ¹, Araveeti Madhusudhana Reddy ², Chennuru Nagendra ³,

Madha Venkata Suresh Babu ⁴, Nandimanadalam Rajasekhar Reddy ⁵,

Veeramasu Jyosthna Sailaja Rani ⁶ & Salkapuram Sunitha ⁷

^1,2,3,5,6 Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Andhra Pradesh 516005, India.

^4,5 Department of Botany, Government College for Men (Autonomous), Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh 516003, India.

⁷ Kasi Reddy Venkata Reddy Government College for Women, Cluster University, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh 518004, India.

¹ bsunilkumar04@gmail.com, ² grassced@gmail.com (corresponding author), ³ chennurunagendra550@gmail.com

⁴ mvs.ced2010@gmail.com, ⁵ rsreddy71@gmail.com, ⁶ sailajavj4451@gmail.com, ⁷ sunijehu@gmail.com

Editor: A.J. Solomon Raju, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India. Date of publication: 26 October 2025 (online & print)

Citation: Kumar, B.S., A.M. Reddy, C. Nagendra, M.V.S. Babu, N.R. Reddy, V.J.S. Rani & S. Sunitha (2025). Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Magnoliopsida: Fabales: Fabaceae) associated arboreal diversity in Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(10): 27661–27674. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9786.17.10.27661-27674

Copyright: © Kumar et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board (APSBB), Government of Andhra Pradesh, India.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Buchanapalli Sunil Kumar (research scholar) and Chennuru Nagendra (former research scholar) are researchers in the Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa. Their research work includes taxonomy, ecology and biodiversity & conservation studies. A. Madhusudhana Reddy is the professor of Botany, in the Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa. He does research in Biodiversity conservation, plant taxonomy, medicinal plants, Lichenology, population studies and also working on Ex situ conservation of endemic and threatened plants of Eastern Ghats of India. Nandimandalam Rajasekhar Reddy, is lecturer in Botany, Government College for Men (Autonomous), Kadapa. His work includes diversity and conservation studies. Madha Venkata Suresh Babu, is lecturer in Botany, Government College for Men (Autonomous), Kadapa. His field of study includes Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation. Veeramasu Jyosthna Sailaja Rani, lecturer in Botany, at PSC & KVSC Government College, Nandhyal. Her work includes diversity and conservation studies. Salkapuram Sunitha, lecturer in Botany, Kasi Reddy Venkata Reddy Government College for Women, Cluster University, Kurnool. Her work includes biodiversity and conservation studies.

Author contributions: BSK involved in field work, data collection, photographs and manuscript writing, AMR involved in the plan of work, conducted field work and compiled the manuscript. CN and NRR involved in the field work and data collection, MVSB involved in analysis, VJSR and SS involved in the field work and herbarium preparation.

Acknowledgments: We thank the Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board (APSBB) for their monetary assistance and the Andhra Pradesh State Forest Department for granting the necessary permissions to conduct fieldwork in the forests.

Abstract: The present study was carried out to assess the arboreal diversity associated with Pterocarpus santalinus in the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, southern Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 118 tree species (>10 cm GBH), belonging to 88 genera, and 41 families were enumerated in the study area. Among 118 species, 92 were deciduous, 23 were evergreen, and three were semi-evergreen. Of the total species, 13 were common, 39 were occasional, and 66 were found to be rare in occurrence. The family Fabaceae is dominant with 20 species, followed by Rubiaceae with 12 species, Combretaceae & Rutaceae, each with six species, and Anacardiaceae & Malvaceae each with five species. Of the total, 12 species were IUCN Red Listed, and 16 were endemic, which indicates that there is a need for their conservation and management.

Keywords: Conservation, deciduous, endemic, evergreen, IUCN Red List, occasional, rare, semi-evergreen.

INTRODUCTION

Trees form the backbone of the Earth’s ecosystems, emphasizing their ecological significance in shaping the environment. Several scientists have given different definitions for a tree. According to Lawrence (1962), all woody plants that reach a height of at least 3 m, and have a single stem with a definite crown shape can be considered trees. Ford-Robertson (1971) stated that a tree is typically large. Crystal (1997) mentions a self-supporting stem as an extra feature. Quite a few sources refer to the minimum size of a tree, a height of 3 m (Deliĭska & Manoilov 2004), or a diameter of 12.7 cm, and a height of 4.6 m (Helms 1998). Allaby (1998) gives a minimum height of more than 10 m. International tree and shrub definitions use similar characteristics to specify the features of trees and shrubs (UNECE/FAO 2000; FAO 2004). Based on the above definitions, a tree has three main features: it is a perennial woody plant with a single main stem, or a coppice of several stems, and has a more or less definite crown. The trees differ from other plants in having cambium tissue that accounts for the woody nature of the stem (Gschwantner et al. 2009). Trees support biodiversity by creating habitats for innumerable species and forming complex relationships that sustain life across various ecosystems. Trees provide the basic needs of human beings in the form of air, food, timber, paper, fuel wood, and medicine (Pullaiah & Rani 1999).

The floristic studies play an important role in biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management, environmental monitoring & impact assessment, research, education, and public awareness. Floristic studies carried out by several workers (Ellis 1966; Pullaiah & Rani 1999; Madhava et al. 2008; Reddy et al. 2009; Babu & Rao 2010; Reddy et al. 2019) have not provided any information on trees that are close associates of Pterocarpus santalinus. In this context, the present study was contemplated to provide information on trees associated with P. santalinus in the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve is located in the Seshachalam hill ranges and lies between 13.011⁰ N, 79.002⁰ E, and 13.015⁰ N, 79.007⁰ E, spread across two districts, Kadapa and Chittoor, in the Eastern Ghats of southern Andhra Pradesh, India (Image 1). The vegetation type is deciduous (Champion & Seth 1968), and the forest reserve bearing P. santalinus trees is grouped as 5A/C2 (Sudhakar 2012). To undertake activities relating to biodiversity conservation and development of sustainable management aspects, the areas are demarcated into three interrelated zones: a) core zone, the central part of the reserve covering an area of 750.589 km² which is completely free from human habitation, remains undisturbed, and spread over 183 compartments; b) buffer or manipulation zone, covers an area of 1,865.156 km² spread over 455 forest compartments. The outer boundary of the core zone forms the inner boundary of the buffer zone, and the outer boundary of the forest compartment forms the outer boundary of the buffer zone; and c) the transition or restoration zone covers an area falling within a 5-km radius from the outer boundary of the buffer zone and spread over 41 forest beats. The study area has a typical monsoonal climate with three distinct seasons: summer, rainy, and winter. The summer is warm to extremely hot with minimum temperatures ranging from 9.7–25 ⁰C and maximum temperatures ranging from 26–46⁰C. The area receives moderate to heavy rainfall with a mean of 690–760 mm. The winter is mild, pleasant, and cooler with temperatures ranging from 13–25°C. The Eastern Ghats belt is commonly referred to as the Eastern Ghat granulite belt in the geological nomenclature. The Archaean or peninsular gneisses dominate the rock formation in the study area, consisting of sandstones, limestones, and shales with granite intrusions. The soil is red ferruginous loam, shallow, and nutrient-poor with a mixture of loose boulders of varying sizes in the hills & deep valleys, and certain areas are covered with prominent quartzite outcrops.

Methodology

The present data is an outcome of field research carried out as part of phytosociological studies in the red sandal natural forest sites of Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve in 2021–2024. All the tree species of ≥ 10 cm girth at breast height (GBH) were enumerated from 100 quadrates of size 31.7 x 31.7 m. The collected specimens were identified with the help of the 2^nd edition of Flora of Andhra Pradesh Vol I to IV (Pullaiah et al. 2018a,b) and Flora of Presidency of Madras (J.S Gamble 1915–1934). Later, the herbarium was prepared according to the standard methodology described by Santapu (1955) and Jain & Rao (1977). Finally, the voucher specimens were deposited in the Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa. The list of angiosperm tree species associated with P. santalinus were tabulated according to the latest Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (Chase et al. 2016) system of classification, specifying the family, nature of trees, voucher number, and distribution in the study sites (Table 1).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The present study recorded 118 species belonging to 88 genera and 41 families (Table 1; Images 1–5). The top 10 dominant families are: Fabaceae with 11 genera and 18 tree species (17%) followed by Rubiaceae with 10 genera, and 12 species (10%), Rutaceae with six genera, and six species (5%), Combretaceae with one genus, and six species (5%), Anacardiaceae with four genera, and five species (4%), Malvaceae with three genera, and five species (4.3%), Euphorbiaceae & Lamiaceae each with four genera, and four species (3.5% each) while the families, Apocynaceae & Phyllanthaceae each with three genera, and four species (3.4% each). Four families, Burseraceae, Celastraceae, Meliaceae, and Rhamnaceae, were represented by three species each. Ten families, Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Boraginaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Ebenaceae, Loganiaceae, Melastomataceae, Moraceae, Salicaceae, and Sapotaceae, were represented by two species each. Seventeen families, Bignoniaceae, Bixaceae, Capparaceae, Clusiaceae, Cornaceae, Cycadaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, Lecythidaceae, Lythraceae, Myrtaceae, Ochnaceae, Oleaceae, Poaceae, Santalaceae, and Sapindaceae were represented by one species each..

Floristic studies carried out by different researchers showed variations in the dominance of angiosperm families in different forest areas of India. Kadavul & Parthasarathy (1999) reported that Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Verbenaceae families were dominant in a tropical semi-evergreen forest of Kalrayan Hills. Chittibabu & Parthasarathy (2000) reported that Moraceae, Lauraceae, and Euphorbiaceae were the dominant families in evergreen forest sites of Kolli Hills. Reddy et al. (2007, 2008) documented that Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae were dominant in the tropical forest of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, and in the tropical dry deciduous forest of southern Andhra Pradesh. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Moraceae families have been reported to be dominant in tropical hill forests of southern Eastern Ghats (Pragasan & Parthasarathy 2010), in the Seshachalam hill ranges of Andhra Pradesh (Babu & Rao 2010), and in the Chittoor East & West forest divisions of southern Andhra Pradesh (Rao et al. 2011). Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, and Euphorbiaceae have been reported to be dominant in the northern Andhra Pradesh, India (Reddy et al. 2011), and in the northcentral Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh (Naidu et al. 2018). Fabaceae and Rubiaceae have been reported to be dominant in the northern Andhra Pradesh (Naidu & Kumar 2015), and these two families along with Meliaceae have been documented to be dominant in the tropical moist deciduous forests of Odisha (Sahoo et al. 2020). The present study shows that the most dominant family is Fabaceae in the study area. The dominance of this family has also been reported in other forest areas of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh by Reddy et al. (2011), Naidu & Kumar (2015), and Naidu et al. (2018), and in deciduous forests of Neotropical regions by Gentry (1995), Gillespie et al. (2000), Killeen et al. (1998), and Sampaio (1995). Although the Rutaceae family was ranked third in the present study, none of the studies above showed its dominance (one of the top three ranks). Parathasarathy & Karthiykeyan (1997) mentioned that Rutaceae, which ranked fifth in their study, is one of the important families in the tropical deciduous forests of India. The dominant plant families reported are similar in most of the studies, due to the presence of the same phytogeographic pattern.

The present study indicates that the majority of the tree species of Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, and Rutaceae are close associates of P. santalinus in the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve. Vegetation-wise analysis of 118 tree species revealed that 80% of them are deciduous, 17% evergreen, and 3% semi-evergreen. Of the total species, 13 are common, 39 are occasional, and 66 are rare in occurrence (Table 1).

IUCN Red List and endemic taxa associated with P. santalinus

Of the total 118 tree species recorded, two are ‘Near Threatened’ (Aegle marmelos and Pterocarpus marsupium), six ‘Vulnerable’ (Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Chloroxylon swietenia, Phyllanthus indofischeri, Santalum album, Shorea roxburghii, and Terminalia pallida), and five ‘Endangered’ (Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Shorea tumbuggaia, and Syzygium alternifolium) (IUCN 2025). A total of 16 endemic species were recorded from the study area. Of these, four are endemic to Andhra Pradesh (Boswellia ovalifoliolata, Cycas beddomei, Syzygium alternifolium, and Terminalia pallida), five endemic to the Eastern Ghats occur in Andhra Pradesh (Actinodaphne madraspatana, Croton scabiosus, Pterocarpus santalinus, Shorea tumbuggaia, and Wendlandia gamblei), and remaining are endemic to Peninsular India (Deccania pubescens, Dolichandrone atrovirens, Maerua apetala, Ochna obtusata, Phyllanthus indofischeri, Polyalthia cerasoides and Shorea roxburghii) (Ahmedullah & Nayar 1986; Reddy & Raju 2008).

CONCLUSION

The present study shows that there is rich and varied tree flora in close association with Pterocarpus santalinus in the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve. The most dominant families include Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, and Rutaceae. Majority of the species recorded here are deciduous type with only a small fraction of evergreen or semi-evergreen ones. The study indicates that a significant number of species are under threat, with 12 species being IUCN Red Listed and 16 being endemic to the region. The status of these species indicates that there is a need for their protection in their natural sites. Given the ecological importance of P. santalinus and its associated species, continued monitoring, protection, and sustainable management strategies are required to safeguard the rich biodiversity of this region for future generations.

Table 1. List of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. associated arboreal diversity in Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, India.

	Name of the taxon/family	Nature	Voucher number	Occurrence
	Annonaceae
1	Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Finet & Gagnep.	Deciduous	5290	Rare
2	Polyalthia cerasoides (Roxb.) Bedd.	Semi-evergreen	5244	Rare
	Hernandiaceae
3	Gyrocarpus americanus Jacq.	Deciduous	0274	Rare
	Lauraceae
4	Actinodaphne madraspatana Bedd. ex Hook.f.	Evergreen	5101	Rare
	Arecaceae
5	Phoenix loureiroi Kunth.	Evergreen	5347	Rare
6	Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.	Evergreen	5348	Rare
	Poaceae
7	Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.	Deciduous	5349	Rare
	Fabaceae
8	Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.	Deciduous	5353	Occasional
9	Acacia chundra (Rottl.) Willd.	Deciduous	5354	Occasional
10	Acacia concinna Wall.	Deciduous	-	Rare
11	Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin	Deciduous	5350	Rare
12	Albizia lebbeck (L.) Willd	Deciduous	5351	Rare
13	Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth.	Evergreen	4629	Rare
14	Bauhinia purpurea L.	Deciduous	5352	Rare
15	Bauhinia racemosa Vahl	Deciduous	0563	Rare
16	Cassia fistula L.	Deciduous	0359	Occasional
17	Cassia siamea Lam.	Deciduous	-	Rare
18	Dalbergia paniculata Roxb.	Deciduous	4614	Occasional
19	Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.	Deciduous	-	Rare
20	Hardwickia binata Roxb.	Deciduous	5209	Occasional
21	Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit	Deciduous	-	Rare
22	Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.	Deciduous	5281	Rare
23	Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.	Deciduous	5208	Common
24	Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Deciduous	-	Rare
25	Tamarindus indica L.	Evergreen	5355	Rare
	Moraceae
26	Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq.	Deciduous	5356	Rare
27	Ficus hispida L.f.	Deciduous	5357	Rare
	Rhamnaceae
28	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Deciduous	5327	Rare
29	Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.	Deciduous	5228	Occasional
30	Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd.	Deciduous	5358	Common
	Celastraceae
31	Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers.	Evergreen	5313	Occasional
32	Maytenus emarginata (Willd.) Ding Hou	Deciduous	5329	Common
33	Pleurostylia opposita (Wall.) Alston	Semi-evergreen	5274	Rare
	Clusiaceae
34	Garcinia sp.	Evergreen	-	Rare
	Erythroxylaceae
35	Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb.	Evergreen	5315	Common
	Euphorbiaceae
36	Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. ex Hook.f.	Deciduous	5271	Occasional
37	Croton scabiosus Bedd.	Deciduous	5213	Occasional
38	Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem.	Deciduous	5359	Rare
39	Macaranga peltata Müll.Arg.	Evergreen	5360	Rare
	Ochnaceae
40	Ochna obtusata DC.	Deciduous	0481	Common
	Phyllanthaceae
41	Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss.	Deciduous	5279	Occasional
42	Glochidion velutinum Wight	Evergreen	5289	Rare
43	Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet	Deciduous	5273	Occasional
44	Phyllanthus polyphyllus Willd.	Deciduous	5272	Occasional
	Salicaceae
45	Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.	Deciduous	5319	Rare
46	Homalium zeylanicum (Gardner) Benth.	Evergreen	5261	Rare
	Combretaceae
47	Terminalia alata Roth	Deciduous	5106	Occasional
48	Terminalia anogeissiana Gere & Boatwr.	Deciduous	5212	Common
49	Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.	Deciduous	5264	Rare
50	Terminalia chebula Retz.	Deciduous	5339	Common
51	Terminalia crenulata Roth	Deciduous	5295	Rare
52	Terminalia pallida Brandis	Deciduous	5325	Occasional
	Lythraceae
53	Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.	Deciduous	5331	Rare
	Melastomataceae
54	Memecylon umbellatum Benth.	Evergreen	-	Rare
	Myrtaceae
55	Syzygium alternifolium (Wight) Walp.	Deciduous	5233	Occasional
	Anacardiaceae
56	Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy	Deciduous	5342	Occasional
57	Buchanania lanzan Spreng.	Evergreen	-	Rare
58	Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.	Deciduous	-	Occasional
59	Mangifera indica L.	Evergreen	5361	Rare
60	Semecarpus anacardium L.f.	Evergreen	-	Rare
	Burseraceae
61	Boswellia ovalifoliolata N.P. Balakr. & A.N. Henry	Deciduous	5210	Rare
62	Boswellia serrata Roxb.	Deciduous	4862	Occasional
63	Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn.) Engl.	Deciduous	5211	Occasional
	Meliaceae
64	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Semi-evergreen	5362	Rare
65	Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss.	Deciduous	5134	Occasional
66	Walsura trifoliolata (A. Juss.) Harms	Evergreen	5257	Rare
	Rutaceae
67	Atalantia monophylla (L.) DC.	Deciduous	0282	Rare
68	Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa	Deciduous	-	Rare
69	Chloroxylon swietenia DC.	Deciduous	5224	Common
70	Limonia acidissima L.	Deciduous	-	Rare
71	Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.	Deciduous	5308	Occasional
72	Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicolson	Deciduous	0281	Rare
	Sapindaceae
73	Sapindus emarginatus Vahl	Deciduous	0715	Rare
	Bixaceae
74	Cochlospermum palakondense		5176	Rare
75	Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston	Deciduous	5225	Occasional
	Dipterocarpaceae
76	Shorea roxburghii G. Don	Deciduous	5075	Rare
77	Shorea tumbuggaia Roxb.	Deciduous	5298	Rare
	Malvaceae
78	Grewia hirsuta Vahl	Deciduous	5218	Common
79	Grewia flavescens Juss.	Deciduous	-	Rare
80	Grewia orbiculata Rottler	Deciduous	5227	Common
81	Grewia tiliifolia Vahl	Deciduous	5140	Occasional
82	Pterospermum xylocarpum (Gaertn.) Oken.	Evergreen	5300	Rare
83	Sterculia urens Roxb.	Deciduous	5160	Occasional
	Capparaceae
84	Maerua apetala (B. Heyne ex Roth) M. Jacobs	Deciduous	0418	Occasional
	Santalaceae
85	Santalum album L.	Evergreen	5243	Rare
	Cornaceae
86	Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin	Deciduous	5270	Rare
	Ebenaceae
87	Diospyros chloroxylon Roxb.	Evergreen	5307	Rare
88	Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.	Deciduous	4891	Occasional
	Lecythidaceae
89	Careya arborea Roxb.	Deciduous	5334	Rare
	Sapotaceae
90	Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig ex L.) J.F. Macbr.	Deciduous	5223	Occasional
91	Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard	Evergreen	-	Rare
	Apocynaceae
92	Carissa spinarum L.	Deciduous	-	Occasional
93	Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don	Deciduous	5292	Occasional
94	Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb.	Deciduous	-	Rare
95	Wrightia tinctoria R.Br.	Deciduous	5262	Occasional
	Loganiaceae
96	Strychnos nux-vomica L.	Deciduous	5306	Rare
97	Strychnos potatorum L.f.	Deciduous	5216	Occasional
	Rubiaceae
98	Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Brandis	Deciduous	5287	Occasional
99	Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston	Deciduous	-	Occasional
100	Catunaregum spinosa (Thumb.) Tirv.	Deciduous	-	Common
101	Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirveng.	Deciduous	5263	Rare
102	Deccania pubescens (Roth) Tirveng.	Deciduous	5265	Occasional
103	Gardenia gummifera L.f.	Deciduous	5320	Common
104	Gardenia latifolia Schltdl. ex Hook.f.	Deciduous	-	Occasional
105	Gardenia resinifera Roth.	Deciduous	5322	Rare
106	Ixora pavetta Andrews	Deciduous	5234	Occasional
107	Morinda pubescence Buch.-Ham.	Deciduous	5221	Occasional
108	Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn.	Evergreen	5296	Occasional
109	Wendlandia gamblei Cowan	Deciduous	-	Rare
	Boraginaceae
110	Cordia monoica Roxb.	Deciduous	-	Rare
111	Ehretia aspera Willd.	Deciduous	5204	Rare
	Bignoniaceae
112	Dolichandrone atrovirens (Roth) K. Schum.	Deciduous	5255	Common
	Lamiaceae
113	Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm.	Deciduous	0326	Rare
114	Premna tomentosa Willd.	Deciduous	5267	Rare
115	Tectona grandis L.f.	Deciduous	-	Rare
116	Vitex altissima L.f.	Deciduous	0472	Occasional
	Oleaceae
117	Schrebera swietenioides Roxb.	Deciduous	5268	Rare
	Cycadaceae
118	Cycas beddomei Dyer	Evergreen	4701	Rare

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