Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2026 | 18(1): 28215–28222

 

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9754.18.1.28215-28222

#9754 | Received 17 March 2025 | Final received 14 June 2025 | Finally accepted 09 January 2025

 

 

Four new additions to the angiosperm flora of Manipur, India

 

Bimolkumar Singh Sadokpam 1, Sanatombi Devi Yumkham 2, Dhaneshwor Waikhom 3   & Sorokhaibam Sureshkumar Singh 4         

 

1–4 Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur, Manipur 795003, India.

1 bimolkrsadokpam1@gmail.com, 2 rifle_yumkham@rediffmail.com, 3 waikhomdhaneshwor0@gmail.com, 4 suresh@manipuruniv.ac.in (corresponding author)

 

 

Editor: Afroz Alam, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.          Date of publication: 26 January 2026 (online & print)

 

Citation: Sadokpam, B.S., S.D. Yumkham, D. Waikhom & S.S. Singh (2026). Four new additions to the angiosperm flora of Manipur, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 18(1): 28215–28222. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9754.18.1.28215-28222

  

Copyright: © Sadokpam et al. 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

 

Funding: Bimolkumar Singh Sadokpam is grateful to Manipur University for providing financial assistance through Research Fellowship (MU/2-6/22/Aca/904).

 

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

 

Author details: Bimolkumar Singh Sadokpam is a research scholar  working in the fields of plant systematics and ethnobotany in the Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur, Impha.. Dr. Sanatombi Devi Yumkham is as guest faculty and working in the fields of plant systematics, ethnobotany, anatomy and cryptogam in the Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal. Dhaneshwor Waikhom  is a research scholar  working in the field of soil microbiology in the Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal. Dr. S. Sureshkumar Singh is associate professor in Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal and working in the field of diversity and conservation of wild Musa species

 

Author contributions: BSS—carried out field survey, initial manuscript drafting, photo preparation; SDY—final manuscript drafting, photo preparation, designing experiment; DW—assisting in field survey, manuscript drafting; SSS—supervised the research, editing, conceptualization, revision and finalization of the manuscript

 

Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur for providing the necessary facilities. The authors  are also gratefully acknowledge Rakesh Thongam, Priyobata Mayanglambam and Moirangthem Athoiba Meitei for their help and support during field visits.

 

 

Abstract: Field surveys and exploration studies  in natural forest vegetations in the hill and the central valley areas of Manipur led to documentation of four species under four genera and four families of Angiosperms. The species reported as new records to the flora of Manipur are Epithema carnosum Benth. (Gesneriaceae), Flemingia latifolia Benth. (Fabaceae), Persicaria chinensis var. hispida (Hook.f.) Kantachot (Polygonaceae), and Solanum diphyllum L. (Solanaceae). Detailed taxonomic descriptions, illustrations, nomenclature, phenology, and conservation status of the four species are described. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that further floristic exploratory studies of the natural vegetation in the valley and hill regions of the state could lead to documentation of several new records, including the discovery of species previously unknown to the world.

 

Keywords: Conservation, Epithema, Flemingia, floristic diversity, habitats, Indo-Burma, inventory, Persicaria, Solanum, Spermatophytes.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Manipur, a northeastern state of India, lies between 92°59′–94°46′ E & 23°50′–25°42′ N under the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot region of the world, harbors a rich floristic diversity and shows a high degree of endemism. The phytogeographical features and varying climatic regimes provide luxuriant growth of diverse flora. Recently, Botanical Survey of India reported a total of 22,214 angiosperm species from India (BSI 2024). Several exploration works have been reported on floristic explorations and discovery of new species from this state since the later part of the 19th Century (Clarke 1889; Kaith 1936; Deb 1961a,b; Singh 1990). Deb (1961a,b) reported a total of 1,961 species and 48 varieties of angiosperms in two important published works, “Dicotyledonous Plants of Manipur Territory” and “Monocotyledonous Plants of Manipur Territory”. Shukla & Baishya (1979) reported 53 species of flowering plants under 49 genera and 13 species of cryptogams to the flora of Manipur. Singh et al. (2000) recorded 2,380 species of plants under 1,052 genera belonging to 205 families from Manipur. A total of 27 species of flowering plants belonging to 26 genera under 17 families have been reported as new records from Manipur (Sharma et al. 2000). Fifteen angiosperm taxa of the family Cyperaceae and Poaceae from different parts of the valley districts of Manipur were reported by Khan et al. (2007). Balachandran & Ravikumar (2014) reported 14 species of flowering medicinal plants as new distribution records during exploratory studies in different parts of the state. Dhatchanamoorthy et al. (2018) added 11 angiosperm taxa to the flora of Manipur. Chanu & Bhattacharyya (2020) reported the occurrence of five species of woody climbers (Lianas) as new records to the flora of Manipur. A total of 4,012 species of plants under 1,405 genera belonging to 225 families were reported from the state (Agrawala et al. 2023).

Due to inaccessible hills and mountain habitats, plant exploration works have been slow and preparing a complete floristic inventory challenging. There has been a number of new records of distribution reported from Manipur during the last few decades (Khomdram et al. 2011; Gogoi & Mao 2012; Thongam et al. 2013; Yumkham et al. 2013; Nanda et al. 2014; Devi et al. 2015, 2016, 2021, 2022; Rao & Kumar 2015; Khuraijam et al. 2017; Pradheep et al. 2019; Chowla et al. 2020; Gogoi & Rana 2020; Gogoi et al. 2022; Singh & Mao 2024). Similarly, several new species have been discovered and added to the flora of Manipur, namely, Roscoea ngainoi A.A. Mao & Bhaumik (Mao & Bhaumik 2007); Ione kipgenii Kishor, Chowlu & Vij (Kishor et al. 2012); Zingiber kangleipakense Kishor & Škorničk. (Kishor & Leong–Škorničková 2013); Nymphaea manipurensis Asharani & Biseshwori and Nymphaea manipurensis var. versicolor Asharani & Biseshwori (Devi & Thongam 2014); Thrixspermum indicum Vik. Kumar, D. Verma & A.N. Rao (Kumar et al. 2017); Trichodesma kumarianum S.D. Yumkham, N.P. Devi, S.D. Khomdram & M.R. Devi (Yumkham et al. 2019); Argostemma kamjongense Sadokpam, S.D. Khomdram & S.D. Yumkham (Sadokpam et al. 2023); Curcuma kakchingense Bidyaleima, R. Kishor & G.J. Sharma (Laishram et al. 2023).

Studies conducted on limited accessible natural habitats in the state have nonetheless revealed high floristic diversity, with numerous records on species distribution, new records, and description of new species in the past. It is assumed that there could be a few unreported flora including new species and new records yet to be discovered and reported from the unexplored habitats of the state. The geographical features of the larger area (90%) of the state are inaccessible terrains of hills and mountains with poor road and communication facilities which have hindered floristic studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore and document floral diversity of angiosperms with special emphasis on unreported taxa from different parts of Manipur.

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Extensive floristic surveys were conducted in the hill forests of Kamjong District and five valley districts (Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal, Kakching and Bishnupur) of Manipur from 2022 to 2024. Preparation of herbarium voucher specimens was done following the standard herbarium techniques (Jain & Rao 1976) and deposited at Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Eastern Regional Centre (ASSAM) & Manipur University Museum of Plants (MUMP), Department of Botany, Manipur University. Identification of specimens was done by referring to available floras and literature. The classification, nomenclature with synonyms is provided based on APG IV (2016), Brummitt & Powell (1992), accepted names were verified from POWO (2024) and IPNI (2024). All the species are listed alphabetically and described briefly with morphological characters, phenology, distribution and conservation Status (IUCN 2024). Microphotographs for analyzing morphological characters were obtained by using Stereo zoom Microscope (BA 210 Digital LED Motic), Sony Cybershot DSC–HX400V, Leica Wild M3Z Stereo Microscope (Heerbrugg, Switzerland).

 

 

RESULTS

 

A total of four taxa under four different families of Spermatophytes were found to be new records and reported as additions to the state flora of Manipur.  The reported plant species are Epithema carnosum Benth. (Gesneriaceae), Flemingia latifolia Benth. (Fabaceae), Persicaria chinensis var. hispida (Hook.f.) Kantachot (Polygonaceae) and Solanum diphyllum L. (Solanaceae). The details of each species are described below.

 

1. Epithema carnosum Benth., Scroph. Ind. 57. 1835; C.B.Clarke, Commelyn. Cyrtandr. Bengal 129, t. 90. 1874; Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 369. 1884; Kanjilal et al., Fl. Assam 3: 399. 1939; Giri & al., Mat. Fl. Arunachal Pradesh 231. 2008. (Gesneriaceae) (Image 1).

Synonyms: Aikinia carnosa (Benth.) G.Don

Stem herbaceous, 5–36 cm, puberulent; basal leaves unpaired, petiolate, 4.5–7.5 cm long, membranous, cordate, margin undulate-denticulate, obtuse apex, 5–12 × 5–11.5 cm, upper leaves in pair, petiolate or subsessile (0–6 cm long), leaf blade subspherical, cordate to ovate-elliptic, acute apex, subcordate base to truncate base, margin subentire to dentate or crenate-sinuate, 2.3–11.5 × 2.2–5.8 cm; inflorescence dense cyme, one-many-flowered, peduncle 0.4–6 cm long, puberulent; bract 1, subcucullate, 1–12 × 2–8 mm, dentate; flowers cleistogamous; pedicels 2–6 mm long; calyx whitish-green, 5-lobed from above middle, 3.5‒5.4 × 1–3 mm, lobes triangular, 1.4–2.2 × 0.6–1.2 mm, outer pubescent, 0.25–0.5 mm long, inner glabrous; corolla dark purple with  white tinge, tube 3.2‒4.2 × 2.1 mm, 2-lipped limb, apex notched, outside glabrous, villous inside; stamen 0.5–0.8 mm long, staminodes 0.7–0.8 mm long, longitudinal dehiscence; ovary ovoid-globose, style puberulent, simple, capsules subglobose, 3‒4 mm wide; seeds oblong or ellip-soid

Flowering & Fruiting: July–September

Distribution: China, Thailand, Taiwan, Nepal, Borneo, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, India (Arunachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and now in Manipur).

Specimen examined: India, Manipur, Kamjong District, Yeasom Hills, 24.698o N, 94.178o E, 950 m elevation, 19.ix.2022, Bimolkumar 1001.

Notes: It is a small annual herb primarily found to grow in tropical and subtropical forests. The taxon prefers to grow in terrestrial habitats but can sometimes adapt to grow as lithophytes and epiphytes.

Conservation status: Least Concern (LC)

 

2. Flemingia latifolia Benth., Miquel, Pl. Jungh.  2: 246. 1852; Kurz, Forest Fl. Burma 2: 375. 1877; Prain, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 69(2): 441. 1897; Baker, Hook.f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 228. 1876; Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 199. 1891; Mukerjee, Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 6(1): 17. 1953; Gavade et al., Webbia 75(2): 157. 2020; Do & Gao, Phytotaxa 429(1): 28. 2020. (Fabaceae) (Image 2).

Synonyms:   Maughania latifolia (Benth.) Mukerjee; Flemingia congesta var. latifolia (Benth.) Baker

Shrub, erect; leaves trifoliolate; stipules 1–3 cm, lanceolate; petiole 4–9 cm, sometimes winged narrowly, leaflets papery, glands present, terminal leaflet elliptic–lanceolate, 8–14 × 4–6 cm, pubescent, apex acuminate, lat-eral leaflets oblique, broadly lanceolate; inflorescence rusty villous, 1–3 flowers per axil or raceme terminal; bracts elliptic, 0.7–1 × 0.5–0.6 cm, peduncle 0.2 cm; flowers 1–1.2 × 0.9–1 cm; calyx 0.9 cm; corolla longer than calyx, purplish-pink, standard obovate-elliptic, auricles obtuse; wings with slender claw, obovate-oblong; keel wider than wings, sub-orbicular, clawed with auricle; ovary with brown hairs, elliptic, gland dotted; fruit elliptic, 11–14 × 6–7 mm, villous, inflated, beaked; seeds two, dark brown or black, suborbicular-globose.

Flowering & Fruiting: July–December

Distribution: China, India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, now in Manipur), Indonesia (Java), Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.

Specimen examined: India, Manipur, Imphal West, Heibok Hill, 24.743o N, 93.931o E, 815 m elevation, ‎28.x.2024, Bimolkumar 0017.

Notes: The taxon is a shrub which grows primarily in tropical forests. The species was found growing mainly along the foothills.

Conservation status: Not Evaluated (NE).

 

3. Persicaria chinensis var. hispida (Hook.f.) Kantachot, Thai Forest Bull. Bot. 38: 135. 2010; Hook.f., Fl. Br. Ind. 5(13): 45. 1886; Sam., Symbolae Sinicae 7(1): 180. 1929; Li et al., Fl. China 5. 301. 2003. (Polygonaceae) (Image 3)

Synonyms:   Polygonum chinense var. hispidum Hook.f.; Polygonum chinense f. hispidum (Hook.f.) Sam. 

Herb, perennial; stem erect, 80–84 cm tall, densely hispid internode; petiole 1.9 cm, lobed at base; leaf elliptic-ovate, 3.7–15 × 1.3–9 cm, abaxial and adaxial surfaces hispid, base cordate, entire margin, apex acuminate, ocrea tubular, 1.1 cm long, hairy, membranous, 11–13 parallel veins; inflorescence terminal or axillary, capitate, aggregated, peduncle 5 cm long, hairy; bract broadly ovate, each with 1–3 flowered; perianth white, 5-partite, tepals ovate, stamens 8, 0.2–0.3 cm long, pistil 0.4 cm long, style 3, connate; achenes, black, 0.6 cm wide, opaque, broadly ovoid.

Flowering & Fruiting: November–January.

Distribution: China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, India (Meghalaya, Nagaland, West Bengal and now in Manipur).

Specimen examined: India, Manipur, Imphal East (Nongmaiching Hill) 24.805o N, 94.031o E, 891m elevation, and Imphal West (Manipur University) 24.749o N, 93.925o E, 814 m elevation, 26.x.2023 and 31. vii. 2024, Bimolkumar 1020.

Note: It is a perennial plant growing primarily in temperate forest along the foothills.

Conservation status: Not Evaluated (NE).

 

4. Solanum diphyllum L., Sp. Pl. 184. 1753; Zhi Y.Zhang et al., in C.Y.Wu and P.H.Raven, Fl. China 17: 317. 1994; T.K.Paul & M.C.Biswas in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 37: 137. 2000. M.ReemaKumari in Rheedea 23(1) 50–51. 2013. (Solanaceae) (Image 4).

Synonyms: Pseudocapsicum diphyllum (L.) Medik. 

Shrub, perennial, upto 3 m high, minutely pubescent; leaves two at each node, unequal, linear–obovate or, oblong-elliptic, margin entire, apex acute, 1.2–10.5 × 0.6–4.3 cm, lateral nerves 5–7 on each side, minutely hairy, petioles 0.5 cm; inflorescence racemose fascicle, up to 10-flowered; calyx cupular, 0.15–0.21 × 0.2–0.24 cm, minutely pubescent, 5-lobed; corolla stellate, 0.6–0.8 cm across, creamy white, 5-lobed, 0.4–0.6 × 0.25–0.3 cm, tube 0.1–0.2 cm long; stamens five, epipetalous, filaments 0.1 cm long, anthers oblong, 0.2 × 0.1 cm, yellow, dehiscing poricidally at first, later longitudinally; ovary globose, 0.1 cm long; style 0.3–0.5 cm long; berries globose, 0.6–1.0 cm in diam., glabrous, yellow or reddish-yellow, seeds reniform or discoid, 0.2 × 0.4 cm, creamy yellow.

Flowering & Fruiting: March–November

Distribution: China, Taiwan, United Kingdom; Mexico, Central America, India (West Bengal, Assam and now in Manipur).

Specimen examined: India, Manipur, Imphal West, Singjamei Waikhom Leikai 24.773o N, 93.942o E, 803 m elevation, 10.xi.2023, Bimolkumar 1015.

Notes: It is easily distinguishable from other species of Solanum in having two unequal leaves at each node.

Conservation Status: Not Evaluated (NE).

 

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