Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2025 | 17(11): 27985–27991
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9708.17.11.27985-27991
#9708 | Received 22 February 2025 | Final received 13 August 2025 |
Finally accepted 17 November 2025
Small Wild Cats Special Series
Sightings of the Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus (I.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Saurashtra
Peninsula, Gujarat, India
Raju Vyas 1 , Pranav Vaghashiya 2 & Devendra Chauhan 3
1 Sashwat Flats, BPC-Haveli Road,
Alkapuri, Vadodara, Gujarat 390007, India.
2 Vasundhara Nature Club, 193
Bapunagar, Joshipura, Junagadh, Gujarat 362002, India.
3 Khodiyar Krupa, Asha Society,
Shivnagar, Joshipura, Junagadh, Gujarat
362002, India.
1 razoovyas@hotmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 pranav4940@gmail.com, 3 drdevenchuhan@gmail.com
Editor: Angie Appel, Wild Cat
Network, Germany. Date of publication: 26 November 2025 (online & print)
Citation: Vyas,
R., P. Vaghashiya & D. Chauhan (2025). Sightings of the
Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
1831) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Saurashtra Peninsula, Gujarat, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(11): 27985–27991. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9708.17.11.27985-27991
Copyright: © Vyas et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding:
None.
Competing interests:
The authors declare no competing interests.
Author
details: Dr. Raju Vyas is now retired after 30+ years of service as a
zoo inspector at the Sayaji Baug Zoo, Vadodara, India. Based in Vadodara City,
he has conducted long-term research on the natural history of birds, mammals,
and reptiles of Gujarat, especially crocodiles and their habitats, as well as
on human-crocodile interactions, for more than 25 years. Presently, he is the
regional vice chair of the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group (South Asia and
Iran), and a member of various IUCN/SSC Specialist Groups. Pranav Vaghashiya is a naturalist, by
profession an educationist, and the founder and president of Vasundhara Nature
Club, Junagadh, and runs education and awareness programs in the Saurashtra
region. Being a member of the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group (South Asia
and Iran), monitoring mugger crocodiles of the Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary, and
rescuing wildlife with the assistance of the staff of the local forest
department, Gujarat Forest Department, Gujarat. Devendra
Chauhan is a naturalist and wildlife photographer. By profession, a
medical doctor, and as a member of the Vasundhara Nature Club, he has handled
various education and awareness programs in the Saurashtra region and
documented the wildlife of Gujarat, India. He is also assisting with a
small-mammal survey using camera traps with the forest department.
Author
contributions:
Raju Vyas—design, development of concept, and manuscript writing. Pranav
Vaghashiya—design, work-Coordination, field work. Devendra Chauhan—field work,
Data analysis, manuscript writing
Acknowledgements: We
are thankful to many friends and forest staff members for sharing photographs
and information, especially Ajay Sonimar, Amit Vaghashiya, Ankit Shukla,
Bhavesh Trivedi, Bhautik Dudhatra, Chandrasinh Ranva, Dipak Vadhare, Gaurang
Bagda, Indranil Ghosh, Kanbhai Jadav, Kaushal Sharma, Mahesh Sondarva, Munir
Jikani, Parth Aghera, Piyush Dolariya, Piyush Hirpara, Rajdeep Jhala, Ravikumar
Patel, Vishvjitsinh Solanki, and Urmil Jhaveri. We also thank Kaushal Patel and
Pritesh Patel for their help in plotting the data and GIS mapping. We are
grateful to PCCF, the Gujarat State Forest Department, and deputy conservator
of forests and range forest officers of Girnar, Paniya, Mitiyala, Gir wildlife
sanctuaries and National Park for their great support and encouragement during
the study. We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers and Angie Appel for
their constructive suggestions that improved earlier versions of our
manuscript.
Keywords: Asiatic Lion Landscape, distribution, Gir,
natural history, protected ares, roadkills, small wild cat, threats.
The Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus is
distributed from the western Terai in India and Nepal to southern India and Sri
Lanka (Mukherjee et al. 2016). In India, it is afforded the highest legal
protection status under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act (1972)
(Ministry of Law and Justice 2022). Globally, it is categorised as ‘Near
Threatened’ on the IUCN Red List (Mukherjee et al. 2016).
In India, the Rusty-spotted Cat occurs in the states of
Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha
(Mukherjee et al. 2016). It has also been recorded in protected areas of
Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Telangana, Bihar, and Punjab (Ghaskadbi et al. 2016;
Basak et al. 2018; Kanwar & Lomis 2020; Jhala et al. 2021). Records in
tiger reserves indicate that it is associated with mixed deciduous forests in
low-lying and dry habitats (Habib et al. 2025). Observations by researchers and
camera trap records also revealed its presence outside protected areas and in
diverse habitats (Manchi et al. 2024; Mukherjee & Nandini 2024; Pawar et
al. 2024).
In Gujarat, the Rusty-spotted Cat has been recorded in
the arid landscape of Kutch (Mukherjee & Nandini 2024). Sightings have been
reported in the dry deciduous forests of central and northern Gujarat and in
the moist deciduous forests of Dang District (Digveerendrasinh 1987; Singh
2013; Patel et al. 2024). Since 1986, it has been sighted in Vansda National
Park, Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Jambughoda
Wildlife Sanctuary, Ratanmahal Wildlife Sanctuary, Gir National Park and
Wildlife Sanctuary (Digveerendrasinh 1987; Pathak 1990; Chavan et al. 1991;
Patel 2006; Vyas & Upadhyay 2014; Vyas et al. 2018; Chaudhary et al. 2022;
Patel et al. 2024).
We report sighting records of the Rusty-spotted Cat in
the Saurashtra Peninsula between January 2016 and December 2024, along with
information on habitat, predation, threats, and natural history.
Our study area was located in the districts of Junagadh,
Amreli, and Gir Somnath in the Saurashtra Peninsula of southwestern Gujarat
(Figure 1). These three districts are part of the Asiatic Lion Landscape (ALL),
which encompasses five protected areas, several protected, reserved and
unclassed forests, scrublands, grasslands, croplands, and settlements (Ram et
al. 2023). The five protected areas within the ALL are Gir National Park, Gir
Wildlife Sanctuary, Paniya Wildlife Sanctuary, Mitiyala Wildlife Sanctuary, and
Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary (Ram et al. 2023). The main forest type in the
Saurashtra Peninsula is dry deciduous thorn forest (Rodgers & Panwar 1988).
As of 2016, the forested area in Saurashtra and Kutch totalled 10,822 km2,
equivalent to about 5.5% of Gujarat, whereas 41,370 km2 (21.1%) was
under agriculture (Dehingia & Surendra 2020).
Apart from the Rusty-spotted Cat, the Lion Panthera
leo, Leopard P. pardus and Jungle Cat Felis chaus also occur in the ALL (Ram et al.
2023).
The Saurashtra Peninsula experiences a temperature range
of 8–42 ⁰C; it receives 100–865 mm of rain during the rainy season from June to
September (Parmar et al. 2025).
We initially designed 1.5 km long stretches with five
transects in Gir and Girnar Wildlife Sanctuaries within a zone that we
considered to represent potential habitat of the Rusty-spotted Cat. During the
first three months, all transects were surveyed once a week in the mornings
(0530–0630 h) and again in the late evenings (1800–2000 h). However, we did not
encounter any cats during these walks. Therefore, we conducted random visits to
potential habitat areas. The current results are based on opportunistic
sightings during irregular visits and excursions in and around the study area.
Behavioural observations were conducted using Nikon
Monarch 8 x 42 and Nature Trek 12 x 50 binoculars. Photographs were taken with
Sony Point Shoot, Canon EOS 7d and Sony Alpha a7III digital cameras. The latter
two models were equipped with a 100–400 mm Canon and a Sony 200–600 mm camera
lens, respectively. Coordinates were recorded using Garmin e-Trex 10 and E-Trex
20 GPS devices set to WGS 84. For each sighting, we collected information on
habitat type, activity, and time of sighting.
In addition to our own sightings, we gathered
photographic records and associated relevant information from forest department
staff, nature club volunteers, wildlife observers and photographers. We
revisited the locations of these secondary sightings and determined their coordinates
using the mobile phone application GPS Coord Camera.
All data were compiled in Microsoft Excel 2011 and
analysed to determine spatial-temporal patterns of sightings, roadkill
incidents and preparation of maps. Simple statistical analyses were performed
to calculate averages and percentages of sightings.
Results
We collated 31 sightings of the Rusty-spotted Cat made
from January 2016 to December 2024 (Table 1; Figure 1). Sightings ranged from
one each in 2017 and 2019 to seven (22.58%) in 2023, with an average of 3.4
sightings per year (Figure 2). These include 13 sightings by the authors and 18
by secondary sources. Sightings encompass 27 (87.1% of all) in Junagadh
District, three (9.68%) in Amreli District, and one (3.22%) in Gir Somnath
District. Of these total sightings, 17 (54.84%) occurred outside protected
areas (PAs), and 14 (45.16%) inside PAs, comprising seven in Gir Wildlife
Sanctuary, six in Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary, and one in Paniya Wildlife
Sanctuary.
Live individuals were observed in 21 incidents (67.75% of
all sightings), including eight (38.10%) inside forests and 13 (61.90%) at the
edges of forested areas and near settlements. Three sightings (14.29%) of live
individuals occurred during the day, and 18 (85.71%) between dusk and dawn.
Nine individuals were observed in trees that we identified as Manila Tamarind Pithecellobium
dulce (Image 4A), Wild Almond Sterculia foetida, Teak Tectona
grandis, Cluster Fig Ficus racemosa, and Oval-leaved Wheel Creeper Combretum
ovalifolium (Image 4C).
Dead Rusty-spotted Cats were found in 10 incidents
(32.26% of all sightings), including nine road kills, of which five occurred
inside wildlife sanctuaries. Four road kills were found on village roads, and
five on state highways. One dead individual was observed in the mouth of an
adult Lion (Image 5B).
Our sightings document the presence of the Rusty-spotted
Cat in Girnar, Paniya, and Gir Wildlife Sanctuaries and the adjacent
unprotected forests. They also show that some individuals venture into
plantations and crop fields adjacent to forest edges. Similar observations of
Rusty-spotted Cats at forest edges have also been reported in other study areas
(Patel & Jackson 2004; Patel 2006 2011; Vasava et al. 2012; Lele &
Chunekar 2013; Mukherjee & Koparde 2014; Vyas & Upadhyay 2014; Sharma
& Dhakad 2020; Roy & Makwana 2023).
The majority of live individuals were sighted after dusk,
corroborating the nocturnal activity pattern of the Rusty-spotted Cat (Bora et
al. 2020; Jhala et al. 2021).
The individual with the non-reflecting right eye sighted
by night at the edge of Girnar Wildlife Sanctuary (Image 3B) resembles a
similar case encountered in eastern Gujarat (Vyas & Upadhayay 2014). The
Lion carrying a Rusty-spotted Cat in its mouth is an unusual incident, as the
Lion typically preys on large ungulates (Ram et al. 2023).
Our roadkill records corroborate and underline that the
road networks have a direct negative impact on the Rusty-spotted Cat’s movement
between forest patches (Tehsin 1994; Rao et al. 1999; Nayak et al. 2017; Sharma
& Dhakad 2020; Patel et al. 2024; Pawar et al. 2024). The existing road and
railway networks and recent developments of expanding this linear
infrastructure in Gujarat are significant emerging threats to wildlife (Vyas et
al. 2023). Roads and railway tracks cutting through natural habitats form
barriers to wildlife movements and thus disrupt populations of many species (Rajvanshi et al.
2001; Forman et al. 2003; Benítez-López et al. 2010; Barrientos & Borda-de-Água 2017;
Thatte et al. 2020;
Vyas et al. 2023).
Therefore, we recommend giving special attention to maintaining
and improving habitat connectivity between forest patches that are vital for
the Rusty-spotted Cat and other species reliant on forests.
Table 1. Details of sightings of
the Rusty-spotted Cat in the Asiatic Lion Landscape, Saurashtra Peninsula,
Gujarat, India.
|
Date and time |
Location |
Coordinates |
Habitat |
Remarks |
Observers |
|
Live individuals in Gir
Wildlife Sanctuary (WS) |
|||||
|
10.i.2016, 1812 h |
Near Sapnes, Jamvada-Dhari Road |
21.176o N, 70.886o
E |
On a tree at edge of scrubland |
Image 1A |
D. Chauhan, Amit Vaghashiya |
|
29.i.2021, 0325 h |
Near Vaniya Vav |
21.211o N, 70.521o E |
Teak forest |
Image 1B |
Urmil Jhaveri |
|
16.i.2023, 0237 h |
Near Chika Kuva Camp, Jasadhar |
21.018o N, 71.066o E |
On a tree in a cropland |
|
K. Sharma, M. Sondarva |
|
Live individuals in Girnar
Wildlife Sanctuary |
|||||
|
3.iii.2016, 1830 h |
Near 1000 Stairs |
21.528o N, 70.517o E |
Rocky scrub |
Image 1C |
Munir Jikani |
|
9.viii.2016, 2200 h |
Near Narayandhara |
21.526o N, 70.491o E |
Beside road |
Image 2A |
Ravi Patel |
|
29.iii.2017, 0925 h |
Girnar Top |
21.527o N, 70.533o E |
Rocky terrain |
Image 2B |
Kanbhai Jadav |
|
16.xi.2022, 2328 h |
Vagheswari Temple complex |
21.522o N, 70.477o E |
At forest edge |
|
Vishvajitsinh Solanki |
|
6.vi.2023, 0121 h |
Girnar Top |
21.528o N, 70.533o E |
Rocky big boulders |
|
Piyush Hirapara |
|
Live individual in Paniya
Wildlife Sanctuary |
|||||
|
7.iv.2024, 0113 h |
Amreli |
21.194o N, 70.885o E |
Mixed dry deciduous forest |
Image 2C |
Rajdeep Jhala |
|
Live individuals in
non-protected areas and revenue land |
|||||
|
27.x.2018, 2300 h |
Lal Dhori, Junagadh, edge of
Girnar WS |
21.537o N, 70.503o E |
Near water body |
Image 3A |
P. Vaghashiya |
|
15.v. 2019, 2357 h |
Lal Dhori, Junagadh, edge of
Girnar WS |
21.536o N, 70.503o E |
On a tree in a plantation |
|
D. Chauhan, P. Vaghashiya |
|
31.i.2020, 2304 h |
Rupayatan, Junagadh, edge of
Girnar WS |
21.535o N, 70.499o E |
On a tree in a forest |
Image 3B |
P. Vaghashiya |
|
29.ix.2020, 0354 h |
Ashok Shilalekh, Junagadh, edge
of Girnar WS |
21.525o N, 70.479o E |
Outside a building at edge of
scrub |
|
Ankit Shukla |
|
7.ii. 2021, 1730 h |
Bamangaam Revenue, Junagadh |
21.575o N, 70.487o E |
In a bushland |
Image 3C |
Dipak Vadher |
|
16.xi.2022, 2114 h |
Anbabhagat-ni-Jagaya, Bhavnadh,
Junagadh |
21.531o N, 70.498o E |
On a tree inside a settlement |
Image 3D |
D. Chauhan |
|
11.ii.2023, 2034 h |
Liliya-Haripura Road,
Visavadar, Junagadh |
21.276o N, 70.611o E |
Near water body |
|
D. Chauhan |
|
16.xii.2023, 2345 h |
Rupayatan Road, Junagadh, edge
of Girnar WS |
21.535o N, 70.499o E |
On a tree |
|
P. Vaghasiya |
|
17.xii.2023, 0005 h |
Khambha-Visavadar Road,
Junagadh |
21.264o N, 70.654o E |
On a tree |
Image 4A |
D. Chauhan, A. Vaghashiya |
|
4.i.2024, 1300 h |
Dolatpura Revenue, Junagadh,
edge of Girnar WS |
21.553o N, 70.473o E |
In a hedgerow at edge of a
cropfield |
Image 4B |
Dipak Vadher |
|
25.vi.2024, 2354 h |
Lal Dhori, Junagadh, edge of
Girnar WS |
21.536o N, 70.503o E |
On a creeper in a forest |
Image 4C |
D. Chauhan, P. Vaghashiya |
|
2.ix.2024, 1955 h |
Lal Dhori, Junagadh, edge of
Girnar WS |
21.536o N, 70.500o E |
On a tree in a forest |
Image 4D |
P. Vaghashiya |
|
Dead individuals |
|||||
|
23.xii.2016, 0945 h |
Near Jasadhar Naka, Gir WS |
21.008o N, 71.056o
E |
State highway |
Image 5A |
Bhavesh Trivedi |
|
6.i.2018, 0622 h |
Sasan Tourism Zone, Gir WS |
21.121o N, 70.356o E |
In a Lion’s mouth |
Image 5B |
Indranil Ghosh |
|
6.iii.2022, 1842 h |
Sapnes-Dhakaniya Road, Gir WS |
21.180o N, 70.889o E |
Village road |
Image 5C |
D. Chauhan, B. Dudhatra |
|
10.iv.2022, 0422 h |
Near Sasan Town, Gir WS |
21.174o N, 70.587o
E |
Village road |
Image 6A |
Parth Aghera |
|
18.i.2023, 0537 h |
Near Panjaka, Bhavnadh, Girnar
WS |
21.526o N, 70.483o
E |
Village road |
|
Ajay Sonimar |
|
6.viii.2016, 1100 h |
Nobel College, Bhesan Road,
Junagadh |
21.590o N, 70.497o
E |
Village road |
Image 6B |
A. & P. Vaghashiya |
|
11.viii.2018, 1711 h |
Dhari-Khambha Road, Khambha,
Amreli |
21.267o N, 71.129o
E |
State highway |
Image 6C |
Gaurang Bagda |
|
5.xi.2018, 0952 h |
Malanka Road, Mendarda,
Junagadh |
21.243o N, 70.508o
E |
State highway |
|
P. Vaghashiya |
|
9.iii.2022, 2035 h |
Dhari-Dhakaniya Road, Dhari,
Amreli |
21.2550o N, 70.960o
E |
State highway |
|
Rajdeep Jhala |
|
4.i.2023, 0924 h |
Dhokadava-Una Road, Gir
Gadhada, Gir Somnath |
20.907o N, 71.061o E |
State highway |
Image 6D |
Kaushal Sharma |
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