Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2025 | 17(11): 27806–27821
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9660.17.11.27806-27821
#9660 | Received 02 February 2025 | Final received 06 September 2025 |
Finally accepted 10 October 2025
An updated floral diversity of
Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India
Sneha Singh 1 & Orus Ilyas 2
1,2 Department of Wildlife Sciences,
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India.
1 1010sneha@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 orus16@gmail.com
Abstract: Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary,
located on the eastern edge of the Thar Desert, supports higher floristic
diversity and structural complexity compared to other arid zone ecosystems. A
comprehensive floristic survey conducted from 2022 to 2024 recorded 211 angiosperm
species belonging to 146 genera and 49 families, including one species from the
magnoliids, 44 eudicots, and four monocots. Poaceae emerges as the dominant
family with 49 species, followed by Asteraceae and Amaranthaceae, each
contributing 17 species. Herbaceous plants were predominant, accounting for 40%
of the flora, followed by grasses 23%, trees 12%, and shrubs 12%. Therophytes
were the most common life form (105 species), followed by phanerophytes (55),
hemicryptophytes (38), chamaephytes (11), and geophytes (2). The number of
perennial plants (106 species) was almost equal to that of annuals (105
species), suggesting increased resilience to climate variability. Additionally,
the survey identified one ‘Endangered’ species, Tecomella undulata, and
one ‘Critically Endangered’ species, Commiphora wightii. Overall, this
study provides a comprehensive floristic inventory of Tal Chhapar Wildlife
Sanctuary, revealing its rich floral diversity and highlighting key species of
conservation concern.
Keywords: Angiosperms, checklist, climatic
variability, conservation, flora, floristic survey, inventory, life forms,
plants, vegetation.
Editor: D.S. Rawat, G.B. Pant
University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India. Date of publication: 26 November 2025 (online & print)
Citation: Singh,
S. & O. Ilyas (2025). An updated floral diversity of Tal Chhapar
Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(11): 27806–27821. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9660.17.11.27806-27821
Copyright: © Singh & Ilyas 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding:
This research is not funded by any agency/ organization.
Competing interests:
The authors declare no competing interests.
Author
details: Sneha Singh is a doctoral research fellow in the Department
of Wildlife Sciences at Aligarh Muslim University, India. Her research focuses
on the ecology of grassland raptor species in western Rajasthan. Dr. Orus Ilyas, professor of
Biodiversity and Environmental Studies in the Department of Wildlife Sciences
at Aligarh Muslim University, has been conducting research on mammals in India
since 1995 and has over 27 years of extensive experience working in the
high-altitude ecosystems of the Himalayas.
Author contributions: Concept
and design: SS and OI; Data collection: SS; Analysis: SS and OI; Manuscript
writing: SS; Supervision: OI. Manuscript review and comments: SS and OI
Acknowledgements: The authors express their gratitude
to the Department of Forest, Rajasthan for granting permission to collect plant
specimens and conduct the study within the sanctuary. They also extend thanks
to Mr. Mahesh Charan, the field assistant for his invaluable assistance in the
collection of the plant samples.
Introduction
Biodiversity refers to the
variety and variability of biological organisms. It is a fundamental indicator
of ecosystem health, directly reflecting its vitality, resilience, and
stability (Byrnes et al. 2015; Wagg et al. 2022). The richness of plant diversity
within an ecosystem not only enhances the aesthetic value of the landscape but
also significantly contributes to the overall productivity of the ecosystem by
providing essential resources such as food, medicine, fuel, and shelter that
are crucial for the survival and well-being of both wildlife and humans (Singh
et al. 2005). In arid and semi-arid regions, plant diversity is essential for
regulating the water cycle, stabilizing soil, and combating desertification,
thereby maintaining ecological balance (Ayangbenro & Babalola 2021). The
loss of biodiversity in such fragile environments could lead to severe
environmental degradation and disrupt ecosystem services that sustain local
communities. Therefore, preserving plant diversity is essential for maintaining
ecological balance and ensuring the long-term sustainability of human life in
these regions. In recent years, increased anthropogenic activities, including
mining, agricultural expansion, habitat fragmentation, and changes in land use,
have been observed in these regions, underscoring the urgent need for
conservation efforts (Islam & Rahmani 2011; Ram 2021).
Arid and semi-arid ecosystems
exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal variability in vegetation composition due to
changes in rainfall, temperature, and grazing pressure, making them highly
vulnerable to climatic variability (Chapungu et al. 2020; Wu et al. 2023; Sur
et al. 2024; Al-Mutairi 2025). These environmental factors strongly influence
net primary productivity and ecosystem CO2 exchange, affecting
vegetation dynamics across temporal scales (Knapp & Smith 2001; Huxman et
al. 2004a,b). Continuous, systematic plant monitoring in such landscapes
provides essential time-series data to track changes in community composition
and species resilience (Bagchi et al. 2017; Reddy et al. 2020; Tiruvaimozhi
2024). Such periodic assessments also effectively capture ephemeral species
limited to short favourable conditions and enable early detection of invasive
species like Prosopis juliflora, facilitating timely management
interventions in these ecosystems (Kumar et al. 2021; Burke 2023).
To date, numerous studies across
western Rajasthan have significantly contributed towards understanding regional
plant diversity, including notable works by Gupta & Sharma (1977), Singh et
al. (1997), Sharma & Aggarwal (2008), Sharma & Purohit (2013), Parihar
& Choudhary (2017), Meena & Khan (2023), and Sanadya et al. (2023).
Moreover, in the past five years, three floristic surveys have been conducted
in the Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary representing a significant shift in shrub
and herbaceous plant diversity within the sanctuary from 2015 to 2023. These
are Kaur et al. (2020) reporting 78 species, Bagoriya et al. (2021) 139
species, and Karel & Gena (2023) 132 species. These changes are likely
driven by environmental factors (Wu et al. 2021, 2023) and adaptive management
practices. Despite this evidence of ecological dynamism, long-term and repeated
monitoring remains limited, constraining our understanding of species turnover,
vegetation resilience, and ecosystem stability. The present study therefore
aims to bridge this gap through a biennial floristic reassessment of Tal
Chhapar, focusing on documenting current plant diversity, detecting species
additions or losses relative to prior records, and revalidating taxonomic
designations under the APG IV classification. This study aims to provide a
comprehensive checklist of angiosperm diversity within the sanctuary, offering
valuable insights to inform conservation efforts and management strategies that
preserve biodiversity and promote the well-being of local communities.
Materials
and Methods
Study area
Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary
(TWS) (27.840° N, 74.484° E), situated in Sujangarh Tehsil of Churu District in
northwestern Rajasthan, covers an area of 719 ha, as shown in Figure 1. It is
divided into two unequal halves by the Chhapar-Sujangarh state highway. Located
within the 3-A Thar Desert (Rodger et al. 2002), the sanctuary experiences
extreme temperatures, ranging from -1 °C in December–January to 50 °C in
May–June, with 95% of its annual rainfall occurring during the monsoon season,
July–September. According to Champion & Seth (1968), the vegetation of the
study area is classified as “the desert thorn forest (6B/C1).” The sanctuary
landscape features grass species such as Cenchrus setigerus, Cynodon
dactylon, Desmostachya bipinnata, Dichanthium annulatum, Lasiurus
scindicus, and Sporobolus marginatus, interspersed with tree
species like Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Capparis
decidua, Prosopis cineraria, Neltuma juliflora, Salvadora
persica, and Ziziphus mauritiana creating a savannah-like ecosystem
(Kaur et al. 2020).
Methods
The present study was conducted
from August 2022–March 2024, spanning the post-monsoon, winter, and spring
seasons, which are known for peak plant diversity in this region. This time
frame was strategically chosen to capture maximum diversity, as species
diversity is typically lowest during the summer, while evenness remains
relatively stable throughout the year (Kaur et al. 2020). The sanctuary was
surveyed every 15 days using a random search approach to collect plant samples.
The researcher moved systematically through the study area without following
predetermined routes or fixed sampling points, ensuring unbiased sampling
across diverse microhabitats. The voucher specimens were tagged, prepared as
herbarium specimens following the standard procedure (Rao & Sharma 1990),
and deposited at the Herbarium of the Department of Wildlife Science, Aligarh
Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh. Plant specimens were identified in the field
using the existing Flora of Rajasthan and relevant published literature (Shetty
& Singh 1987, 1991, 1993; Bhandari 1995; Peddi et al. 2014; Charan &
Sharma 2016; Sanadya et al. 2023). The species nomenclature was updated
according to the latest standards of the International Plant Name Index (IPNI),
with binomial names and author citations sourced from trusted databases such as
Plants of the World Online (POWO 2025) and World Flora Online (WFO 2025).
Angiosperm classification followed the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (2016)
system, with plants categorized into magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots. To
ensure clarity and ease of reference, families, their respective genera, and
the species within each genus have been organized in alphabetical order in each
angiosperm group. A comprehensive checklist of the flora in TWS Sanctuary was
compiled, detailing species’ vernacular names, angiosperm types, growth habits,
plant life forms as classified by Raunkiaer’s system (Raunkiaer 1934), and
their distribution.
Results
Floristic diversity of TWS
Table 1 summarizes the findings
from the floristic survey carried out in TWS, revealing a total of 211
identified species belonging to 49 families and 146 genera. Eudicots dominated
the flora, with 44 families, 116 genera, and 154 species. Asteraceae emerges as
the most diverse eudicot family, with 16 genera and 17 species, followed by
Amaranthaceae (10 genera, 17 species), and Fabaceae (13 genera, 16 species).
Monocots were represented by only four families, contributing significantly to
the flora, with 29 genera and 56 species. Within monocots, Poaceae stands out
as the dominant family, with 26 genera and 49 species, thereby enriching the
sanctuary’s floristic diversity, as illustrated in Figure 2. In the present
survey, the family Annonaceae was the sole representative of the magnoliids,
comprising a single species.
Furthermore, Eragrostis
was identified as the most diverse genus, comprising eight species, followed by
Amaranthus, with six species, and Cyperus and Sporobolus, each
with five species. These four genera together accounted for 11.37% of the total
flora, highlighting the sanctuary’s ecological complexity and plant diversity
across various genera, as shown in Table 1.
Classification of plants based on
their growth habits and Raunkiaer’s Life forms
The composition and adaptation
strategies of the sanctuary’s flora were analyzed using growth habits and
Raunkiaer’s life form classification. Growth habit analysis revealed that
herbaceous plants were the most dominant, accounting for 40% of the total flora
(84 species), followed by grasses at 23% (49 species), trees 12% (26 species),
and shrubs 12% (26 species) also contributed significantly, while climbers 5%
(10 species), succulents 5% (11 species), and sedges 3% (two species)
represented smaller proportions, as illustrated in Figure 3.
Similarly, Raunkiaer’s
classification, based on the position of perennating organs, identified
therophytes (annuals surviving as seed) as the most prevalent category,
constituting 49.8% (105 species) of the flora. Phanerophytes (perennial trees
and shrubs with buds located over 25 cm above ground) accounted for 18% (38
species), while hemicryptophytes (buds at or just above the soil surface)
represented 16.59% (35 species). Chamaephytes (buds up to 25 cm above ground)
and geophytes (plants with underground storage organs) collectively formed 16%
of the flora, with 11 and two species, respectively, as shown in Figure 4.
Ecological importance and conservation priorities of the sanctuary
As outlined
in Table 1, the sanctuary is home to 211 identified species, of which 72.51%
(153 species) are native and 27.49% (58 species) are introduced. The species
are nearly evenly distributed, with 49.76% (105 species) being annuals and
50.24% (106 species) perennials, as shown in Figure 5. Additionally, the
sanctuary hosts two IUCN Red Listed species: Commiphora wightii,
classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ (Ved et al. 2015), and Tecomella
undulata, classified as ‘Endangered’ (Plummer 2021), also depicted in
Images 1a&b.
Discussion
and Conclusion
This study recorded 211
angiosperm species within the sanctuary, showing a significant increase
compared to previous reports of 78 species (Kaur et. al. 2020), 139 species
(Bagoriya et al. 2020), and 102 species (Karel & Gena 2023). Among these,
108 species were recorded for the first time in the sanctuary. This increase in
the species’ number may be attributed to habitat changes influenced by
management practices such as removing invasive species like Neltuma
juliflora, maintaining waterholes during dry periods, implementing
controlled burns, and regulating grazing. This warrants further investigation.
This study also documented the absence of 51 species across 41 genera (Appendix
I), comprising two aquatic plants, two ornamental plants, eight cultivated
crops, and 40 wild species, which raises significant concern. This absence
cannot be attributed to the exclusion of the summer season, as flowering and
fruiting periods of these species overlapped with the study timeframe. If these species (particularly wild species)
had been present in the sanctuary, they would have been observed during the
study. Moreover, such patterns of species absence are not unprecedented in the
sanctuary. Previous studies have also reported similar findings. For instance,
Kaur et al. (2020) failed to document two previously recorded species, while
Bagoriya et al. (2020), despite reporting 139 species, missed 27 species listed
in earlier records. More alarmingly, Karel & Gena (2023) noted an increase
in missing species, reporting the absence of 59 species. We hypothesized that
environmental factors, such as fluctuations in rainfall and temperature, which
are key drivers of grassland ecosystems (Wu et al. 2023), along with the inherent
climatic instability of the Thar Desert, a critical factor in the region’s
ecology, have contributed to these variations in species compositions.
In this study, Poaceae with 26
genera and 49 species emerged as the most dominant family, followed by Asteraceae
(16 genera, 17 species) and Amaranthaceae (10 genera, 17 species). These
findings were consistent with those of Kaur et al. (2020), who identified these
families as the most diverse and highlighted their functional role in shaping
the sanctuary’s ecological structure. It was observed that perennial species
were equal to annuals in the sanctuary, with herbaceous plants dominating and
grass species thriving in the semi-arid climate. This highlights the
sanctuary’s ability to support both short-term resilience and long-term
ecosystem stability, which are fundamental to the sustained growth and health
of the ecosystem (Gou et al. 2023). This may also account for the sanctuary’s
high proportion of native species, over 70%. Additionally, the sanctuary’s high
ecological resilience is evident from the presence of 49.76% therophytes—plants
that endure unfavourable conditions, such as droughts and extreme temperatures,
by surviving in seed form. The occurrence of introduced species, including
cultivated crops and ornamental plants, merits attention. These species are
mainly the result of anthropogenic influences, driven by the proximity of
agricultural fields and human settlements to the sanctuary. In addition, forest
management practices have contributed to their presence, with ornamental plants
being deliberately introduced along boundaries and near rest houses to enhance
the aesthetic appeal for visitors. Given their potential influence on native
flora, these species have also been included in the sanctuary’s plant
checklist.
In conclusion, the sanctuary’s
floral diversity, featuring both native and non-native species, is thriving,
providing support to wildlife and local communities, while reflecting the
sanctuary’s strong ecological resilience. The absence of certain species
suggests the need for further investigation. To sustain this growth and ensure
the long-term stability of the ecosystem, ongoing conservation efforts by the
forest department are essential.
Table 1. Updated floristic
diversity of Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary, Churu in Rajasthan.
|
Name of species with its first
publication year |
Vernacular names |
Angiosperm types |
Nature |
Growth habits |
Life forms |
Distribution |
|
|
1. Annonaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Monoon longifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue
& R.M.K.Saunders (2012) * |
Ashok |
Ma |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
2. Asphodelaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
(1768) |
Guarpatta |
M |
P |
Su |
Ch |
I |
|
3. Commelinaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Commelina benghalensis L. (1753) |
Moriyabati, Bakhana |
M |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
4. Cyperaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Cyperus bulbosus Vahl (1805) |
Mothh |
M |
P |
Se |
Ge |
N |
|
|
Cyperus compressus L. (1753) |
Mothio |
M |
A |
Se |
Th |
N |
|
|
Cyperus flavidus Retz. (1788) |
Peeli-mutha |
M |
A |
Se |
Th |
N |
|
|
Cyperus iria L. (1753) |
Moth |
M |
A |
Se |
Th |
N |
|
|
Cyperus rotundus L. (1753) |
Motha |
M |
P |
Se |
Ge |
N |
|
5. Poaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Acrachne racemosa (B.Heyne ex
Roth) Ohwi (1947) |
Jaran, Chinki |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Aristida adscensionis L. (1753) |
Lampro |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Aristida funiculata Trin.
&Rupr. (1842) |
Lamp |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Aristida mutabilis Trin. &
Rupr. (1842) |
- |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Aristida setacea Retz. (1786) |
Danta |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A.Camus
(1931) |
Chhoti-jergi |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. (1820) |
Bhurut |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Cenchrus ciliaris L. (1771) |
Dhaman, Anjan |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Cenchrus prieurii (Kunth) Maire
(1931) |
Lambio-bhurut |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Cenchrus setigerus Vahl (1806) |
Kala Dhaman |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Chloris barbata Sw. (1797) |
Boj-patra |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Chloris flagellifera (Nees)
P.M.Peterson (2015) |
Ganthil Ghas |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Chloris virgata Sw. (1797) |
Gharniaghas |
M |
P |
G |
He |
I |
|
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
(1805) |
Doob |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. (1809) |
Makaro |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Dactyloctenium scindicum Boiss. (1859) |
Mansa |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf
(1900) |
Dab |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.)
Stapf (1917) |
Karad |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.)
C.E.Hubb. (1940) |
- |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem.
& Schult. (1817) |
Jheranio |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
(1771) |
Baans Ghas |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link
(1833) |
Soma, Phunkia |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
(1788) |
Ghoda-doob |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam.
(1792) |
- |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
I |
|
|
Enteropogon monostachyos (Vahl)
K.Schum. (1894) |
- |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.)
Vignolo ex Janch. (1907) |
- |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eragrostis ciliaris (L.)
R.Br.(1818) |
Burbudi |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.)
Trin. (1830) |
- |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eragrostis minor Host (1827) |
Poongyo |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eragrostis multiflora Trin. (1830) |
Chuvalio |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.
(1812) |
Chidi-pinkhia |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv.
ex Roem. & Schult. (1817) |
Bharburo |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees
ex Steud. (1854) |
- |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Lasiurus scindicus Henrard
(1941) |
Sevan |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Melanocenchris jacquemontii Jaub. &
Spach (1851) |
- |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Panicum turgidum Forssk.
(1775) |
Murantio Ghas |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze
(1891) |
Lonki-puncho |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Polypogon viridis (Gouan)
Breistr. (1966) |
- |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Saccharum spontaneum L. (1771) |
Kans |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth (1830) |
Tarwaria |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr.
(1853) |
- |
M |
P |
G |
He |
I |
|
|
Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth
(1829) |
- |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.)
P.Beauv. (1812) |
Chiria ka Dana |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Sporobolus indicus (L.) R.Br.
(1810) |
- |
M |
P |
G |
He |
I |
|
|
Sporobolus ioclados (Nees ex
Trin.) Nees (1841) |
Poolongi |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Tetrapogon tenellus (J.Koenig ex
Roxb.) Chiov. (1907) |
Lampada |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
|
Tragus berteronianus Schult. (1824) |
- |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
I |
|
|
Tripidium bengalense (Retz.)
H.Scholz (2006) |
Munja |
M |
P |
G |
He |
N |
|
|
Urochloa ramosa (L.)
T.Q.Nguyen (1966) |
Muret |
M |
A |
G |
Th |
N |
|
6. Acanthaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.)
Wall. ex Nees (1832) |
Kalpnath |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I.Darbysh.
(2007) |
Kagjangha |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
7. Aizoaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Trianthema portulacastrum L. (1753) |
Sato |
E |
A |
Su |
Th |
N |
|
|
Trianthema triquetrum Willd.
ex-Spreng. (1825) |
Dhedosanto |
E |
A |
Su |
Th |
N |
|
8. Amaranthaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Achyranthes aspera L. (1753) |
Chirchita |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Aerva javanica (Burm.f.)
Juss. ex-Schult. (1819) |
Safed Bui |
E |
P |
H |
Ch |
N |
|
|
Aerva tomentosa Forssk.
(1775) |
Buari |
E |
P |
H |
Ch |
N |
|
|
Amaranthus blitum L. (1753) ** |
Lal Bhaji |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Amaranthus blitoides S.Watson
(1877) |
Chaulai |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Amaranthus hybridus L. (1753) ** |
Chaulai |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Amaranthus polygonoides L. (1759) |
Kairee, Sevari |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Amaranthus spinosus L. (1753) |
Chandelo |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Amaranthus viridis L. (1763) |
Jangali Chaulai |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Atriplex halimus L. (1753) |
- |
E |
P |
Su |
He |
I |
|
|
Chenopodiastrum murale (L.)
S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (2012) |
Khartua |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Chenopodium album L. (1753) |
Bathua |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Dysphania pumilio (R.Br.)
Mosyakin & Clemants (2002) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge
ex Boiss. (1879) |
Lana |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Soda stocksii (Boiss.)
Akhani (2020) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. ex
J.F.Gmel. (1776) |
Lani |
E |
P |
H |
Ch |
N |
|
|
Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex
J.F.Gmel. (1776) |
- |
E |
P |
S |
Ch |
N |
|
9. Apocynaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Calotropis gigantea (L.)
W.T.Aiton (1811) |
Safed Aak |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Calotropis procera (Aiton)
W.T.Aiton (1811) |
Aakado |
E |
P |
Su |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Carissa carandas L. (1767) * |
Karonda |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold
(1980) * |
Peeli Kaner |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.)
Decne. (1838) |
Khimp |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Nerium oleander L. (1753) * |
Kaner |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex
Roem. & Schult. (1819) * |
Chandini |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
10. Asteraceae |
|||||||
|
|
Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC.
(1834) |
Kukrondha |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob.
(1990) |
Sahadevi |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Echinops echinatus Roxb. (1832) |
Unt-kantalo |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
(1771) |
Jal Bhangro |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Erigeron bonariensis L. (1753) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Helianthus annuus L. (1753) |
Surajmukhi |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Lactuca serriola L. (1756) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Launaea procumbens (Roxb.)
Ramayya & Rajagopal (1969) |
Janlee Gobi |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Parthenium hysterophorus L. (1753) |
Gajar Ghas |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Pluchea lanceolata (DC.)
C.B.Clarke (1876) |
Rasna |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Pseudoconyza viscosa (Mill.) D'Arcy
(1973) |
Gandhana |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Pulicaria undulata (L.) C.A.Mey.
(1831) |
Sohanfali |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Pulicaria wightiana (DC.)
C.B.Clarke (1876) |
- |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Tridax procumbens L. (1753) |
Jayanti |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Sonchus oleraceus L. (1753) |
Aakadio |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth.
& Hook.f. ex A.Gray (1876) |
Jangali pSurajmukhi |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Xanthium strumarium L. (1753) |
Aandheeda |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
11. Bignoniaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Tecoma fulva (Cav.) G.Don
(1837) * |
- |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem.
(1862) |
Rohida |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
12. Boraginaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Cordia dichotoma G.Forst.
(1786) * |
Goonda |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Euploca marifolia (J.Koenig ex
Retz.) Ancy &P.Javad (2020) |
Choti Santari |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Euploca ovalifolia (Forssk.)
Diane & Hilger (2003) |
Kunden |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Euploca strigosa (Willd.)
Diane & Hilger (2003) |
Kamediya |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Heliotropium europaeum L. (1753) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Heliotropium zeylanicum (Burm.f.)
Lam. (1789) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
13. Brassicaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.
(1859) ** |
Rai |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Farsetia stylosa R.Br. (1826) |
Hiran-chabo |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
14. Burseraceae |
|||||||
|
|
Commiphora wightii (Arn.)
Bhandari (1965) |
Guggal |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
15. Cactaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Opuntia elatior Mill. (1768) |
Nag-phani |
E |
P |
Su |
Ph |
I |
|
16. Capparaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Capparis decidua (Forssk.)
Edgew. (1862) |
Kair |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
17. Caricaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Carica papaya L. (1753) * |
Papito |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
I |
|
18. Celastraceae |
|||||||
|
|
Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes.
(1893) * |
Kakero |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
19. Cleomaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Cleome viscosa L. (1753) |
Bagro |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
20. Combretaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Combretum indicum (L.)
DeFilipps (1998) |
Madhumati |
E |
P |
C |
Ph |
N |
|
21. Convolvulaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Cressa cretica L. (1753) |
Rudravanti |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
22. Cucurbitaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
(1838) ** |
Tumba |
E |
A |
C |
Th |
N |
|
|
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)
Matsum. & Nakai (1910) ** |
Matiro |
E |
A |
C |
Th |
I |
|
|
Cucumis melo L. (1753) ** |
Kaachri |
E |
A |
C |
Th |
N |
|
|
Cucumis prophetarum L. (1755) |
Khat-khachro |
E |
P |
C |
Ch |
N |
|
23. Euphorbiaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Acalypha indica L. (1753) |
Khokali |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Croton bonplandianus Baill. (1864) |
Kapur-kur |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Euphorbia caducifolia Haines (1914)
* |
Danda-thor |
E |
P |
Su |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Euphorbia hirta L. (1753) |
Bara-dudhi |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton (1789) |
Dudhi |
E |
A |
Su |
Th |
I |
|
|
Euphorbia thymifolia L. (1753) |
Choti-dudhi |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (1753) |
Ratanjoti |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Ricinus communis L. (1753) |
Arandio |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
I |
|
24. Fabaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Clitoria ternatea L. (1753) |
Koyalri |
E |
A |
C |
Th |
I |
|
|
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex-DC.
(1825) * |
Sheesham |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Medicago polymorpha L. (1753) |
Ghasar |
E |
P |
H |
He |
I |
|
|
Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf.
(1838) * |
VilaytiKikar |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Parkinsonia aculeata L. (1753) |
Rambaval |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
(1898) * |
Karanj |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce
(1914) |
Khejri |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.
(1807) |
Dhamasa |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Trifolium repens L. (1753) |
Barseem |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton
(1930) |
Kumta |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Senna tora (L.) Roxb.
(1832) |
Phunwad |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Vachellia jacquemontii (Benth.) Ali (2014) |
Bu-banwali |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Vachellia leucophloea (Roxb.)
Maslin, Seigler & Ebinger (2013) |
Roonjh, Urajio |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Vachellia nilotica (L.)
P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. (2008) |
Banwal |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Vachellia tortilis (Forssk.)
Galasso & Banfi (2008) |
Israeli Babool |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc.
(1968) |
Jangali Moth |
E |
A |
C |
Th |
N |
|
25. Geraniaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Geranium rotundifolium L. (1753) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
26. Lamiaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link
(1822) |
Thumbai |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R.Br.
(1811) |
Dargal |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Ocimum americanum L. (1755) |
Bapchi |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (1753) |
Ram Tulsi |
E |
P |
H |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Premna resinosa (Hochst.)
Schauer (1847) |
Ghitti |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
27. Malvaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet
(1826) |
Kanghi |
E |
P |
S |
Ch |
N |
|
|
Abutilon pannosum (G.Forst.)
Schltdl. (1851) |
Khareti |
E |
P |
H |
Ch |
N |
|
|
Abutilon ramosum (Cav.) Guill.
& Perr. (1831) |
Ramo-saag |
E |
P |
H |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Corchorus depressus (L.) Peterm.
(1845) |
Chamghas |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Corchorus tridens L. (1771) |
Kagnasha |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Corchorus trilocularis L. (1767) |
Kagaroti |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Gossypium arboreum L. (1753) * |
Dharira |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Grewia tenax (Forssk.)
Fiori (1912) |
Gangeran |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis L.
(1753) * |
Gudhal |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke
(1857) |
Khariniti |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Sida cordifolia L. (1753) |
Bal, Khariniti |
E |
P |
H |
Ch |
N |
|
28. Meliaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Azadirachta indica A.Juss.
(1831) |
Neem |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
I |
|
29. Molluginaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Hypertelis cerviana L. (2016) |
Chirmori |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
30. Moraceae |
|||||||
|
|
Ficus benghalensis L. (1753) * |
Bar |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Ficus religiosa L. (1753) |
Pipal |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
31. Nyctaginaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Boerhavia diffusa L. (1753) |
Chinawari, Santhi |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Boerhavia erecta L. (1753) |
Saanth |
E |
P |
H |
He |
I |
|
|
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (1849)
* |
Bogan Bel |
E |
P |
C |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Commicarpus plumbagineus (Cav.)
Standl. (1916) |
Lal Sakhari |
E |
P |
C |
He |
N |
|
32. Orobanchaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke
(1875) |
- |
E |
P |
H |
Ph |
N |
|
33. Papaveraceae |
|||||||
|
|
Argemone mexicana L. (1753) |
Satyanashi |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Argemone ochroleuca Sweet (1828) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Fumaria indica (Hausskn.)
Pugsley (1919) |
Pitpapro |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
34. Pedaliaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Sesamum indicum L. (1753) ** |
Jagali Til |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Pedalium murex L. (1759) |
DakhaniGokhr |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
35. Plantaginaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (1891) |
Brahmi |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
36. Polygonaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Calligonum polygonoides L. (1753) |
Phog |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Polygonum plebeium R.Br. (1810) |
Rakht-shankh Pushp |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
37. Polygalaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Polygala erioptera DC. (1824) |
Johjhru, Boyasan |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
38. Portulacaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Portulaca pilosa L. (1753) |
Lunkia |
E |
A |
Su |
Th |
I |
|
39. Phyllanthaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach.
& Thonn. (1827) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Phyllanthus urinaria L. (1753) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
40. Rhamnaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Ziziphus glabrata (B.Heyne ex
Schult.) B.Heyne ex Wight & Arn (1834) |
- |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (1789) |
Ber |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.)
Wight & Arn. (1833) |
JhadBor |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.
(1768) |
Eramdi |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
41. Rubiaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Hamelia patens Jacq. (1760) |
- |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Spermacoce articularis L.f. (1782) |
Agio |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
42. Rutaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Bergera koenigii L. (1767) * |
Kadhi Patta |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Citrus × aurantiifolia (Christm.)
Swingle (1913) * |
Nimboo |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
I |
|
43. Salvadoraceae |
|||||||
|
|
Salvadora oleoides Decne. (1844) |
Kharo-jhaal |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Salvadora persica L. (1753) |
Peelu |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
44. Sapindaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (1753) |
Kanphuti |
E |
A |
C |
Th |
N |
|
45. Scrophulariaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Anticharis senegalensis (Walp.)
Bhandari (1965) |
Dharno Ghas |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Verbascum coromandelianum (Vahl) HubMor.
(1973) |
- |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
46. Solanaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Datura innoxia Mill. (1768) |
Daturo |
E |
A |
S |
Th |
I |
|
|
Datura stramonium L. (1753) |
Bada Dhaturo |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Lycium barbarum L. (1753) |
Morali |
E |
A |
S |
Th |
I |
|
|
Physalis angulata L. (1753) |
Chipoti |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
I |
|
|
Solanum nigrum L. (1753) |
Makoi |
E |
A |
H |
Th |
N |
|
|
Solanum virginianum L. (1753) |
Adhkuntali |
E |
P |
H |
He |
N |
|
|
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
(1852) |
Asgandha |
E |
P |
S |
Ch |
N |
|
47. Talinaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss.
(1789) |
- |
E |
P |
Su |
He |
I |
|
48. Tamaricaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex.
Roth (1820) |
Lai |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
N |
|
49. Zygophyllaceae |
|||||||
|
|
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile
(1813) |
Hingota |
E |
P |
S |
Ph |
I |
|
|
Balanites roxburghii Planch.
(1854) |
Ingoriyo |
E |
P |
T |
Ph |
N |
|
|
Zygophyllum creticum (L.)
Christenh. & Byng (2018) |
Dhamaso |
E |
P |
Su |
Ch |
I |
|
Angiosperm Type:
M—monocot | E—eudicot | Ma—magnoliids |
|||||||
|
Nature of
Plant : A—annual | P—perennial |
|||||||
|
Growth Habit : T—tree | S—shrub | H—herb | G—grass |
C—climber | Su—succulent | Se—Sedge |
|||||||
|
Life forms : Th—therophyte | Ph—phanerophyte
| He—hemicryptophyte | Ch—chamaetophyte | Ge—Geophyte
|
|||||||
|
Distribution : N—native | I—introduced or
non-native |
|||||||
|
Note: (*)—Planted
by Forest Department near Forest Rest House and along the sanctuary’s
boundaries. |
|||||||
|
Note:
(**)—Cultivated crops |
|||||||
For
figures and images - - click here for full PDF
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Appendix I. List of previously
recorded plant species not encountered in surveys.
|
|
Kaur et al. 2020 |
Bagoriya et al. 2020 |
Kare & Gena 2023 |
Present survey |
|
1 |
Portulaca oleracea |
Balanites roxburghii |
Ailanthus excelsa |
Ailanthus excelsa (W) |
|
2 |
Portulaca quadrifida |
Blumea spp. |
Albizia lebbeck |
Albizia lebbeck (W) |
|
3 |
|
Boerhavia elegans |
Amaranthus spinosus |
Arnebia hispidissima (W) |
|
4 |
|
Celosia argentea |
Anticharis senegalensis |
Bergia odorata (W) |
|
5 |
|
Cleome gracilis |
Aristsida funiculata |
Boerhavia elegans (W) |
|
6 |
|
Cleome gynandra |
Arnebia hispidissima |
Celosia argentea (O) |
|
7 |
|
Cleome viscosa |
Bergia odorata |
Cicer arietinum (C) |
|
8 |
|
Commicapus verticillatus |
Urochloa ramosa |
Cistanche tubulosa (W) |
|
9 |
|
Cressa cretica |
Cassia tora |
Citrullus fistulosus (C) |
|
10 |
|
Crotalaria medicaginea |
Cenchrus prieurii |
Cleome gracilis (W) |
|
11 |
|
Croton bonplandianus |
Chenopodium album |
Cleome gynandra (W) |
|
12 |
|
Dactyloctenium scindicum |
Chenopodiastrum murale |
Commicarpus verticillatus (W) |
|
13 |
|
Euphorbia prostrata |
Cicer arietinum |
Convolvulus arvensis (W) |
|
14 |
|
Gnaphalium spp. |
Cistanche tubulosa |
Crotalaria burhia(W) |
|
15 |
|
Heliotropium marifolium |
Citrullus fistulosus |
Crotalaria medicaginea (W) |
|
16 |
|
Indigofera linnaei |
Citrullus lanatus |
Cuscuta hyaline (W) |
|
17 |
|
Opuntia elatior |
Clerodendrum phlomidis |
Cuscuta reflexa (W) |
|
18 |
|
Parthenium hysterophorus |
Commicapus verticillatus |
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (C) |
|
19 |
|
Portulaca pilosa |
Convolvulus arvensis |
Cyperus arenarius (W) |
|
20 |
|
Pulicaria wightiana |
Cucumis melo |
Cyperus niveus (W) |
|
21 |
|
Sporobolus marginatus |
Cuscusta hyalina |
Cyperus triceps (W) |
|
22 |
|
Suaeda nudiflora |
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba |
Digera muricata (W) |
|
23 |
|
Tamarix spp. |
Cynodon dactylon |
Gisekia pharnaceoides (W) |
|
24 |
|
Trianthema triquetra |
Cyperus iria |
Gnaphalium sp. (W) |
|
25 |
|
Tribulus terrestris |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium |
Grangea sp. (W) |
|
26 |
|
Verbesina enceioloides |
Dalbergia sissoo |
Heliotropium curassavicum (W) |
|
27 |
|
Zaleya govindia |
Digera muricata |
Heteropogon contortus (W) |
|
28 |
|
|
Eleusine compressa |
Hydrilla verticillata (A) |
|
29 |
|
|
Eragrostis ciliaris |
Imperata cylindrica (W) |
|
30 |
|
|
Eragrostis tremula |
Indigofera cordifolia (W) |
|
31 |
|
|
Euphorbia hirta |
Indigofera linnaei (W) |
|
32 |
|
|
Euphorbia microphylla |
Ipomoea purpurea (O) |
|
33 |
|
|
Heliotropium curassavicum |
Momordica balsamina (W) |
|
34 |
|
|
Heliotropium ellipticum |
Nymphaea nouchali (A) |
|
35 |
|
|
Heteropogon contortus |
Orobanche cernua (W) |
|
36 |
|
|
Imperata cylindrica |
Panicum antidotale (W) |
|
37 |
|
|
Indigofera cordifolia |
Pennisetum typhoideum (C) |
|
38 |
|
|
Ipomoea purpurea |
Phyllanthus niruri (W) |
|
39 |
|
|
Maytenus emarginata |
Polycarpaea corymbosa (W) |
|
40 |
|
|
Nerium indicum |
Salsola baryosma (W) |
|
41 |
|
|
Nymphaea nouchali |
Sonchus asper (W) |
|
42 |
|
|
Orobanche cernua |
Sorghum halepense (C) |
|
43 |
|
|
Panicum antidotale |
Striga angustifolia (W) |
|
44 |
|
|
Panicum turgidum |
Striga gesnerioides (W) |
|
45 |
|
|
Parkinsonia aculeata |
Tribulus pentandrus (W) |
|
46 |
|
|
Parthenium hysterophorus |
Tribulus terrestris (W) |
|
47 |
|
|
Pennisetum typhoideum |
Urginea indica (W) |
|
48 |
|
|
Phyllanthus niruri |
Vigna aconitifolia (C) |
|
49 |
|
|
Polycarpaea corymbosa |
Vigna radiata (C) |
|
50 |
|
|
Portulca oleracea |
Vigna unguiculata (C) |
|
51 |
|
|
Saccharum spontaneum |
Zaleya govindia (W) |
|
52 |
|
|
Sesamum indicum |
|
|
53 |
|
|
Sonchus asper |
|
|
54 |
|
|
Sorghum halepense |
|
|
55 |
|
|
Tridax procumbens |
|
|
56 |
|
|
Vigna aconitifolia |
|
|
57 |
|
|
Vigna radiata |
|
|
58 |
|
|
Vigna unquiculata |
|
|
59 |
|
|
Zaleya govindia |
|
|
A—aquatic plants | C—cultivated
crops | O—ornamental plants | W—wild plants. |
||||