Black mildews of Kodagu, Karnataka, India
C. Jagath Thimmaiah 1, V.B. Hosagoudar 2 & M.
Jayashankar 3
1 Field Marshal Cariappa College, Madikeri,
Kodagu, Karnataka 571201, India
2 Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden
and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695562, India
3 Department of Microbiology, Mangalore
University, PG Centre, Cauvery Campus, Madikeri, Kodagu, Karnataka 571201,
India
1 jgtct@rediffmail.com 2 vbhosagoudar@rediffmail.com
(corresponding author) 3mjayashankar@yahoo.com
Abstract: The systematic survey of the
foliicolous fungi of Kodagu was initiated by one of the authors (VBH) in
the year 2002, conducted four field tours to the area and subsequently taken
over by the other authors (CJT & MCJ).
Of these, only black mildews are presented here. More than 400 collections of black
mildews are collected from Kodagu recorded on 265 host plants belonging to 65
families of flowering plants represented three fungal groups: Meliolales,
Asterinales and Schiffnerulaceae
belonging to 20 fungal genera: Amazonia - 4, Appendiculella - 1, Armatella
- 4, Asterdiella - 21, Asterina - 61, Asterolibertia -
2, Asterostomella - 5, Cirsosia - 2, Echidnodella - 2, Eupelte
- 1, Irenopsis - 11, Ishwaramyces - 1, Lembosia - 4, Mahanteshamyces
- 1, Meliola - 82, Meliolaster - 1, Prillieuxina - 2, Questieriella
- 3, Sarcinella - 6, Schiffnerula - 9. Of these, Asteridiella kodavae, Meliola
coorgiana, Meliola kodaguensis, Meliola madhucae, Meliola
cauveriana and Meliola goniothalami are new species. The area forms type locality for several
taxa. This is the first of its kind
for the area and forms a base for the subsequent work.
Keywords: Fungal taxonomy, India,
Karnataka, Western Ghats
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3657.5021-180
Editor: D.J. Bhat, Retd. Professor, Goa University,
India Date of
publication: 20 December 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o3657 | Received 06 June
2013 | Finally accepted 27 October 2013
Citation: Thimmaiah, C.J., V.B.
Hosagoudar & M. Jayashankar (2013). Black mildews of Kodagu, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened
Taxa 5(16): 5021–5180; doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3657.5021-180
Copyright: © Thimmaiah et al. 2013. Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by
providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi
Competing Interest: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We are grateful to the Vice Chancellor, Mangalore University,
Mangalore; Director, JNTBGRI, Palode for the facilities and encouragement.
Author Contribution: All have contributed equally.
Author Details: C.
Jagath Thimmaiah
has been teaching mycology for the past 15 years and has published 10 research
papers on foliicolous fungi in reputed journals. V.B. Hosagoudar has more than 30 years of research
experience in foliicolous fungi, and has published 16 book and 410 papers. M.
Jayashankar has been teaching microbiology for the past 10 years and has
published two books and 25 papers.
The publication of this
article is supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), a joint
initiative of lÕAgence Franaise de Dveloppement, Conservation
International, the European Commission, the Global Environment
Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
Contents
Introduction
................................................................................................................................................ 5024
Black mildews
............................................................................................................................................. 5028
Key to black mildews
.................................................................................................................................. 5029
Meliolales
.................................................................................................................................................... 5029
Armatellaceae
.............................................................................................................................................. 5029
Meliolaceae
.................................................................................................................................................. 5031
Key to the genera of Meliolaceae ................................................................................................................ 5031
Genus Amazonia .......................................................................................................................................... 5032
Genus Appendiculella .................................................................................................................................. 5034
Genus Armatella .......................................................................................................................................... 5035
Genus Asteridiella ........................................................................................................................................ 5037
Genus Irenopsis ........................................................................................................................................... 5048
Genus Meliola .............................................................................................................................................. 5052
Genus Asterina ............................................................................................................................................ 5102
Genus Asterolibertia ..................................................................................................................................... 5140
Genus Ishwaramyces ................................................................................................................................... 5141
Genus Meliolaster ........................................................................................................................................ 5142
Genus Prillieuxina ......................................................................................................................................... 5143
Lembosiaceae
............................................................................................................................................... 5144
Genus Cirsosia .............................................................................................................................................. 5145
Genus Echidnodella ...................................................................................................................................... 5146
Genus Eupelte .............................................................................................................................................. 5146
Genus Lembosia ........................................................................................................................................... 5147
Anamorphic genera
...................................................................................................................................... 5149
Genus Asterostomella ................................................................................................................................... 5150
Genus Mahanteshamyces ............................................................................................................................. 5152
Schiffnerulaceae
........................................................................................................................................... 5153
Genus Questieriella ...................................................................................................................................... 5154
Genus Sarcinella ........................................................................................................................................... 5155
Genus Schiffnerula ........................................................................................................................................ 5159
References
.................................................................................................................................................... 5166
Table 1. Key to the species of Meliolales based on their host families
and digital formule........................... 5167
Table
2. Host family and host plant of black mildews
................................................................................... 5175
Introduction
India is the seventh largest
country by area and the second most populous country with over 1.2billion
people, and the most populous democratic republic in the world, located in
South Asia, bound by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west,
and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan
to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and
Bangladesh to the east. In the
Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in
addition, IndiaÕs Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with
Thailand and Indonesia. India lies
to the north of the equator between 6044Õ & 35030Õ
north latitude and 6807Õ & 97025Õ east longitude with
a of 7,517km (4,700 mile) long coastline; of this, 5,423Km (3,400 mile) belong
to peninsular India and 2,094Km to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep island
chains. According to the Indian
naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following:
43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or
marshy shores.
The Indian climate is
strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive
the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter monsoons. The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian
katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent
warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in
attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between
June & October, provide the majority of IndiaÕs rainfall. Four major climatic groupings
predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and
montane.
India lies within the
Indomalaya ecozone and contains three biodiversity hotspots. One of the 17 megadiverse countries, it
hosts 8.6% of all mammalian, 13.7% of all avian, 7.9% of all reptilian, 6% of
all amphibian, 12.2% of all piscine, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species. Endemism (33%) is high among plants, and
among ecoregion such as the shola forests.
Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands,
Western Ghats, and northeastern India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the moist
deciduous sal forest of eastern India; the dry deciduous teak forest of central
and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan
and western Gangetic plain. Less
than 12% of IndiaÕs landmass bears thick jungle. Many Indian species descend from taxa
originating in Gondwana, from which the Indian plate separated more than
105million years before present.
India consists of 320million
hectares of land and 200 million hectares of exclusive economic zone in the
sea, within which are distributed about 120,000 known and perhaps another
400,000 as yet to be described species of microbes, plants and animals. Although several species are known to
exist in tight association with their habitats, some species are more wide ranging,
and may occur in a wider variety of habitats. Western Ghats are the important one
among the two biodiversity rich areas, starting from the Tapti in Gujarat,
running all the along the western side of peninsular India, merging in the
Kanniyakumari District in Tamil Nadu by traversing the states Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, having scrub jungles to evergreen forests,
harbouring more than 40,000 flowering plants. Except the few sporadic accounts, a
systematic survey of the microbes is yet to be set into. To fill this lacuna, a systematic survey
of the black mildews of Kodagu was initiated by the authors since 2003.
Kodagu or Coorg is the land
of Kodavas, speaking a distinct Kodava language, is the land of origin of the
river Cauvery, and a place and the major source of Indian Coffee. Kodagu occupies a prominent position in
the humid tropical belt of Western Ghats and is situated to the south-west in
Karnataka State between 11056Õ–12015ÕN and 75022Õ–76011ÕE
(Image 1). It is bounded on the
north by Hassan District and the east by Mysore District, on the west by
Dakshina Kannada District and on the south by Kannur District of Kerala
State. The district has total land
area of 4102km2. The
district name Coorg is anglicized from ŅKodaguÓ derived from ŅKodimale naadÓ
meaning dense forest land on steep hills.
Kodagu is also known as ŅKroda DeshaÓ because it is said that the
ancestors made the land cultivable with bare hands.
The district has a
mountainous configuration with varied physical features. The main part of the district is
composed of mighty ranges of Western Ghats which run parallel to the west
coast, rise almost abruptly from the plains in the west and gradually merge
into table land of Mysore District.
The Western Ghats ranges in this district are more or less crescent
shaped and include some of the loftiest peaks, between Himalaya and the
Nilgiris. It stretches to about
97km from Pushpagiri in north- west to Bramhagiri ranges in the south. From this main chain several lateral
spur run from west to east.
Climate: The district shows
high variation in temperature, rainfall because the district lies in Western
Ghats. High humidity, heavy
rainfall and an equitable pleasant climate are the characteristics.
Rainfall: The average
rainfall in the district is 2840.3mm falling on average of 144 rainy days. The heaviest rainfall months are June to
August. Rain fall decreases from
west towards east due to hills and valleys.
Temperature: Extreme in
eastern Coorg District and adjoining areas (max 32oc min12oc)
while the uplands show moderate temperature (max 25oc and min 10oc)
Temperature increases from March to April with minimum of 17oc. Temperature is lowest during January.
The average relative humidity (RH) about 84.4%.
Rivers: The Kodagu rivers are
not noted either for their width or depth.
Since the source of these rivers are in the mountain peaks and flow with
great rapidity generally over rocky beds, they are unsuited for navigation of
any kind. Most of the rivers flow
in an easterly direction towards the Bay of Bengal, but a few mountain streams
of the western declivities flow westward.
The principal and largest river in the district is the Cauvery which
takes its origin on the Brahmagiri at Talacauvery and runs to a length of about
80.5km in the district. It flows in
the easterly direction almost along the central axis of the district, thus
dividing the district into equal northern and southern parts. The principal tributaries of this river
are the Hemavathy, Lakshmanathirtha, Kakkabe and Harangi (or Suvarnavathi). The Barapole is one of the important
rivers that flow to the east followed by Najikal and Kumaradhara streams.
The district is devoid of a
true lake or tank except in Virajpet Taluk where a few natural reservoirs
called ŌKolliÕ with a perennial water.
Soil: Due to the geological
heterogeneities, the soil type also varies in the district. In addition to the natural soil of the
old rock formation, alluvial deposits also occur along the streams and
riverbeds. The district possesses
good fertile soil mixed with decomposed forest products. In the eastern region of the district
the soils are clayey, comparatively darker, shallow, hard, becomes muddy in
monsoon and crack in summer. This
type receives relatively low rainfall and possesses scrubby vegetation. In the central region which receives
modest to heavy rainfall and where the vegetation is very dense, the soils are
of red loamy type and are of sedentary origin being derived from
crystalline. In the western region,
i.e., Bhagamandala, Madikeri, Napoklu receive heavy rainfall and soils are of
lateritic type.
Flora and fauna: Much of the
district is agriculturally cultivated.
Characteristic scenery has rice fields in valley bases, with plantation
crops with tree cover in the surrounding hills. The most common plantations are coffee
(especially Coffea canephora although some parts of southern Kodagu grow
Coffea arabica); however, many other crops are also grown, including
black pepper, para rubber, teak, and cocoa. In many regions, there are still
naturally grown forests, especially the forest reserves in the south and
east. The vegetation is somewhat
similar to that of other areas in southern India.
Kodagu is rich in
wildlife. The district has three
wildlife sanctuaries: Bramhagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Talacauvery Wildlife
Sanctuary and Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary and Nagarahole or Rajiv Gandhi
National Park.
The flora of the jungle
includes Michelia champaka (Champak), Mesua (Ironwood), Diospyros (Ebony
and other species), Toona ciliata (Indian mahogany), Chuckrasia
tabularis (Redcedar), Calophyllum angustifolium (Poon spar), Canarium
strictum (Black Dammar), Artocarpus, Dipterocarpus, Garcinia, Euonymus,
Cinnamomum, Myristica, Vaccinium, Myrtaceae, Melastomataceae, Rubus (three
species), and a rose. In the
undergrowth are found cardamom, Areca, plantains, canes, wild black pepper,
tree and other ferns, and arums. In
the forest of the less thickly-wooded bamboo country in the west of Kodagu the
most common trees are the Dalbergia latifolia (Black wood), Pterocarpus
marsupium (Kino tree), Terminalia tomentosa (Matthi), Lagerstroemia
parviflora (Benteak), Anogeissus latifolia (Dindul), Bassia
latifolia, Butea monosperma.
The vegetation along the streams and rivulets exhibit a specialized
ecosystem and consists of tree species like: Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.)
Roxb., Calophyllum apetalum Wiild., Hopea parviflora Bedd., Lophopetalum
wightianum Arn., Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) Lam., Salix
tetrasperma Roxb. and Vaccinium neilgherrense Wt. In between the rock boulders, plants
like Cyperus corymbosus Rottb., Homonoia retusa Muell.-Arg. and H.
riparia Lour. are conspicuous.
The members of Podostemaceae like Zeylanidium johnsonii (Wt.)
Engl. and Z. lichenoides (Kurz) Engl., colonise the rocks when the water
recedes in rivers.
Endemic plants: Some
characteristic endemic taxa of the Western Ghats like Adenoon indicum
Dalz., Aporusa lindleyana (Wt.) Baill., Baccaurea courtallensis
(Wight) Muell.-Arg., Chionanthus malabarica (Wall. ex G. Don) Bedd., Cinnamomum
riparium Gamble, Cynometra travancorica Bedd., Daphniphyllum
neilgherrense (Wight) Rosenth., Erythropalum populifolium (Arn.)
Mast., Farenheitia zeylanica (Thw.) Airy Shaw, Holigarna nigra
Bourd., Jerdonia indica Wight., Knema attenuata (Hook.f. &
Thwaites) Warb., Moullava spicata (Dalz.) Baill., Pittosporum
dasycaulon Miq. and Vernonia indica Cl., occur in the district. Besides the above, it is found that Impatiens
dendricola Fisch., Ligustrum decaisnei Cl. var. beddomei Gamble and Nilgirianthus
campanulatus (Wight) Bremek. are exclusively endemic to Kodagu.
The vegetation of Madikeri
taluk is broadly classified into:
1) Moist deciduous: Found in
lower parts of Karike and Sampaje, where rainfall is moderate.
2) Semi-evergreen and
Evergreen: Found where altitude ranges from 600–1500 m and rainfall
270–650 cm in Bhagamandala, Hoddur, Napoklu, Kakkabe, etc.
3) Sholas and Grassland type:
Shola comprises of both tropical and sub temperate general mixed together. They are isolated, compact with
evergreen trees. They are seen
along the elevation of 1200m and above.
Found in the ranges of Bramhagiri, Madikeri, Mandalpatti, Tadiandamol,
and Talacauvery (Images 2–8).
Large numbers of ferns, orchids and insectivorous plants are also found.
Kodagu is a picturesque high
land country on the summits and slopes of Western Ghats. The district is rugged and covered with
forest abounding in some parts in sandal and other valuable woods, but
overgrown in others with a dense jungle.
It is the resort of wild animals and beasts of prey. Kodagu is fondly
referred to as Scotland of India and also as Kashmir of southern India for its
scenic beauty.
The tropical forests of India
especially the Western Ghats is supposed to be rich in microbial
diversity. Kodagu, a tiny district
has congenial climate for the luxuriant growth of fungi. This area has high potentiality for the
fungal study and other aspects of fungi.
Madikeri taluk represents all the different types of vegetation of the
district, except deciduous type. It
includes evergreen forests, grasslands, shola vegetation, tropical and
subtropical vegetation mixed together (Keshavamurthy & Yoganarasimhan,
1990). The altitude of Madikeri
Taluk ranges from 750–1300 m and up to 1750 m altitude.
Tadiandamol hills, which is
the second highest peak of Karnataka after Mullayyanagiri. Temperature of the area ranges between
15–33 0C.
Different parts of the taluk like Talacauveri, Tadiandamol, Sampaje
Ghats, Abbey falls, Mandalpatti, Galibeedu, Vanachalu, Kadagadalu, Hoddur,
Kakkabe and a few sacred grooves were selected as collection sites. In the lower altitudes of Madikeri
taluk, plantation areas where crops are grown amongst wild trees and its hedges
served as the important sites of collection. Sacred grooves are present in most
villages of the taluk which are bioreserves and have helped to protect and
conserve natural vegetation and are very good source of microbial diversity and
floristic composition. All these
factors together make the study area as one of the potential locations to
understand the rich variety of Black mildews and other foliicolous fungi. Field
trips were conducted to the different parts of the district since 2003 in order
to cover all the regions during all seasons of the year. The foliicolous fungi mainly infect
leaves, soft stems and tender shoots.
They infect herbaceous plants to trees of 30 – 40 meters in
height. Many trees possess the
crown only at the top portion and this made it difficult in noticing the
disease. In such cases, the
recently shed leaves were examined, collected and the concerned tree was
traced, twig or the reproductive parts were collected for the host identity. Local names also helped us to identify
the plants. Infected plant parts, preferably
flowering twigs were collected and placed individually in polythene bags. Colony characters of fungus, description
of the host plant (tree, shrub, liana; morphology of the leaves such as, simple
or compound; plant with milky latex or otherwise), altitude, locality, date of
collection, name of the collector, type of forests, etc. were recorded.
After the collection,
infected samples were dried in-between blotters by daily changing the materials
to fresh blotters. Regular transfer
of the collections to the fresh and dry blotters ensured the dryness of the
collected specimens. In case of
thick samples, materials were changed to fresh blotters twice a day to avoid
any secondary infection. After
ensuring their dryness, they were they were used for the microscopic study.
After ensuring dryness of the
materials, the host identification was confirmed with the help of experts and
also by matching the materials with the authentic herbarium materials, Flora of
Coorg and other published literatures.
Nail polish technique
(Hosagoudar & Kapoor 1984) was used for the preparation of permanent slides
to study the structural and morphological characters of the fungi. A drop of high quality natural coloured
or well transparent nail polish was applied to the selected colonies with the
help of a fine brush without disturbing the colonies. Colonies with hyperparasites (wooly
nature) were avoided. As the nail
polish dries (in 2-5 minute), a thin colourless ŅfilmÓ or ŅflipÓ is formed with
the colonies firmly embedded in it.
For soft host parts, flip was lifted up with a slight pressure on the
upper side of the leaves or just below the colonies. In case of hard host parts, the flip was
eased-off with the help of a razor or scalpel. A drop of DPX was smeared on clear slide
and the flip was spread properly on it.
Care was taken to avoid air bubbles while mounting. One or two more drops of DPX were again
added on the flip and clean cover glass was placed over it. A gentle pressure over the cover glass
oozes out the excess DPX. These
slides were labeled and placed in the dust free chamber for one to two days for
drying. The excess DPX on the slide
was removed after drying.
In case of ectophytic fungi,
scrapes were made directly from the infected host parts and mounted in
Lactophenol (prepared according to Rangaswamy, 1975). A tinge of Cotton blue was added to
Lactophenol to stain hyaline fungi.
Dematiaceous fungi were first mounted in 10% KOH solution and later
transferred to Lactophenol. Both
mountants worked efficiently and made the septa visible.
The slides were observed
under Labovison KL10B binocular microscope for further details. Microphotographs were taken using Sony
Digital 12MP camera DSC-W220.
Pencil drawings were prepared by using mirror type camera Lucida. Studied materials were deposited in the
TBGT (Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Researach Institute,
Thiruvananthapuram) and FMKMCC (Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa College Herbarium),
Department of Botany, Madikeri, Kodagu.
BLACK MILDEWS
Black mildews are the
ectophytic dematiaceous black colony forming fungi having ecto or endophytic
brown or black mycelium with or without appressoria. The fungi which produce
appressoria produce haustorium in to the epidermal cells of the hosts plants. The fungi which are devoid of
appressoria produce nutritive hyphae in to the host cells. Often, supplemented with conidiophores
and which in turn produce conidia (Hyphomycetes or mitosporic fungi). These fungi often produce two celled
appressoria and Phialides (Meliolales), globose perithecia with bitunicate asci
(Balladyna and similar genera), produce branched conidiophores and
always 3-septate ascospores (Meliolinaceae), produce external mycelium with
astomatous but dehiscing thyriothecia (Asterinales), pleomorphic anamorphs
(Schiffnerulaceae) or ostiolate thyriothecia (Microthyriaceae), devoid of
mycelium but thyriothecia dehisce stellately at the centre (Parmulariaceae),
etc. However, the present work is
restricted here with only three groups: Meliolales, Asterinales and
Schiffnerulaceae (Images 9–12).
Key to black mildews
1. Fruiting body
peritheciumÉÉÉÉÉ.........ÉÉÉÉÉ2
1. Fruiting body
thyriotheciumÉÉÉ.........ÉÉÉÉÉÉ3
2. Appressoria two
celledÉÉ..É........É.ÉÉMeliolales
2. Appressoria one celled..ÉÉÉÉÉ....Balladynocallia
3. Anamorph
pycnothyriaÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ....Asterinales
3. Anamorph
mitosporic..ÉÉÉÉÉÉSchiffnerulaceae
MELIOLALES
Meliolales Gaumann ex
Hawksworth & O. Eriksson, Systema Ascomycetum 5: 142, 1986; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India 2: 28, 2008; Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic studies of
Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 3, 2008.
Parasites on vascular plants. Mycelium mostly superficial,
appressoriate. appressoria mostly two celled, rarely many celled. Phialidic (in Meliolaceae), phialides
unicellular. Ascomata flattened-globose to globose, ± ostiolate, peridium
smooth, surface cells protruded, often supplemented with setae and or
appendages; asci born on basal hymenium, unitunicate, 2-8 spored, clavate to
cylindrical, evanescent; ascospores 1-4 septate, brown at maturity.
Type family: Meliolaceae
Key to the families
1. Ascospores 1-2-septate
ÉÉ..ÉÉÉ...Armatellaceae
1. Ascospores
3-4-septateÉÉÉ...ÉÉÉ....Meliolaceae
ARMATELLACEAE
Armatellaceae Hosag., Sydowia
55: 162, 2003; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 28, 2008; Hosag. & Agarwal,
Taxonomic studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 3, 2008.
Leaf parasites, ectophytes,
mycelium with appressoria, phialides absent, mycelial setae absent; perithecia
on superficial hyphae, globose, verrucose; asci 4-8-spored; ascospores
1-2-septate, brown at maturity.
Type genus: Armatella Theiss. & Sydow
The family Armatellaceae
includes the genera: Armatella and Basavamyces but the present study includes
the former genus.
MELIOLACEAE
Meliolaceae Martin ex Hansf.,
Mycol. Pap. 15: 23, 1946; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 29, 2008; Hosag. &
Agarwal, Taxonomic studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual, p. 4, 2008.
Parasitic on vascular plants;
mycelium mostly superficial; appressoriate, phialidic. Ascomata flattened-globose to globose, ±
ostiolate, peridium with conoid cells, larviform and striated appendages, or with
repent or strong setae. Asci
unitunicate, 2-4-spored, clavate to cylindrical, evanescent; ascospores
3-4-septate, brown at maturity.
Type genus: Meliola Fries
Key to the genera of Meliolaceae
1. Perithecia
flattened-globose, hidden in the radiating mycelium É.............................................Amazonia
1. Perithecia globose,
discrete, not hidden in the radiating mycelium É.....................................................2
2. Mycelial setae
present.......... .............. .............. .............. .............. ......................................Meliola
2. Mycelial setae
absent.......................... .............. .............. .............. ..............
.................................3
3. Perithecial setae and
larviform appendages present.............................................................................4
3. Both perithecial setae and
larviform appendages absent........................................................Asteridiella
4. Only perithecial setae
present...... .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............................Irenopsis
5. Only larviform appendages
present.................................................................................Appendiculella
Digital formula
After the generic level
confirmation, a specific formula called the BeeliÕs formula (digital formula)
is used for the identification up to species level. Beeli formula consists of 8
digits. The first 4 digits before
the stop (left side to the stop) represent the morphological characters like
ascospore septation, presence or absence and the nature of the perithecial
setae or appendages, presence or absence and the nature of the mycelial setae
and the arrangements of appressoria, respectively. The second 4 digits, after the stop,
represent the measurements such as length and breadth of ascospores, diameter
of perithecia and length of mycelial setae, respectively. The species having
both simple & dentate setae is denoted by (1/3) , while, species having
straight and uncinate setae are designated as ½. The BeeliÕs digital formula is modified
here to accommodate the genus Armatella having 1-septate ascospores. Further, for Prataprajella, the second
digit becomes ¾ or so.
MORPHOLOGY (first four digits from left)
1. Normal septation of ascospores
1. 1-septate
2. 3-septate
3. 4-septate
2. Perithecia
1. Without setae or
appendages
2. With larviform,
horizontally striated appendages
3. With uncinate or coiled
setae
4. With straight setae
3. Mycelial setae (often on perithecia and from subiculam)
1. Absent
2. Simple
3. Simple, entire, uncinate
or coiled
4. Dentate or shortly furcate
(up to 30µm)
5. Branched (branches more
than 30µm)
4. Appressoria
1. Alternate or unilateral
(less than 1% opposite)
2. Regularly opposite
3. Both opposite and
alternate
II. MEASUREMENTS (second four digits from the
full stop)
5. Maximum ascospore length
1. Up to 20 µm
2. 21–30 µm
3. 31–40 µm
4. 41–50 µm
5. 51–60 µm
6. More than 60µm
6. Maximum ascospore width
1. Up to 10µm
2. 11–20 µm
3. 21–30 µm
4. More than 31µm
7. Maximum diameter of perithecia
1. Up to 100µm
2. 101–200 µm
3. 201–300 µm
4. More than 301µm
8. Maximum length of mycelial setae
1. Up to 300µm
2. 301–500 µm
3. 501–1000 µm
4. More than 1000µm
5. Absent.
The treatment of species and
varieties consists of the original citation of the correct name, citation of
the world monograph and Indian monograph, relevant synonyms (if any) based on
the monographs Hansford (1961) and Hosagoudar (1996). The citation is followed by the
description based on the present collections, which are deposited in TBGT
(Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram), HCIO
(Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis), New Delhi and at FMKMCC Herbarium,
Madikeri. At the end of the
description of each taxon, notes have been provided regarding their
identification and distribution.
Line drawings have been provided to the studied taxa.
Genus Amazonia
Amazonia Theiss., Ann. Mycol. 11:
499, 1913; Theissen & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 421, 1917; Hansford, Sydowia
Beih. 2: 25, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p.64, 1996; Meliolales of
India 2: 69, 2008.
Actinodothis Sydow & Sydow,
Philippine J. Sci. 9: 174, 1914.
Meliolaster Doidge, Trans. Royal Soc.
South Africa 8: 123, 1920 (non Meliolaster Hohnel).
Amazoniella Bat. & Maia, Broteria
29: 73, 1960.
Mycelium superficial, brown,
septate, branched, appressoriate. Perithecia
borne under radiating mycelium, wall radial, and shield like, non-ostiolate to
ostiolate, hemispherical, inner wall pale, thin. Asci 2-4 spored, evanescent;
ascospores brown, 3-4 septate.
Type: A. psychotriae
(P. Henn.) Theiss.
Descriptions of species
Amazonia acronychiae Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 230, 1989;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 65, 1996. (Image 13).
Materials examined: TBGT 5375, FMKMCC 01, 26.xi.2008, on leaves of Acronychia longipedunculata
(L.) Miq. (Rutaceae), Hakathur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite
at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 22–30x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, closely antrorse,
straight to curved, 24–44 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 10–22 µm
long; head cells ovate, clavate, angular to irregularly sublobate,
18–22x14–18 µm.
Phialides numerous, mixed with appressoria, conoid to ampulliform,
22–30x8–10 µm.
Perithecia scattered, flattened-globose, up to 110µm in diam.;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
42–46x20–22 µm.
Amazonia flacourtiae Hosag., Siddappa &
Udaiyan, Nova Hedwigia 56:193, 1993;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 68, 1996. (Image 14)
Materials examined: TBGT 5346, FMKMCC 3; TBGT 5357, FMKMCC 4, 24.xi.2008, on leaves
of Scolopia crenata (Wight & Arn.) Clos (Flacourtiaceae), Vanachalu,
Galibeedu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5320 FMKMC 02; 25.xi.2008, Talacauvery, Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, thin to
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
12.5–22x6–9.5 µm.
Appressoria alternate, straight, rarely curved, antrorse, 15.5–25
µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 3–6.5 µm long; head cells ovate, entire,
12.5–20.5x8–14 µm.
ŌPhialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
15.5–22x6–9.5 µm.
Perithecia flattened-globose, scattered, up to 124µm in diam.;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, strongly constricted at the septa,
34–46.5x12.5–18.5 µm.
Amazonia peregrina Sydow & Sydow, Ann.
Mycol. 15: 238, 1917; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 507, 1961; Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 36: 236, 1989; 42: 126, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 74, 1996. (Image 15)
Materials examined: TBGT 5458, FMKMCC 05, 22.xi.2009, on leaves of Maesa indica
(Roxb.) DC. (Myrsinaceae), Mallamatti,
C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
hypophyllous, crustaceous, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
alternate to opposite at acute angles, closely reticulate, forming solid
mycelial mat, cells 8–13x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
closely arranged, antrorse, straight to curved, 13–16.5 μm long;
stalk cells cuneate, 3.5–5 μm long; head cells globose, entire,
10–13x10–11.5 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate, ampulliform,
13–20x6– 6.5 μm.
Perithecia loosely grouped, flattened-globose, up to 350μm in
diameter; ascospores
cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
35–43x13–17 μm.
The colonies of this fungus
are very much significant, mostly associated with the colonies of Meliola
groteana Sydow & Sydow but can be distinguished easily by their crustose
colonies in contrast to woolly colonies.
Amazonia syzygii Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 36: 236, 1989; 42: 126, 1991; Hosag., Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon 46: 202,
1993; Hoasg., Meliolales of India, p. 340, 1996. (Image 16)
Materials examined: TBGT 5332, FMKMCC 06, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of seedlings of Syzygium
sp. (Myrtaceae), Sampaje forest nursery, Sampaje; HCIO 30841 22.xii. 1991, B.R.
Dayal; S. cumini (L.) Skeels, Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
subdense, crustose to slightly velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate,
branching mostly opposite at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
16–20x6–8 µm.
Appressoria alternate, straight, antrorse to spreading, 18–20 µm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8 µm long; head cells ovate
to subglobose, entire, 10–14x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, conoid to ampulliform, 20–24x8–10 µm. Perithecia flattened-globose, scattered
to grouped, up to 180µm in diam.; ascospores obovate, 4-septate, slightly
constricted, 44–48x16–20 µm.
Genus Appendiculella
Appendiculella Hohn. in Sitz. K. Akad.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl. 128: 556, 1919; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 25,
1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 77, 1996; Meliolales of India 2: 80, 2008.
Irene Stev., Ann. Mycol. 25:
420, 1927 (non Irene Theiss. & Sydow, 1917).
Mycelium superficial, brown, septate,
branched, appressoriate. Perithecia globose, discrete, ± ostiolate, larviform
and striated appendages present; asci 2–4 spored; ascospores brown 3–4
septate.
Type: A. calostroma
(Desm.) Hohn.
Appendiculella calostroma (Desm.) Hohnel in Sitzb. K.
Akad. Wissen. Wien. Math. naturw. Kl. 138: 556, 199; Kapoor, Indian
phytopathol. 20: 151, 1967; Kar & Maity, Norw. J. Bot. 19: 248, 1972; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 77, 1996.
Irene calostroma (Desm.) Hohnel, Ann. Mycol.
16:213, 1918.
Meliola rubicola Henn., Hedwigia 43: 140,
1904.
Irenina rubi Stev. & Rold. var.
angulosa Stev. & Rold., Philippine J. Sci. 56: 52, 935.
Irenopsis crataegi Bose, Indian Phytopathol.
13:144, 1962 (Image 17).
Materials examined: TBGT 5323, FMKMCC 07, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Rubus glomeratus Bl.
(Rosaceae), Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, crustose, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae mostly straight, branching mostly
opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 37–50x6–8
µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse
to spreading, 24–28 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
9–12.5 µm long; head cells globose, irregularly sublobate,
12–15.5x18–25µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, conoid to
ampulliform, 18–28x9–12.5 µm.
Perithecia mostly grouped at the centre of the colony, up to 300µm in
diam.; perithecial appendages many, cylindrical to conoid, twisted, rounded at the apex,
49–95x18–25 µm; ascospores ellipsoidal, mostly curved, 3-septate,
40–43.5x15-18 µm.
Genus Armatella
Armatella Theiss. & Sydow, Ann.
Mycol. 13: 235, 1915; 15: 410, 1917; Arx, Fungus (Wageningen) 28: 1, 1958;
Verona & Benedek, Mycopath. Mycol. appl. 18: pl. 6, 115, 1961; Muller & Arx,
Beitr. Krypt. Der schweiz 2: 882, 1962; Katumoto, Bull. Fac. Agric. Yamaguti
Univ. 13: 291, 1962; Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 195, 1991; Meliolales of
India 2: 87, 2008.
Armata Yamam., Sci. Rep. Hyago
Univ. Agric., Agric. Biol. Ser. 3: 89, 1958.
Artallendea Bat. & Maia, Atas Inst.
Micol. Univ. Recife 1: 221, 1960; Katumoto, Bull. Fac. Agric. Yamaguti Univ.
13: 291, 1962.
Mycelium superficial, brown,
septate, branched, appressoriate.
Perithecia globose, with or without ostiole, thick walled,
verrucose. Mycelial setae,
perithecial setae and perithecial appendages lacking. Asci usually 4–8 spored;
ascospores initially hyaline, later turn brown and one septate at maturity.
Type: A. litseae (P. Henn.) Theiss. &
Sydow
Armatella actinodaphnes Hosag., C.K. Biju &
Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 472, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 101, 2008. (Image 18).
Materials examined: TBGT 5439, FMKMCC 08,
1.xi.2009 on leaves of Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous,
subdense, up to 6mm in diameter. Hyphae undulate, branching alternate at
subacute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 21–30x5–7 μm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to retrorse, 16–27 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–9 μm long; head cells
ovate, cylindrical, hooked, crenate, angulose, truncate, rarely entire, few
sickle shaped, sublobate to bilobate, 12–18x7.5–15 μm. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
160μm in diameter; ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, constricted at the
septum,18–21x8–9.5 μm.
Armatella cinnamomi Hansf. & Thirum.,
Farlowia 3: 286, 1948; Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 197, 1991; Meliolales of India
2:105, 2008. (Fig. 1)
Material examined: HCIO 45815, TBGT 1672, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Cinnamomum
sp. (Lauraceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin
to dense, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching irregular at acute to wide
angles, loosely to rarely closely reticulate, cells 17–19x4–5
µm. Appressoria alternate, mostly
perpendicular to the hyphae, often antrorse to retrorse, 11–16 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–7 µm long; head cells globose,
often ovate, straight to curved, entire, angular, crenately lobate to few
deeply lobate, 8–10x6–10 µm.
Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 144µm in diam.; perithecial wall
cells conoid, straight to curved, obtuse at the tip, up to 16µm long; asci not
seen; ascospores conglobate, brown, uniseptate, slightly constricted at the
septum, 20–22x10–12 µm, wall smooth.
Except for the shorter
appressoria, this collection matches well with the assigned species.
Armatella cryptocariae Hosag., J. Taxon. Bot. 15:
198, 1991; Sarbhoy, Agarwal & Khan, Mycotaxon 56: 350, 1995; Hosag.,
C.K.Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 298, 2011; Hosag., J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 29: 436, 2005; ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2323, 2006; Meliolales of India
2: 108, 2008. (Image 19).
Materials examined: TBGT 5321, FMKMC 09, 23.xi.2008, on leaves of Litsea sp.
(Lauraceae), Vanachalu, Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5467, FMKMCC 10,
21.xi.2009 in the campus of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan High School, Madikeri, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching subopposite,
irregular at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 10–15x5–6
µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
15–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–10 µm long;
head cells ovoid, conoid, slightly angular, rarely entire, hamate, outer wall
crenate, 12–14x7–9 µm.
Perithecia scattered, globose, seated on exappressoriate mycelium, up to
120µm in diameter; ascospores
ellipsoidal, 1-septate, brown, 20–22x4–6 µm.
Conoid and crenately lobate
head cells of the appressoria distinguishes this species from others.
Armatella katumotoi Hosag., Sydowia 40: 113, 1987; J. Econ. Taxon.
Bot. 15: 199, 1991; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 564, 2001;
Hosag., J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. 29: 436, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 111,
2008 (Image 20).
Materials examined: TBGT 5438, FMKMCC 11,
1.xi.2009, on leaves of Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous,
subdense, up to 9mm in diameter.
Hyphae smooth walled, flexuous, branching alternate at wide angles,
closely reticulate, cells 32–35x2.5–5 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight to variously curved, antrorse to retrorse, 14–26 μm long;
stalk cells aseptate to several septate flexuous to crooked 6–40 μm
long; head cells ovate to globose, few truncate, entire to stellately lobed,
6.5–10x8–11μm.
Perithecia scattered, seated on exappressoriate mycelium, up to
160μm in diameter; ascospores brown ellipsoidal, 1-septate,
23–28x11–14 μm.
Genus Asteridiella
Asteridiella McAlpine, Proc. Linn. Soc.
New South Wales, p. 38, 1897; Theiss. & Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 482, 1917;
Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 25, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 79, 1996;
Meliolales of India 2: 103, 2008.
Irene Theiss. & Sydow, Ann.
Mycol. 15: 194, 1917 (non Irene Stev., 1927).
Irenina Stev., Ann. Mycol. 25: 411,
1927.
Mycelium superficial, brown,
septate, branched, appressoriate, mycelial setae absent. Perithecia globose, discrete, ±
ostiolate, without setae and appendages, conoid cells projecting and are
non-striated; asci 2–4 spored, evanescent; ascospores brown, 3–4
septate.
Type: A. solani Mc
Alpine
Descriptions of species
Asteridiella acanthacearum Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 3, 2006; Meliolales of India 2: 119, 2008. (Fig. 2).
Material examined: HCIO 45765 (holotype), TBGT 1385 (isotype), 12.xi.2003, on leaves
of Acanthaceae member, Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45722, TBGT 1471,
12.xi.2003, Lepidagathis sp. (Acanthaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
19–24x6–8 µm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, straight
to curved, 16–23 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–7
µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, angular to 2–3 times
sublobate, 11–16x9–11 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–20x5–7 µm.
Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped, up to 150µm in diameter;
perithecial wall cells conoid to mammiform, up to 15µm long; ascospores oblong,
cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
32–38x10–12 µm.
Based on the Beeli formula, A.
acanthacearum is similar to A. anastomosana Wint. var. macilenta
(Wint.) Hansf. known on Brillantaisia patula from San Thome but differs from it
in having entire to sublobate head cells of appressoria. It also differs from A.
thunbergiae-chrysopes (Hansf. & Deight.) Hansf. known on Thunbergia
chrysopes from Sierra Leone in having shorter appressoria with entire to
sublobate head cells (Hansford, 1961).
Asteridiella brahmagiriensis Hosag., Archana. &
Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 60: 237, 2007. (Fig. 3).
Material examined: HCIO 46967 (holotype), TBGT 2184 (isotype), 13.xi.2003, on leaves
of Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae), MPCA, Brahmagiri, Talacauveri, V.B.Hosagoudar et
al.
Colonies amphigenous,
subdense, 2mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at acute
to wide angles, cells 14–38x4–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, straight to slightly curved, 9–27 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–8 µm long; head cells oblong, ovate,
globose, entire, 6–19x6–11µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
11–24x4–8 µm.
Perithecia globose, scattered to grouped, up to 284µm in diameter;
perithecial wall cells conoid to mammiform, up to 35µm long; ascospores
obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 36–43x14–19 µm.
Based on the Beeli formula,
this species is closer to Asteridiella zeheri (Doidge) Hansf. known on Eugenia
zeheri from South Africa (Hansford, 1961) but differs from it in having entire
margin of the head cells of appressoria in contrast to angular to lobate. Asteridiella eugeniaefruticosae Jana et
al. is known on Eugenia fruticosa from Nagaland (Jana et al., 2005). However, A. brahmagiriensis differs from
it in having longer appressoria (10–27 µm against 12–17 µm), head
cells entire in contrast to angular, larger perithecia (284µm against 105µm)
and having larger ascospores (36–43x14–19 µm against
27–35x10–16 µm).
Asteridiella callista (Rehm) Hansf., Sydowia 10:
47, 1957; Sydowia Beih. 2: 687, 1961; Hosag. & Abraham, Indian Phytopathol.
51: 301, 1998; Hosag., C.K.Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 298,
2001; ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2324, 2006; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 122, 2008.
Meliola callista Rehm, Leafl. Philippine Bot.
6: 2191, 1914.
Irenina callista (Rehm) Hansf., Proc. Linn.
Soc. London 157: 169, 1946. (Fig. 4 & Image 21).
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, flexuous, branching opposite to unilateral at
subacute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 29–40x6–8.5
μm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, antrorse to retrorse, 21–36 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 7–16 μm long; head cells ovate, few
cylindrical, angulose, sublobate, few attenuated at the apex, few curved,
14–20x12–19 μm.
Phialides many, mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, few
alternate, ampulliform, neck elongated, 14–20x3–6 μm. Perithecia grouped, globose, up to
160μm in diameter, perithecial margin conoid to mammiform, up to 15μm
long; ascospores oblong,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 35–41x12–16 μm.
Materials
examined: HCIO 45610, TBGT 1353, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis (L.) Vahl (Verbenaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al ; HCIO
45801, TBGT 1550, 11.xi.2003, Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5450,
FMKMCC 12, 23.xi,2009 Field Marshal Cariappa College Campus, Madikeri, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Asteridiella capparidigena Hosag., J. Mycopathol Res.
44: 3, 2006; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2:124, 2008. (Fig. 5).
Material examined: HCIO 45637 (holotype), TBGT 1381 (isotype), 11.xi.2003, on leaves
of Capparaceae member, Nishanemotta, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, minute, up to 1mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching
alternate to opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
28–32x6–8 µm.
Appressoria alternate, not crowded, antrorse to subantrorse, 19–24
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6 µm long; head cells
ovate, oblong to cylindrical, mostly entire, rarely angular to sublobate,
14–20x9–12 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
14–18x8–10 µm.
Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 160µm in diameter; perithecial
wall cells mammiform, up to 20µm long; ascospores oblong, cylindrical,
4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 30–37x12–16 µm.
Asteridiella combreti (Stev.) Hansf. var. leonensis
Hansf.,
Sydowia Beih. 20: 160, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 238, 1989;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p, 83, 1996. (Fig.6)
Material examined: HCIO 45672, TBGT 1419, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Calycopteris
florubunda Lam. (Combretaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate,
branching alternate to opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
20–34x6–8 µm.
Appressoria alternate, straight, antrorse, 20–26 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–8 µm long; head cells globose, entire to
angular, 12–18x12–16 µm.
Phialides numerous, borne on a separate mycelial branch, opposite, ampulliform,
14–24x4–8 µm, tip occasionally twisted and bent variously. Perithecia scattered, verrucose,
up to 170µm in diam.; perithecial cells mammiform, 8–10 µm long;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
36–42x12–18 µm.
Asteridiella cyclopoda (Stev.) Hansf., Sydowia 10:
47, 1957; Sydowia Beih. 2: 419, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaon 36: 239,
1989; 42: 127, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 86, 1996. (Image. 22)
Materials examined: TBGT 5479, FMKMCC 13, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Vernonia arborea
Buch.-Ham. (Asteraceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
8.i.2010, FMKMCC 14, V.
monosis C.B.Clarke (Asteraceae), Igguthappa Temple, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
subdense to dense, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae undulate, branching alternate to opposite at acute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 21–30x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate and unilateral,
antrorse, spreading, 22–28 µm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical,
4–12 µm long; head cells globose, entire and rarely angular,
14–18x12–14 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
16–22x8–10 µm.
Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 190µm in diameter; perithecial
wall cells mammiform, up to 10µm long; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 32–42x12–16 µm.
Asteridiella chowrirae Hosag., Jagath. &
Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6): 611,
2011. (Image 23)
Materials examined: TBGT 5708 (holotype), FMKMCC 15 (isotype), 29.xi.2009, on leaves
of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz. (Poinsettia pulcherima
Graham) (Euphorbiaceae), Chowrira House, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching alternate to
opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
23–25x6–8 μm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, subantrorse to reflexed, straight to
variously curved, 22–30(–48) μm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, rarely up to 2- septate, 6–12(–20) μm long; head
cells ovate, globose, cylindrical, entire, angular to rarely sublobate, very
few attenuated at the apex, 16–23x12–20 μm. Phialides numerous, apparently borne on
a separate mycelium but mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 15–30x5–8 μm. Perithecia scattered, up to
120μm in diam; perithecial wall cells conoid, projected, attenuated at the
apex, up to 20μm high; ascospores straight to slightly curved, oblong to
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 42–45x16–18
μm.
Asteridiella depokensis Hansf., Sydowia 10: 47, 1957;
Sydowia Beih. 2: 688, 1961; Hosag., Jagath. & Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6): 612, 2011. (Image 24)
Materials examined: TBGT 5698, FMKMCC 16, 16.xi.2009, on leaves of Vitex negundo L.
(Verbenaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 7mm
in diameter. Hyphae flexuous to
crooked, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, closely
reticulate, cells 12–17x6–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, closely placed,
antrorse to closely antrorse, often appressed to the hyphae, straight to
curved, 14–24 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
4–13 μm long; head cells globose, clavate, distinctly angular to
truncate, rarely rounded, 9–16x12–18 μm. Phialides many, mixed with appressoria,
ampulliform, 16–20x6–7 μm. Perithecia scattered, up to 130μm
in diam; perithecial cells mammiform, broadly rounded at the apex, up to
12μm long; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, and constricted at
the septa, 35–38x14–16 μm.
Angular head cells of the
appressoria distinguishes this species from others.
Asteridiella
elaeocarpi-tuberculati Hosag., Crypt. Bot. 2/3: 183, 1987; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p.87, 1996. (Fig.7)
Material examined: HCIO 45779, TBGT 1528, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Elaeocarpus
tuberculatus Roxb. (Elaeocarpaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching opposite at wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 31–36x4–6.5 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, antrorse, 18–28 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
6-9.5 µm long; head cells globose,
ovate, truncate at the apex, entire, 16–18.5x12–15.5
µm. Phialides borne on a separate
mycelial branch, mostly opposite, ampulliform, 18–25x6–9.5 µm. Perithecia scattered, seated on
exappressoriate mycelia, globose, up to 124µm in diam.; perithecial cells
conoid, curved, acute at the apex, up to 15µm long; ascospores obovoidal,
4-septate, slightly constricted, 40–46.5x15–18.5 µm.
Asteridiella emciciana Hosag., Robin & Archana,
Sydowia 61(2): 244, 2009. (Image 25).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 17, 20.v.2010, on leaves of Scutia myrtina Kurz.
(Rhamnaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
to subdense, scattered, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
20–35x5–6 μm.
Appressoria alternate, distantly placed, straight, antrorse to retrorse,
17–30 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7 μm long; head cells globose, oblong,
straight to curved, entire to
sublobate, 13–18x7–10 μm.
Phialides few, mixed with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform,
15–25x6–7 μm.
Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 100μm in diameter; perithecial
wall cells conoid to mammiform, up to 15μm long; ascospores 4-septate,
constricted, brown, cylindrical to oblong, 30–35x11–16 μm.
This species was known on Scutia
myrtiana from Chennai. Now this
is located in Kodagu after its type locality and interestingly it is
distributed from the coastal region of Chennai to the evergreen forests of more
than 1000m.
Asteridiella formosensis (Yamam.) Hansf., Sydowia 10:
48, 1957; Sydowia Beih. 2: 686, 1961; Hoasg. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 240,
1989; 42: 128, 1991; Hosag., Kaveriappa, Raghu & Goos, Mycotaxon 51: 109,
1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 90, 1996. (Image 26)
Materials examined: HCIO 45788, TBGT 1537, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Callicarpa
sp. (Verbancaeae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5463, FMKMCC 18.
21.xi.2009 ,C. tomentosa
(L.) Murray, Mallamatti, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae undulate, branching unilateral to alternate at subacute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 30–37x6–9 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
retrorse, straight to curved, 17–38 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 4–20 μm long; head cells globose, few ovate, clavate,
entire to angular, 15–18x11–18 μm. Phialides many, borne on a separate mycelial branch,
mostly opposite, few unilateral, ampulliform, 14–19x6–8.5
μm. Perithecia scattered,
globose, up to 120μm in diameter; perithecial wall cells mammiform, up to
10μm long; ascospores
ellipsoidal to oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
42–46x15–17 μm.
Asteridiella grewiae Patil ex Hosag. in Hosag,,
Meliolales of India, p. 91, 1996. (Image 27).
Materials examined: TBGT 5403, FMKMCC 19, 2.viii.2009, on leaves of Grewia sp.
(Tiliaceae), Hoddur, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, slightly flexuous, branching opposite to subopposite at subacute
to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 25–35x6–8 μm. Appressoria mostly alternate to
unilateral (10%), antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 23–33 μm
long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–16 μm long; head cells
globose, oblong, angulose, sublobate, rarely entire, truncate, clavate, few
attenuated at the apex, 16–19x14–23 μm. Phialides many, mixed with appressoria,
opposite to subopposite, few unilateral, ampulliform, neck elongated,
15–30x3–6 μm.
Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 200μm in diameter; perithecial wall cells not distinctly
projected; ascospores oblong
to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 43–45x18–20
μm.
Asteridiella kodavae sp. nov.
Hosag. B. Divya & Jagath.
(Fig. 8). (urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:807142)
Materials examined: TBGT 6557 (holotype), 25.ix.2010, on leaves of Mallotus
phillipensis (Euphorbiaceae), Hoddur, Medikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
Etymology: Named after the
locals, Kodava
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, spreading, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
22–27x5–7µm.
Appressoria alternate, straight to slightly curved, antrorse,
subantrorse to spreading, 20–27 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 5–10 µm long; head cells ovate to oblong, straight to curved,
entire, 15–20x5–7 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 20–27x
5–7 µm. Perithecia scattered,
up to 150µm in diameter, perithecial wall cells not distinct; ascospores oblong
to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at septa, 40–45x15–17 µm.
This species differs from all
the known Asteridiella species on the members of Euphorbiaceae in
having straight mycelium and entire head cells of appressoria (Hansford, 1961;
Hosagoudar, 1996, 2008, 2013).
Asteridiella malloti (Hansf. & Thirum.)
Hansf., Sydowia 10: 49, 1957; Sydowia Beih, 2: 209, 1961; Patil & Thite, J.
Shivaji Univ. 18: 220, 1978; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 241, 1981; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 95, 1996. (Image 28)
Materials examined: TBGT 5417, FMKMCC 20, 21.xi.2009, on leaves of Mallotus
philippensis (Lam.) Muel.-Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, mainly
at the junction of veins, dense, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite
to alternate at subacute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
25–29x6–9 μm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, straight to curved, 23–30 μm
long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 5–8 μm long; head cells
globose, lobate, angulose, rarely entire, 16–20x15–19 μm. Phialides numerous, borne on a separate
mycelial branch, few mixed with appressoria, ampulliform, opposite to
alternate,
20–24x5–6 μm.
Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 150μm in diameter; perithecial
wall cells conoid, twisted variously, up to 20μm long; ascospores cylindrical to oblong, middle cell
larger, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 48–53x20–23 μm.
Asteridiella homaligena Hosag., Jagath. &
Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6): 611, 2011. (Image 29)
Materials examined: TBGT 5696 (holotype), FMKMCC 21 (isotype), 22.viii.2009, on
leaves of Homalium zeylanicum Benth. (Flacourtiaceae), River side, Hoddur, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to subacute angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 17–25x6–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 5%
opposite, antrorse to spreading, 16–25 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 3–6 µm long; head cells ovate to obovate, entire to slightly
angular, 14–20x11–15 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 21–27x4–9µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 130µm in
diam., perithecial wall cells mammiform, up to 15µm high; ascospores obovoidal,
oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
37–40x13–16 µm.
Asteridiella
homalii-angustifolii (Deighton) Hansf. is known on Homalium angustifolium from
Sierra Leone. However, Asteridiella
homaligena differs from it in having entire head cells of the appressoria
in contrast to lobate ones (Hansford, 1961, Hosagoudar, 1996, 2008, Hu et al.
1996, 1999).
Asterdiella hydnocarpigena Hosag. & Jagath., Plant
Pathology & Quarantine 3: 2, 2013. (Fig.9)
Materials examined: TBGT 6239 (holotype), 16.iii.2010, on leaves of Hydnocarpus
pentendra (Ham.) Oken (Flacourtiaceae), Madikeri, March 16, 2010, C. Jagath
Timmaih.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching mainly opposite to rarely unilateral at
acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
25–42×3–5 μm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, straight
to curved, 15–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
5–7 μm long; head cells ovate, clavate, entire, truncate, straight
to curved, 7–15×5–15 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 24–26x8–12 μm. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
105μm in diameter; ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, slightly curved,
constricted at the septa, 30–35×12–15 μm.
Asteridiella madikeriensis Hosag., Jagath. &
Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6): 614, 2011.
Asteridiella depokensis sensu Hosag., Meliolales of
India, vol. 2: 127, 2008 (non Hansford, 1957) (Fig.10)
Material examined: HCIO 46240 (holotype), TBGT 1652 (isotype), 14.xi.2003, on leaves
of Premna sp. (Verbenaceae), Nishane motta, Madikeri, November 14, 2003,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae
flexuous to crooked, branching alternate, opposite to irregular at acute
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–21x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
subantrorse, retrorse, straight to variously curved, 24–37 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 8–10 µm long; head cells ovate, oblong,
globose, angular to variously sublobate, 16–21x12–14 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–23x6–8 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 196µm in
diam.; perithecial wall cells conoid to mammiform, up to 24µm long; ascospores
ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 41–45x16–18 µm.
This species differs from
Asteridiella depokensis in having sublobate head cells of the appressoria
(Hosagoudar, 2008).
Asteridiella sapotacearum Hansf., sydowia 10: 50,
1957; Sydowia Beih. 2: 501, 1961.
Irene sapotacearum Hansf., sydowia 9: 7, 1955.
(Fig. 11).
Materials examined: HCIO
30829, 22.xii.1991 on leaves of seedlings of Madhuca lonqifolia
(L.) Macbr. var. latifolia (Roxb.) A. Chev. (Sapotaceae), Sampaje forest
nursery, Sampaje, B.R. Dayal.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
crustose to velvety, up to 3mm in diam., rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching alternate,
opposite or irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
18–34x6–9.5 µm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, 18–25 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–9.5 µm long; head cells ovate,
entire, 12–15.5x9–12.5 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, conoid to
ampulliform, 15–25x9–12.5 µm.
Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 155µm in diam.; perithecial wall
cells conoid, straight to curved, acute to obtuse at the apex, 10–15 µm
long; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa,
34–40.5x15–18 µm.
This collection slightly
differs from the type in having amphigenous, dense, crustose to velvet
colonies.
Asteridiella scolopiae Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 104, 1996. (Image 30).
Materials examined: 13.xi.2003, HCIO 45745, TBGT 1494, on leaves of Scolopia
crenata (Wight & Arn.) Clos (Flacourtiaceae), MPCA, Brahmagiri,
Talacauvery, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45700, TBGT 1448; HCIO 45813, TBGT
1563, FMKMCC 22, 11.iv.2011, Scolopia sp., Abbe falls, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
velvety, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 15–20–x7–8 μm. Appressoria densely arranged, mostly
alternate, opposite, few unilateral, antrorse, 15–20 μm long; stalk
cells mostly cuneate, few cylindrical, 2–4 μm long; head cells
ovate, angular, entire, 10–18x8–10 μm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
unilateral, opposite, ampulliform, 20–25x6–7 μm. Perithecia globose, dark, up to
250μm in diameter, Peridial cells mammiform, up to 21μm long;
ascospores 4-septate, elliptical to cylindrical, brown, 40–49x18–20
μm.
This species is close to
Asteridiella deightonii Hansf. in having few opposite appressoria but differs
from it in having substraight hyphae, entire to angular head cells of
appressoria and smaller ascospores.
These colonies were associated with the colonies of Asterina
talacauveriana and Asterostomella scolopiae-crenatae.
Asteridiella tragiae Hosag. & Jagath., Plant
Pathology & Quarantine 3: 3, 2013. (Fig 12).
Materials examined: TBGT 6238b (holotype), 1.i.2010, on leaves of Tragia sp. (Euphorbiaceae),
Medikari, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, spreading, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 20–27×3–5 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
mostly straight to rarely curved, antrorse to subantrorse, 22–27 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 7–10 µm long; head cells ovate to
globose, stellately to irregularly sublobate to deeply lobate,
15–20×12–20 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
15–22×3–5µm.
Perithecia scattered, up to 120µm in diameter; perithecial wall cells
conoid to mammiform, up to 10µm long; ascospores oblong, cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 37–40×12–15 µm.
Asteridiella viticis-negundoi
Hosag.,
Jagath. & Jayashankara, Mycosphere 2(6): 614, 2011.(Image 31)
Materials examined: TBGT 5704 (holotype), FMKMCC 23 (isotype), 29.xii.2008, on leaves
of Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, substraight to flexuous, branching
alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
18–23x7–10 µm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved,
20–32 µm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 6–12 µm long;
head cells globose, ovate, clavate to cylindrical, mostly angular, few
sublobate, rarely entire, truncate, 15–23x11–20 µm. Phialides many, apparently borne on a
separate mycelial branch but mixed with appressoria, mostly opposite, often
unilateral, ampulliform, 16–22x5–7 µm. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
150µm in diam.; perithecial wall cells mammiform to conoid, attenuated at tip,
up to 22µm long; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 48–50x18–21 µm.
Based on the morphology of
appressoria and measurements, this collection can be compared with Asteridiella
lagerheimii (Gaill.) Hansf. and A. depokensis Hansf. known on Citherexylum
ilicifolium and Vitex paniculata and Premna subglabra from
Eucador, Java and Philippines.
However, differs from the former species in having distantly placed and
recurved appressoria with typically angular head cells. It differs from the latter species in
having flexuous hyphae and larger ascospores (Hansford, 1961).
Genus Irenopsis
Irenopsis Stev., Ann. Mycol. 25: 411,
1927; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 25, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 107,
1996.
Mycelium superficial, brown,
septate, branched, appressoriate, mycelial setae absent. Perithecia globose, discrete, ±
ostiolate, with prominent, dark-brown setae, larviform appendages absent; asci
2–4 spored, evanescent; ascospores brown, 3–4 septate.
Type: I. tortuosa
(Wint.) Stev.
Irenopsis benguetensis Stev. & Rold. ex Hansf.,
Sydowia 26: 311, 1963; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 242, 1989; Hosag,
Meliolales of India, p. 107, 1996. (Image 32)
Materials examined: HCIO 45658, TBGT 1404, 12.xi,2003, on leaves of Ficus sp.
(Moraceae), (Moraceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5429, FMKMCC 24,
17.x.2009, Akare, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, flexuous, branching alternate at acute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 24–32x6.5–8 µm. Appressoria mostly alternate, few
branches unilateral, antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, crooked,
28–40 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 8–14 µm long;
head cells ovate to globose, cylindrical, angulose, sublobate to lobate,
16–21x14–20 µm.
Phialides many, borne on separate mycelial branch, alternate,
ampulliform, 14–25x6–8.5 µm.
Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 70µm in diameter; perithecial
setae 2–5, straight or slightly curved, up to 100µm long; ascospores
cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
42–45x16–18 µm.
Irenopsis coimbatorica Hosag, Pillai & Raghu in
Hosag., Meliolales of India p. 109, 1996. (Image 33).
Materials examined: TBGT 5419, FMKMCC 25, 21.ix.2009, on leaves of Grewia
serrulata DC. (Tiliaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 26,
4.xii.2009, Grewia sp., Devarakadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, slightly flexuous, branching opposite to subopposite
at subacute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 29–34x4–7
μm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, antrorse, straight, up to 17–25 μm long; stalk cells
cuneate to cylindrical, up to 4–6 μm cells; head cells ovate, globose,
entire, attenuated at the apex, rarely angulose, 13–19x8–11
μm. Phialides many, borne on
separate branch, few mixed with appressoria, mostly opposite to unilateral,
ampulliform, neck elongated, up to 18–25x6–9 μm. Perithecia grouped, globose,
non-ostiolate, up to 195μm in diameter, perithecial setae up to 11 in
number, straight to curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, brown, up to 150μm
long. Ascospores cylindrical to
obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa up to 33–38x11–15
μm.
Irenopsis indica (Anahosur) Hosag., J. Econ.
Tax. Bot. 6:250, 1985. 250, 1985; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 111, 1996.
Irene indica Anahosur, Sydowia 23:58,
1970.
Materials examined: AMH 620 (type), 17.x.1967, on leaves of Aphanamixis
polystachya (Wall.) Parker [Amoora rohituka (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.]
(Meliaceae), Coorg, October 17, 1967, K.H. Anahosur.
Colonies hypophyllous,
subdense to dense, scattered, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae crooked, branching irregular at
acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 24–37x6–9.5 µm. Appressoria alternate, distantly
arranged, straight to variously curved, 15–18.5 µm long; stalk cells
cuneate to cylindrical, 3–6.5 µm long; head cells ovate, entire to
angular, 9.5–12.5x12.5–15.5 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
alternate, ampulliform, 18.5–25x9–12.5 µm. Perithecia mostly grouped, up to 233µm in
diam.; perithecial setae 10–15, straight, simple, septate, acute to
obtuse at the tip, 108–140x6–9.5 µm; ascospores obovoidal,
4-septate, constricted, 40–43.5x18.5–22 µm.
Irenopsis leeae Hansf. var. indica Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon
36:243, 1989;Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 111, 1996. (Image 34)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 27, 9.i.2010 on leaves of Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr.
(Leeaceae), Igguthappa temple, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin up
to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae straight
to substraight, branching opposite to irregular, at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 20–30x5–6 µm. Appressoria mostly alternate, few
unilateral, straight, antrorse, few curved 18–20x13–15 µm; stalk
cells cylindrical 3–5 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, sub- lobate,
few curved, 14–15x12–13 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform,
15–20x6–8 µm. Perithecia
globose, dark, scattered up to 100µm in diameter. Perithecial setae 4–8, tortuous to
straight, up to 110µm long; ascospores 4-septate, constricted, elliptic to
cylindrical, 32–38x11–13 µm.
Irenopsis madumalaiensis Hosag., Crypto. Bot. 2/3:
184, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 114, 1996. (Image. 35).
Materials examined: FMKMC 28, 14.i.2010, on leaves of Kydia calycina Roxb.
(Malvaceae), Sampaje Ghat, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, crustose, up to 4 mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite,
unilateral to irregular at wide angles, loosely to compactly reticulate, cells
22–25x5–6 µm.
Appressoria mostly unilateral, about 25% alternate, curved, antrorse to
retrorse, more or less compactly arranged, 13–22 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells oblong, globose, clavate,
triangular, sickle shaped, 12–15x8–10 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
opposite subopposite to unilateral, ampulliform to conoid,
13–20x5–7 µm.
Perithecia scattered to grouped, globose, up to 160µm in diameter;
perithecial setae carbonaceous black, few simple, mostly coiled at the apex,
obtuse at the tip, up to 100µm long; ascospores 4-septate, brown, cylindrical,
oblong, brown, constricted at the septa, 31–38x10–13 µm.
Irenopsis molleriana (Wint.) Stev., Ann. Mycol.
25: 437, 1927; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 184, 1961; Hosag., Sarbhoy, Agarwal
& Khan, Mycotaxon 56: 354, 1995; Hosag., Abraham & Crane, Mycotaxon 71:
151, 1999; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 299, 2001;
Hosag. et al., Meliolales of India 2: 168, 2008.(Image 36)
Materials examined: TBGT 5455, FMKMCC 29, 2.xii.2009, on leaves of Urena lobata
L. ssp. sinuata L. (Malvaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 30,
23.xii.2009, Urena sp. (Malvaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter.
Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 21–35x5–9 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, 11–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–6 μm long; head cells globose, few ovate, entire,
angulose, sublobate, 9–14x10–16 μm. Phialides many, mixed with appressoria,
opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 18–25x6–9 μm. Perithecia grouped, globose, up to
170μm in diameter; perithecial setae up to 8 in numbers, straight, acute
to obtuse at the apex, black, up to 95μm long; ascospores cylindrical,
4-septate, 33–35x12–16 μm.
Irenopsis tenuissima (Stev.) Stev. var. major
Kar & Maity, Sydowia, 24: 66, 1971; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.116,
1996 (Image 37)
Materials examined: TBGT 5327, FMKMCC 31, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Gouania
microcarpa DC. (Rhamnaceae), Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, up to 4 mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at
wide angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 20-25 x 7-9 µm. Appressoria alternate,
few unilateral, antrorse, 19-30 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 3-5 µm long; head
cells ovate, straight, entire, 8-12 x 11-12 µm. Phialides few, mixed with
appressoria, mostly opposite, ampulliform, 18-23 x 5-7 µm. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 250 µm in diameter, perithecial setae 5-6, slightly
curve, up to 65 µm long. Ascospores ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 40-44 x 10-17 µm.
Irenopsis trichiliae Hosag. & Riju, J.
Threatened Taxa 2(4): 824, 2010 (Image 38)
Materials examined: TBGT 5440, FMKMCC 32, 1.xi.2009, on leaves of Trichilia
connaroides (Wight & Arn.) Benth. (Meliaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 20–25x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, few unilateral,
antrorse, 19–30 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head
cells ovate, straight, entire, 8–12x11–12 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
mostly opposite, ampulliform, 18–23x5–7 µm. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
250µm in diameter, perithecial setae 5–6, slightly curve, up to 65 µm
long; ascospores ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 40-44x10-17 µm.
Irenopsis triumfettae (Stev.) Hansf. & Deight.
var. indica Hosag. & Abraham, J. Mycopathol. Res. 36: 98,
1998; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 174, 2008. (Image 39)
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 27–35x7–9 μm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, straight, 18–27 μm long;
stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 5–8 μm long; head cells globose,
ovate, few angulose and sublobate, entire, 13–16x10–14
μm. Phialides many, mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 19–24x7–8 μm. Perithecia grouped, globose, up to
110μm in diameter; perithecial setae up to 7 in numbers, straight, coiled
or curved at the apex, up to 50μm long; ascospores cylindrical to
ellipsoidal, 4-septate, brown, constricted at the septa,
38–40x13–14 μm.
Materials examined: HCIO 45798, TBGT 1547, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Triumfetta
sp. (Tiliaceae), Jodupal, , V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5436, FMKMCC 33,
29.xi.2009, T. rhomboidea L., Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5457,
FMKMCC 34, 10.xii.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMC Compound, Madikeri.
Genus Meliola
Meliola Fries emend. Bornet, Ann.
Sci. Nat. III: 16:
267, 1851.
Meliola Fries, Syst. Orb. Veg. P.,
111, 1825.
Amphitrichum Fries, Syst. Mycol. 2: 513,
1829 (p.p.)
Myxothecium Kuntze ex Fries, Syst.
Mycol. 3: 232,
1829.
Couturea Cast. in Fries, Summ. Veg.
Sand. P., 407,
1846.
Asteridium Sacc., Syll. Fung. 1: 49,
1882.
Mycelium superficial, brown,
septate, branched, appressoriate, mycelial setae present. Perithecia globose,
discrete, ± ostiolate; asci 2-4 spored, evanescent; ascospores brown, 3-4
septate.
Type: M. psidii Fries
Meliola psidii Fries is considered over the
earlier synonym M. trichostroma (Kuntze) Toro (Crane & Jones, 2001).
Meliola abrupta Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 181,
1917; Hansf., Sydowia Beih.2: 292, 1961; Hosag., Jacob Thomas & Agarwal,
Taprobanica 3(1): 42, 2011.
Meliola derridis Yates, Philippine J. Sci.
13: 368, 1918. (Image 40)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 36, 11.i.2011 On leaves of Derris sp. (Fabaceae),
Riverside, Hoddur, , C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, up to
4mm in diameter, thin. Hyphae substraight, branching mostly opposite, few
unilateral at wide angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 13–27x5–7 µm. Appressoria mostly opposite, few
alternate and unilateral, straight, antrorse to retrorse; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head cells globose, oblong, entire,
11–13x7–9 µm. Phialides
few, mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
15–20x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae many, simple, slightly curved, acute, few obtuse at the tip, up to
300µm. Perithecia scattered,
globose, up to 150µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, brown, 31–35x11–12 µm.
Meliola acanthacearum Hansf. var. occidentalis
Hansf., Sydowia 11: 50, 1957; Sydowia Beih.2: 681, 1961; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 218, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 120, 1996.
(Image 41)
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at acute angles,
closely reticulate, cells 11–21x8–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
straight to slightly curved, 19–27 µm long; stalk cells cuneate,
4–9 µm long; head cells cylindrical, few ovate, few attenuated at the
apex 15–17x7–9 µm. Phialides
few mixed with appressoria, unilateral, ampulliform, 16–20x4–6
µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 420µm long. Perithecia grouped, globose to ovate, up
to 140µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, brown,
constricted at the septa, 30–33x14–15 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 3400, HCIO 49145, 26.xi. 2008, on leaves of Acanthaceae
member, Madikari, V.B.Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 4109, HCIO 49957, 24.xi.2008,
Karikund Estate, Hoddur, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5368, FMKMCC 37, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Meliola alstoniae Koord., Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad.
Wetensch; Afd. Natuurk; Tweede sect. 13: 170, 1907; Hansf., Sydowia Beih 2:
556, 1961; Thite & Kulkarni, J. Shivaji Univ.(Sci.) 18: 211, 1978; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 218, 1990; 42: 129, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.
128, 1996.
Meliola alstonicola Hansf., Recueil I.N.E.A.C.
2:35, 1945. (Image 42)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 38, 14.i.2010, on leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
(Apocyanaceae), Sampaje Ghat, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
discrete, subdense, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching mostly opposite to few subopposite or
unilateral at wide to subacute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 21–27x5–7 µm.
Appressoria alternate, straight to slightly curved, antrorse to
retrorse, 15–20 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6 µm
long; head cells oblong, clavate, slightly curved, entire,
12–15x7–10 µm.
Phialides borne on separate mycelial branches, alternate to unilateral,
conoid to ampulliform, 15–18x7–9 µm. Mycelial setae few, simple, slightly
curved, acute, up to 390µm long.
Perithecia globose scattered to grouped, up to 140µm in diameter;
ascospores 4-septate, constricted at the septa, cylindrical to oblong,
elliptic, 32–34x12–14 µm.
Meliola altissimae Hoasg. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 42: 129, 1991; Hosag., Raghu & Pillai, Nova Hedwigia 58: 536,
1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 128, 1996. (Image 43).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 39, 5.xi.2009, on leaves of Vitex altissima L.
(Verbenaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter, more or less covering the surface of the leaf. Hyphae straight to slightly flexuous
branching alternate to opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
30–39x6–9 µm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, straight to curved 16–19 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate 3–5 µm long; head cells ovate globose,
entire, 10–13x12–15 µm.
Phialides alternate, mixed with appressoria, ampulliform,
17–25x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae mostly grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, obtuse at the apex,
up to 340µm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 120µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, obovoidal, 32–36x13–15 µm.
Meliola angiopteridis Hansf. var. indica Hosag. in
Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 219, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.
131, 1996. (Image 44)
Materials examined: BGT 3399, 5354, HCIO 49144; TBGT 5354, FMKMCC 40, 25.xi.2008, on
leaflets of Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoff. (Angiopteridaceae),
Bagamandala, Talacauveri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al T. C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, up to
5mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching irregular at subacute
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 20–25x4–6 µm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral, few
opposite, mostly antrorse, few retrorse, curved, 15–18 µm long; stalk
cells cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head cells ovate, few curved inwards, entire,
10–12x8–10 µm. Phialides
few, mixed with appressoria, cylindrical to ampulliform, 13–16x6–8
µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
simple, straight to slightly bent, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 600µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
globose, surrounded by mycelial setae up to 120µm diameter; ascospores
4-septate, ellipsoidal, constricted at the septa, 35–40x12–16 µm.
Meliola ardisiicola Hosag., Rajkumar & Jose,
Indian Phytopath. 57: 455, 2004; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 190, 2008.
(Image 45).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 41, 16.xi.2010, on leaves of Ardisia solanacea
Roxb. (Myrsinaceae), Mandalpatti, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, up to
4mm in diameter. Hyphae undulate to
flexuous, branching alternate to irregular, loosely reticulate, cells
13–15x6–7 μm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, few retrorse, 15–20 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 μm long; head cells mostly
ovate, clavate, few angular, curved, entire, 12–15x13–19
μm. Phialides few, mixed with
appressoria, unilateral to irregular, ampulliform, 15–20x6–8
μm. Mycelial setae few,
straight, obtuse at the apex, up to 300μm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped,
carbonaceous, margin fringed, up to 350μm in diameter; ascospores
4-septate, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, constricted, 40–43x14–16
μm.
Meliola artocarpi Yates, Phiippine J. Sci.12:
362, 1917; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 328, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 42:
130.1991; Hosag., Kaveriappa, Raghu & Goos, Mycotaxon 51: 111. 1994; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 133, 1996. (Image 46).
Materials examined: TBGT 3426, HCIO 49171, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Artocarpus
sp. (Moraceae), Bagamandala, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5349, FMKMCC 42,
25.xi.2008, A.integrifolius sensu Gamble, Bhagamandala, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 8mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching alternate at
subacute angles, closely reticulate, cells 25–35x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse, straight,
33-40 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate 9–14 µm long; head
cells ovoid, globose, entire to crenate, angulose 18–23x15–20
µm. Phialides alternate, mixed with
appressoria, ampulliform, 20–25x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, curved,
uncinate, simple, mostly obtuse, few acute, up to 300µm long. Perithecia grouped to scattered,
globose, up to 140µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 35–40x13–15 µm.
Meliola atalantiae Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37: 220, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 135, 1996. (Image 47)
Materials examined: TBGT 5473, FMKMCC 43, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Atalantia
monophylla (L.) DC. (Rutaceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, up to 7mm in
diameter. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching opposite at subacute
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 25–27x6–7 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight, antrorse or at right angles to hyphae, cylindrical, 16–19x7–8
μm; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–4 μm long; head cells
cylindrical to ovate rounded at the apex, entire to sublobate,
10–12x7–8 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform
18–20x6–10 μm.
Mycelial setae straight to slightly curved at the apex, simple, acute,
obtuse or forked at the tip, up to 670μm long. Perithecia scattered, up 120μm in
diam.; ascospores 4-septate, cylindrical to oblong, constricted at the septa,
34–40x10–15 μm.
Meliola atylosiae Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37: 220, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.135, 1996. (Image 48)
Materials examined: TBGT 5328, FMKMCC 44; TBGT 3421, HCIO 49166, 24.xi.2008, on
leaves of Atylosia lineata Wight & Arn. (Fabaceae), Vanachalu, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al; C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, slightly flexuous, branching opposite at acute to
subacute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 25–34x6–7.5
μm. Appressoria mostly
alternate to unilateral, few opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, few retrorse,
straight to curved, 15–20 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to
cylindrical, 4–7 μm long head cells ovate, few globose, bent like a
hook, entire, 1–13x9–12 μm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
opposite, ampulliform, 7–10x16–19 μm. Mycelial setae many, simple, acute at tip,
up to 300μm long. Perithecia
grouped, globose, up to 120μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, brown,
constricted at the septa, 4-septate, 42–45x14–16 μm.
Meliola bakeri Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 14: 335,
1916; Hansf., Sydowia Beih.2: 374, 1961; Hosag., Jacob Thomas & Agarwal,
Taprobanica 3(1): 42, 2011. (Image 49)
Materials examined: HCIO 49143, TBGT 3398, 6.xi.2008, on leaves of Vitaceae member,
V.B.Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5358, FMKMCC 45, 25.xi.2008, Cissus repens
Lam. (Vitaceae), Bhagamandala, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 46, 25.viii.2009,
Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5358, 26.xi.2008, Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
scattered, up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae dense, straight branching opposite at subacute angles, closely
reticulate, forms a thick mycelial mat. Cells 11–13x9–12 µm. appressoria mostly opposite, few
alternate, antrorse, straight to curved, 15–18 µm long; stalk cells
cuneate, 4–6 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, few lobate,
10–12x11–15 µm.
Phialides few, mixed with appressoria, ampulliform,
14–16x7–9 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, simple, scattered, straight to curved, acute at the tip, up to
580µm long. Perithecia grouped to
scattered, globose up to 130µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, cylindrical,
constricted at the septa, 33–40x15–17 µm.
Meliola buteae Hafiz, Azmatulla & Kafi,
Biologia 1: 112, 1955; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 291, 1961; Thite & Patil,
Kavaka 10: 29, 1982; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 223, 1990; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 148, 1996. (Image 50)
Materials examined: TBGT 5413, FMKMCC 47, 10.v.2009, on leaves of Butea monosperma
(Lam.) Taub. (Fabaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm diameter. Hyphae
substraight, flexuous, branching opposite at wide angles, closely to loosely
reticulate, cells 28–32x5–8.5 μm. Appressoria mostly alternate to
opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, few retrorse, straight to curved,
14–23 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 4–7 μm
long; head cells ovate, few globose, angulose, entire, 13–16x12–14
μm. Phialides many, mixed with
appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 16–22x7–9
μm. Mycelial setae numerous,
mostly grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute to obtuse, up to
550μm long. Perithecia globose,
grouped, up to 270μm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, cylindrical,
constricted at the septa, 39–42x15–17 μm.
Meliola butleri Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 9: 379,
1911; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 382, 1961; Srinivasalu, Nova Hedwigia Beih. 47:
423, 1974; Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 9: 375, 1987; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p.148, 1996. (Image 51)
Materials examined: HCIO 45667, TBGT 1414, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Citrus sp.
(Rutaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT 5387, FMKMCC 49 25.vii.2010,
Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5410, FMKMCC 50, 12.ix.2009, FMC campus
Madikeri, Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 48, 28.xii.2008, C. limon (L.) Burm.
f., Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at subacute to wide angles, closely
reticulate, cells 15–22x7–9 μm. Appressoria opposite to alternate (40%),
antrorse, straight to slightly curved, up to 11–26 μm long; stalk
cells cuneate to cylindrical, up to 2–6 μm; head cells ovate,
cylindrical, clavate, few curved, entire, rarely sublobate, up to
9–18x9–12 μm.
Phialides many, borne on separate mycelial branch, rarely mixed with
appressoria, mostly opposite to alternate, ampulliform, neck elongated,
7–20x4–7 μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, simple, straight, acute, obtuse to dentate, up
to 750μm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 230μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 43–45x16–18 μm.
Meliola canarii Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 2:550,
1914; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 399, 1961; Hosag., Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon
46: 204, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.150, 1996.
Meliola nigro-rufescens Sacc., Att. Acad. Ven.-
Trent. Istr. 10: 60, 1914. (Image 52)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 51, 23.ii.2011, on leaves of Canarium strictum
Roxb. (Bursaraceae), Mandrane Estate, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, thin to
velvety, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyhae flexuous to straight, branching mostly opposite to subopposite at
wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 30–45x5–8μm. Appressoria alternate, few unilateral,
straight, antrorse, 32–40 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate 5–11μm long; head cells angular, few ovate, tapered, entire,
23–26x5–8 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to each other or alternating
with appressoria, ampulliform, 15–24x5–7μm. Mycelial setae few, simple, straight,
acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 950μm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
130μm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
obovoidal to cylindrical, 40–44x16–18 μm.
Meliola canthii Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc.
London 157: 22, 1945; Sydowia Beih. 2: 604, 1961; Kapoor, Indian Phytopath. 20:
152, 1967; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 153, 1996. (Image 53)
Materials examined: HCIO 45733, TBGT 1482, 13.xi.2003, on leaves of Canthium
sp. (Rubiaceae), MPCA, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery, V.B. Hosagoudar et al;TBGT
5381, FMKMCC 52, 25.xi.2008, C. dicoccum (Garertn) Teijsm. & Binn.,
Galibeedu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense
up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite to alternate or irregular at acute
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 19–29x6–9 μm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, antrorse, 22–33 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2–11 μm long; head cells cylindrical to clavate, entire to
angulose,15–19x12–17 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, ampulliform, 21–27x7–11
μm. Mycelial setae scattered
to grouped around perithecia, simple straight, acute, up to 410μm
long. Perithecia scattered up to
70μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, constricted,
40–47x13–17 μm.
Meliola canthii-angustifolii Hosag., Meliolales of India,
P. 153, 1996. (Image 54).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 53, 16.xi.2010, on leaves of Canthium coromandelicum
(Burm. f.), (Rubiaceae), Mandalpatti, November 16, 2010, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dark
carbonaceous, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to substraight or slightly flexuous, branching mostly
opposite, few alternate at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
19–35x5–8 µm.
Appressoria alternately arranged, few unilateral, antrorse, retrorse,
27–30 µm long ; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate 8–11 µm long;
head cells ovate, oblong, few slightly reflexed,18–23x14–17
µm. Phialides borne on separate
mycelial branches alternate to opposite, few unilateral, ampulliform,
15–19x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, simple, straight, slightly curved, acute or obtuse at the tip,
up to 600µm long. Perithecia
scattered to grouped, globose, and surrounded by mycelial setae, up to 250µm in
diameter; ascospores obovoidal 4-septate, constricted at the septa, brown,
44–52x17–20 µm.
Meliola capensis (Kalch. & Cooke) Theiss.
var. malayensis Hansf., Sydowia 10:67, 1951; Sydowia Beih. 2:
439, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 224, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p.156, 1996. (Image 55)
Materials examined: HCIO 45628, TBGT 1371, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Nephelium
longan (Lam.) Camb. (Sapindaceae), Abbe Falls, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO
45781, TBGT 1530, 11.xi.2003, Nephelium sp., Abbe Falls, V.B. Hosagoudar
et al.; TBGT 5351, FMKMCC 54, 25.xi.2008, Dimocarpus longan Lour. (Sapindaceae),
Cherambane, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5365, FMKMCC 55, 25.xi.2008,
Bhagamandala, Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 13–20x5-7 µm. Appressoria opposite, antrorse, straight,
15–20 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 2–4 µm long; head cells ovate,
entire, attenuated at the apex, 11–15x5–8 µm. Phialides many, mixed with appressoria,
opposite, few unilateral, ampulliform, 18–23x5–7.5 µm. Mycelial setae many, grouped around perithecia,
simple, straight, few curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 900µm long.
Perithecia scattered to grouped, globose, up to 240µm in diameter; ascospores
cylindrical, constricted at the septa, 4-septate, 30–36x10–15 µm.
The Meliola species
recorded on the members of Sapindaceae with cylindrical-clavate or more or less
conoid head cells have been treated as the varieties of Meliola capensis
(Kalch & Cooke.) Theiss.
Hansford (1961) stated that each variety of this species is limited in
its occurrence to a single host species or genus.
Meliola capensis (Kalch. & Cooke)
Theiss.var. schleicherae Hosag. & Pillai in Hosag., Raghu
& Pillai, Nova Hedwigia 58: 583, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.157,
1996. (Image 56)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 56, 14.i.2010, on leaves of Schleichera oleosa
(Lour.) Oken (Sapindaceae), Payashwini River bank, Sampaje Ghat, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
subdense, velvety, up to 9 mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching mostly opposite to few unilateral at wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 9–20x6 µm. Appressoria opposite, few alternate,
straight, antrorse, few retrorse, 10–16 µm long; stalk cells short,
cylindrical to cuneate, 1.5–3 µm long; head cells obovate, slightly
recurved, few attenuating towards apex, rarely sublobate, entire
8–10x5–6 µm. Phialides
many, ampulliform, mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral,
15–17x6–7 µm. Mycelial
setae many, straight, few curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 630µm
long. Perihelia scattered, globose,
margin crenate, up to 170µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, constricted,
oblong to elliptic, brown, 29–32x11–14 µm.
Meliola careyae (Stev.) Hosag. var. indica
Hosag., Persoonia 18: 3, 2003; Hosag., Meliolales of India. vol. 2: 211, 2008;
Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic Studies of Meliolales. Identification Manual,
p. 152, 2008. (Image 57).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 57, 31.i.2010, on leaves of Careya arborea Roxb.
(Lecythidaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up
to 6mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous
branched opposite at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells
15–25x6–7 µm.
Appressoria mostly opposite, few unilateral and alternate, straight,
antrorse 11–15x7–19 µm; head cells globose few slightly angulose,
cylindrical, entire 12–14x7–10 µm; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 3–5 µm long.
Phialides few usually on separate branches, few are seen mixed with
appressoria, opposite to each other, ampulliform, 15–20x7–9
µm. Mycelial setae simple straight
or slightly curved, acute, obtuse, up to 350µm long. Perithecia globose, surrounded by
radiating mycelia, up to 75µm in diameter; ascospores brown, cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa 45–49x13–15 µm.
Meliola cariappae Hosag., Jagath. &
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 5: 4023, 2013. (Image 58)
Colonies amphigenous,
subdense, up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching opposite, few unilateral at
mostly wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 15–26x5–7
µm. Appressoria closely packed,
mostly alternate, straight, recurved, antrorse, retrorse, 25–33 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5-12 µm long; head cells sublobate,
clavate, oblong, crooked, 15–21x8–20 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to unilateral, ampulliform to conoid, 25–30x5.5–6 µm. Mycelial setae simple, carbonaceous,
slightly curved, acute to obtuse, up to 540µm long. Perithecia few, scattered, globose, up
to 230µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, cylindrical to elliptical, brown,
constricted, 40–44x15–17 µm.
Materials
examined: TBGT 5824 (holotype), FMKMCC 58 (isotype), 13.ii.2010, on leaves
of Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae), Sampaje Ghat, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Meliola carissae Doidge var. indica
Hansf., Sydowia 10: 67, 1957; Sydowia Beih. 2: 558, 1961; Hosag. Nova Hedwigia
47: 539, 1988; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.159, 1996. (Image 59).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 59, 11.i.2011, on leaves of Carissa carandas L.
(Apocyanaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, up to
2mm in diameter, confluent, dense.
Hyphae substraight to straight, branching opposite at subacute angles,
closely reticulate, cells 15–20x10–12 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight,
antrorse, 22–25 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–10
µm long; head cells oblong, angular, lobed, 15–17 x10–12 µm. Phialides on separate mycelial branches,
alternate, few unilateral, ampulliform, 15–20x5–7 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, simple acute to obtuse, found around perithecia, up to 340µm
long. Perithecia globose, dark, up
to 110µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, oblong to elliptical, constricted
at the septum, 36–40x15–17 µm.
Meliola cauveriana sp. nov.
V.B. Hosagoudar, B. Divya & C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
(Fig. 13) (urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:807143)
Materials examined: TBGT 6562 (holotype),
16.xi.2010, on leaves of Syzygium mundagam (Myrtaceae), Medikeri,
C.Jagath Thimmiah.
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
scattered, spreading, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching alternate to
opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
25–35x6–7 µm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, 20–27 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 7–10 µm long; head cells ovate,
entire, 12–17x10–12 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
20–27x3–5 µm. Mycelial
setae simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 760µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 120µm in
diameter; ascospores obovoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted
at the septa, 40–50x15–20 µm.
Based on the digital formula,
this species is similar to Meliola rangamothi Hansf. known on Eugenia
sp. from Karnataka. However,
differs from it in having longer appressoria with ovate head cells in contrast
to oblong (Hansford, 1961).
Meliola chandrashekaranii Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37:225, 1990; 42:133,
1991, Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.
164, 1996. (Image 60).
Materials examined: HCIO 45725, TBGT 1474; HCIO 45726, TBGT 1475, 13.xi.2003, on
leaves of Nothopodytes nimmoniana (Graham) Mabberley (Icacinaceae),
MPCA, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT 5324, FMKMCC 60, 23.xi.2008,
Vanachalu; TBGT 5325, FMKMCC 61, 23.xi.2008, FMC Compound; TBGT 5345, FMKMCC
62, 24.xi.2008, Talacauvery, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; HCIO 45635, TBGT 1379; HCIO
45809, TBGT 1559, 12.xi.2003, Apodytes sp. (Icacinaceae), Abbe Falls,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45641, TBGT 1387, 13.xi.2003, MPCA, Talacauvery,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45791, TBGT 1540, 11.xi.2003, Nishane motta, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45792, TBGT 1541, 11.xi.2003, Abbe Falls, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies hypophyllous,
subdense up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, flexuous, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 25–35x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, opposite, (few
unilateral), antrorse, straight to curved 20–24 µm long; stalk cells
cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head cells globose, ovate, sublobate, rarely
entire, 10–12x12–14 µm.
Phialides borne on separate branches, few mixed with appressoria
opposite 10–17x4–6 µm.
Mycelial setae numerous, straight, acute, up to 350µm long. Perithecia loosely scattered, up to
200µm in diameter; ascospores ellipsoidal to oblong, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 35–42x10–12 µm.
Meliola chukrasiae Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 166,1996. (Image 61)
Colonies amphigenous, well scattered, up
to 7mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight,
flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at acute to subacute angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 28–35x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, 14–24 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7µm long; head cells ovate, few cylindrical,
rarely angulose, entire, 9–12x7–10 µm. Phialides many, mixed with appressoria,
opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, neck elongated, 18–25x6–7.5
µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
grouped on mycelia, simple, straight, obtuse to dentate at the tip, up to 280µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 180µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 42–46x14–16 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5430, FMKMCC 63, 17.x.2009, on leaves of Chukrasia
tabularis A. Juss. (Meliaceae), Akare, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT
5469, FMKMCC 64, 4.xii.2009, Devarakadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
This species is close to Meliola
nairii Hosag. & Meliola togonensis Hughes var. angulata
but differs from both in having entire, rounded head cells and straight to
curved mycelial setae.
Meliola citricola Sydow & Sydow, Ann.
Mycol. 15: 183, 1917; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 246, 1961; Kar & Maity,
Norw. J. Bot. 19: 246, 1972; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 246, 1990; 42:
133, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 167, 1996. (Image 62)
Colonies amphigenous, dense, up to 7mm in
diameter. Hyphae straight to
substraight, branching opposite to subopposite, few alternate at subacute to
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–25x6.5–8
µm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, antrorse, straight to curved, few reflexed, 15–24 µm long;
stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 3–8 µm long; head cells ovate,
angulose, curved inwards, entire, 13-17x7-10 µm. Phialides many, mixed with
appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform to cylindrical,
12–22x5–8.5 µm.
Mycelial setae numerous, grouped to scattered, straight to slightly
curved, simple, acute to obtuse, forked at the tip, up to 670µm long. Perithecia grouped, globose, surrounded
by mycelial setae, up to 70µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, oblong,
constricted at the septa, brown, 33–35x16–17 µm.
Materials examined: HCIO 45667, TBGT 1414, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Citrus sp.
(Rutaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5371, FMKMCC 65, 26.xi.2008, C.
maxima (Burm.f.) Merr., Madikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5404, FMKMCC
66, 29.viii.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5410, FMKMCC 67,
12.ix.2009, FMC Campus, Madikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5456, FMKMCC 68,
2.xii.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
This species was associated
with Meliola butleri.
Meliola clavulata Wint., Hedwigia 25: 98,
1886; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 650, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 226,
1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 168–69, 1996. (Image 63)
Materials examined: TBGT 5400, FMKMCC 69, 9.i.2010, on leaves of Ipomea palmata
Forsk. (Convolvulaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5428, FMKMCC 70,
11.x.2009, Ipomea sp., Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae
flexuous, branching alternate at subacute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
18–30x5–7 μm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral (50%), antrorse to subantrorse,
straight, up to 11–22 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
up to 1–7 μm long; head cells globose, mostly entire, few angulose,
truncate, up to 11–16x10–14 μm. Phialides many, borne on separate
mycelial branch, mostly unilateral to opposite, rarely alternate, ampulliform,
neck elongate, up to 16–20x4–7.5 μm. Mycelial setae many, few grouped around
perithecia, remaining present on mycelia, simple, uncinate, acute to obtuse
tip, up to 300μm. Perithecia
scattered, globose, verrucose, up to 150μm in diameter; ascospores
ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 30–38x12–15
μm.
Meliola clerodendricola Henn., Hedwigia 37:288,
1895; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 694, 1991; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 226.
1990; Hosag., Kaveriappa, Raghu & Goos, Mycotaxon 51: 111. 1994; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 169, 1996. (Image 64).
Materials examined: HCIO 45652, TBGT 1398, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Clerodendrun
viscosum Vent (Verbenaceae), Abbe falls, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5342,
FMKMCC 71, 24.xi.2008, Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5427, FMKMCC 72,
11.x.2009 Hoddur, Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, flexuous, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 10–12x1.5–3μm. Appressoria alternate, straight, antrorse,
5–7 μm long; stalk cells cuneate, 1–3 μm long; head cells
ovate to globose, entire, 8–10x10–12 μm. Phialides many mixed with appressoria
opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 15–17x6–8μm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple,
straight, acute at the tip, up to 270μm long. Perithecia grouped to
scattered, globose, up to 175μm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate,
cylindrical, constricted at the septa, 35–40x11–14 μm.
Meliola clerodendricola Henn. var. micromera (Sydow
& Sydow) Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 694, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon
37: 227, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 170, 1996. (Image 65).
Materials examined: TBGT 5385, FMKMCC 73, 27.xii.2008, on leaves of Gmelina
aroborea Roxb. (Verbenaceae), FMKMCC 74, 29.xii.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 18–33x4–7μm. Appressoria mostly alternate to
unilateral (10%), antrorse to subantrorse, straight, up to 13–21 μm
long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, up to 2.5–6.5 μm; head
cells ovate to globose, entire, broadly rounded at the apex, few angulose,
rarely sublobate, up to 11–13x7–13μm. Phialides numerous, mostly borne on
separate mycelial branch, few mixed with appressoria, opposite to subopposite,
few unilateral, ampulliform, neck elongated, 13–19x3–6
μm. Mycelial setae many,
scattered, few setae grouped around perithecia, simple, straight to slightly
curved, obtuse at the tip, up to 320μm long. Perithecia grouped to
scattered, globose, up to 130μm diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 31–37x12–15 μm.
Meliola coorgiana sp. nov.
Hosag. B. Divya & Jagath.
(Fig. 14) (urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:807144)
Materials examined: TBGT 6558 (holotype), 11.xi.2010, on leaves of Rubiaceae member,
Medikari, C.Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
subdense, scattered, spreading, up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite to rarely irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 25–32x5–6 µm. Appressoria alternate to opposite(10%),
straight to curved, mostly antrorse, often closely subantrorse to retrose,15–20
µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7 µm long; head cells
ovate to oblong to cylindrical, straight to curved, entire,
10–12x5–7 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform,
22–27x5–7 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 840µm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to 150µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
slightly constricted at septa, 40–45x15–17µm.
Based on the digital formula
3113.4223, it is similar to Meliola mitragynes Sydow as Meliola aliberatiae
Stev. but differs from both in having oval to oblong and straight to curved
head cells of appressoria (Hansford, 1961).
Meliola cycleae Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37: 228, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 176, 1996. (Image 66)
Materials
examined: TBGT 5426, FMKMCC 75, 27.xi.2009, on leaves of Cyclea peltata
Cooke (Menispermaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 4 mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, slightly
flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 27-33x6.5-8.5 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, straight, 18-31 µm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 5-15 µm
long; head cells ovate, globose, few cylindrical, few attenuated at the apex,
rarely angulose, entire, 13-15x12-14 µm. Phialides many, borne on separate
mycelial branch, mostly unilateral, few alternate, ampulliform, 16-21x4-6.5 µm.
Mycelial setae numerous, grouped to scattered grouped around perithecia,
simple, straight, obtuse to acute at the tip, up to 450 µm long. Perithecia
grouped, globose, verrucose, up to 170 µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical
to oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 34-38x14-16 µm.
Meliola dichotoma Berk. & Curt. var. kusanoi
var. kusanoi
(Henn.) Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 484, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.
180, 1996. (Image 67)
Materials examined: TBGT 5337, FMKMCC 76, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Schefflera
venulosa (Wight &Arn.) Harms (Araliaceae), Vanachalu, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 7mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at subacute
angles, closely reticulates. Cells
18–20x5–7 μm.
Appressoria opposite, alternate, few unilateral, antrorse, few curved,
few retrorse, entire, 15–29 μm long; stalk cells cuneate 3–5
μm long; head cells ovate to globose, entire, 10–12x8–10
μm. Phialides few opposite,
cylindrical 17–26x7–9 μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, grouped around perithecia, branched
dichotomously, few straight, 170μm long from base to 1st branch, up to
130μm long from 1st branch to 2nd branch & up to 40μm long 2nd
final branch, tip acute, all branch lets spreading. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
140μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, brown, 38–45x13–18 μm.
Meliola diospyri Sydow & Sydow in Sydow
& Butler, Ann. Mycol. 9: 281, 1991; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 498, 1961;
Thite & Kulakarni, j. Shivaji Univ. (Sci.) 6:162, 1973; Srinivasulu, Nova
Hedwigia Beih. 47: 426, 1974; Maity, Indian J. Mycol. Res. 16: 25, 1975; Hosag.
& Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 230, 1990; Hosag., Siddappa & Udaiyan, Nova
Hedwigia 56: 197, 1993; Hosag., Raghu & Pillai, Nova Hedwigia 58:438, 1993;
Hosag. Meliolales of India, p. 181, 1996. (Image 68)
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
hypophyllous, subdense to dense, up to 5 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to slightly undulate,
branching opposite at wide to acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
20-36x6-10 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 40% opposite, antrorse, spreading,
18-26 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4-8 µm long; head cells
ovate, versiform, entire, rarely angular, 14-18x8-10 µm. Phialides numerous,
mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 20-28x8-10 µm.
Mycelial setae scattered, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
774 µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped, up to 200 µm in diam.; ascospores
obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 42-50x16-18 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT, FMKMCC 77, 14.i.2010, on leaves of Diospyros bourdillonii
Brandis (Ebenaceae), Sampaje Ghat, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Meliola elaeagni Hansf. & Thirum.,
Farlowia 3: 292, 1948; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 369, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales
of India, p. 187, 1996. (Image 69)
Materials examined: TBGT 5474, FMKMCC 78, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Elaeagnus
latifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, up to 8mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching opposite at wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 23–30x5–7 μm. Appressoria mostly alternate, few
unilateral, antrorse, retrorse, straight to slightly curved
12–18x10–12 μm; head cells ovate globose, few clavate and
oblong, entire, angular, 10–13 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical few
cuneate, 4–5 μm long.
Phialides few ampulliform, mixed with the appressoria
11–17x5–7 μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, simple, slightly curved, scattered all over the
colony, acute, up to 600 μm long. Perithecia globose surrounded by
radiating hyphae, up to 150μm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate,
cylindrical, constricted at the septa, 32–37x13–15 μm.
Meliola ervatamiae Hosag., Sydowia 40: 115,
1987; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 188, 1996. (Image 70)
Materials examined: TBGT 5355, FMKMCC 79, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Tabernaemontana
heyneana Wall. (Apocyanaceae), Bhagamandala, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
discrete up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 17–20x12–14 µm. Appressoria alternate, few unilateral,
antrorse, straight, few curved inwards, 22–35 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 5–9 µm long; head cells ovate, entire, few lobate
& angulose. Phialides many,
mixed with appressoria opposite to unilateral, ampulliform,
15–17x3.5–6.5 µm.
Mycelial setae few, straight, simple, acute to obtuse, up to 250µm
long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose,
globose, up to 195µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, slightly obovoidal to
cylindrical, slightly constricted at the septa, 34–39x13–16 µm.
Meliola erythropali Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37: 323, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 190, 1996. (Image 71)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 80, 9.i.2010, on leaves of Erythropalum populifolium (Arn.)
Mast. (Erythropalaceae), Tadiandamol, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
thick, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, closely
reticulate, cells 27–35x5–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 20%
unilateral, straight, antrorse and retrorse, 14–20 µm long; head cells
cylindrical, obovate, few slightly curved, entire, 12–16x9–11 µm;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate 5–7 µm long. Phialides few on separate branches,
opposite, ampulliform 15–20x5–7 µm. Mycelial setae many simple,
carboniferous, acute up to 250µm long.
Perithecia globose, scattered, surrounded by radiating hyphae, up to
100µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, brown, cylindrical, constricted at the
septa, 35–40x12–14 µm.
Meliola garciniae Yates, Philippine J. Sci.
13:369, 1918; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 167, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 201, 1996. (Image 72)
Materials examined: TBGT 5389, FMKMCC 81, 25.ii.2009, on leaves of Garcinia
gummigutta (L.) Robs. (Clusiaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense, up to 7mm
in diameter. Hyphae substraight,
branching opposite at subacute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 23–30x6–9 μm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral (40%), antrorse, straight to
slightly curved, up to 17–25μm long; stalk cells cuneate to
cylindrical, up to 4–8 μm; head cells ovate, cylindrical, rarely
globose, entire, angulose, up to 11–20x9–11 μm. Phialides many, mixed with appressoria,
mostly opposite to alternate, few unilateral, ampulliform, neck elongated,
21–27x5–7 μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, present on mycelia, simple, straight to
slightly curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 750μm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 110μm diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 44–48x17–20 μm.
This species was found
associated with Asterina clusiacearum and Lembosia garciniae.
Meliola gemellipoda Doidge, Bothalia 1:80, 1920;
Stev., Ann.Mycol.26:229, 1928; Hansf., Sydowia Beih.2:530, 1961; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 37:232.1990, Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 204, 1996. (Image
73).
Materials examined: HCIO 45631, TBGT 1375; HCIO 45780, TBGT 1529; HCIO 45796, TBGT
1545; HCIO 45645, TBGT 1391, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Jasminum sp.
(Oleaceae), Nishane motta, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5333, FMKMCC
82; TBGT 5340, FMKMCC 83, 24.xi.2008, J. malabaricum Wight, Vanachalu,
C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5379, FMKMCC 84, 26.xi.2008, TBGT 5384, FMKMCC 85, 28.xii.2008,
Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to slightly undulate,
branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
9–20x5–7μm.
Appressoria opposite, few unilateral, straight, antrorse, 15–21
μm long; stalk cells cuneate, few cylindrical, 4–8 μm long;
head cells globose to ovate, entire, 10–13x7–9μm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 20–28x7–9 μm. Mycelial setae scattered and grouped
around perithecia, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
570μm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 105μm in diameter; ascospores ovate to obovoidal,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 40–48x13–19 μm.
This species was found associated
with Asterina erysiphoides.
Meliola geniculata Sydow & Butler, Ann.
Mycol. 9: 381, 1991; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 463, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p. 205, 1996. (Image 74)
Materials examined: FMKMC 86, 14.i.2010, on leaves of Lannea coromandelica
(Houtt.) Merr. (Odina wodier Roxb.) (Anacardiaceae), Sampaje Ghat, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
confluent. Hyphae substraight,
branching opposite, few alternate at subacute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 19–27x6–8 µm. Appressoria distantly placed, alternate,
about 10% unilateral, straight antrorse, 15–21 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6 µm long; head cells oblong, clavate, slightly
curved, entire, 13–16x8–9 µm.
Phialides numerous on separate mycelial branches, few mixed with
appressoria, opposite, unilateral or subopposite, 18–24x5–7
µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
simple, curved or straight, surrounding perihelia, forked, dentate up to five
times, obtuse, up to 320µm long. Perihelia scattered to grouped, globose, up to
220µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, cylindrical, oblong, constricted,
40–42x13–16 µm.
Meliola gliricidiicola Hosag. & Agarwal, Indian
Phytopath. 56: 103, 2003; Hosag. & Agarwal, Taxonomic Studies of
Meliolales. Identification manual, p. 178, 2008. (Image 75)
Materials examined: TBGT 5431, FMKMCC 87, 17.x.2009, on leaves of Gliricidia
sepium (Jacq.) Walp. (Fabaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at wide
angles, loosely reticulates, cells 21-30x6-7.5 µm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, few opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, retrorse, 12-17 µm long;
stalk cells cuneate, 2-4 µm long; head cells ovate, slightly curved, angulose, entire,
10-13x10-12 µm. Phialides many mixed with appressoria, mostly unilateral to
opposite, ampulliform, neck elongated 16-20x8-9 µm. Mycelial setae numerous,
grouped around perithecia, simple, straight to curved, acute to obtuse at the
tip, up to 260 µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 160 µm in
diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, constricted, 35-38x13-16 µm.
Meliola gneti Hansf., Reinwardtia 3: 85,
1954; Sydowia Beih. 2: 751, 1961; Thite & Kulkarni, J.Shivaji Univ. (Sci.)
18: 211, 1978; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 36: 236, 1989; 42:126, 1991;
Hosag., Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 234, 1990; 42: 135, 1991; Hosag., Meliolales
of India, p. 207, 1996. (Image 76)
Materials examined: HCIO 45688, TBGT 1435; HCIO 45737, TBGT 1486, 13.xi.2003, on
leaves of Gnetum ula Brongn. (Gnetaceae), MPCA, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5335, FMKMCC 88, 24.xi.2008, Vanachalu, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, rarely confluent, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite
at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 20–24x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
straight, 20–23μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
4–9 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, slightly angulose, entire,
19–23 μm long. Phialides
many mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
20–23x4–7 μm.
Mycelial setae scattered, simple, straight, tip acute or bent to curved,
up to 330μm long. Perithecia globose, few, surrounded by mycelial setae,
up to 150μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at
the septa, 39–49x14–22 μm.
Meliola goosii Hosag., Crypt. Bot. 2/ 3:
186, 1991; Hosag., Abraham & Pushpangadan, The Meliolineae-A Supplement, p.
122, 1997. (image 77)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 89, 26.i.2010, on leaves of Viburnum punctatum
Buch.-Ham. (Caprifoliaceae), Mandrane, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous, branching alternate at wide angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 25–28x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate and unilateral,
straight, antrorse, distantly placed 25–29 µm long; head cells ovate,
clavate, irregularly lobed, 15–20x12–17 µm; stalk cells mostly
cylindrical, few cuneate, 5–10 µm long. Phialides few borne on separate branch,
unilateral, few alternate, ampulliform 20-–28x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae carboniferous, straight
or slightly curved, acute, up to 700µm long. Perithecia globose scattered, up to 125µm
in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, brown, cylindrical, constricted at the
septa, 45–55x15–20 µm.
Meliola goniothalamigena Hosag. & Jagath., Plant
Pathology & Quarantine 3: 6, 2013 (Fig. 15)
Materials examined: TBGT 6240 (holotype), 8.i.2010. On leaves of Goniothalamus
cardiopetalus (Dalz.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Annonaceae), Medikari, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, subdense,
scattered, up to 1mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite, rarely
alternate at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
20–27×5–8 µm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, straight
to rarely curved, 22–27 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
5–7 µm long; head cells ovate to oblong, often attenuated to truncate the
tip, entire, 15–20×7–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 17–27×6–7 µm. Mycelial setae densely scattered,
dichotomously and irregularly furcated, branchlets recurved, acute to dentate
at the tip, up to 270µm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to 160 µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to
cylindrical, 4-septate, slightly constricted at septa, 40–45×17–20
µm.
Meliola gouaniicola Hosag. & Robin,
Bioscience Discovery 2(2): 266, 2011. (Image 78)
Materials examined: TBGT 5327, FMKMCC 90, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Gouania
microcarpa DC. (Rhamnaceae), Vanachalu, November 24, 2008, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies dense up to 6mm in
diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching
opposite at subacute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
30–38x7–10 μm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, straight
to curved, up to 14–26 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical,
up to 4–6.5 μm long; head cells ovate, angulose, entire, up to
13–18x11–13 μm.
Phialides few, borne on separate mycelial branch, opposite to alternate,
ampulliform, neck elongated, up to 15–22x5–8 μm. Mycelial setae many, scattered, straight
to curved, simple, acute at the tip, up to 620μm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 250μm diameter, surrounded by perithecial setae,
straight to curved tip. Ascospores
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, up to 42–45x11–15
μm.
Meliola groteana Sydow & Sydow, Ann.
Mycol. 11: 402, 1913; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 511, 1961; Thite & Patil,
Kavaka 10: 30, 1982; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 234, 1990; 42: 135, 1991;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 211, 1996.
Meliola maesae Rehm, Philippine J. Sci. 8:
392, 1913. (Fig. 16).
Material examined: HCIO 45730, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Maesa indica (Roxb.)
DC. (Myrsinaceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45668, TBGT 1415,
14.xi.2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45739, TBGT 1488, 12.xi.2003 Jodupal,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent, corresponding upper surface
of the leaf turned yellowish brown.
Hyphae straight to slightly crooked, branching opposite at wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 10–28x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 10%
opposite, antrorse, spreading, 10–15 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–5 µm long; head cells globose, slightly angular, entire,
8–10x8–12 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
10–16x8–10 µm. Mycelial
setae fairly numerous, straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to 302µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 200µm in diam.; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, constricted,
40–44x12–16 µm.
Meliola groteana Sydow var. maesae
Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 486, 2005; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India 2: 257, 2008. (Image 79)
Materials examined: TBGT5476, FMKMCC 91, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Maesa indica
(Roxb.) (Myrsinaceae), Devara kadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5459,
FMKMCC 92 , 22.xi.2009, Mallamatti, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent.
Hyphae straight to slightly crooked, branching opposite at wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 10–28x6–8 μm. Appressoria alternate, few branches
opposite, antrorse, 10–15 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–5 μm long; head cells globose, slightly angular, entire,
8–10x8–12 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
10–16x8–10 μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, straight, simple, acute at the apex, up to 300
μm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 200μm in diameter;
ascospores oblong, 4-sptate, constricted at the septa, 40–44x12–16
μm.
Meliola gymnemae Jana, Ghosh & Das, Indian
Phytopath. 58: 444, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 259, 2008. (Image 80).
Materials
examined: TBGT 5405, FMKMCC 93, 22.viii.2009, on leaves of Gymnema sylvestre
(Retz.) R.Br. ex Schult. (Asclepiadaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies, dense up to 4mm in
diameter. Hyphae substraight,
flexuous, branching opposite at subacute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 17–23X7–10 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral
(few), antrorse, straight to curved, up to 16–32 μm long; stalk
cells cuneate to cylindrical, up to 4–10 μm long; head cells ovate,
entire, angulose, up to 14–18x7–10 μm. Phialides many, borne on a separate
mycelial branch, mostly opposite, few unilateral, ampulliform,
15–19x7–9 μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, scattered, simple, straight, acute at the tip,
up to 300μm long. Perithecia
grouped to scattered, globose, up to 150μm diameter; ascospores
cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
30–35x14–17 μm.
Meliola holigarnae Stev., Mem. Dept. Agric.
India, Bot. Ser. 15: 108, 1928; HANSF., Sydowia Beih. 2: 468, 1961; Thite &
Kulkarni, J. Shivaji Univ. (Sci.) 6: 162, 1973; Hosag., J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 7:
45, 1985; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 234, 1990; 42: 135, 1991; Hosag.,
Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon 46: 204, 1993; Hosag., Raghu & Pillai, Nova
Hedwigia 58: 529, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 217, 1996. (Fig. 17;
Images 80a,b).
Material examined: HCIO 45623, TBGT 1366, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Holigarna
sp. (Anacardiaceae), Nishane motta, November 12, 2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.;
HCIO 45712, TBGT 1461, 12.xi.2003, Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
velvety, up to 10mm in diam., confluent.
Hyphae strongly appressed to the host surface, crooked, branching
alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate and forming
almost solid mycelial mat, cells 38–56x6–8 µm. Appressoria scattered, alternate to
unilateral, antrorse to reflexed, curved variously, 26–50 µm long; stalk
cells cylindrical, flexuous, usually elongated, usually 8–22 µm long;
head cells ovate, versiform, angulose, entire to lobate, straight to curved,
18–22x14–18 µm.
Phialides few, mixed with appressoria, conoid to ampulliform,
12–26x4–8 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, straight, flexuous, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to
810µm long. Perithecia scattered,
verrucose, up to 270µm in diam.; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate,
constricted, middle cell largest, 64–74x24–30 µm.
Meliola jasmini Hansf. & Stev., J. Linn.
Soc. London 51: 273, 1937; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 535, 1961; Hosag., Indian
J. Bot. 11: 185, 1988; Hosag. & Raghu, New Botanist 20: 70, 1993; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 226, 1996. (Image 81)
Materials
examined: HCIO 45645, TBGT 1391; HCIO 45660, TBGT 1406; MPCA, 11.xi.2003,
on leaves of Jasminum sp. (Oleaceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.; Brahmagiri, Talacauvery, HCIO 45674, TBGT 1421, 11.xi.2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5382, FMKMCC 94,
20.xii.2008, Mandrane, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5421, FMKMCC 95
18.xi.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
subdense, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 25–30x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, few retrorse, straight to curved, 18–25 μm long; head
cells ovate, globose, oblong, broadly rounded at the apex, entire, few curved
inwards, angulose, rarely sublobate, 15–18x8–10 μm. Phialides many borne on separate
mycelial branch, opposite to subopposite, unilateral, ampulliform,
19–25x4–5.5 μm.
Mycelial setae many, scattered, simple, straight, slightly curved,
mostly acute, few obtuse, up to 380μm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
90μm in diameter, margin verrucose.
Ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
34–40x13–15 μm.
Colonies were associated with
M. gemellipoda Doidge, Asterina erysiphoides Kalch. & Cooke
Meliola jasminicola Henn. var. indica Kapoor,
Indian Phytopathol. 20: 156, 1967; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 236, 1990;
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 226, 1996. (Image 82).
Materials examined: BGT 5448, FMKMCC 96, 23.xi.2009, 31.i.2010, on leaves of Jasminum
angustifloium (L.) Willd. var. angustifolium Hook. (Oleaceae), Field
Marshal Cariappa College Campus, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah T; FMKMCC 97,
14.i.2010 J. auriculatum Vahl, Sampaje Ghat, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite at subacute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 22–30x5–8.5μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
subantrorse, few retrorse, 15–24 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to
cylindrical, 3–6μm long; head cells ovate few cylindrical, angulose,
entire, 11–19x8–11μm.
Phialides few mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral,
ampulliform,18–26x5–8μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, simple straight to curved, acute to obtuse, up
to 310μm long. Perithecia
grouped to scattered, globose, up to 120μm in diameter; ascospores
4-septate, cylindrical to oblong, constricted at the septa,
40–45x18–22 μm.
Meliola kanniyakumariana Hosag. var. brahmagiriense
Hosag., Agarwal, H. Biju & Archana, Indian Phytopath. 59: 347,
2006; Hosag., Meliolaes of India 2: 274, 2008. (Image 83).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 98, 16.x.2010 on leaves of Knoxia sumatrensis
(Retz.) DC. (Rubiaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 21–31x5–6 µm. Appressoria mostly alternate few
unilateral, antrorse; stalk cells cuneate, 5–9 µm long; head cells
globose, slightly lobed, rhomboid, entire, 11–15x10–12 µm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
opposite, ampulliform, 15–18x6–7 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple, uncinate,
obtuse at the tip, up to 250µm long.
Perithecia scattered to grouped, globose, dark, surrounded by mycelial
setae, margin crenulate, up to 150µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, brown, 33–37x13–15 µm.
Meliola kapoorii Hosag. & Raghu in Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 229, 1996.
Meliola pandani Sawada & Yamamoto in
Sawada, Spec. Publ. coll.Agric. Nat. Taiwan univ. 8:35, 1959 (non, Sydow,
1928).
M. juttingi sensu Nair, Curr.
Sci.19:527, 1971 (non, Hansf., 1954). (Image 84)
Materials examined: TBGT 5342, FMKMCC 99, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Pandanus
thwaitesii Bull. (Pandanaceae), K. Nidugane, Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 8mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, branching subopposite at subacute angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 15–20x3–5 μm.
Appressoria mostly alternate, few unilateral, antrorse, straight, few
curved, 13–15 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6
μm long; head cells globose, ovate, sublobate, angulose, curved inwards,
7–9x10–15 μm.
Phialides few mixed with appressoria, alternate, ampulliform,
12–14x4–7 μm.
Mycelial setae few, straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to 350μm
long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 150μm in diameter; ascospores
obovoidal to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
48–53x19–21 μm.
Meliola kingiodendri Hosag., Dayal & Goos,
Mycotaxon 46: 205, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 234, 1996; Hosag.,
Abraham & Pushpangadan, The Meliolinae - A Supplement, p. 133, 1997. (Image
85)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 100, 14.i.2010, on leaves of Kingiodendron pinnatum
(Roxb. ex DC.) Harms (Fabaceae), Sampaje Ghat, Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite few
branches are unilateral at wide angles, loosely reticulate forming a thick
mycelial mat, cells 20–24x5–7 µm. Appressoria straight, antrorse, few
retrorse, opposite, densely arranged, 15–19 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate 2–4 µm long; head cells 13–17x7–8
µm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, opposite, ampulliform to conoid, few curved 15–17x7–8
µm. Mycelial setae many, short,
stout, uncinate to straight, simple, acute, obtuse, up to 340µm long. Perithecia globose scattered, up to
160µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, constricted at the septa, brown,
elliptical, middle cells broad, 35–37x18–20 µm.
Meliola knowltoniae Doidge, Bothalia 1: 308,
1924; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 62, 1961.(Image 86)
Colonies amphigenous, dense, up to 10mm
in diameter. Hyphae substraight,
branching opposite at wide to subacute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
35–40x6–8 µm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, 15–35 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 6–15 µm long; head cells lobate,
13–20x15–17 µm.
Phialides mostly opposite to unilateral, on separate branches, few mixed
with appressoria, 20–22x7–9 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple,
straight or substraight, slightly uncinate, acute to obtuse, up to 550µm long.
Perithecia orbicular, grouped, up to 150µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate,
oblong to cylindrical or elliptic constricted at the septa,
38–40x13–15 µm.
Materials examined: FMKMCC 101, 1.i.2010, on leaves of Clematis gouriana Roxb.
ex DC. (Ranunculaceae), Igguthappa Temple, January 9, 2010, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
This species was known on Knowltonia
vesicatoria from S. Africa and on Clematis gouriana and Clematis
floribunda from Formosa and on Clematis glycinoides from New South
Wales. This is the only species
known on members of Ranunculaceae (Hansford, 1961).
Meliola kodaguensis sp. nov.
Hosag. B. Divya & Jagath.
(Fig. 20) (urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:807145)
Materials examined: TBGT 6559 (holotype), 23.xii.2010, on leaves of Strychnos
colubrina L. (Loganiaceae), Medikare, December 23, 2010, C.Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, spreading, up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, substraight to
flexuous, branching mostly opposite, rarely irregular at acute to wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–25x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
straight to curved, antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, 22–27 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical, 5–7 µm long; head cells oblong to cylindrical,
entire, angular, straight to curved,17–20x5–7 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
opposite to unilateral, ampulliform,15–22x5–6 µm. Mycelial setae few, simple, straight,
acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 360µm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 160µm in
diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at septa,
30–40x12–15µm.
Based on the typically
straight to curved and oblong to cylindrical head cells of appressoria, this
species is closer to Meliola evanida Gaill. but differs from it in
having shorter setae (up to 300µm vs 1100µm) in contrast to 2-3-dentate setae
and having smaller ascospores (30–40x12–15 µm vs.
38–45x14–17 µm ). (Hansford, 1996).
Meliola ligustri Hosag., Mycotaxon 37:
236,1990; Hosag. & Goos, Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 232, 1996. (Image
87).
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae sub stright, branching opposite to alternate at
wide to subacute angles. Cells 10–13x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
straight, few curved, 15–22 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
2.5–6 µm long; head cells ovate, cylindrical, few lobate,
11–15x6–10 µm.
Phialides many, mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, few
alternate, ampulliform, 15–22x4–6 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, grouped around
perithecia, few scattered, simple, straight to slightly curved, acute to obtuse
at the tip, up to 500µm long.
Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 100 µm in diameter; ascospores
4-septate, cylindrical, constricted at the septa, 30–40x14–16 µm.
Materials examined: On leaves of Ligustrum sp. (Oleaceae), Nishane motta,
November 11, 2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al. HCIO 45655, TBGT 1401; HCIO 45643,
TBGT 1389; November 12, 2003, HCIO 45799, TBGT 1548; November 13, 2003, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al. HCIO 45808, TBGT 1557; MPCA, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery,
Madikeri, November 13, 2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al. HCIO 45678, TBGT 1425; HCIO
45702, TBGT 1450; HCIO 45741, TBGT 1490; HCIO 45810, TBGT 1560; Chionanthus
mala-elengi (Dennst.) (Oleaceae), Madikeri, November 26, 2008, C.
JagathThimmaiah TBGT 5360, FMKMCC 102; Hoddur, Janaury 11, 2010, Jagath
Thimmaiah TBGT 5392, FMKMCC 103, Hoddur, December 2, 2009, Jagath Thimmaiah
TBGT 5453, FMKMCC 104.
Meliola litseae Sydow & Sydow var. rotundipoda Hansf., Reinwardtia 3:88, 1954;
Sydowia Beih. 2:57, 1961: Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37:239, 1990. Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 241, 1996 (Image 88).
Materials examined: TBGT 5321, FMKMCC 105, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Litsea sp.
(Lauraceae), Vanachalu, Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 30–32x8–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, straight to
curved, antrorse to retrorse, 20–23 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical
4–5 µm long; head cells versiform, obovate, entire,
14–16x10–13 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
18–22x6–9 µm. Mycelial
setae few, straight, simple, acute to obtuse, up to 600µm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 180µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate obovate to
ellipsoidal, constricted at the septa, 45–63x17–20 µm.
Meliola madhucae sp. nov.
Hosag., B. Divya & Jagath.
(Fig.21) (urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:807146)
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching opposite acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 20–32x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved, 22–30 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 5–6 µm long; head cells ovate, oblong to
cylindrical, mostly entire, angular, often attenuated at the apex,
17–25x6–7 µm. Phialides
mixed appressoria, scattered, alternate, ampulliform, 20–27x5–7
µm. Mycelial setae few to many,
scattered, simple, straight, acute, obtuse to 1–3 dentate at the tip, up
to 700µm long. Perithecia
scattered, up to 190µm diameter; ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 37–42x15–17 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 6561 (holotype), 18.ix.2009, on leaves of Madhuca
nerifolia (Sapotaceae), Medikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaih
Based on the digital formula,
this species can be compared with Meliola lucurnae Stev. and Meliola
palaquiicola Hansf. However,
differs from both in having straight mycelium, only alternate appressoria and
simple to dentate mycelial setae (Hansford, 1961).
Meliola malabarensis Hansf. & Thirum., Proc.
Linn. Soc. London 157: 182, 1946; Sydowia Beih.2:531, 1961; Thite &
Kulakarni, J. Shivaji Univ.5:161, 1973; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37:240,
1990; 42:135, 1991; Hosag., Dayal & Goos, Mycotaxon 46:206, 1993; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 246, 1996. (Image 89).
Materials examined: TBGT 5330, FMKMCC 106, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Olea dioica
Roxb. (Oleaceae), Galibeedu, TBGT 5362, FMKMCC 107, 25.xi.2008, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah, Bhagamandala, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
dense, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to slightly undulate, branching alternate to irregular
at acute angles, closely reticulate, 12–16x2–4 μm. Appressoria distantly placed, alternate,
straight to curved, antrorse to spreading, 16–24 μm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–8 μm long; head cells ovate, linear,
obtuse, entire,11–12x4–6μm. Phialides few mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform to cylindrical, 11–18x4–6
μm. Mycelial setae grouped
around perithecia, straight, simple, acute at the tip, up to 450μm
long. Perithecia scattered, up to
140μm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 32–38x10–14 μm.
Meliola malacotricha Speg. var. major Beeli,
Bull. Jard. Bot. Etat. 7: 89, 1920; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 649, 1961; Hosag. &
Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 240, 1990; Hosag., Crypt. Bot. 2/3: 186, 1991; Hosag.,
Raghu & Pillai, Nova Hedwigia 58: 540, 1994, Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 249, 1996. (Image 90).
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
scattered, up to 1mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles, closely
reticulate, forms a solid mycelial mat. Cells 15–26x6–8
μm. Appressoria regularly
opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, straight, up to 10–16 μm long;
stalk cells cuneate, up to 3–5 μm long; head cells ovate, globose,
entire, up to 7–10x8–10 μm. Phialides few, mixed with appressoria,
opposite, ampulliform, 15–19x5–8 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple,
straight, curved, acute at the tip, up to 290μm long. Perithecia grouped to scattered,
globose, up to 170μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to oblong,
4-septate, constricted at the septa, 32–43x12–15 μm.
3112.4221.
Materials examined: HCIO 45675, TBGT 1422, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Argyreia
sp. (Convolvulaceae), Abbe Falls, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45697, TBGT
1444; HCIO 45728, TBGT 1477, 13.xi.2003, MPCA, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery,
Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45699, TBGT 1446; HCIO 45806, TBGT 1555, 12.xi.2003, Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.; TBGT 5407, FMKMCC 108, 23.viii.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT
5437, FMKMCC 109, 31.x.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaia; TBGT 5432, FMKMCC 110,
17.x.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5416, FMKMCC 111, 21.xi.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5442,
FMKMCC112, 16.xi.2009, Hoddur Bioreserve, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Meliola mangiferae Earle, Bull. New York Bot.
Gard. 3: 307, 1905; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 464, 1961; Hansf. & Thirum.,
Farlowia 3: 296, 1948; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 240, 1990; Hosag.,
Crypt. Bot. 2/3: 186, 1991; Hosag. & Ansari, J. Andaman Sci. Assoc. 7: 89,
1991; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 250, 1996. (Image 91)
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
velvety, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 21–27x8.5–10.5 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
straight to curved, rarely retrorse, up to 19–30 μm long; stalk
cells cylindrical to cuneate, up to 3–7 μm cells; head cells cylindrical
to ovate, entire to angulose rarely sublobate, up to 16–23x7.5–14
μm. Phialides few, mixed with
appressoria, alternate, ampulliform to conoid, up to 23–26x7–9
μm. Mycelial setae numerous,
grouped around Perithecia, few found on mycelia, simple, straight, acute to
flattened tip, up to 600μm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
110μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, up to 48–50x20–24 μm.
Materials examined: HCIO
45615, TBGT 1358, 11.xi.2003 on leaves of Mangifera indica L.
(Anacardiaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT 5420, FMKMCC 113,
18.ix.2009, Hoddur, September 18, 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; C. Jagath
Thimmaiah 6.ii.2010, FMKMCC 114, TBGT 5419, FMKMCC 109; Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Meliola mannavanensis Hosag., C.K. Biju, Abraham
& Crane, Mycotaxon 76: 302, 2000; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 285, 2008.
(Fig. 22).
Material examined: 12.xi.2003, HCIO 45701, TBGT 1449, on leaves of Litsea sp.
(Lauraceae), Jodupal, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies hypophyllous,
scattered, subdense to dense, up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching
opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 22–35x10–13
μm. Appressoria scattered,
alternate, antrorse, spreading to irregularly curved, 15–33 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–13 μm long; head cells ovate,
globose, variously curved, entire to angular, 10–20x12–18 μm. Phialides many, mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 15–35x7–10 μm. Mycelial setae scattered to mostly
grouped around perithecia, simple, hamate, arcuate to irregularly curved,
obtuse at the tip, up to 450μm long.
Perithecia scattered to grouped, verrucose, up to 225μm in
diameter; ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, central
cell slightly larger, 50–53x15–18 μm.
Meliola mayapeae Stev., IIlions Biol.
Monograph 2: 48, 1916; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 536, 1961; Hosag., Dayal &
Goos., Mycotaxon 46: 206,1993, Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 252,1996. (Image
92).
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 6mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite to subopposite at wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, forms a loose mycelial net. Cells 20–25x5–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to
subantrorse, straight, few curved, 12–24 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7 μm; head cells ovate, cylindrical,
entire, broadly rounded at the apex, rarely sublobate, slightly curved inwards,
few attenuated at the apex, up to 10–15x8–14 μm. Phialides many, mostly mixed with
appressoria, few borne on separate mycelial branch, ampulliform, few conoid,
opposite to unilateral, 19–23x4–7 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, grouped around
Perithecia, scattered, simple, straight to slightly curved, acute to obtuse at
the tip, up to 230μm long.
Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 160μm diameter; ascospores
cylindrical to slightly ellipsoidal constricted at the septa, 4-septate,
34–40x13–17 μm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5389, FMKMCC 115, 9.i.2009 on leaves of Ligusrtum
perrottetti DC. (Oleaceae), Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa College, Madikeri,
C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5338, FMKMCC 116, TBGT 5344, FMKMCC 117, 24.xi.2008. Linociera
intermedia Wight (Oleaceae), Vanachalu, November 24, 2008, Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Meliola mayapicola Stev. var. indica
Hosag., Nova Hedwigia 47: 541, 1988; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 253, 1996.
(Image 93)
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, slightly flexuous, branching opposite to subopposite at subacute
to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 18–30x5–8.5
μm. Appressoria mostly
alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, few retrorse,15–21
μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 μm long; head
cells ovate, entire, few angulose, 12–16x6–9 μm. Phialides few, borne on separate
mycelial branch, ampulliform, alternate to unilateral,19–25x4–6.5
μm. Mycelial setae many,
simple, straight to slightly curved, acute, obtuse, few lobate at the apex, up
to 380μm long. Perithecia
grouped to scattered, globose, up to 140μm in diameter; ascospores
4-septate, oblong to cylindrical constricted at the septa,
38–42x15–17 μm.
Materials examined: HCIO 45812, 12.xi2003 on leaves of Linoceira malabarica
(Oleaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45654, TBGT 1400, 12.xi.2003,
Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; 23.xi.2009, TBGT 5446, FMKMCC 118, on leaves of Ligustrum
sp. (Oleaceae), Field Marshal Cariappa college campus, Madikeri, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah; TBGT 5462, FMKMCC 119, 21.xi.2009, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan School, Madikeri,
C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Meliola melanoxylonis Hosag. & Pillai in
Hosag., Raghu & Pillai, Nova Hedwigia 58: 540, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p.255,1996. (Image 94)
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
up to 8mm in diameter, hyphae substraight, flexuous, branches opposite at
subacute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
18–24x5.5–7.5 μm.
Appressoria mostly opposite to unilateral, antrorse to retrorse,
straight to bent like a hook, 10–23 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, 2–19 μm long; head cells ovate, angulose truncate,
entire, 8–13x8–15 μm.
Phialides many, mixed with appressoria, mostly opposite to unilateral,
ampulliform, 14–17x5–9 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple,
straight to slightly curved towards the apex, flat ended to dentate at the tip,
up to 590μm long. Perithecia scattered to globose, up to 110μm in
diameter; ascospores cylindrical 4-septatae, constricted at the septa,
32–41x13–17 μm.
Materials examined: HCIO 45651, TBGT 1397, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Acacia mangium
Willd. (Mimosaceae), Abbe Falls, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; MPCA, Brahmagiri, HCIO
45680, TBGT 1427, 13.xi.2003, Talacauvery, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; FMKMCC 121,
20.iv.2011, Nishani Motte, Madikeri, Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; HCIO 45696,
TBGT 1443, 11.xi.2003, A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., Nishane
motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT 5447, FMKMCC 120, 23.xi.2009, Field Marshal
Cariappa college campus, Madikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Meliola memecyli Sydow & Sydow,
Ann.Mycol.12:198, 1914; Hannf. & Thirum. Farlowia 3: 297, 1948; Hansf.,
Reinwardtia 3: 92, 1953; Sydowia Beih. 2: 155, 1961; Sreenivasulu, Nova
Hedwigia Beih. 47: 431, 1974; Hosag. & Goos. Mycotaxon 37: 240, 1990,
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 256, 1996. (Image 95).
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at acute to wide angles. Cells 25–30x7–9 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
straight, 17–19 µm long; stalk cells cuneate 3–5 µm long; head
cells ovate, entire, 12–15x8–10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria
unilateral, ampulliform, 20–25x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple, mostly
curved acute at the tip, up to 400µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up tp
160µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, brown, cylindrical, constricted at the
septa, 40–42x15–17 µm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5347, FMKMCC 122, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Memecylon
gracile Bedd. (Melastomataceae), Bhagamandala, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
Meliola memecyli Sydow var. microspora
Hansf., Sydowia 10: 68, 1957; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 156, 1961; Hosag., C.K.
Biju & Abraham, Nova Hedwigia 80: 491, 2005; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2:
285, 2008. (Fig. 23).
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
crustose, up to 2mm in diam., confluent.
Hyphae straight, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 22–24x6–7 μm. Appressoria alternate, about 2%
opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, 16–18 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–4 μm long; head cells ovate, entire,
12–14x9–11 μm in diameter. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 20–24x8–10 μm. Mycelial setae mostly grouped around
perithecia, simple, straight, acute, obtuse to dentate at the tip, up to
800μm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 190μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate,
strongly constricted at the septa, 36–40x16–18 μm.
Material examined: HCIO 45740, TBGT 1489, 14.xi.2003, on leaves of Memecylon
sp. (Melastomataceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Meliola salleana Hansf., var. smilacis
Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 245, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of
India, p. 305,1996. (Image 96).
Colonies epiphyllous, up to
4mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight
to flexuous, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 21–25x6–7 μm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, straight, few slightly curved,
19–22 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 4–5 μm
long; head cells ovate to clavate, slightly angular, entire,
15–17x7–9 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
18–28x8–12 μm.
Mycelial setae simple, straight to slightly curved or obtuse at the
apex, up to 210μm long.
Perithecia scattered to grouped, globose, and verrucose, up to
170μm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, obovoidal to cylindrical,
constricted, 38–44x13–15 μm.
Materials examined: TBGT5472, FMKMCC 134, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Smilax zeylanica
L. (Smilacaceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, December 4, 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Meliola scleropyri Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37: 247, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 307, 1996. (Image 97).
Materials examined: TBGT 5367, FMKMCC135, 26.xi.2008, on leaves of Scleropyrum
pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. (Santalaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 6mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite to alternate at subacute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 27–30x5.5–7.5 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, straight to curved, 19–26 µm long; stalk cells cuneate to
cylindrical 4–11 µm long; head cells ovate globose, few curved, entire,
13–17x7–10 µm.
Phialides few mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite,
ampulliform, 16–19x7–10 µm.
Mycelial setae numerous, grouped around perithecia, simple, straight,
acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 200µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose,
verrucose, up to 80µm in diameter; ascospores obovate, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 40–42x8–11 µm.
Meliola nothopegiae Hansf., Sydowia 10: 80, 1957;
Sydowia Beih. 2: 469, 1961; Thite & Kulakarni, J. Shivaji Univ. 6: 163,
1973; Hosag., Lakshmanan & Vishwanathan, Indian J. Bot. 11: 187, 1988;
Hosag. & Goos., Mycotaxon 37: 242, 1990; Hosag., Kaveriappa, Raghu &
Goos., Mycotaxon 51: 113, 1994; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 266, 1996.
(Image 98).
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to crooked, branching regularly
opposite to irregular at acute angles to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
17–26x6–8 μm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, 23–34 μm
long; stalk cells cuneate, 6–14 μm long; head cells cylindrical or
of various forms, slightly angulose, entire, 16–22x12–14
μm. Phialides mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 10–20x08–10
μm. Mycelial setae scattered
to grouped, straight, simple acute at the tip up to 680μm long. Perithecia scattered to aggregated
verrucose, up to 160μm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted, 43–50x18–20 μm.
Materials examined: TBGT 5464, FMKMCC 123, 2.xii.2009 on leaves of Nothopegia
racemosa (Dalz.) Ramam. (Anacardiaceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, Karnataka, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Meliola oleacearum Hosag., Sydowia 54: 55, 2002;
Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 293, 2008. (Fig. 24)
Material examined: on HCIO 45605, TBGT 1348, 12.xi.2003, leaves of Olea dioica
Roxb. (Oleaceae), Jodupal,V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
scattered, up to 10mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching
opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
20–26x4–6 μm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, retrorse, spreading, curved towards hyphae,
14–24 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6 μm
long; head cells ovate, oblong, narrowly oblong, cylindrical, entire, rarely
angular to sublobate, straight, curved to uncinate, 11–18x6–10
μm. Phialides many, mixed with
appressoria, alternate, ampulliform, neck elongated, 20–26x4–6
μm. Mycelial setae numerous,
scattered, simple, straight, flexuous, sigmoid, curved, uncinate, up to
400μm long, subobtuse to obtuse at the tip. Perithecia scattered, up to 120μm
in diameter; ascospores oblong to slightly ellipsoidal, 4-sepatet, constricted
at the septa, 35–40x14–16 μm.
Meliola otophorae Yates var. indica Hosag. & Ravikumar in
Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 274, 1996. (Image 99)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 124, 29.xii.2010, on leaves of Sapindus emarginatus
Vahl (Sapindaceae), C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous,
velvety, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight, branching opposite at wide angles to subacute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 16–25x4–5 μm. Appressoria alternate, few unilateral,
antrorse, 16– 22 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3–5 μm long; head cells angular, slightly lobed, clavate, margin
entire, 13–17x9–10 μm.
Phialides on separate mycelial branch, opposite, unilateral, alternate,
ampulliform, 15–20x5–7 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, straight,
acute, up to 450μm long.
Perithecia scattered, globose, dark black, up to 160μm in diameter;
ascospores cylindrical, brown, 4-septate, constricted, 40–43x12–15
μm.
Meliola parsonsiicola Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 17, 2006. (Fig. 25).
Material examined: HCIO 45657(holotype), TBGT 1403 (isotype) 13.xi.2003, on leaves
of Parsonia alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabberley (Apocynaceae), Medicinal
Plant Conservation Area, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery, Madikeri, Coorg, Karnataka,
V.B. Hosagoudar.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
hypophyllous, caulicolous, subdense to dense, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 28–32x6–8 µm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, closely antrorse to rarely retrorse,
17–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–8 µm long;
head cells ovate, entire, rarely angular to slightly lobate, attenuated and
broadly rounded to truncate at the apex, 12–16x11–13 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 16–20x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, simple,
straight to curved, not constantly uncinate, acute at the tip, up to 600µm
long. Perithecia scattered,
globose, up to 140µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 27–32x12–13 µm.
Meliola carissae Doidge var. parsonsiae
Hansf. is reported on Parsonsia straminea from Queensland (Hansford,
1961). Meliola parsonsiicola
differs from it in having mostly antrorse and shorter appressoria with mostly
entire head cells and smaller ascospores.
Meliola pepparaensis Hosag. & Abraham, Sydowia
50: 18, 1998; Hosag., Meliolales of India 2: 301, 2008. (Image 100).
Materials examined: TBGT 5363, FMKMCC 125, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Tabernaemontana
heyneana Wall. (Apocynaceae), Bhagamandala, November 25, 2008, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at
subacute angles, closely reticulate, cells 18–22x7–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, few unilateral,
antrorse, straight, up 18–27 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
3–10 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, 12–15x10–14
µm. Phialides many, borne on
separate branches, unilateral, few alternate to opposite,
ampulliform,17–20x4.5–6.5 µm.
Mycelial setae few, simple, curved, forked & curved at the tip, up
to 370µm long. Perithecia grouped
to scattered, globose, up to 200µm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 33–37x12–15 µm.
Found associated with Meliola
ervatamiae.
Meliola phaseoli Thite ex Hosag. in Hosag.
Meliolales of India, p. 283, 1996; Hosag., Abraham & Pushpangadan, The
Meliolineae – A Suppliment, p. 156, 1997. (Image 101)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 126, 9.i.2010, on leaves of Vigna sp. (Fabaceae),
Igguthappa Temple, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
discrete, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching opposite to alternate at acute angles,
closely reticulate forming thick mycelial mat, cells 20–29x5–7 µm. Appressoria mostly unilateral few
alternate & opposite, straight, retrorse, few antrorse; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate 4–7 µm long; head cells 10–14x9–10 µm,
globose, slightly curved or crooked, entire. Phialides mixed with appressoria, few
ampulliform.15–24x7–9 µm.
Mycelial setae numerous, simple, straight to slightly curved, acute to
obtuse, up to 350µm long. Perithecia globose, scattered, up to 200µm in
diameter; ascospores 4-septate, oblong to cylindrical, elliptical, constricted
at the septa, brown, 42–45x13–15 µm.
Meliola plectroniae Hansf., Sydowia 9: 72, 1955;
Beih. 2: 702, 1961; Hoasg., Meliolales of India, p. 284, 1996. Meliola
coilicosa Nair & Kaul, Sydowia 36: 204, 1983; Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37: 228, 1990. (Image 102).
Materials examined: HCIO 45687, TBGT 1434, 13.xi.2003, on leaves of Canthium
dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm. & Binn. (Rubiaceae), MPCA, Brahmagiri,
Talacauvery, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45762, TBGT 1511, 11.xi.2003, Nishane
motta, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45687, TBGT 1434, 13.xi.2003, C.
dicoccum (Gaertn) Merr. var. umbellatum (Rubiaceae), MPCA,
Bramhagiri, Talacauvery, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; 11.xi.2003, HCIO 45762, TBGT
1511, Nishane Motta, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5353, FMKMCC 127, 25.xi.2008, Bhagamandala, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah; TBGT 5461, FMKMCC 128, 21.xi.2009, Madikeri, JagathThimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 7mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to subopposite at subacute to wide
angles or irregular, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–30x4–6
µm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, variously curved, flexuous, 27–30 µm; stalk cells cylindrical
one too many septate, tortuous, 8–11 µm long, septate ones are up to 80µm
long; head cells angelus, mostly curved, crooked, few straight, 18–22x11–14
µm long. Phial ides few mixed with
appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform to cylindrical,
19–22x6–8 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, simple, straight to curved, tip acute, up to 350µm long.
Perithecia globose, scattered, surrounded by few mycelial setae, 200µm in
diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
43–45x13–17 µm.
Meliola pogostemonis Hansf., Sydowia 10: 83, 1957;
Sydowia Beih. 2: 701, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 243, 1990; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 285, 1996. (Fig. 26).
Materials examined: TBGT 6641, 16.xi.2010, on leaves of Pogostemon sp.
(Lamiaceae), Madikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching
opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 16–32x6–8
µm. Appressoria alternate, often
closely antrorse, straight, 10-22 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 4-8 µm long;
head cells ovate, bluntly pointed at the apex, entire, 10-16x8-10 µm. Phialides
mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, 10–18x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae few, grouped around
perithecia, simple, septate, acute at the tip, up to 243µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped,
verrucose, upto 146µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 28–38x10–12 µm.
Meliola prataprajii Hosag. & Abraham, Seminar
on Rec. Adv. Bot. Satara, P.15,1996; Hosag., Meliolalaes of Inda 2: 308, 2008;
Hosag. & Agarwal, Meliolales – Identification Manual, p. 214, 2008.
(Image 103).
Materials examined: TBGT 5388, FMKMCC 129, 22.ii.2009, on leaves of Dendrophthoe
falcata (L. f.) Etting. (Loranthaceae), Hoddur, February 22, 2009, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 7 ]mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight slightly flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at subacute
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–25x5–8
μm. Appressoria mostly
alternate to unilateral, antrorse, straight to curved, up to 9–18 μm
long; stalk cells cuneate, 2–4 μm; head cells ovate, globose,
entire, angulose, 7–13x7–12 μm. Phialides few, mixed with
appressoria, alternate, cylindrical, 10–20x5–7 μm. Mycelial setae simple, straight, obtuse
to 2-4fid at the apex, up to 300μm long. Perithecia grouped, globose to ovoid, up
to 120μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to oblong, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, 45–60x12–22 μm.
This species can be compared
with Meliola suisyaensis Yamam. reported on Loranthus
lonicerifolius from Taiwan (Hansford, 1961). However, this species differs from it in
having phialides born on a separate mycelial branch; having straight, obtuse to
2-4- fid mycelial setae.
Meliola premnicola Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaon
37: 243, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 288, 1996. (Image 104)
Materials examined: TBGT 5441, FMKMCC 130, 15.xi.2009 on leaves of Premna sp.
(Verbenaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 12–18x6–7 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, 9–15 μm long; stalk cells cuneate, 3–6 μm long;
head cells ovate, few angulose, entire, 7–10x7–8.5 μm. Phialides few mixed with appressoria,
unilateral, conoid, neck elongated, 12–23x5–8 μm. Mycelial setae many, simple, straight to
curved, tip acute to obtuse, up to 410μm long. Perithecia globose, scattered,
verrucose, up to 150μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, brown, 37–40x17–20 μm.
Meliola pterocarpi Yates, Philippine J. Sci.
13: 235, 1918; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 299, 1961; Hosag., Dayal & Goos,
Mycotaxon 46: 208, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 290, 1996. (Image 105)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 131,1.ii.2011, on leaves of Pterocarpus marsupium
Roxb. (Fabaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense
on epiphyllous region, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
15–32x6–9 μm.
Appressoria alternate, straight to curved, antrorse to reflexed,
15–19 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–9
μm; head cells globose to obovoid, entire to rarely slightly angulose,
11–16x12-15 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 15–23x7–9
μm. Mycelial setae grouped
around perithecia, simple straight, acute to obtuse at the apex, up to
350μm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 140μm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-
septate, constricted at the septa, 38–43x15–18 μm.
Meliola pterospermi Stev. var. microcarpa Hosag. & Raghu, New
Botanist 20: 70, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 291, 1996. (Image 106)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 132, 14.i.2010, on leaves of Pterospermum acerifolium
(L.) Willd. (Sterculiaceae), Sampaje Ghat, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
crustose, up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching mostly opposite, few alternate at wide
angles, closely reticulate to form compact mass of mycelia. Cells 12–17x6–7
µm. Appressoria densely arranged,
mostly opposite, few unilateral, margin lobate to entire, 18–25 µm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate 3–6 µm long; head cells globose,
obovate, lobed, angulose, 15–19x11–12 µm. Phialides few, on separate mycelial
branch, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 21–24x4–7 µm. Mycelial setae many, simple, straight to
slightly curved, acute to obtuse at the apex, up to 500µm long. Perithecia globose, scattered, dehisced
at the center, up to 200µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to elliptic, brown,
constricted, 38–40x13–16 µm.
Meliola quadrispina Racib., Parasit. Algen and
Pilze JavaÕs 3: 33, 1900; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 646, 1961; Thite &
Patil, Kavaka 10: 30, 1982; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 244, 1990; Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 293, 1996.
Meliola quadrifurcata Rehm, Philippine J. Sci. 8:
181, 1913; Leafl. Philippine Bot. 6: 2194, 1914. (Fig. 27)
Material examined: HCIO 45617, TBGT 1360, 14.xi.2003, on leaves of Argyreia
sp. (Convolvulaceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45710, TBGT
1459, 14.xi.2003, Merremia sp. (Convolvulaceae), Nishane motta, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous,
caulicolous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae undulate to tortuous, branching
irregular, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–40x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, spreading, straight to curved, 16–24 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 6–14 µm long; head cells ovate, versiform,
angulose, rarely irregularly sublobate, 10–16x12–16 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 20–24x6–10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, uniformly scattered,
dichotomously branched, the first branching up to 162µm, from first to second
branching up to 24 µm long and the final branchlets up to 136µm long, obtuse to
acute at the tip. Perithecia mostly grouped, verrucose, up to 261µm in diam;
ascospores broadly obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted, 40–50x14–22
µm.
The colonies were associated
with the colonies of Meliola malacotricha Speg. var. major Beeli
Meliola ramosii Sydow & Sydow, Ann.
Mycol. 12: 552, 1914; Ann. Mycol. 15: 191, 1917; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 226,
1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 244, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p. 295, 1996. (Image 107)
Materials examined: TBGT 5401, FMKMCC 133, 11.i.2009, on leaves of Homonoia
riparia Lour. (Euphorbiaceae), Hoddur, July 11, 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite at acute to subacute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, form a loose mycelial mat. Cells
17–41x5–8 μm.
Appressoria mostly alternate to unilateral, antrorse, straight to
slightly curved, up to 13–25 μm long; stalk cells cuneate, up to
4–6 μm long; head cells globose, mostly entire, few angulose, rarely
sublobate, hamate up to 9–13x8–15 μm. Phialides numerous, mostly borne on
separate mycelial branch, but few mixed with appressoria, mostly opposite to
subopposite, few unilateral, ampulliform, 14–16x4–7 μm. Mycelial setae many, scattered, simple,
short, curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 120μm long. Perithecia
scattered, globose, up to 160μm in diameter; ascospores cylindrical to
slightly ellipsoidal 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
30–32x11–13 μm.
Meliola reinwartiodendricola Hosag. & Divya, Int. J.
Biol. Pharm. Allied Sci. 2: 432, 2013. (Fig. 28).
Materials Examined: TBGT 6253 (holotype). 14.i.2010, on leaves of Reinwartiodendron
sp. (Linaceae), Madikeri, C.JagathThimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
spreading, up to 1mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 25–30x5–6 μm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, straight to slightly curved, antrorse,
15–22 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7μm
long; head cells ovate, entire to angular, straight to curved,
10–15x5–7 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate, ampulliform,
15–25x5–6 μm.
Mycelial setae very few, simple, straight, obtuse, acute to dentate at
the tip, up to 280μm long.
Perithecia scattered, up to190 μm in diameter; ascospores
cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at septum, 32–42x12–17 μm.
Meliola salleana Hansf. var. smilacis Hosag.
in Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 245, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India,
p.305, 1996. (Fig. 29)
Materials examined: TBGT 5472, 4.xii.2004, on leaves of Smilax sp.
(Smilacaceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, C.Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 4mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at
acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 10–30x6–9
µm. Appressoria alternate, straight,
antrorse, 18–32 µm long; stalk cells cuneate, 5–14 µm long; head
cells ovate, bluntly pointed, entire, 12–16x8–12 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 18–28x8–12 µm. Mycelial setae mostly grouped around
perithecia, straight, simple, acute at the apex, up to 855µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 198µm
in diam.; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted, 42–50x18–20
µm.
Meliola scleropyri Hosag. in Hosag. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 37: 247, 1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 307, 1996. (Fig. 30).
Materials examined: TBGT 3410, HCIO 49155, 26.xi.2008, on leaves of Scleropyrum
pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabberley (Santalaceae), Coorg, V.B.Hosagoudar et
al; TBGT 5367, 26.xi.2008 Hoddur, C.Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
velvety, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching opposite to irregular at acute
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–26x6–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, subantrorse to
antrorse, 16–24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–10
µm long; head cells ovate to subglobose, rarely subangular, entire,
12–17x9–12 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform,
16–24x7–10 µm. Mycelial
setae numerous, scattered, straight to slightly curved, flexuous, simple, acute
to obtuse at the tip, up to 360µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to
110µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
33–41x12–17 µm.
Meliola scolopiae Doidge var. indica Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 307, 1996. (Image 108).
Materials examined: HCIO 45813, TBGT 1563,
13.xi.2003, on leaves of Scolopia sp. (Flacourtiaceae), Nishane
motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5357, FMKMCC 136, 25.xi.2008, S.crenata
(Wight & Arn.) D. Clox. (Flacourtiaceae), Talacauveri, November 25, 2008, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah .
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, Branching irregular at acute angles closely reticulate, forms
thick mat of mycelia. Cells 12–21x9–12
µm. Appressoria alternate,
antrorse, straight to curved, 30–55 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical,
12–25 µm long; head cells globose, oblong, irregularly and deeply
stellately lobate, 15–22x18–25 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria,
unilateral, cylindrical, 18–21x5–7 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, grouped to
scattered, few grouped around perithecia, simple, straight to curved, mostly
acute, few obtuse at the tip, up to 580µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose,
up to 170µm in diameter; ascospores oblong to fusiform, 4-septate, constricted
at the septa, 35–38x14–17 µm.
Meliola serjaniae Stev. var. major Hansf., Sydowia 9: 49, 1955;
Beih. 2: 444, 1961; Hosag., Kaveriappa, Raghu & Goos., Mycotaxon 51: 114,
1994., Hosag., Meliolales of India, p.309, 1996. (Image 109).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 137, 12.xii.2009, on leaves of Sapindus emarginatus
Vahl. (Sapindaceae), Hoddur, Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, up to
5mm in diameter. Hyphae flexuous,
branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
34–40x7–9 µm. Appressoria
mostly alternate, few unilateral, antrorse, few retrorse,
16–22x7–11 µm; head cells ovate, lobate, few globular, entire,
15–17x8–10 µm; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–5 µm
long. Phialides few mixed with
appressoria, ampulliform 17–20x6–8 µm. Mycelial setae many slightly curved,
acute, up to 325µm long. Perithecia
globose, up to 75µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, brown, cylindrical, 34–40x12–14 µm.
Meliola spigeliae Hansf., Sydowia 9: 49, 1955;
Sydowia Beih. 2:527, 1961; Hosag., Siddappa & Udaiyan, Nova Hedwigia
56:200, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 312, 1996. (Image 110).
Materials examined: TBGT 5350, FMKMCC 138, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Strychnos
nuxvomica L. (Loganiaceae), Karike, Kodagu, November 25, 2008, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah .
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 25–30x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, few unilateral,
antrorse to retrorse, straight, few curved, 22–30 µm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–10 µm long; head cells ovate, slightly
angulose, few truncate, few curved inwards, lobate to crooked,
20–25x9–13 µm. Phialides
few, mixed with appressoria, alternate, 15–20x3.5–5 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple,
straight, few bent, acute at the tip, up to 1000µm long. Perithecia globose, up to 120µm in
diameter; ascospores obovoidal to cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the
septa, 31–35x12–16 µm.
Meliola stenospora Wint., Hedwigia 25: 97,
1886; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 75, 1961; Hosag. & Raghu, New Botanist 20:
72, 1993; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 314, 1996. (Image 111).
Materials examined: HCIO 45685, TBGT 1432, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Piper sp.
(Piperaceae), Jodupal, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; FMKMCC 139, 11.iv.2011,
P. nigrum L., Abbey falls, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 5mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching opposite to irregular at wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–25x7–10
μm. Appressoria alternate, few
unilateral, spreading to antrorse, straight to curved,17–24 μm long;
stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, 3–9 μm long; head cells
subglobose with crenate to lobate margin, 12–17x6–9 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple,
straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 550μm long. Perithecia scattered to loosely grouped,
verrucose, up to 130μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, slightly
constricted, 38–45x13–18μm.
Meliola tecleae Hansf. var. toddaliae-asiaticae Hansf.,
Proc. Linn. Soc. London 153:11, 1941; Hansf. & Thirum., Farlowia 3: 298,
1948; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2:392, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37:249,
1990; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 323, 1996. (Image 112)
Materials examined: TBGT 5336, FMKMCC 140, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Toddalia
asiatica (L)., (Rutaceae), Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5425,
FMKMCC 141, 29.ix.2009 Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaia; TBGT 5366, FMKMCC 142,
25.xi.2008, Bhagamandala, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense
to subdense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite
at wide angles to subacute angles, sparsely reticulates to non reticulate,
cells 15–25x6–8 μm.
Appressoria mostly alternate, few opposite to unilateral, introrsely,
straight, 15–17 μm long; stalk cells cineaste 3–4 μm
long; head cells ovate to curved, entire,10–14x7–9 μm. Phialides few, alternate, ampulliform,
11–13x3–6 μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, scattered to grouped, straight, simple, acute
at the tip, up to 500μm long.
Perihelia few, globose, scattered, up to 120μm in diameter;
ascospores 4-septate, constricted at the septa, brown, 35–44x13–16
μm.
Meliola tenella Pat., Rev. Mycol. 10: 140,
1888; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 381, 1961; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 324,
1996. (Image 113)
Materials examined: TBGT 5411, FMKMCC 143,
11.i.2009, on leaves of Murayya paniculata (L.) Jack. (Rutaceae),
Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5443, FMKMCC 144, 16.viii.2009, Hoddur, Bio
reserve, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies mostly epiphyllous,
dense up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite at subacute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 21_25x8–10 μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
straight, up to 21–30 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical,
up to 6–8 μm long; head cells cylindrical, entire, up to
14–20x9–11 μm.
Phialides many, mixed with appressoria, alternate to unilateral,
ampulliform, up to 24–28x5–7 μm. Mycelial setae, scattered, dichotomously
branched, branches reflexed, up to 550μm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose,
globose, up to 230μm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, cylindrical,
constricted at the septa, up to 35–41x12–15 μm.
Meliola toonae Hosag. & Sabu in Hosag.,
C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 72, 2001; Hosag., Meliolales
of India 2: 345, 2008. (Image 114)
Materials examined: TBGT 5454, FMKMCC 145, 29.xi.2009, on leaves of Toona ciliata
Roem. (Meliaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, flexuous, branching opposite to subopposite, alternate at acute to
subacute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 24–35x5.5–8
μm. Appressoria alternate,
unilateral, few opposite to subopposite, antrorse to subantrorse, few retrorse,
up to 14–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6
μm long; head cells ovate, angulose, entire,10–15x7–9.5
μm. Phialides few, mixed with
appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 17–23x4–9 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple,
straight to curved, dentate to obtuse at the apex, up to 230μm long. Perithecia grouped, globose, up to 240μm
in diameter; ascospores oblong, 4-septate, constricted at the septa,
41–45x13–15 μm.
Meliola toxocarpi Hosag. & Antony, J.
Swamy Bot. Club 5: 75, 1988; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 333, 1996. (Fig.
31).
Material examined: HCIO 45735, TBGT 1484, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Toxocarpus
sp. (Asclepiadaceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 2mm in diameter confluent. Hyphae straight substraight, branching
alternate, opposite to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 21–28x6–8 µm. Appressoria alternate, mostly antrorse,
21–31 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–9 µm long;
head cells ovate, globose, entire to angular, rarely slightly ;sublobate,
18–25x12–15.5 µm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform,
18–25x6–9 µm. Mycelial
setae scattered to grouped around perithecia, straight to curved, simple,
acute, up to 544µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 117µm in diam;
ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted, 43–46.5x15–22 µm.
Meliola tragiae Hosag. & Jagath., Plant
Pathology & Quarantine 3: 8, 2013. (Fig. 32).
Materials examined: TBGT 6238b (holotype), 1.i.2010, on leaves of Tragia sp.
(Euphorbiaceae), Medikari, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, substraight to
flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 22–27×5–6 μm.
Appressoria alternate, about 1% opposite, straight to slightly curved,
antrorse to subantrose,12–20 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 2–7 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, straight to
curved, rarely truncate at the apex, 10–15×7–10 μm.
Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, conoid to ampulliform,
12–20×5–7 μm. Mycelial setae numerous, simple, straight,
obtuse, 2–3-times variously and irregularly dentate, often furcate at the
tip, about 10% uncinate, up to 470μm long. Perithecia scattered, up to 110
μm in diameter; ascospores oblong, cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at
septa, 35–40×12–15 μm.
Meliola tylophorae-indicae Hosag. & Manoj., Indian
Phytopath. 57: 466, 2004; Hosag. Meliolales of India 2: 347, 2008. (Image 115)
Materials examined: TBGT 5383, FMKMCC 146, 27.vi.2009,Hoddur, on leaves of Tylophora
sp. (Asclepiadaceae), Mandrane, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5399, FMKMCC
147, 28.xii.2008 , C. Jagath Thimmaiah TBGT 5414, FMKMCC 148, 7.v.2009, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, flexuous, branching opposite at subacute angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 27–30x4–6 μm. Appressoria alternate to opposite (2%),
antrorse, straight, up to 14–24 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to
cylindrical, up to 4–12 μm; head cells ovate to globose, entire,
angulose, sublobate to lobate, attenuated and broadly rounded at the apex,
13–16x8–12 μm.
Phialides many, mixed with appressoria, also borne on separate branch,
mostly opposite, alternate to unilateral, ampulliform, neck elongated
16–22x3–7 μm.
Mycelial setae many, scattered, simple, straight to slightly curved,
acute to obtuse at the tip, few dentate at the tip, up to 300μm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to
110μm diameter; ascospores 4-septate, cylindrical, constricted at the
septa, 33–36x10–15 μm.
Meliola wendlandiae Hosag. in Hosag. &
Goos., Mycotaxon 37: 251, 1990., Hoasg., Meliolales of India, p. 340, 1996.
(Image 116).
Materials examined: HCIO 45612, TBGT 1355, 13.xi.2003, on leaves of Wendlandia
thyrsoidea (Schult.) Steud. (Rubiaceae), Bramhagiri, Talacauvery, V. B.
Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45624, TBGT 1367; MPCA, 11.xi.2003, Nishane Motta, V. B.
Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45811, TBGT
1561, 13.xi.2003, Talacauvery, V. B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5331, FMKMCC 149, 24.xi.2008,
Vanachalu, Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 150, 9.i.2010, Tadiandamol, C. J. Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin
to subdense, 1–2 mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at
subacute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 25–30x5–7μm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
22–24x8–10 μm; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6–11
μm long; head cells ovate, obovate, entire, few angulose, attenuated at
the apex,15–20x9–11 μm.
Phialides few, borne on separate branches, unilalateral to opposite,
ampulliform,12–16x5–7μm.
Mycelial setae numerous, simple, straight, uncinate, tip acute, up to
200μm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, up to 150μm in diameter,
few mycelial setae arranged around the perithecia. Ascospores obovoidal, 4-septate,
constricted at the septa, oblong, 30–35x15–17 μm.
Meliola zanthoxyli Hansf., Proc. Linn.
Soc.London 158: 37, 1946; Sydowia Beih. 2: 386, 1961; Kapoor, Indian
Phytopathol. 20: 160, 1961; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 42: 139, 1991, Hosag.,
Meliolales of India, p. 341, 1996. (Image 117).
Materials examined: TBGT 5356, FMKMCC 151, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Zanthoxylum
sp. (Rutaceae), Bhagamandala, November 25, 2008, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
scattered, up to 4mm in diameter, dense.
Hyphae substraight to straight, branching opposite at subacute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 20–20x8–10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse,
straight, 20–30 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical, 8–10 µm long;
head cells globose, stellately lobate, few ovate, 8–20x12–17
µm. Phialides many, on separate
branches to mixed with appressoria, opposite to subopposite, ampulliform,
15–22x10–12 µm.
Mycelial setae numerous, grouped, simple, uncinate, tip obtuse, up to
400µm long. Perithecia scattered,
globose, up to 250µm in diameter; ascospores 4-septate, cylindrical, constricted
at the septa, 35–50x16–22 µm.
Meliola ziziphi Hansf. & Thirum.,
Farlowia 3: 299, 1948; Hansf., Sydowia Beih. 2: 368, 1961; Thite &
Kulakarni, J. Shivaji Univ. 6:163, 1972; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 37: 251,
1990; Hosag., Crypt. Bot. 2/3: 187, 1991; Meliolales of India, p. 342, 1996.
(Image 118)
Materials examined: HCIO 45650, TBGT 1396, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Ziziphus
sp. (Rhamnaceae), Abbe falls, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; 25.xi.2008, TBGT 5364, FMKMCC 152, Z.
rugosa Lam., Bhagamandala, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5393, FMKMCC 153; TBGT
5452, FMKMCC 154, 11.i.2010, Z. oenoplia (L.) Mill. Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin,
along the midrib, 1–2 mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, flexuous,
branching opposite at subacute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
20–23x4.5–6 µm.
Appressoria alternate, antrorse, straight, few curved, 9–14 µm
long; stalk cells cuneate,1.5–3 µm long; head cells ovate, entire, 8–11x6–7
µm. Phialides many mixed with
appressoria, mostly opposite, ampulliform, neck elongated,
15–20x5–6.5 µm.
Mycelial setae numerous, simple, slightly curved, acute, up to 370µm
long. Perithecia globose,
scattered, surrounded by mycelial setae, up to 80µm in diameter; ascospores
4-septate, oblong to cylindrical constricted at the septa,
25–35x10–12 µm.
Genus Asterina
Asterina Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.
Ser., 3(3):57, 1845; Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 189, 1946b; Arx & Muller,
Stud. Mycol. 9: 42, 1975; Hosag., Abraham & C.K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res.
39: 62, 2001; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 32 ,
2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 632, 2012.
Dimerosporium Fuckel, Symb.
Mycol. p.86,1870. Asterella (Sacc.) Speg. ex Sacc., Syll. Fung. 9: 393, 1891
non P. de Beauvois 1805.
Myxasterina Hohnel, Sber.
Akad. Wiss. Wien 118: 870, 1909.
Englerulaster Hohnel, Sber.
Akad. Wiss. Wien 119: 454, 1910.
Parasterina Theiss., Sydow
& Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 246, 1917.
Calothyriolum Speg., Boln
Acad. nac. Cien.Cordoba 23: 498, 1919.
Opeasterina Speg., Boln Acad.
nac. Cien. Cordoba 23: 498, 1919.
Englera F. Stev. in Stev.
& Ryan, Illinois. Biol. Monogr. 17: 45, 1939.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium
ectophytic, appressoria lateral, setae absent. Thyriothecia orbicular with
radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce stellatelly at the center; asci globose,
octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, brown.
Type sp: A. melastomatis
Lev.
In addition to the anamorphs,
Asterotomella and Clasterosporium, Mahanteshamyces were assigned to this genus
(Hofmann & Piepenbring, 2008).
Descriptions to species
Asterina acronychiae
Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon
59: 150, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 581, 2000; Hosag.,
ZoosÕ Print J. 18: 1284, 2003; 21: 2325, 2006; Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah,
J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 5, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 32, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 632, 2012. (Image 120)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 156, 24.x.2010, on leaves of Acronychia pedunculata
(L.) Miq. (Rutaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 157, 19.i 2011,
Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; HCIO 45729, TBGT 1478, 11.xi.2003, Acronychia
sp., Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, dense
on epiphyllous region, crutose, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
10–21x4–6 μm.
Appressoria alternate to opposite, unicellular, ovate, entire,
6–9x4–6 μm, few solitary.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 120μm in diameter,
dehisced stellately at the center, margin crenate; asci globose, octosporous,
32–37 μm in diameter; ascospores brown, conglobate, 1- septate,
deeply constricted at the septum, 20–23x9–11μm, wall
echinulate.
This species is similar to Asterina
vepridis Doidge, but differs in having larger and echinulate ascospores.
Asterina aglaiae Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 5, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.36, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 634, 2012. (Fig. 33)
Material examined: HCIO 45756, TBGT 1505,
12.xi.2003, on leaves of Aglaia sp. (Meliaceae), Jodupal,
Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, up to 3mm in diameter, rarefly confluent. Hyphae straight to slightly crooked,
branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 16–23x4–6 µm. Appressoria
alternate, opposite to subopposite, unicellular, ovate, conoid, ampulliform,
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, entire to rarely angular
to sublobate, 8–13x5–15 µm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 120µm in diam., stellately
dehisced at the centre, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae few,
crooked; asci globose, octosporous, up to 30µm in diam; ascospores conglobate,
oblong, brown, uniseptate, deeply constricted at the septum,
20–28x11–13 µm, wall smooth.
This is the type locality of
this species
Asterina agrostistichydis sp. nov.
Hosag. & Jagath. (Image 121)
(urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:807147)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 158, 9.i.2010, on leaves of Agrostistachys indica Dalz.
(Euphorbiaceae), Tadiandamol, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 10–30x3–6 μm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate to
unilateral, ovate to oblong, mostly lobate, 8–12x3–6 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to
80μm in diameter, dehisced stellately at the center, margin crenate; asci
globose, octosporous, 30–35 μm in diameter; ascospores brown,
conglobate, 1- septate, deeply constricted at the septum, 18–20x5–6
μm, wall echinulate.
This is the first record of
the genus Asterina on this host genus.
Etymology: Named after the host genus.
Asterina antidesmatis Petrak, Sydowia 12:472, 1959;
Hosag., Jagath, Jayashankara & Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3661,
2013. (Image. 122).
Materials examined: TBGT 5423, FMKMCC 159,
9.i.2010, on leaves of Antidesma montanum Blume (Euphorbiaceae),
Tadiandamol, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 160, FMKMCC 161, 23.ix.2010, Hoddur,
C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
velvety, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite, few unilateral at sub acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 20–25x3–4 µm. Appressoria distantly placed, unicellular,
alternate, unilateral, opposite and sub opposite, straight, oblong, slightly
lobed, angulose, few curved, entire, 5–9x4–6 µm. Thyriothecia orbicular, up to 100µm in
diameter, dehisces stellately at the centre, margin fringed, fringed hyphae up
to 20µm long; asci globose, octosporous up to 30µm in diameter. Ascospores 1-septate, conglobate,
12–18x6–10 µm, wall smooth.
Pycnothyria orbicular, smaller than thyriothecia, up to 25µm in
diameter; pycnothyriospores unicellular, elliptical or oval, brown, 10–12x4–6
µm.
Asterina aporusae Hansf., Reinwardtia 3: 129,
1954; Hosag. &Abraham, J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. 4:567, 2000; Hosag. &
Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 56: 98, 2003; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J.18:1282, 2003;
Hosag. & Appaiah, J Mycopathol. Res.43: 168, 2005; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J.
21: 2325, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 37,
2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 636, 2012. (Image 123).
Materials examined: TBGT 5423, FMKMCC 162, TBGT 5402, FMKMCC 163, 12.vii.2009,
21.ix.2009, on leaves of Aporusa bourdillonii Stapf. (Euphorbiaceae),
Riverside, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5402; 5434,5.xi.2009, Mandrane,
Hoddur, 5 November 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous,
subdense, well scattered, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae thin, straight, slightly
flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at subacute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells 15–18x2–4.5 μm. Appressoria unicellular, opposite to
unilateral, few alternate, straight to slightly curved, ovate, cylindrical,
oblong, elongated, entire, up to 5–12x2.5–4 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped,
orbicular, ovate, stellately dehisced at the center, crenate to fimbriate at
the margin, up to 170μm in diameter; asci ovate, few to many, octosporous,
22–30 μm diameter.
Ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown, 1-septate, constricted at the
septum, wall smooth, 20–23x5–7 μm.
This species was associated
with Meliolaster aporusae.
Asterina argyreiae Hansf., Reinwardtia 3:130,
1954; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 640, 2012. (Image 124).
Material examined: TBGT 5705, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Argyreia sp. (Merremia
sp.) (Convolvulaceae), Tank Estate, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 1mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, flexuous to crooked,
branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate to form a net,
cells 18–27×3–5 μm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, scattered, mostly perpendicular to
the hyphae, globose, ovate, clavate, stipitate to broad based, lobate to deeply
lobate, 5–7×5–8 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered to connate, orbicular, irregularly dehisced at
the centre, up to 140μm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed
hyphae small; asci many, globose, 8-spored, 20–28 μm in diameter;
ascospores conglobate, oblong to cylindrical, brown, uniseptate, constricted at
the septum, 16–18×6–8 μm.
Asterina canthii-dicocci Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 6, 2006; Mycosphere 2 (5): 649, 2012. (Image 125)
Material examined: HCIO 45762, TBGT 1511, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Canthium
dicoccum (Gaertn.) Teijsm. & Binn. (Rubiaceae), Nishanemotta, Madikeri,
Kodagu (Coorg), Karnataka, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5408, FMKMCC 165,
23.viii.2009, Hoddur, 23 Aug 2009, Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 5mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate. Cells 27–30x6–8 μm. Appressoria mostly unilateral, rarely
alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, straight, unicellular, cells ovoid, entire,
angulose to sublobate, up to 10–15x8–12 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular,
dehiscing stellately at the center, 240μm diameter; asci not seen.
Ascospores 2-celled, conglobate, oblong, 23–25x6–7 μm, wall
smooth.
Asterina canthii-dicocci differs from A. canthii in
absence of apposite appressoria and having larger ascospores. It differs from A. knysnae Doidge
known on Canthium sp. from South Africa in having smaller ascospores
against (30–35x16–20 µm).
Hence, it is proposed here as a new species (Stevens & Ryan, 1939;
Doidge,1942).
This is the type locality of
this this speices.
Asterina canthiigena Hosag., Archana &
Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 60: 345, 2007. (Fig. 34).
Materials examined: HCIO 47319 (holotype), TBGT 2357 (isotype), 11.xi.2003, on leaves
of Canthium sp. (Rubiaceae), Nishanemotta, Madikeri, November 11, 2003,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching alternate, opposite to
irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
8–29x3–5 μm.
Appressoria two celled, mostly alternate, often opposite to unilateral,
antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved, 9–19 μm long; stalk
cells cuneate, 3–8μm long; head cells oblong, ovate, angular to
sublobate, 6–13x6–8 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered to grouped, orbicular, up to 176μm in
diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, margin crenate to fringed, fringed
Hyphae small; asci globose to slightly ovate, octosporous, up to 25μm in
diameter; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
16–27x8–11 μm, wall smooth; pycnothyria similar to
thyriothecia, smaller; pycnothyriospores pyriform, ovate, globose,
12–19x8–11 μm.
Asterina canthii Yates is known on Canthium
sp. from Philippines (Yates, 1918a,b; Hosagoudar & Abraham, 2000). However, A. canthiigena differs from it
in having two celled in contrast to the unicellular appressoria.
Asterina cassiigena Hosag., C. Jagath Thimmaiah
& A. Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3662, 2013. (Fig. 35)
Materials examined: TBGT 5838 (holotype), 8.i.2010, on leaves of Cassia glauca Lam.
(Caesalpiniaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 15–27x2–5 μm. Appressoria alternate,
unicellular, distantly placed, antrorse to subantrorse, globose, oblong,
entire, 5–7x5–10 μm. Thyriothecia, scattered, orbicular, up to
240 μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, margin crenate to
fimbriate; asci globose, octosporous, up to 25μm in diameter; ascospores
brown, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
20–22x7–10 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina cifferiana Petrak, A. contigua Sydow
are known on the members of family Caesalpiniaceae (Hosagoudar & Abraham,
2000). However, Asterina
cassiigena differs from both in having distantly appressoria.
Asterina cassinecola sp. nov.
V.B. Hosagoudar & C. Jagath Thimmaiah. (Image 126) (urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:807148)
Etymology: Named after the host genus
Materials examined: FMKMCC 164, 9.i.2010, on leaves of Cassine paniculata
(Wight. & Arn.) Lobr. (Celastraceae), Igguthappa Temple, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
dense. Hyphae substraight to
flexuous, branching irregular, loosely reticulate at the edges, forms a thick
mycelial mat at the centre. Cells
15–25x3–4 µm.
Appressoria few knob like 9–10x4–5 µm. Thyriothecia grouped to scattered,
globular, dark brown, margin conoid to mammiform, dehisces stellately at the
centre, up to 220µm in diameter.
Ascospores 1- septate, constricted, conglobate, brown,
10–12x4–5 µm.
Asterina chukrasiae Hosag. in Hosag., H. Biju
& Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 40, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.47, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 653, 2012.
(Fig. 36).
Material examined: TBGT 5430, 17.x.2009, on leaves of Chukrasia tabularis A.
Juss. (Meliaceae), Akane, Hoddur, Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5469, 4.xii.2009,
Devarakadu, 4 December 2009, Jagat Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae substraight, branching irregular
at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 19–23×3–5
μm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, minutely stipitate to mostly broad based, globose, 2–3 times
sublobate to lobate, 4–6×6–7 μm. Thyriothecia loosely aggregated to
closely aggregated, orbicular, up to 100μm in diameter, margin crenate,
stellately dehisced at the centre; asci globose, octosporous, up to 30μm
in diameter; ascospores oblong, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the
septum, brown, 20–24×11–13 μm, wall smooth to tubercled.
Asterina chrysophylligena Hosag., C. Jagath Thimmaiah
& A. Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3662, 2013. (Image 127)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 166, 26.i.2011, on leaves of Chrysophyllum roxburghii
G. Don, Gen. (Sapotaceae), 26 January 2011, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
velvety, confluent, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae sub straight, branching opposite, alternate, unilateral &
irregular, loosely reticulate. Cells 20–30x5–7 μm. Appressoria unicellular, mostly
unilateral, few alternate, reniform, entire, 9–10x5–8 μm. Thyriothecia orbicular, scattered to
aggregated, margin crenate to fimbricate, up to 200μm in diameter,
dehisces stellately at the center.
Ascospores 1-septate, conglobate, constricted at the septum, brown,
28–33x13–16 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina cipadessae Yates, Philppine J.
Sci.12:371, 1917; Hosag., Balkar. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59: 172, 1996; Hosag.
& Abraham, J.Econ.Taxon.Bot .4: 574, 2000; Hosag., ZoosÕPrint J.18:1283,
2003; 21: 2326, 2006; Hosag., H.Biju & Appaiah, J Mycopathol.Res.44: 6,
2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 51, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 654, 2012.
Parasterina cipadessae (Yates) Mendoza, Philippine
J. Sci. 49: 446, 1932. (Image 128).
Materials examined: HCIO 45649, TBGT 1395, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Cipadessa
baccifera (Roth.) Miq. (Meliaceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al;
TBGT 5274, 5374, FMKMCC 167, 26.xi.2008, Hakathur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; HCIO
49226, TBGT 3465, 26.xi.2008, Coorg, Muddarmudi, Hakathur, V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells
20–27x2.5–3.5 μm.
Appressoria unicellular, mostly opposite, alternate to unilateral,
antrorse, straight to curved, ovate, lobate, crenate, 8–12x3–5
μm. Thyriothecia scattered,
orbicular, dehiscing stellately at the center, margin crenate to fimbriate, up
to 250μm in diameter; asci few, ovate to globose, octosporous, 28μm
in diameter. Ascospores 1-septate,
conglobate, constricted at the septa, 20–14x9–13 μm, wall
smooth.
This is the only species
known on this host genus.
Asterina claviflori Kar & Maity. Trans.Brit.
Mycol. Soc. 54:441, 1970; Hosag. & Abraham, J.Econ.Taxon. Bot. 4: 574,
2000; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J.18:1283, 2003: 2326, 2006; Hosag. et al.
Asterinales Of Kerala, p. 54, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 657, 2012. (Image
129)
Materials examined: TBGT 5322, FMKMCC 168, 4.xi.2008, on leaves of Syzygium
sp. (Myrtaceae), Vanachalu, Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5373, FMKMCC 169,
26.xi.2008, S. zeylanicum (L.) DC., FMC Campus, Madikeri, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah; TBGT 5396, 15.i.2009, Madikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5322,
24.xi.2008, Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5373, 26.xi.2008, FMC Campus,
Madikeri, November 26, 2008, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; HCIO 49149, TBGT 3404,
25.xi.2008, Madikari, November 25, 2008, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 49157,
TBGT 3412; HCIO 49161, TBGT 3416, 24.xi.2008, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO
49160, TBGT 3415, 26.xi.2008, Madikari, FMC College, V.B. Hosagoudar et al;
TBGT 5332, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at subacute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate. Cells
18–26x7–9 µm. Appressoria
alternate to unilateral, rarely opposite, unicellular, ovate, oblong,
cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, entire, 9–14x7–9 µm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular up to
170µm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center, margin fimbriate, fringed
hyhae flexuous; asci few, globose, octosporous, up to 44µm in diameter. Ascospores oblong, conglobate, 1-
septate, constricted at the septum, 18–33x14–16 µm, wall smooth.
Asterina clusiacearum Hosag. & Jagath.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 659, 2012. (Image 130).
Materials examined: TBGT 5702 (holotype), FMKMCC 169, TBGT 5702, 22.ii.2009, on
leaves of Garcinia gummigutta (L.) Robs. (Clusiaceae), Mandrane, Hoddur,
C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
dense, upto 3mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching irregular at acute angles,
loosely reticulate, cells 11–15×3–4 μm. Appressoria alternate, about 20%
opposite, antrorse, subantrorse, straight to curved, 12–16 μm long;
stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–6 μm long; head cells ovate,
oblong to cylindrical, sinuately lobate to irregularly sublobate,
7–10×3–6 μm.
Thyriothecia few, scattered to connate, orbicular, stellately dehisced
at the centre, up to 100μm in diameter, margin mostly fimbriate, fringed
hyphae solitary, substraight to flexuous; asci few, globose, up to 20μm in
diameter; ascospores conglobate, brown, uniseptate, deeply constricted at the
septum, 19–25×10–12 μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria numerous, similar to
thyriothecia, smaller; pycnothyriospores brown, globose, oval, pyriform,
15–18×8–10 μm.
This species was associated
with Meliola garciniae and Lembosia garciniae.
Asterina congesta Cooke, Grevillea 8: 95,
1879; Hansf. & Thirum., Farlowia 3: 305, 1948; Hosag., Balkar. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 59: 172, 1996; Hosag., Krishnan & Abraham, New Bot. 24: 28, 1997;
Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 582, 2000; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J.
18: 1284, 2003; 21: 2326,2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 57, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 661, 2012. (Image 131)
Materials examined: TBGT 5397, FMKMCC 170, TBGT 5397, 29.xii.2008, on leaves of Santalum
album L. (Santalaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies initially
epiphyllous, later on both surfaces of the leaves, caulicolous, often on tender
stems, from a coating of black colonies and are confluent. Hyphae straight to crooked, cells
10–15x4–6 urn.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, unicellular, ovate to cylindrical,
straight to curved, entire to sinuately lobate, 5–10x4–8 µm. Pycnidia scattered to connate,
orbicular, up to 100 μm
in diameter, crenate to fimbriate at the margin, stellately dehisce at the
centre; Pycnidiospores pyriform to obpyriform, cinnamon brown,
17–20x8–10 µm, wall smooth, often with a single hyaline band at the
middle. Thyrothecia similar to
pycnidia, up to 130µm in diam.; asci many, aparaphysate, globose, octosporous,
bitunicate, 35–45x28–40 µm, wall smooth.
Asterina cryptocariicola Hosag., C.K. Biju &
Abraham, Indian Phytopath. 54: 137, 2001; J. Mycopathol. Res. 40: 195, 2002;
Hosag. ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2326, 2006. Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal,
Asterinales of Kerala, p. 59, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 663, 2012. (Image
132)
Materials examined: TBGT FMKMCC 171, 29.xii.2008, on leaves of Litsea sp.
(Lauraceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight to undulate, branching alternate at wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells 18–20x2–3 μm. Appressoria sparse, unicellular,
alternate to unilateral, globose to ovoid, entire, 5–6x3–4
μm. Thyriothecia orbicular,
scattered, stellately dehisced at the center, margin crenate, up to 100μm
in diameter; asci not seen. Ascospores conglobate, light brown 1-septate,
constricted at the septum, 13–17x6–7 μm, wall smooth.
This species is different
from Asterina woodiana (Doidge, 1942) in having unicellular appressoria and
smaller ascospores.
Asterina deightonii Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 36: 172,
1983; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 571, 2000; Hosag., C.K.
Biju, Abraham & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 55: 497, 2002; Hosag., ZoosÕ
Print J. 21: 2326, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala,
p. 62, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 665, 2012. (Image 133).
Materials examined: TBGT 5388, FMKMCC 172, TBGT 5388, 22.ii.2009, on leaves of Dendrophthoe
falcata (L. f.) Etting., Denkschr. (Loranthaceae) Hoddur, February 22,
2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, thin to subdense, up to 3mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae flexuous, branching irregular
at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 12–21x4–8
μm. Appressoria unicellular,
alternate, globose, ovate, entire, 7–12x7–9 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, often loosely
grouped, orbicular, up to 140μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the
center, margin crenate to fimbriate; asci few to many, globose, octosporous, up
to 40μm in diameter.
Ascospores 1-septate, brown, oblong, conglobate, constricted at the
septum, 20–23x10–13 μm, wall minutely echinulate. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia,
smaller; pycnothyriospores few, globose, pyriform, brown,
15–19x11–15 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina elaeocarpicola Hansf., Reinwardtia 3:131,
1954; Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59:154, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 4:566, 2000; Hosag. C.K.Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.
25: 305, 2001; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 18:1282, 2003: 21: 2327, 2006; Hosag., H.
Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 7, 2006; Hosag. & H.Biju, J.
Mycopathol. Res. 44: 41, 2006; Hosag., J. Appl. Nat. Sci. 1:29, 2009; Hosag.,
Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 67, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 673, 2012. (Image 134).
Materials examined: HCIO 45614, TBGT
1357, 13.xi.2003, on leaves of Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae), MPCA,
Brahmagiri, Talacauveri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45679, TBGT 1426,
12.xi.2003, Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 49147, TBGT 3402, 24.xi.2008,
Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5339, FMKMCC 173, 24.xi.2008, E.
munronii (Wight) Masters (Elaeocarpaceae), Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 7mm in diameter. Hyphae
flexuous to crooked, branching irregular at subacute angles, closely
reticulate. Cells 15–17x3–5
μm. Appressoria unicellular,
alternate, few opposite, cylindrical flexuous, curved, forked, 12–14x2–4
μm. Thyriothecia scattered to
grouped, orbicular, up to 180μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the
center; asci octosporous, globose, up to 40μm in diameter. Ascospores uniseptate, oblong,
conglobate, brown, constricted at the septum,one cell bigger than the other,
25–27x8–10 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina elaeocarpi Sydow var. ovalis
Kar. & Ghosh., Indian Phytopath. 39:218, 1986; Hosag., Balkar. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 60: 175, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J.Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 566,
2000; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J.Econ.Taxon. Bot. 25: 305, 2001;
Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 18:1282, 2003: 2326, 2006; Hosag ., H. Biju &
Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44:7, 2006; Hosag. & H.Biju, J. Mycopathol.
Res. 44: 41, 2006; Hosag., J. Appl. Nat. Sci.1:29, 2009; Hosag., Chandra. &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 31, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 674,
2012. (image. 135)
Materials examined: HCIO 45750, TBGT 1499; HCIO 45670, TBGT 1417; HCIO 45779, TBGT
1528; HCIO 45750, TBGT 1499, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Elaeocarpus
tuberculatus Roxb. (Elaeocarpaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT
5329, FMKMCC 174, 24.xi.2008, Galibeedu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; HCIO 45750, TBGT
1499; HCIO 45670, TBGT 1417, 12.xi.2003, Jodupal, V. B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO
45750, TBGT 499, 12.xi.2003, V. B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense up to 9mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite to alternate, at wide
to subacute angles, closely reticulate, forms loose mycelial net. Cells 23–25x3–5 μm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate,
opposite, few unilateral, antrorse, few retrorse, straight
8–15x3–5μm, and oblong, entire. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular,
stellately dehisced at the center, margin crenate to fimbriate, up to 270μm
in diameter. Ascospores uniseptate,
conglobate, constricted at the septum, 20–28x12–14 μm, wall
echinulate.
This fungus is common
throughout the southern Western Ghats.
Asterina erysiphoides Kalch & Cooke.,
Grevillea 9:32, 1880; Hansf. &Thirum., Farlowia 3: 306, 1948; Hosag.,
Balkar. & Goos. Mycotaxon 59: 175, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J.
Econ.Taxon. Bot. 4: 577, 2000; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 18:1284, 2003; 21: 2327,
2006; Hosag., H.Biju & Appaiah, J Mycopathol. Res. 44: 7, 2006; Hosag., Chandra.
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 72, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
677, 2012. (Image. 136).
Materials examined: HCIO 45630, TBGT 1373; HCIO 45780, TBGT 1529; HCIO 45645, TBGT
1391; HCIO 45795, TBGT 1544; HCIO 45796, TBGT 1545; HCIO 45797, TBGT 1546; HCIO
45631, TBGT 1375; HCIO 45634, TBGT 1378, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Jasminum
sp. (Oleaceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45630, TBGT 1373;
HCIO 45780, TBGT 1529; HCIO 45796, TBGT 1545; HCIO 45645, TBGT 1391; HCIO
45795, TBGT 1544; HCIO 45796, TBGT 1545; HCIO 45797, TBGT 1546,
11.xi.2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al;
TBGT 5326, FMKMCC 175, 24.xi.2008, Jasminum sp. (Oleaceae), Vanachalu,
Kodagu C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5361, FMKMCC 176, 25.xi.2008, Karike, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5376, FMKMCC 177, 26.xi.2008, Mutharmudi, November 26,
2008, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5369, FMKMCC 178, 26.xi.2008, Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah; HCIO 46354, TBGT 2000, 11.xi.2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 47066, TBGT 2283, 14.xi.2003, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 49146, TBGT
3401, 24.xi.2008, Kodagu, Vanachalu, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 49165, TBGT
3420, 24.xi.2008, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 49152, TBGT 3407, 26.xi.2008,
Madikari, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; 24.xi.2008, Galibeedu, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
HCIO 49154, TBGT 3409; HCIO 49168, TBGT 3423, 25.xi.2008, Madikari, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies hypophyllous,
scattered, up to 2mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at wide
angles, loosely reticulate. Cells
18–22x2–4 µm. Appressoria
mostly opposite, few alternate, few unilateral, straight to curved,
10–13µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–4 µm long; head
cells angulose, reflexed, few deeply to shallowly lobate, 10–12x4–6
µm. Thyriothecia many, orbicular
grouped, stellately dehisced at the centrer, margin crenate to fimbriate, up to
114µm in diameter. Ascospores 1-
septate conglobate, constricted at the septum, 18–21x8–10 µm. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia,
pycnothyriospores numerous brown, scattered, pyriform, unicellular,
17–19x8–11μm.
These colonies were
associated with the colonies of Meliola gemellipoda Doidge and Meliola
jasminii Hansf. & Stev.
Asterina erythropalicola Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon
59: 156, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J.Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 566, 2000; Hosag.,
ZoosÕ Print J.18:1282, 2003; 18: 2327, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal,
Asterinales of Kerala, p.73, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 679, 2012. (Image.
137)
Materials examined: TBGT 5412, FMKMCC 179, 17.v.2009, on leaves of Erythropalum
populifolium (Arn.),
(Erythropalaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight, branching alternate to unilateral at subacute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate. Cells 27–31x4.5–6 μm. Appressoria regularly opposite,
straight, 10–16 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical, up to 3–4.5
μm cells; head cells ovate, few cylindrical, entire, angulose,
7–11x6–8.5 μm.
Thyriothecia grouped to scattered, orbicular, stellately dehisced at the
center, up to 220μm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate; asci many
globose, octosporous, up to 40μm in diameter. Ascospores uniseptate, conglobate,
constricted at the septum, 27–29x12–14 μm, wall smooth.
It differs from Asterina
erythropali Hansf. By the presence of entire head cells of the appressoria
(Hansford, 1954).
Asterina escharoides Sydow, Abh. K.K. Zool. Bot.
Ges. 7: 101, 1913; Hosag., Indian J. Forestry 18: 274, 1995; Hosag. &
Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 564, 2000; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 18: 1282,
2003; 21: 2326, 2006; Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 7,
2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 74, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 680, 2012. (Image 138)
Materials examined: HCIO 45648, TBGT 1394; HCIO 45648, TBGT 1394; HCIO 45669, TBGT
1416, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Quisqualis indica L. (Combretaceae),
Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45669, TBGT 1416, 12.xi.2003, Jodupal, V.
B. Hosagoudar et al; FMKMCC 180, 1.v.2010, Backyard of Chowrira House, Hoddur,
C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching mostly irregular, few alternate
at wide angles, loosely reticulate to form honey comb like structure. Cells 14–25x3–4
μm. Appressoria 2-celled, alternate,
distantly placed, straight to curved, 9–15 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical, 3–6 μm long; head cells curved like hook, clavate,
wedge shaped, sublobate to variously lobed, 6–9x4–9 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped,
orbicular, stellately dehisced at the center, margin crenate to fringed, up to
130μm in diameter; asci globose, octosporous, up to 28μm in
diameter. Ascospores brown, oblong,
conglobate, deeply constricted at the septum, 1-septate, 18–21x8–9
μm, wall smooth to echinulate.
Asterina flacourtiacearum Hosag. & Ravikumar in
Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59: 176, 1996; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
682, 2012. (Fig. 37).
Materials examined: HCIO 49959, TBGT 4111, 26.xi.2008, on leaves of Scolopia
crenata (Wgiht & Arn.) D. Clox. (Flacourtiaceae), Coorg, Madikari,
member of Flacourtiaceae, V.B.Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, up to 2mm in diameter, frequently confluent. Hyphae straight, branching alternate to
irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 24–31x5–7
μm. Appressoria scattered,
distantly placed, alternate, mostly two celled, occasionally several celled,
9–30 μm long; stalk cells mostly unicellular, rarely up to 3-celled,
mostly cylindrical to cuneate, rarely irregularly curved, 3–22 μm
long; head cells obpyriform, frequently 2–3 lobate, rarely entire to
angular, 6–10x9–13 μm.
Thyriothecia orbicular, carbonaceous black, closely grouped to
scattered, up to 190μm in diameter, dehiscing stellately at the center,
margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae tortuous; asci many, globose, eight
spored, 31–41 μm in diameter; ascospores cinnamon brown, conglobate,
1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, upper cell slightly larger,
24–28x12–16 μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia, up
to 90μm in diameter; pycnothyriospores ovate to globose, slightly
papillate at one end, cinnamon brown, 15–22x15–19 μm.
Asterina glycosmidigena Hosag. & Jacob.,
J.Applied Nat. Sci. 2(1): 102, 2010; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 686, 2012. (Image
139)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 181, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla
(Retz.) DC., Prod., (Rutaceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah TBGT
5477.
Colonies amphigenous,
discrete, up to 2mm in diameter.
Hyphae flexuous, branching irregular at subacute angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells
11–19x3–4 μm.
Appressoria alternate, unicellular, trilobed to irregularly lobate,
7–9x6–8 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, stellately dehisced at the center, up
to 100μm in diameter, margin crenate; asci octosporous, 25–45
μm in diameter. Ascospores 1-
septate, conglobate, constricted at the septum, 18–20x10–12
μm, wall echinulate.
This species differs from Asterina
glycosmidigena Hosag. & Jacob., in having echinulate spore wall. It is being reported for the first time
from Karnataka.
Asterina gymnemae Hosag. & Jacob., J.
Appl. Nat. Sci. 2: 102, 2010; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 690, 2012. (Fig. 38)
Material examined: TBGT 5405, 22.viii.2009, on leaves of Gymnema sp.
(Asclepiadaceae), Hoddur, C.Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, subdense, up to 1mm
in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to undulate, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide
angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19–34×2–5 μm. Appressoria alternate, two celled,
straight to curved, antrorse, 12–14 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical
to cuneate, straight to crooked, 2–5 μm long; head cells ovate,
globose, oblong, angular, sublobate to variously lobate,
4–7×4–10 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 150μm in diameter,
stellately dehisced at the centre, margin crenate; asci few to many, globose,
octosporous, 40–60 μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate,
uniseptate, hyaline, constricted at the septum, 16–19×7–10
μm, wall smooth.
Asterina hemidesmii Hosag., Jagath & A.
Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3663, 2013. (Image 140)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 182, 13.i.2010, on leaves of Hemidesmus indicus
(L) R.Br. (Periplocaceae), Riverside Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
confluent. Hyphae substraight,
branching irregular, loosely reticulate. Cells 14–20x3–4 µm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate,
unilateral, subopposite, irregularly lobed, 5–9x3–10 µm. Thyriothecia orbicular, stellately
dehiscing at the center, margin with fringed hyphae, up to 130µm in diameter;
asci octosporous, up to 30µm in diameter.
Ascospores 1-septate, conglobate, constricted at the septum,
13–21x5–7 µm.
Pycnothyria smaller than the thyriothecia, Pycnothyriospores pyriform, 15–17x8–10
µm.
Asterina hibisci (Doidge) Hosag. in Hosag., C.
K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28: 175, 2004; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print
J. 21: 2327, 2006; Hosag et al., Asterinales Of Kerala, p. 88, 2011; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 693, 2012. (Image 141).
Materials examined: TBGT 5409, FMKMCC183, 12.ix.2009, on leaves of Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis L. var. schizopetalus Dyer, Gard. (Malvaceae),
Chowrira House Garden, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, confluent, up to 5mm in diameter, covers entire upper surface of the
leaves. Hyphae thin, straight to
substraight, branching opposite at acute angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 25–43x3–5.5 μm. Appressoria unicellular, mostly
unilateral, few alternate, unicellular, ovate, sublobate to deeply lobate
(2–3 times), 7–11x5–10 μm. Thyriothecia numerous, grouped to
scattered, stellately to irregularly dehisced at the center, 200μm in
diameter, fimbriate, margin crenate; asci many, globose, octosporous, up to
34μm in diameter. Ascospores
1- septate conglobate, constricted at the septum, 21–25x10–12
μm, and wall echinulate.
Pycnothyria few, smaller than thyriothecia; pycnothyriospores few,
pyriform, unicellular, 18–23x11–12 μm.
Asterina homaligena Hosag. & Jagath.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 695, 2012. (Image 142)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 184, 22.viii.2009, on leaves of Homalium zeylanica (Gardner)
Benth. (Flacourtiaceae), Riverside, Hoddur, C. JagathThimmaih TBGT 5696
(holotype).
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, subdense, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching irregular at wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
16–31x4–7 μm.
Appressoria alternate to opposite, few unilateral, antrorse to retrorse,
straight to flexuous, two celled, 17–22 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical, 4–7 μm long; head cells ovate, ampulliform,
cylindrical, flexuous, straight to curved, hamate, margin entire to flexuous,
10–12x5–9 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered to loosely grouped, orbicular, up to 100 μm
in diameter; stellately dehisced at the center, often the central portion
dissolved to form wide opening by exposing the asci, margin crenate to
fimbriate, fringed hyphae small; asci few, globose, 8-spored, up to 25μm
in diameter; ascospores brown, conglobate, uniseptate, deeply constricted at
the septum, 24–28x15–18 μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria numerous, similar to
thyriothecia, orbicular, smaller; pycnothyriospores numerous, ovate, oblong,
pyriform, 18–27x14–18 μm.
Asterina homalii Sydow on Homalium alnifolium
from Sierra Leone and A. homaliicola Hughes on Homalium
dolichophyllum from Gold coast are known (Sydow & Sydow, 1939; Hughes,
1952). However, differs from both
in having two celled appressoria.
Asterina hydnocarpi Hosag. & Abraham, Indian
Phytopathol.51:389, 1998; Hosag., C. K. Biju & Abraham,
J.Econ.Taxon.Bot.25: 305, 2001; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J.18:1283, 2003, Hosag.et
al. Asterinales of Kerala, p. 92, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 698, 2012.
(Image 143)
Materials examined: TBGT 5424, FMKMCC 185, 29.xi.2009, on leaves of Hydnocarpus
pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) Oken, (Flacourtiaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at subacute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate. Cells
28–32x5–6.5 μm.
Appressoria unilateral to alternate, few opposite, straight, 12–18
μm long; stalk cells cylindrical, 4–7 μm long; head cells
ovate, lobate broadly or acutely bifid, hammer shaped, 8–11x4–9
μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular,
stellately dehisced at the center, margin crenate to fimbriate, up to
150μm in diameter; asci globose, octosporous, up to 35μm in
diameter. Ascospores uniseptate,
conglobate, constricted at the septum, brown, 21–24x12–13 μm,
wall tubercled.
Asterina hyptidicola Hosag. in Hosag., H. Biju
& Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 7, 2006; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 699,
2012; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 699, 2012. (Fig. 39).
Material examined: HCIO 45656 (type), TBGT 1402 (isotype), 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Hyptis
sauveolense (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae), Nishanemotta, Madikeri, Kodagu (Coorg),
Karnataka, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
HCIO 45800, TBGT 1549, 12.xi.2003, Jodupal, Hyptis sp.,
V.B.Hosagoudar et al; {(as Asterina
hyptidis (Rehm) Hosag. & Abraham)}.
Colonies epiphyllous, minute,
dense, up to 1mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae flexuous, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, form loose net, cells 19–43x3–5 µm. Appressoria very much distantly placed,
bicellular, straight to curved, 9–16 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 3–5 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, curved, entire,
sublobate to deeply lobate, 6–12x8–10 µm. Thyriothecia scattered to connate,
orbicular, up to 100µm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, margin
crenate; asci globose, octosporous, up to 30µm in diameter; ascospores
conglobate, oblong, brown, uniseptate, 12–16x6–8 µm; pycnothyria
mixed with thyriothecia, similar to thyriothecia but smaller; pycnothyriospores
oval, pyriform, unicellular, brown, 13–16x7–9 µm.
Kodagu is the type locality
of this species
Asterina indica Sydow., Sydow &
Butler,Ann. Mycol. 9: 390, 1911; Patil & Thite, J.Shivaji Univ.17:152,1977;
Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ.Taxon. Bot.4: 584, 2000; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print
J.18:1285, 2003: 21:2327, 2006; Hosag. & H.Biju & Appaiah, J.
Mycopathol. Res. 44:8, 2006; Hosag; Hosag. et al., Asterinales of Kerala, p.
94, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 700, 2012. (Fig. 40 & Image 144)
Materials examined: HCIO 45689, TBGT 1436; TBGT 1447; HCIO 45711, TBGT 1460; HCIO
45717, TBGT 1466; HCIO 45736, TBGT 1485; HCIO 45738, TBGT 1487, 13.xi.2003, on
leaves of Symplocos sp. (Symplocaceae), MPCA, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45662, TBGT 1408, 14.xi.2003, Nishane motta, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5334, FMKMCC 168, 24.xi.2008, Vanachalu, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah; TBGT 5451, FMKMCC 186, 23.xi.2009, Field Marshal Cariappa College
Campus, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 3 mm in diameter, hyphae straight, branching opposite to
subopposite at subacute to wide angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 22–28x5–9 μm. Appressoria unicellular, mostly
unilateral to alternate, ovate, globose, sublobate, broad based,
10–16x7–13 μm.
Thyriothecia grouped to scattered, orbicular, stellately to circularly
dehisced at the center, margin crenate to fimbriate, up to 250μm in
diameter; asci few, globose, octosporous, up to 35μm in diameter. Ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal,
1-septate, conglobate, constricted at the septum, 28–32x10–14
μm, wall smooth.
Asterina jambolana Kar & Maity, Trans.Brit.
Mycol. Soc. 54:438, 1970; Hosag., Balkar. & Goose, Mycotaxon 59: 180, 1996;
Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. 4: 576, 2000; Hosag., J.Econ.Taxon.
Bot. 25: 306, 2001; Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res. 40:195, 2002; Hosag., ZoosÕ
Print J. 18: 1283, 2003: 2327, 2006; Hosag. et al. Asterinales Of Kerala, p.
96, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 701, 2012. (Image 145)
Materials examined: HCIO 49174, TBGT 3429, 25.xi.2008 on leaves of Syzygium
sp. (Myrtaceae), Talacauveri, , V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5322, FMKMCC 187,
24.xi.2008, Vanachalu, Kodagu, Jagath
Thimmaiah; TBGT 5359, 25.xi.2008, Syzygium
montanum Gamble, (Myrtaceae), Talacauveri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; BGT 5461;
TBGT 5359, 29.xi.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; 25.xi.2008, Syzygium
mundagam (Bourd.) Chithra, Talacauveri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching alternate at wide angles, closely
reticulate. Cells
20–30x4–5 µm. Appressoria 2-celled, scattered, unilateral et
alternate, antrorse, 19–23 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
5–7 µm long; head cells ovate to globose, straight to slightly curved,
entire, 8–13x6–9 µm.
Thyriothecia grouped to scattered, often connate, up to 400µm in
diameter, stellately dehisced at the center, margin crenate to fimbriate,
fringed hyphae short; asci globose, octosporous, up to 50µm in diameter. Ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown, 1-
septate, slightly constricted at the septum, 30–33x12–15 µm, wall
smooth.
Asterina jasmini Hansf. var. indica
Hosag., Indian Phytopath. 58: 199, 2005; Hosag., ZoosÕ print J. 21: 2327,
2006; Hosag et al, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 97, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
702, 2012. (Image 146)
Materials examined: On leaves of Jasminum sp. (Oleaceae), Mandrane, Hoddur,
Dec. 20, 2008, C. Jagath Thimmaiah FMKMCC 189.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight
to flexuous, branching irregular at subacute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells 10-15x2.5-4 μm. Appressoria unilateral to alternate,
unicellular, ovoid to globose, broad based slightly to deeply lobed, 5-15x6-9
μm.Thyriothecia grouped to scattered, orbicular, stellately dehisced at
the center, up to 180 μm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate; asci
few, globose, octosporous, up to 28 μm in diameter. Ascospores conglobate,
brown, oblong, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 19-24x8-10 μm, wall
smooth. Pycnothyriothecia similar to thyriothecia, orbicular, margin crenate,
up to 80 µm in diameter; pycnothyriospores brown, unseptate, pyriform,
14-16x7-9 µm, wall smooth.
Asterina lawsoniae Henn. & Nyn., Monsumia
1: 159, 1899; Hansf. Proc. Linn. Soc. London 160: 145, 1949; Patil & Thite,
J. Shivaji Univ. 17: 152, 1977; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4:
572, 2000; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 305, 2001;
Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 18: 1283, 2003; 21: 2328, 2006; Hosag., H. Biju &
Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 8, 2006, Hosag. et al., Asterinales of Kerala,
p. 102, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 707, 2012. (Image 147)
Materials examined: HCIO 45807, TBGT 1556, 21.xi.2003, on leaves of Lawsonia
inermis L. (Lythraceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; FMKMCC 190,
26.ii.2010, Ammathi, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae flexuous, branching irregular at subacute to wide angles, loosely
to closely reticulate. Cells
12–20x4–5 µm.
Appressoria unicellular, alternate, unilateral, sessile, mostly lobed,
few ovate, 4–7x4–9 µm.
Thyriothecia scattered to grouped, orbicular, up to 150µm in diameter,
margin fimbriate, stellately dehisced at the center; asci few to many,
octosporous, globose, up to 30µm in diameter. Ascospores 1-septate, conglobate, brown,
constricted at the septum, 15–19x7–9 µm, wall smooth. Pycnothyriothecia similar to
thyriothecia, orbicular, margin crenate, up to 70µm in diameter; pycnothyriospores
brown, unseptate, pyriform, 15–17x7–10 µm, wall smooth.
Asterina lepianthis (Hosag., Balakr. & Goos)
Hosag. in Hosag.,C.K. Biju, Abraham & Agarwal, Indian Phytopath. 55: 498,
2002 (lepianthedis); Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.
103, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 708, 2012.
Anamorph: Asterostomella
lepianthedis Hosag., Balakr. & Goos, Mycotaxon 58:492, 1996. (Fig. 41)
Material examined: HCIO 45686, TBGT 1433,
12.xi.2003 on leaves of Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Raf. (Menispermaceae),
Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45802, TBGT 1551; 12.xi.2003, Jodupal,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45686, TBGT 1433, V.B. Hosagoudar et al. .
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, thin to dense, up to 1mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, flexuous to crooked,
branching irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
12–33×3–5 μm.
Appressoria scattered, alternate to unilateral, straight to curved,
two-celled, 9–13 μm long; basal cells cuneate to cylindrical,
3–7 μm. Pycnothyria
scattered, orbicular, center, margin crenate; Pycnothyriospores unicellular,
globose to ellipsoidal, brown, 9–15×6–10 μm.
Asterina leucadis Hosag. & Robin,
Bioscience Discovery 2: 264, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 709, 2012. (Fig.
42).
Materials examined: 4655 (holotype), HCIO, 27.xi.2007. on leaves of Leucas sp.
(Lamiaceae), V.B. Hosagoudar & P.J. Robin.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching alternate to opposite,
irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, form a net, cells
17–22x5–7μm.
Appressoria two celled, alternate to unilateral, antrorse to
subantrorse, 17–19 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate,
5–7 μm long; head cells globose, ovate, clavate, irregularly sublobate
to 2–4-times lobate, 10–12x7–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to
144μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center, margin fimbriate,
rarely crenate, fringed hyphae straight to flexuous; asci not seen; ascospores
conglobate, brown, 1-septumte, constricted at the septum,
17–22x7–10 μm, wall smooth.
This is the only species on
this host genus
Asterina lobulifera Sydow var. indica Hosag.
& Chandra, Indian J. Sci. Techn. 2(6): 15, 2009; Hosag., Chandra. &
Agarwal, Asterials of Kerala, p. 109, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 712, 2012.
(Image 148)
Materials examined: On leaves of Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum
Trim. (Euphorbiaceae), February 13, 2010, C. Jagath Thimmaiah FMKMCC 191;
Madikeri, November 16, 2010, C. Jagasth Thimmaiah TBGT 6644.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight to flexuous, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells 15–20x4–6
µm. Appressoria 2- celled,
alternate, unilateral, few opposite, subantrorse, straight to curved,
10–15 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–7 µm long;
head cells ovoid, lobate (2–3 times), 7–10x4–6 µm. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped,
orbicular, up to 116µm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate, stellately
dehisced at the center; asci not seen.
Ascospores oblong, conglobate, 1-septate, constricted at the septum,
13–19x6–8 µm, wall smooth.
Asterina loranthigena Hosag., Agarwal, H. Biju
& Archana, Indian Phytopath. 59: 525, 2006, Hosag. et al., Asterinales of
Kerala, p.111, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 714, 2012. (Image 149)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 192, 25.xii.2009 on leaves of Dendrophthoe trigona
(Wight & Arn.) (Loranthaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching irregular at acute angles, closely
reticulate. Cells 14–22x4–6
µm. Appressoria unicellular,
alternate to unilateral, oblong, clavate, straight to curved, entire,
11–17x4–8 µm. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped and connate,
orbicular, up to 180µm in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate, stellately
dehisced at the center; asci not seen. Ascospores 1-septate, conglobate, brown,
constricted at the septum, 21x10–14 µm, wall echinulate. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia,
smaller, orbicular, up to 80µm in diameter; pycnothyriospores numerous, brown,
unicellular, pyriform, 15–19x7–10 µm, wall smooth.
Asterina madikeriensis Hosag., J. Mycopathol.Res.
44: 9, 2006; Mycosphere 2(5): 716, 2012. (Fig. 43).
Material examined: TBGT 1455 (type), 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Memecylon sp.
(Melastomataceae), Nishanemotta, Madikeri, Kodagu (Coorg), Karnataka, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al. .
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
minute to 3mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae straight, branching alternate to opposite at acute wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 17–24x4–6 µm. Appressoria opposite, rarely solitary or
attenuate, ovate, entire, attenuated to broadly rounded at the apex,
8–10x6–8 µm.
Thyriothecia orbicular, scattered, up to 170µm in diam., stellately
dehisced at the centre, margin fimbriate to crenate, fringed hyphae straight to
flexuous, compact; asci globose, octosporous, up to 30µm in diam.; ascospores
oblong, conglobate, brown, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
22–25x8–11 µm, wall tubercled.
Asterina memecylonis Ryan is the only species
known on the genus Memecylon from Karwar, Karnataka (Ryan, 1928, Hosagoudar
& Abraham, 2000). Recently, it
was relocated from Kerala (Hosagoudar, 2003). However, A. madikeriensis differs
from it in having regularly opposite and densely placed appressoria.
The colonies were associated
with Meliola memecyli Syd. var. microspora Hosag. et al.
Asterina melicopecola Hosag. & Abraham, Indian
Phytopath. 50: 216, 1997; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J.Econ.Taxon.
Bot.25: 305, 2001: Hosag., ZoosÕPrint J.18: 1284, 2003; 21: 2412, 2006; Hosag.,
H.Biju & Appaiah, J.Mycopathol. Res. 44: 9, 2006; Hosag. et al. Asterinales
of Kerala, p. 114, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 718, 2012. (Image 150).
Materials examined: HCIO 45607, TBGT 1350, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Melicope
lunuankenda (Gaertn.) T.G. Hartley (Rutaceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar
et al; TBGT 5377, FMKMCC 193, 26.xi.2008, Mutharmudi, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT
5470, FMKMCC 194, 4.xii.2009, Devarakadu, Hoddur, Karnataka, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous,
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells
17–24x3.5–5.5 μm.
Appressoria unicellular, mostly opposite, few alternate (20%) to
unilateral, straight, ovoid, deeply lobate to crenate, rarely entire, few
angulose, 6–14x3–5 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, stellately dehisced, up to 130μm
in diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate; asci globose, octosporous, up to
35μm in diameter. Ascospores
conglobate, 1-septate, brown, deeply constricted at the septum,
20–23x9–12 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina meliosmae-simplicifoliae Hosag., C.K. Biju &
Abraham, J. Mycopathol. Res. 40: 195, 2002; Hosag. et al., Asterinales Of
Kerala, P. 115, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 719, 2012. (Image 151).
Materials examined: on leaves of Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp.
(Sabiaceae), Hoddur, 02 Dec 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah TBGT 5465, FMKMCC 195.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
thin substraight, branching opposite to alternate at wide angles, closely
reticulate. Cells 18–24x3–5.5
μm. Appressoria unicellular,
unilateral to alternate, ovate, cylindric, entire to sublobate,
6–13x4–7 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, stellately dehisced at the center,
margin crenate to fimbriate, up to 200μm in diameter; asci octosporous,
globose, up to 35μm in diameter.
Ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown, 1-septate, slightly constricted at
the septum, 22–25x10–13 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina memecylonis Ryan, Mem. Dept. Agric.
India 15: 105, 1921; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 19: 1386, 2004; Hosag., H. Biju &
Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 43: 204, 2005; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2328,
2006; Hosag. et al. Asterinales Of Kerala, P. 116, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 720, 2012. (Image 152).
Materials examined: TBGT 5468, FMKMCC 197, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Memecylon
sp. (Melastomataceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, Karnataka, 4 Dec 2009, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah; HCIO 49919, TBGT 4071, 26.xi.2008, Coorg, Hakathoor, V.B.Hosagoudar
et al.
Asterina mezonevronis Hosag. & Jagath.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 720, 2012. (Image 153)
Materials examined: TBGT 5744, FMKMCC 197, 21.xi.2009, on leaves of Mezonevron
cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.(Caesalpiniaceae), Karnataka, Kodagu,
Madikeri, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Kodagu Vidyalaya campus, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching alternate to opposite at acute to subacute
angles, loosely reticulate, cells 13–22x4–6 μm. Appressoria about 80% opposite,
subopposite to alternate, rarely two borne from the same place from a cell,
antrorse, subantrorse to retrorse, straight to slightly curved, 9–15
μm long; stalk cells cylindrical, 2–4 μm long; head cells
ovate, cylindrical, entire, lobate, angular, 7–12x4–7 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular,
irregularly dehisced at the center, up to 130μm in diameter, margin mostly
crenate; asci few, globose, up to 25μm in diam.; ascospores few, brown,
conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 23–26x10–13
μm, wall ciliated. Pycnothyria
numerous, similar but smaller than the thyriothecia; pycnothyriospores
unicellular, globose, ovate, pyriform, often apiculate,
16–20×12–14 μm.
Opposite appressoria (80%)
with entire to sublobate head cells distinguishes this species from rest known
on the members of Caesalpiniaceae (Hosagoudar & Abraham, 2000). Ascospores were few. Further, there were aerial whip like
hyphae but could not confirm the intercalary appressoria to place it in
Bheemamyces.
Asterina naraveliae Hosag., Biju & Agarwal, Indian
Phytopath. 55: 499, 2002; Hosag. et al. Asterinales of Kerala, p. 126, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 730, 2012. (Image 154).
Materials examined: TBGT 5395, FMKMCC 198, 11.i.2009, on leaves of Naravelia
zeylanica (L.) (Rananculaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah;TBGT 5395,
5433, FMKMCC 199, 1.xi.2009, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, flexuous, branching irregular at subacute angles,
loosely reticulate. Cells
15–30x4–6 μm.
Appressoria 2- celled, mostly alternate to unilateral (30%), antrorse to
retrorse, straight to crooked, 12–17 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to
cylindrical, 2.5–6 μm long; head cells ovate, sublobate to lobate,
rarely entire, up to 7–9x7–9 μm. Thyriothecia grouped, globose, margin
crenate, up to 160μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center; asci
globose, octosporous, up to 28μm in diameter. Ascospores uniseptate, brown,
conglobate, constricted at the septum 25–30x11–15 μm, wall
smooth. Pycnothriothecia similar
but smaller than thyriothecia; Pycnothyriospores simple, ellipsoidal,
unicellular, brown, 14–16x5–6 μm.
Asterina nothopegiae Ryan, Mem. Dept. Agri, India
15: 104, 1928; Patil & Thite, J. Shivaji Univ, 17: 152, 1977; Hosag.,
Balkar. & Goos, Mycotaxon 59:182, 1996; Hosag. & Abraham, J.
Econ.Taxon. Bot.4:576, 2000; Hosag., J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4: 559, 2000; Hosag.
Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 305, 2001; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print
J.18:1280, 2003; 2328, 2006; Hosag. et al. Asterinales of Kerala, p. 128, 2011;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 732, 2012. (Image 155)
Materials examined: TBGT 5391, FMKMCC 200, 8.i.2010, on leaves of Nothopegia
racemosa (Dalz.), Ramam. (Anacardiaceae), Mandrane, Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah; TBGT 5464, FMKMCC 201, 2.xii.2009, Devarakadu, Hoddur, Karnataka, 02
Dec 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
to subdense, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae thin, straight, slightly flexuous, branching opposite to subopposite,
few alternate at subacute angles, loosely reticulate, confluent, forms a loose
mycelial net, cells 8–15x3–4.5 μm. Appressoria mostly opposite to
unilateral, few alternate, ovate, cylindrical, lobate to sublobate, angulose,
rarely entire, few crooked, 5–12x3–6 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular,
stellately dehisced at the center, up to 120μm diameter, margin crenate to
slightly fimbriate; asci globose to ovate, octosporous, up to 32μm. Ascospores 1-septate, brown, conglobate,
constricted at the septum, 16–18x6–8 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina oreocnidecola Hosag., Balakr. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 59: 183, 1996; Hosag. & H. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 42,
2006; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 130, 2011:
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 734, 2012. (Fig. 44).
Material examined: TBGT 6643, 16.xi.2010, on leaves of Boehmeria glomerulifera Miq.
(Urticaceae), Madikeri, C. Jagasth Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous mostly
epiphyllous, rarely hypophyllous, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent, very thin,
sometimes difficult to trace.
Hyphae brown, straight to undulate, branching alternate to opposite at
wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 9–16×3–5 μm. Appressoria pale brown, unicellular,
alternate to unilateral, globose, stellately sublobate, rarely entire,
4–6×7–10 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered, mostly rounded, up to 100μm in diameter,
dehiscing stellately at the center, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae
yellow, slightly flexuous; asci many, globose to ovate, eight spored,
27–28×21–25 μm; ascospores brown, conglobate, 1-septate,
18–19×9–11 μm, one cell slightly larger, wall smooth.
Asterina parsonsiae Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 9, 2006; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 736, 2012. (Fig.45).
Material examined: HCIO45657 (type), TBGT 1403 (isotype), 13.xi.2003, on leaves of Parsonsia
alboflavescens (Dennst.) Mabberley (Apocynaceae), Medicinal Plant
Conservation Area, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
hypophyllous, subdense to dense, up to 5mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae undulate, branching
irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate and form a loose net,
cells 16–24x3–5 µm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, mammiform, broad based, crenately
to irregularly lobate, 7–9x11–14 µm. Thyriothecia scattered to connate,
orbicular, up to 130µm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre, margin
crenate; asci globose, octosporous, up to 30µm in diameter; ascospores oblong,
conglobate, uniseptate, slightly constricted, brown, 14–18x7–9 µm,
wall smooth.
Based on the morphology and
measurements of the ascospores and appressoria, Asterina parsonsiae is
similar to A. aganosmae Sydow but differs from it having mammiform and
crenately lobate appressoria (Sydow & Petrak, 1931).
Asterina piperina Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 15: 243,
1917; Hosag, H. Biju and Anu Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44(1): p.10, 2006;
Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 740, 2012.
Asterina piperis Yates, Philippine J. Sci.
13: 374, 1918. (Image 156).
Materials
examined: HCIO 45685, TBGT 1432, 12.xi.2003, on leaves of Piper sp.
(Piperaceae), Jodupal, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; FMKMCC 202, 16.xi.2010,
P. nigrum L., Iguthappa temple, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 203,
16.x.2010, Abbey falls, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, up to
2mm in diameter, thin, discrete.
Hyphae flexuous, branching irregular, loosely reticulate. Cells 19–26x4–6 µm. Appressoria distantly placed, mostly
alternate to unilateral, antrorse to subretrorse, straight to curved
12–17 µm long;stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 3–6 µm long; head
cells oblong, ovate, lobate, crenulate, angulose, crooked, few straight
9–12x4–6 µm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 110µm in diameter, stellately
dehisced at the center, margin fimbriate; asci globose, octosporous, up to 28µm
in diameter. Ascospores conglobate,
brown, 1-septate, constricted, 15–18x6–7 µm, one cell is bigger
than the other, wall smooth.
This fungus was associated
with Meliola stenospora.
Asterina elachista Sydow, A. piperina
Sydow and A. piperis Yates are known on the host genus Piper
(Sydow & Sydow, 1917; Yates, 1918a,b; Hosagoudar & Abraham, 2000). The former species known from Uganda and
the latter two species are known from Philippines. A. piperis Yates is identical
with that of A. piperina in having two celled appressoria. The present collection matches well with
the assigned species except having slightly longer appressoria and larger
ascospores.
Asterina pusilla Sydow in Sydow & Sydow,
Philippine J. Sci. 8: 488, 1913; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.4:
586, 2000; Hosag. & Sabeena, ZoosÕ Print J. 22:2786, 2007; Hosag., Chandra.
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, 137, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 746,
2012. (Image 157)
Materials examined: TBGT 5394, FMKMCC 203, 11.i.2010, on leaves of Premna sp.
(Verbenaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous,
subdense up to 5mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight, flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at
subacute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate. Cells 18–20x4–5.5 μm. Appressoria alternate, unicellular,
antrorse, sublobate, straight, globose, ovate, up to 5–7x4–8
μm. Thyriothecia scattered to
connate, orbicular, up to 110μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the
center, margin fimbriate; asci globose up to 50μm in diameter. Ascospores brown, conglobate, 1-septate,
constricted at the septum, one cell is bigger than the other,
16–19x8–10 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina talacauveriana Hosag., J. Mycopathol.
Res.44 (1): Micro fungi of Coorg, Karnataka P.11, 2006; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 755, 2012. (Image 158)
Material examined: HCIO 45700 (holotype), TBGT 1448 (isotype), 13.xi.2003, on leaves
of Scolopia sp. (Flacourtiaceae), Medicinal Plant Conservation Area,
Brahmagiri, Talacauvery, Madikeri, Kodagu (Coorg), Karnataka, V.B. Hosagoudar
et al; HCIO 49432, TBGT 3677, 24.xi.2008, Scolopia crenata (Wight &
Arn.) D. Clos, Galibeedu, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 49434, TBGT 3679,
25.xi.2008, Talacauveri, November 25,2008, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 5320,
24.xi.2008, Vanachalu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 3mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae straight to substraight, branching mostly opposite at subacute to
wide angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 25–30x4–5 µm. Appressoria opposite, few alternate,
about 20% unilateral, antrorse to subantrorse, rarely retrorse, two celled,
10–18 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2–5 µm long;
head cells shallowly or irregularly lobate, few angulose, 9–12x5–10
µm. Thyriothecia scattered,
orbicular, stellately dehisced at the center, up to 90µm in diameter, margin
fimbriate; asci not seen.
Ascospores brown, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted
24–26x12–14 µm, wall smooth.
Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia, but smaller; pycnothyriospores
brown, globose to broadly pyriform, 12–19x10–11 µm, wall smooth.
This species is close to Asterina
cylindrophora Sydow and A. flacourtiae Petrak in having opposite
appressoria. However, differs from
both in having lobate head cells of the appressoria and smaller ascospores
(Sydow & Sydow, 1917; Petrak & Sydow, 1931).
Asterina tertia Racib., Die Gattung Asterina
7: 103, 1913; Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum 24: 443, 1926; Hosag. & Abraham, J.
Econ.Taxon. Bot4: 558, 2000: Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2329, 2006; H. Biju
& Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res.43: 204, 2005; 44: 12, 2006; Hosag; Hosag. et
al. Asterinales of Kerala, p.147, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 755, 2012.
(Image 159)
Materials examined: HCIO 45644, TBGT 1390, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Asystasia
chelanoide Nees (Acanthaceae), Abbe falls, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.;
HCIO 45611, TBGT 1354; HCIO
45671, TBGT 1418, 12.xi.2003 Adathoda vasica Nees (Acanthaceae),
Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45746, TBGT 1495, 15.xi.2003, Adhatoda
zeylanica Medikus (A. vasica Nees) (Acanthaceae), V.B.Hosagoudar et al.;
HCIO 45732, TBGT 1481, 12.xi.2003, Justicia betonica L. (Acanthaceae),
Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45734, TBGT 1483, 12.xi.2003, Barleria
sp. (Acanthaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; HCIO 45732, TBGT 1481,
12.xi.2003, Crossandra sp. (Acanthaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.; TBGT 1558, 12.xi.2003, Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; TBGT 5378, FMKMCC
205, 26.xi.2008, on leaves of Justicia wyanadensis (Nees) T. Andres.
(Acanthaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5348, 25.xi. 2008
Strobilanthus sp., C. Jagath Thimmaiah; TBGT 5386, 25.xi. 2008 Hoddur, Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous thin and
scattered, up to 2mm in diameter.
Hyphae flexuous, branching subopposiste to opposite at subacute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate. Cells
10–18x3–5 μm.
Appressoria unicellular, alternate to unilateral antrorse, straight 6–10
μm, lobate, mostly 3 lobed, 6–10x4–7 μm. Thyriothecia grouped, orbicular with
stellate dehiscence at the center, up to 120μm in diameter. Ascospores uniseptate, ellipsoidal,
constricted, 19–25x8–12 μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria many, similar but smaller
than Thyriothecia; pycnothyriospores numerous, brown, pyriform, wall smooth,
unicellular, up to 12–20x8–10 μm.
Asterina thotteae Hosag. & Hanlin, New
Botanist 22: 188, 1995; Hosag. & Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J.
Mycopathol. Res. 44:12, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 152, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 759, 2012. (Fig.46).
Material examined: HCIO 45627, TBGT 1370,
12.xi.2003, on leaves of Thottea sp. (Aristolochiaceae), Jodupal,
V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, spreading, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to rarely crooked,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 31–38×3–4 μm.
Appressoria alternate and about 3% opposite, straight to curved,
antrorse to recurved, two celled, 9–19 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 3–7 μm long; head cells ovoid, globose,
entire to sublobate, angular, straight to curved, 6–13×6–10
μm. Thyriothecia scattered,
rarely 1–2 connate, circular, up to 155μm in diameter, margin
fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous to crooked, pale yellow, center carbonaceous
black and stellately dehisced at the center; asci many, initially globose,
slightly clavate at maturity, octosporous, 30–38×27–31
μm; ascospores conglobate, oblong, deep brown, rounded at both ends,
1-septate, constricted at the septum, 18–20×9–10 μm,
wall verrucose.
Asterina toddaliicola Hosag., Agarwal, H. Biju
& Archana, Indian Phytopathol. 59: 525, 2006; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 763,
2012. (Fig.47)
Material examined: HCIO 46176 (type), TBGT 1588 (Isotype), 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Toddalia
sp. (Rutaceae), Nishane motta, Madikeri, Coorg, Karnataka, V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
velvety, up to 2mm in diam., often confluent. Hyphae straight, substraight to rarely
crooked, branching alternate, opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12–24x3–5 μm. Appressoria about 90% opposite, often
solitary and alternate, mostly perpendicular to the hyphae, often slightly
antrorse, two celled, 9–13 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to
cuneate, 3–4 μm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, angular,
rarely sublobate to lobate, 6–10x6–8 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to loosely
grouped, orbicular, up to 100 μm in diam., stellately dehisced at the
centre, margin crenate; asci very few, globose, octosporous, up to 35 μm
in diam.; ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown, uniseptate, constricted at the
septum, 19–21x12–13 μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia,
smaller; Pycnothyriospores pyriform, apiculate at one end, brown,
19–21x13–15 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina toddaliae Kar & Ghosh (toddalae)
is known on this host genus from West Bengal (Kar& Ghosh, 1986.). Asterina toddaliicola differs from
it in having opposite, bicellular and straight appressoria.
Asterina tragiae Hosag. & Jagath., Plant
Pathol. & Quarantine 3(1): 4, 2013. (Fig.48).
Materials examined:TBGT 6238c (holotype), 1.i2010, on leaves of Tragia sp.
(Euphorbiaceae), Medikari, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, spreading, up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching mostly alternate at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells
17–25×2–3 μm.
Appressoria 2-celled, distantly placed, mostly perpendicular to the
hyphae, 12–15 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5–7
μm long; head cells ovate to globose, straight to often variously curved,
irregularly angular to sublobate, 7–10×5–8 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, up to 70μm
in diameter, stellately dehisced at the centre; ascospores brown, conglobate,
oblong, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, rounded at both ends,
12–15×10–12 μm., wall smooth.
Asterina trichiliae Doidge, Trans. Royal Soc.
South Africa 8: 253, 1920. Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon 60: 161, 1996; Hosag.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 765, 2012. (Image 160).
Materials examined: TBGT 5440, FMKMCC 206,
1.xi.2009, on leaves of Trichilia connaroides (Wight & Arn.)
Bentv. (Meliaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight, branching unilateral, opposite to subopposite at
subacute angles, loosely reticulate.
Cells 16–23x4.5–6 μm. Appressoria unicellular, opposite to
subopposite, antrorse, few retrorse, ovate to bottle shaped, cylindrical,
entire, 8–12x5–7 μm.
Thyriothecia orbicular, stellately dehisced at the center, up to
200μm in diameter, margin fimbriate; asci globose, octosporous, up
to15μm in diameter. Ascospores
1-septate, conglobate, constricted at the septum, 21–28x12–15
μm, wall smooth.
Asterina triumfetticola Yamam. Sci. Rep. Hyogo univ.
Agri., Agric. Boil. Ser. 3: 29, 1957; Hosag. & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon.
Bot. 4: 585, 2000; Hosag. ZoosÕPrint J. 17: 945, 2002; 21: 2329, 2006; Hosag.
et al. Asterinales of Kerala, p 158, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 765, 2012.
(Image 161).
Materials examined: on leaves of Triumfetta rhomboidea L. (Tiliaceae), Hoddur,
31Oct 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah TBGT 5436, FMKMCC 207; Hoddur, 29 Nov 2009,
FMKMCC 208.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae crooked, branching alternate to irregular at wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells
25–31x3.5–5 μm.
Appressoria alternate, unilateral, unicellular, ovate, lobate, sessile,
7–10x3–5 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 60μm in diameter, margin
crenate, stellately dehisced at the center; asci globose, octosporous, up to
25μm in diameter. Ascospores
oblong, conglobate, brown, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
13–15x4–6 μm, wall smooth.
Asterina ushae Hosag., Jagath. & G.R.
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3663, 2013 (Image 162).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 209, 30.viii.2010, on leaves of Glochidion bourdillonii
Gamble (Euphorbiaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to substraight, branching opposite, unilateral to irregular, loosely
reticulate, cells 15–32x3–4 μm. Appressoria distantly placed,
unilateral, alternate, long, cylindrical, 5–7 μm long; stalk cells
mostly cylindrical, 5–7 μm long; head cells cylindrical, straight,
slightly bilobed, attenuated at the apex, margin entire, few head cells crooked
with fringed margin, 11–13x4–6 μm. Appressoria 15–29x4–5
μm. Thyriothecia scattered,
orbicular, margin crenate, stellately dehisced at the center, up to 110μm
in diameter; asci not seen.
Ascospores 1-septate, conglobate, one cell globose, other one elongated
20–23x6–8 μm.
Asterina vitacearum Hosag., Jagath. & A.
Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3664, 2013. (Image 163).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 210, 24.x.2010, on leaves of Cissus repens
Lam.(Vitaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae thin, substraight to flexuous, distantly placed,
unilateral, alternate, sublobate to deeply lobed, 6–12x7–11
μm; Thyriothecia grouped to scattered, orbicular, margin crenate to
fimbriate, stellately dehisced at the center, up to 140μm in diameter;
asci up to 32μm in diameter, octoporous. Ascospores 1-septate, conglobate,
constricted at the septum, 15–19x8–10 μm.
Asterina cissi and Asterina
viticola are known on the members of Vitaceae. This species differs from the former in
having typically sublobate head cells of the appressoria and the latter in
having only alternate and unilateral appressoria.
Asterina viticola Kar & Ghosh, Indian
Phytopathol. 39: 207, 1986; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5), 768, 2012. (Image 164)
Materials examined: TBGT 5709, FMKMCC 211, 23.ix.2009, on leaves of Vitaceae member,
Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight, flexuous to crooked, branching alternate, opposite to
irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
10–21×4–7 μm.
Appressoria scattered, alternate to unilateral, about (1%) opposite,
sessile to stipitate, unicellular, ovate, globose to mammiform, crenately to
deeply lobate, often attenuated at the apex, 6–12×7–11
μm. Thyriothecia loosely to closely
grouped, orbicular, stellately dehisced at the center, up to 140μm in
diam., margin crenate to fimbriate; asci globose, 8- spored, up to 32μm in
diam.; Ascospores brown,
conglobate, oblong, cylindrical, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
15–20×8–11 μm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria numerous, scattered to
closely grouped, orbicular, smaller than thyriothecia, stellately dehisced at
the center; pycnothyria numerous, ovate, oblong, pyriform,
11–16×7–9 μm.
This species was known on Vitis
japonica from Darjeeling, West Bengal (Kar & Ghosh, 1986) and the
present locality reveals its extended distribution.
Asterina wingfieldii Hosag. Balakr. & Goos,
Mycotaxon 59: 184, 1996; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 771, 2012. (Image 165).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 212, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Grewia sp.
(Tiliaceae), Deavarakadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae thin, brown, substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to
irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 14–18x3–4
μm. Appressoria unicellular,
alternate to irregular, straight to variously curved, globose, angular to
sublobate, 3–7x6–8 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered to grouped, often connate, circular to ovate, up
to 110μm in diameter, dehiscing stellately at the center, margin crenate
to fringed; asci many, globose, eight spored, 24–32 μm in
diameter. Ascospores conglobate,
brown, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, 18–21x8–10
μm, upper cell slightly larger, wall smooth.
This species is similar to
Asterina delicate Doidge (Doidge, 1942) but differs from it in having only
epiphyllous colonies, flexuous to crooked hyphae, unicellular and smaller
appressoria, and smaller thyriothecia, asci and ascospores.
This species was associated
with Irenopsis coimbatorica.
Asterina wrightiae Sydow in Sydow & Petrak,
Ann. Mycol. 29: 236, 1931; Hosag. & Abraham, Indian Phytopath. 51: 390,
1998; J. Econ.Taxon. Bot. 4: 560, 2000; Hosag. C.K. Biju & Abraham, J.
Econ.Taxon. Bot. 25: 305, 2001; Hosag. ZoosÕ Print J.18: 1280, 2003; 21: 2329,
2006; Hosag. et al. Asterinales of Kerala, p 160, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere
2(5): 769, 2012. (Image 166)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 213, 8.i.2009, on Wrightia sp. (Apocyanaceae),
Hoddur, Jan 8, 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, up to 2mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching irregular at acute angles loosely
reticulate. Cells
13–20x3–4.5 μm.
Appressoria 2-celled, few appressoria are unicellular, unilateral to
alternate, few opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, reflexed, straight to curved,
up to 12–18 μm long; stalk cells cuneate to cylindrical, up to
3–9 μm; head cells ovate, globose, cylindrical, angular to
sublobate, rarely entire to deeply lobate, few head cells attenuated at the
apex, rarely crenate margin, straight to crooked, hamate, up to
8–10x6–11 μm.
Thyriothecia grouped, orbicular, stellately dehisced at the center, up
to 140μm diameter, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae short,
flexuous to crooked; asci globose, octosporous up to 34μm in
diameter. Ascospores brown, conglobate,
uniseptate, constricted, 15–22x6–8 μm. Pycnothyria mixed with thyriothecia,
Pycnothyriospores many, ovate, pyriform, brown and unicellular, up to
15–22x8–11 μm.
Reported for the first time
from Karnataka.
Asterina zanthoxyli Yamam. Sci. Rep. Hyogo Univ.
Agric. Biol. Ser.3: 28, 1957; Hosag., Jacob Thomas and P.J. Robin,Indian J.
Sci. & Techn. 2 (6): 1, 2009; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 772, 2012. (Image
167)
Materials examined: on leaves of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. Prodr.
(Rutaceae), Galibeedu, Kodagu, 24 Nov 2008, C. Jagath Thimmaiah TBGT 5341,
FMKMCC 214, Zanthoxylum sp. (Rutaceae), Bhagamandala, 25 Nov 2008, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah TBGT 5356, FMKMCC 215.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae
substraight, branching opposite at subacute angles, closely reticulate. Cells 15–26x4–6
μm. Appressoria, unicellular
opposite, few unilateral et alternate, straight, few reflexed, ovate, lobate,
curved inwards 7–10x4–6 μm. Thyriothecia orbicular, grouped to
scattered, up to 160μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center,
margin crenate to fimbriate; asci few, ovate to globose, octosporous, 28μm
in diameter. Ascospores 2-celled, conglobate, constricted at the septum,
20–23x9–10 μm, wall smooth.
Reported for the first time
from Karnataka.
Genus Asterolibertia
Asterolibertia Arn., Les Asetrinees, 1:
161, 1918; Hansf. Mycol. Pap. 15: 189, 1946; Muller & Arx, Beitr. Krypt.
Schw.11: 97, 1962; Luttrell in Ainsworth et al. (eds). The Fungi An advanced
Treatise 4: 207, 1973; Arx & Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 43, 1975; Biligrami,
Jamaluddin & Rizvi, Fungi of India P. 54, 1991; Hosag., Abraham & C. K.
Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39: 61, 2001; Singh, Duke, Bhandari & Jain, J.
Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 185, 2008.
Steyaertia Bat. & Maia, Univ.
Recife, Inst. Mycol. Publ. 295: 5, 1960.
Wardina Arn., Les Asetrinees 1: 165,
1918.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
intercalary, setae absent, Thyriothecia orbicular with radiating cells,
astomatous, dehisce stellately at the center; acsci globose, octosporous,
bitunicate; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, brown.
Type sp. Asterolibertia
couepiae (Henn.) Arn.
Asterolibertia mangiferae Hansf.&Thirum., Farlowia
3: 303, 1948; Hosag., ZooÕs print J. 18: 1280, 2003; Hosag. & Appaiah, J.
Mycopathol. Res. 43:171, 2005; Hosag., & Archana & Sabeena, Indian J.
Sci. Techn. 2(6): 28, 2009; Hosag et al., Asterinales of Kerala, p. 164, 2011.
(Image 168).
Materials examined: TBGT, FMKMCC 216, 16.iii.2010, on leaves of Mangifera indica
L. (Anacardiaceae), Karnataka, Kodagu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah .
Reported for the first time
from Karnataka
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
crustose, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at subacute angles to unilateral, loosely reticulate. Cells 21–38x5–7
μm. Appressoria intercalary,
resulting in bulging of the hyphae indicating the location of appressoria with
a central hyaline spot, usually found between two, three or more cells,
10–13x7–11 μm.
Thyriothecia grouped to scattered, orbicular, up to 400μm in
diameter, margin fimbriate, stellately dehisced at the center; asci not
seen. Ascospores 1-septate,
conglobate, constricted at the septum, brown, 22–25x8–10 μm,
wall smooth.
Asterolibertia vateriae Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 13, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 168,
2011; Hosag. Mycosphere 2(5): 774, 2012. (Fig. 49).
Material examined: HCIO 45752 (holotype), TBGT 1501 (isotype), 12.xi.2003, on leaves
of Vateria indica L. (Dipterocarpaceae), Jodupal, Madikeri, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, crustose, cause water soaked lesions on the corresponding
opposite surface of the leaves, up to 10mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to crooked, branching
opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate,
cells 12–21x11–13 µm.
Appressoria intercalary, ovate to oblong, located in the cell with a
central marking, 10–15x2–14 µm. Thyriothecia scattered, initially
orbicular, later ellipsoidal, 300–400x150–250 µm, vertically to
irregularly dehisced at the centre, often central portion dissolved, margin
crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous, compact; asci globose, ovate,
octosporous, up to 35µm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, brown, uniseptate,
consctricted at the septum, 36–39x21–23 µm, wall smooth.
Asterolibertia anisopterae (Sydow) Hansf. and A.
flabellariae (Sydow) Hansf. are known on Anisoptera thursifera and Flabelliferia
paniculata from Philippines and Sierra Leone, respectively. A. vateriae
differs from A. anisopterae in not forming polygonal meshes of hyphae, having
smaller thyriothecia and in causing pathogenic effect on the host. It differs from A. fabelliferae
in having distinctly larger ascospores (Hansford, 1947, 1949). Ascospores are smaller than A.
hydnocarpi Hosag. & Abraham (Hosagoudar & Abraham, 1997).
The colonies were hyper
parasitized by Hansfordiellina asterinarum Hughes
Genus Ishwaramyces
Ishwaramyces Hosag., J.Econ. Taxon. Bot.
28: 183, 2004.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria in
clusters, setae absent, Thyriothecia orbicular with radiating cells,
astomatous, dehisce stellately at the center; asci globose, octosporous,
bitunicate; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, brown.
Type sp. Ishwaramyces
flacourtiae Hosag. et al.
The genus Ishwaramyces
differs from the genus Asterina in having axillary clusters of appressoria
(Muller & Arx, 1962; Arx & Muller, 1975).
Ishwaramyces flacourtiae Hosag., Kumar & Sabu in
Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J Econ.Taxon. Bot. 28: 183, 2004; Hosag.,
ZoosÕ print J. 21: 2414, 2006., Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of
Kerala, p. 169, 2011; Hosag. Mycosphere 2(5): 780, 2012. (Image 169)
Materials
examined: FMKMCC 217, 4.xii.2009, on leaves of Flacourtia montana
Graham, (Flacourtiaceae), Devarakadu, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; FMKMCC 218,
xiii.2010, Sampaje Ghats, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching opposite at subacute to wide angles, closely reticulate. Cells 13–30x4–6
μm. Appressoria opposite,
produced in clusters, 2-celled, antrorse, 9–14 μm long; stalk cells
cylindrical to cuneate, 2–4 μm long; head cells ovate, globose,
entire, 6–10x5–8 μm.
Thyriothecia scattered to grouped, orbicular, margin crenate, up to
370μm in diameter, dehisces stellately at the center; asci not seen. Ascospores 1-septate, conglobate,
constricted at the septum, broadly elliptic, 22–25x09–12 μm,
wall smooth. Pycnothyriothecia
similar to thyriotyhecia, smaller, pycnothyriospores pyriform, brown,
10–13x6–7 μm.
Reported for the first time
from Karnataka.
Genus Meliolaster
Meliolaster Hohnel, Ber. Deutsch. Bot.
Ges. 35:701, 1918; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala,
p. 171,2011; Hosag. Mycosphere 2(5): 780, 2012.
Patouillardina Arn., Les Asetrinees, 1:
181, 1918.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium
ectophytic, appressoria lateral Thyriothecia orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous,
dehisce stellately at the center; asci globose to ovate, octosporous,
bitunicate; ascospores brown, 2-septate, upper cell globose, the lower two
cells narrowed and tapering at the base.
Type sp. Meliolaster
claviforus (Pat.) Hohn.
Meliolaster aporusae Hosag., Harish & Archana,
Indian J. Sci. Techn. 2 (6): 14, 2009; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal,
Asterinales of Kerala, p. 171, 2011. (Image 170).
Materials examined: TBGT 5434, FMKMCC 219, 5.xi.2009, on leaves of Aporusa
lindleyana (Wight) Baill., (Euphorbiaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense, scattered up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae thin, straight, branching
opposite at subacute to wide angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 26–29x5–6.5
μm. Appressoria unilateral,
alternate, unicellular, subantrorse, straight, ovate, rounded at apex, broad
based, entire, 10–12x7–8 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular,
stellately to irregularly dehisced at the center, up to 260μm in diameter,
margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae straight; asci globose to ovate,
octosporous, 55–60x50–55 μm. Ascospores 2-septate,upper cell globose,
lower two cells narrowed and taper towards base, constricted only at the upper
septum, 41–45x12–14 μm, wall smooth.
This species was associated with
Asterina aporusae.
Genus Prillieuxina
Prillieuxina Arn.Ann. Ecol. Nat. Agric.
Montpellier 16: 161, 1918; Hansf. Mycol. Pap. 15: 169, 1946; Muller & Arx,
Beitr. Krypt. Schw.11: 132, 1962; Luttrell in Ainsworth et al. (ends). The
Fungi An advanced Treatise 4: 207, 1973; Arx & Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 44,
1975; Biligrami, Jamaluddin & Rizvi, Fungi of India P. 54, 1991; Hosag.,
Abraham & C. K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39: 62, 2001; Singh, Duke,
Bhandari & Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 191, 2008.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria and
setae absent. Thyriothecia
orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce stellately at the center;
acsci globose, octoporous, bitunicate; ascospores brown, conglobate,
uniseptate.
Type sp. Prillieuxina winteraria
(Pazschke) Arn.
Prillieuxina elaeagni Hosag. & C. K. Biju in
Hosag., C. K. Biju & Abraham, J. Mycopathol. Res. 40: 195, 2002; Hosag. C.
K. Biju & Abraham, Indian Phytopath. 57: 115, 2004; Hosag. et al,
Asterinales of Kerala, p. 175, 2011. (Image 171).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 220, 16.xi.2010, on leaves of Elaeagnus kologa Schlecht.
(Elaeagnaceae), Mandalpatti, Karnataka, Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Reported for the first time
from Karnataka.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
dense, up to 1mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching alternate at acute to wide
angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 20–30x3–4 μm. Appressoria absent. Thyriothecia mostly aggregated,
orbicular, up to 200μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the center,
margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae straight to substraight, long and
run parallel; asci not seen.
Ascospores conglobate, brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum,
20–25x9–11 μm, wall smooth.
Prillieuxina humboltiae Hosag., Jagath & G.R.
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3666, 2013. (Fig. 50).
Material examined: TBGT 5791 (holotype), 1.viii.2010, on leaves of Humboltia
sp. (Fabaceae), Sampaje Ghats, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, thin,
crustose, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight, flexuous to slightly
crooked, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to
closely reticulate, cells 8–32x3–5 μm. Thyriothecia scattered to loosely
grouped, orbicular, up to 245μm in diameter, stellately dehisced at the
centre, margin fimbriate, fringed hyphae small; asci globose, octosporous, up
to 28μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the
septum, 20–24x9–12 μm.
Pycnothyriospores oval, pyriform, unicellular, 16–24x9–13
μm.
The genus Humboldtia
is known to have three Lembosia species from the Western Ghats
(Hosagoudar et al. 2009) but the present fungus differs from them in having
orbicular thyriothecia and the mycelium being free from appressoria.
II. FAMILY LEMBOSIACEAE
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, with or without
appressoria, nutrient mycelium and leaf penentrating stroma present. Ascomata ectophytic, dimidiate, oval,
ellipsoidal, X or Y shaped, elongated with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce
longitudinally at the center; asci globose, spherical, octoporous, bitunicate;
ascospores one to many septate, conglobate, hyaline to brown.
Key to the Genera
1. Appressoria
presentÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..É..É......2
1. Appressoria absent ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ............3
2. Appressoria intercalary
ÉÉÉÉÉÉ.É......ÉÉ........Cirsosia
2. Appressoria
lateralÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.........ÉÉÉÉ..Lembosia
3. Conidia
presentÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.......ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ4
3. Conidia
absentÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.........ÉÉÉÉÉ......5
4. Conidia 1-3 septateÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..........ÉÉÉÉÉ....Eupelte
5. Hypostroma
absent.................ÉÉÉÉÉ..............Echidnodella
Key to the species
Caesalpinaceae
Lembosia
Single
species.ÉÉÉÉ.........ÉÉÉÉÉLembosia humboldtiae
Lembosia
Single
speciesÉÉÉÉ..........ÉÉÉ...........Lembosia garciniae
Dipterocarpaceae
Cirsosia
1.On HopeaÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.........ÉÉÉÉÉ..Cirsosia
hopeae
1.On VateriaÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.........ÉÉÉÉCirsosia
vateriae
Echidnodella
Single speciesÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...Echidnodella
vateriae
Myrtaceae
Lembosia
Single species ÉÉÉ.........É..ÉÉÉ.....Lembosia
hosagoudarii
Oleaceae
Eupelte
Single
speciesÉÉÉÉÉÉ.........ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉEupelte amicta
Pandanaceae
Lembosia
Single speciesÉ.........ÉÉÉÉÉ.ÉÉ.Lembosia
pandanacearum
Sapotaceae
Echidnodella
Single
speciesÉÉÉ..........ÉÉÉ..Echidnodella mimusopsidis
Descriptions of species
Genus Cirsosia
Cirsosia Arn., Ann.Ecol. Nat. Agric.
Montpellier 16: 127, 1918; Hansf. Mycol. Pap. 15: 189, 1946; Muller & Arx,
Beitr. Krypt. Schw. 11: 113, 1962; Luttrell in Ainsworth et al. (eds). The
Fungi An advanced Treatise 4: 207, 1973; Arx & Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 44,
1975; Hosag. Abraham & C.K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39: 62, 2001; Singh,
Duke, Bhandari & Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 186, 2008.
Cirsosiella Arn., Les Asterinees 1: 127,
1918.
Halbania Arn., Les Asterinees1: 163,
1918.
Lembopodia Bat., Publ. Inst. Mycol.
Univ. Recife 229: 15, 1963.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
intercalary. Thyriothecia oval,
ellipsoidal, X or Y shaped, elongated with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce
longitudinally at the center; asci oval, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores
brown, conglobate, uniseptate.
Type sp.: Cirsosia
manaosensis (Henn.) Arn.
Cirsosia hopeae Hosag. & Jacob Thomas,
Taprobanica 3: 17, 2011; Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5): 797, 2012. (Image 172).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 221, 23.xii.2010, on leaves of Hopea ponga (Dennst.)
Mabb, (Dipterocarpaceae), Makutta, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, black,
up to 10mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae mostly straight, substraight, branching opposite at wide angels
to alternate, loosely reticulate.
Cells 30–35x4–5 µm.
Appresoria intercalary, bulged with a hyaline at the spot at the center,
ovate, 13–17x10–15 µm.
Thyriothecia initially orbicular, scattered to grouped, few connate,
later elongated at maturity, dehisce longitudinally at the center,
300–500x170–210 µm.
Margin fimbriate; asci not seen.
Ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, brown,
upper cell slightly larger, 26–30x16–18 µm, wall smooth.
Cirsosia vateriae Hosag., Mycosphere 2(5):
799, 2012. (Image 173)
Materials examined: HCIO 46332 (holotype), TBGT 1978 (isotype), 12.xi.2003, on leaves
of Valeria indica L. (Dipterocarpaceae), Jodupal, Madikeri, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al; FMKMCC 222, 29.i.2011, Mandrane, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous,
velvety, up to 3mm in diameter.
Hyphae straight, branching opposite at wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells
35–40x9–10μm.
Appressoria intercalary 12–13x11–12 μm. Thyriothecia initially ovate to orbicular,
mature ones longitudinal, aggregated, dehiscing by longitudinal slit, margin
fimbricate, 500–1000x175–400 μm. Ascospores 1-septate, large, conglobate,
deeply constricted at the septum, brown other small, 40–48x18–20
μm, wall smooth.
Cirsosia irregularis (Sydow) Arx is known on
Vatican obtusifolia from Philippines.
However, C. vateriae differs from it in having smaller thyriothecia (in
contrast to 500–1000x190–280 μm), asci (in contrast to 60–80x50–65μm)
and smaller ascospores (in contrast to 32–38x15–18 μm).
Genus Echidnodella
Echidnodella Thesis. & Sydow, Ann.
Mycol. 15: 422, 1917; Muller & Arx, Beitr. Krypt. Schw.11: 118, 1962;
Luttrell in Ainsworth et al. (eds). The Fungi An advanced Treatise 9: 46, 1973;
Arx & Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 46, 1975; Biligrami, Jamaluddin & Rizvi,
Fungi of India P. 185, 1991; Hosag., Abraham & C. K. Biju, J. Mycopathol.
Res. 39: 62, 2001; Singh, Duke, Bhandari & Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30:
187, 2008.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria absent,
hypostroma absent, Thyriothecia oval, ellipsoidal, X or Y shaped, elongated
with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce longitudinally at the center; asci
oval, octosporous, bitunicate; ascospores brown, conglobate, uniseptate.
Type sp. Echidonodella
linearis (Sydow) Theiss. & Sydow.
Echidnodella mimusopsidis Hosag., C. Jagath Thimmaiah
& A. Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3666, 2013. (Image 174)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 223, 31.i.2010, on leaves of Mimusops elengi L.
(Sapotaceae), Mandrane, Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 8mm in diameter. Hyphae thin,
flexuous, irregularly branched, few branches are unilateral, loosely
reticulate. Cells 25–28x3–5
µm. Non appressoriate. Thyriothecia, large, elongate,
fimbriate, pores are present at the periphery, up to 1000x300 µm in
measurement, dehisces longitudinally; asci not seen. Ascospores 1- septate, conglobate,
deeply constricted at the septum, brown, 26–32x10–17 µm, wall smooth.
Echidnodella vateriae Hosag. & Kamar in Hosag.,
ZoosÕ Print J. 17: 945, 2002; Hosag. & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 43:
172, 2005; Hoag., ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2413, 2006: Hosag., Chandra. &
Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 198, 2011. (Image 175)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 224, 12.xii.09, on leaves of Vateria indica L.
(Dipterocarpaceae), Arav, Near BVBKV School, Madikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, spreading, confluent.
Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching unilateral, loosely
reticulate. Cells
21–29x6–9 µm. Non
appressoriate. Thyriothecia
orbicular, oval, ellipsoidal to elongated, dehiscence vertical at the centre,
300–550x150–200 µm, margin fimbriate, fringed hyphae run parallel,
compact; asci globose to oval, octosporous, 40–45x35–40 µm in
diameter. Ascospores globate,
brown, uniseptate, deeply constricted at the septa, 27–35x15–17 µm.
Reported for the first time
from Karnataka.
Genus Eupelte
Eupelte H. Sydow, Ann. Mycol.
22:426, 1924; Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 168, 1946: Hosag., ZoosÕPrint J. 21:2413,
2006; Muller & Arx, Beitr. Krypt. Schw.11: 137, 1962; Luttrell in Ainsworth
et al. (eds); Muller & Arx, stud. Mycol. 9:43, 1975; Hosag., Abraham &
C. K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39: 62, 2001.
Maurodothina Arn. Ex Piroz. &
Shoemaker, Can. J. Bot. 48: 1326, 1970.
Anamorph: Sporidesmium
sp.
Leaf parasites, hyphae partly
superficial and partly immersed.
Conidia present, cylindrical, obclavate, broadly rounded at the apex,
truncate at the base. Thyriothecia
orbicular, elliptic to elongated, dehisce stellately, vertically at the center,
asci clavate, spherical, octosporous, bitunicate, ascospores conglobate,
uniseptate, brown.
Type sp. Eupelte amicta
Syd.
Eupelte amicta Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 22: 426,
1924; Hosag., ZoosÕPrint J. 21:2413, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal,
Asterinales of Kerala, p. 202, 2011. (Image 176).
Materials examined: TBGT 5330, FMKMCC 224, 24.xi.2008, on leaves of Olea dioica
Roxb. (Oleaceae), Galibeedu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah; HCIO 49153, TBGT 3408,
24.xi.2008, V. B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 49172, TBGT 3427, 25.xi.2008,
Bagamandala, V. B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
crustose, up to 10mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae partly superficial and partly
immersed, hyphae brown, septate, flexuous, irregularly branched at acute to
wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate. Cells 15–30x3–5
μm. External mycelium enters
the host through the stomata extend up to palisade tissues. Conidiophores arise from the external
mycelium. brown 0-1 septate, erect, simple, smooth, 23–27 μm long;
conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, monoblastic, determinate; conidia
brown, 0–3 septate, not constricted at the septa, straight to curved,
cylindrical, obclavate, broadly rounded at the apex, truncate at the base,
22–30x9–10 μm, wall smooth. Thyriothecia scattered to grouped,
initially orbicular, and later elliptic to elongated X or Y shaped, dehisce
vertically at the center, 400–700x100–150 μm; asci not
seen. Ascospores conglobate, brown,
oblong, 1-septate, constricted at the septa, 16–20x9–11 μm,
wall smooth.
Genus Lembosia
Lembosia Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.
Ser., 3, 3: 58, 1845; Hansf., Mycol. Pap.15: 189,1946; Muller & Arx, Beitr.
Krypt. Schw.11: 111, 1962; Luttrell in Ainsworth et al. (Eds). The Fungi An
advanced Treatise 4: 207, 1973; Arx & Muller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 43, 1975;
Biligrami, Jamaluddin & Rizvi, Fungi of India P. 185, 1991; Hosag., Abraham
& C. K. Biju, J. Mycopathol. Res. 39: 62, 2001; Singh, Duke, Bhandari &
Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 188, 2008.
Heraldoa Bat., Att. Est. Bot. Lab.
Critr. Univ. Pavia 16: 105, 1959.
Lembosidium Speg., Biol. Acad. Nac.
Cien. Cordova 26: 342, 1923.
Lembosiellina Bat. & Maia, Atas Inst.
Mycol. Recife 1: 329, 1960.
Morenoella Speg., Fungi Guar. 1: 258,
1883.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
lateral. Thyriothecia oval,
ellipsoidal, X or Y shaped with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce
longitudanally at the center; asci oval, octosporous, bitunicate, acopspores
conglobate, uniseptate, brown.
Type sp. Lembosia
melastomatum Mont.
Lembosia garciniae Hosag. & Jagath.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 808, 2012. (Image 177).
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae
straight to flexuous, branching irregular at acute to wide angles loosely
reticulate, cells 25–30×5–7 μm. Appressoria more scattered, globose,
mammiform, broad based, often ovate, mostly entire, rarely sublobate,
7–10×5–7 μm.
Thyriothecia initially ovate with hyaline suture in the center, later
elongated, simple, dehisce vertically at the center,
200–400×115–125 μm, margin mostly crenate, often
fimbricate, fringed hyphae singular, straight to flexuous; asci globose,
8-spored, up to 20μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, oblong,
uniseptate, constricted at the septum, 25–30×10–13 μm,
wall smooth.
Materials examined: TBGT 5702 (holotype), FMKMCC 225, 22.kii.2009, on leaves of Garcinia
gummigutta (L.) Robs. (Clusiaceae), Karnataka, Kodagu, Mandrane, Hoddur,
Jagath Thimmaiah.
This is the first report of
the Lembosia species on the members of the family Clusiaceae (Song & Hosagoudar,
2003). This species was associated
with Meliola garciniae and Asterina clusiacearum.
Lembosia hosagoudarii Sivanesan & Shivas,
Fungal Diversity 11: 163, 2002.
Lembosia syzygiicola Hosag., Indian J. Forestry
18: 276, 1995; Hosag, C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 306,
2001; Hosag, ZoosÕ print J. 8: 1284, 2003; Song Bin & Hosag., Guizhou
Science 21: 99, 2003; Hosag., ZoosÕ print J. 21: 2414, 2006; Sing, Duke,
Bhandari & Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 189, 2008. (Image 178).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 226, 23.ii.2011, on leaves of Syzygium sp. (Myrtaceae),
Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae flexuous, branching opposite at
wide angels to alternate or irregular, loosely reticulate, cells
15–29x5–9 µm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, two celled, alternate, straight to
slightly curved, 10–14 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 4–6
µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, few slightly lobed
8–10x6–7 µm.
Thyriothecia scattered to grouped, initially orbicular, linear to
elliptical at maturity, brown, margin fimbricate, fringed hyphae flexuous,
dehiscing, by a longitudinal slit at the center, 300–500x180–250
µm; asci globose to oval, octosporous, 38–42x35–40 µm; Ascospores
deep brown, conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
27–33x10–12 µm, spore end are narrowed, wall smooth.
Lembosia humboldtiae Hosag. & Abraham, Mycol.
Res. 102: 186, 1998; Hosag., C.K. Biju & Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25:
306, 2001; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 18: 1281, 2003; Song Bin & Hosag.,
Guizhou Science 21: 95, 2003; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2414, 2006; Singh,
Duke, Bhandari & Jain, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 30: 188, 2008; Hosag., Jacob
Thomas & Sabeena, Indian J. Sci. Techn. 2(6): 19, 2009. Hosag & kumar
in Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 17: 945, 2002; Hosag & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol.
Res. 43: 172, 2005; Hoag., ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2413, 2006, Hosag., Chandra.
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 207, 2011. (Image 179).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 227, 1.viii.2010, on infected Infected leaves of Humboldtia
vahliana Wight,
(Caesalpiniaceae), Sampaje Ghats, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous sub
dense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae crooked, branching irregular at subacute to wide angles, closely
reticulate to form meshes. Cells
12–18x2–3 μm.
Appressoria 1-3 celled, opposite, unilateral, straight, angular or
curved, 12–23 μm long; stalk cells 1-2 septate, flexuous, crooked,
9–14 μm long; head cells angular, ovate, cylindrical, entire,
5–7x4 μm. Thyriothecia
scattered, initially orbicular, later becomes elongated, dehisce longitudinally
along the center, 360–430x120–200 μm. Ascospores oblong, conglobate, brown,
1-septate, one cell smaller than the other, smaller globose to ovate, larger
ovate, 15–29x5–11 μm, wall smooth.
Lembosia pandanacearum Hosag. & Jagath.,
Mycosphere 2(5): 816, 2012. (Image 180).
Materials examined: on leaves of Pandanus sp. (Pandanaceae), Hoddur, August
23, 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah TBGT 5729 (holotype), FMKMCC 228.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, subdense to dense, scattered, up to 4mm in diameter. Hyphae straight, branching irregular at
wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 17–35x4–8 μm. Appressoria scattered, distantly placed,
unicellular, unilateral to alternate, globose, broad based, entire, often
covered with a membrane continuous with hyphal cell wall, 8–13x9–12
μm. Thyriothecia scattered,
oval, elongated, 350–550x200–300 μm, margin crenate to
fimbriate, fringed hyphae small, flexuous; asci many, globose, 28–35
μm; ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
23–27x11–14 μm, wall smooth.
III. ANAMORPHIC GENERA
Pleomorphy is common
phenomenon in fungi. These may be
macrocyclic by having all the stages or would have lost certain stages or the
stages are yet to be discovered. In
the absence of teleomorphs, anamoprhs are considered as form genera. These anamorphs are vital during the
identification of the fungi.
In absence of the telemorphs,
anamorphs are placed as form genera and these anamorphs are vital during the
identification of the fungi.
Key to the Anamorphic Genera
1. Pycnothyriospores
pyriform, ovate..........Asterostomella
2. Pycnothyriospores angular,
truncate at the base ............
........................É...................É...............Mahanteshamyces
Key to the Anamorphic Species
Fabaceae
Asterostomella
Single
species............................É.....Asterostomella derissii
Lauraceae
Mahanteshamyces
Single
species.......................É....Mahanteshamyces litseae
Magnoliaceae
Asterostomella
Single
species..............É..............Asterostomella micheliae
Taxonomic description
Genus Asterostomella
Asterostomella Speg., Ann. Soc. Cien. Arg.
22: 198, 1886.
Leaf parasites. Mycelium ectophytic, appressoria
lateral, setae absent. Pycnothyria
orbicular with radiating cells, astomatous, dehisce stellately at the center;
pycnothyriospores ovate, pyriform, brown.
Type sp. Asterostomella
paraguayensis Speg.
Asterostomella
elaeocarpi-serrati Hosag. in Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J.Mycopathol. Res. 44:
13, 2006; Hosag. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 1(1):29, 2009; Hosag., Chandraprabha
& Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p. 231, 2011. (Fig. 51)
Material examined: HCIO 45817 (type), TBGT 1567 (isotype) 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Elaeocarpus
serratus L. (Elaeocarpaceae), Abbe falls, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.
Colonies amphigenous, dense,
up to 1mm in diameter, rarely confluent.
Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching mostly opposite at acute angles,
loosely to closely reticulate, cells 8–24x5–7 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 30%
opposite, unicellular, conoid, ovate, entire, straight, attenuated and broadly rounded
at the apex, 8–13x6–8 µm.
Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular, up to 258µm in diam., stellately
dehisced at the centre, margin crenate; pycnothyriospores pyriform, brown,
unicellular, 20–26x19–21 µm, wall smooth.
This is an anamorph of the
genus Asterina and is close to A. borneensis Hansf. in having smaller
and alternate to opposite appressoria.
However, differs from it in having conoid but 30% opposite appressoria
(Hansford, 1954).
Asterostomella derridicola Hosag., C. Jagath Thimmaiah
& A. Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3665, 2013. (Image 181).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 229, 13.ii.2010, on leaves of Derris conarensis (Dalz.)
(Fabaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, thin. Hyphae thin, irregularly branched, loosely reticulate. Cells
20–29x3–4 µm.
Appressoria few, unicellular, unilateral, rarely alternate, irregularly
lobed, 9–17x5–9 µm.
Pycnothyria grouped to scattered, orbicular, margin fimbriate,
stellately dehisced at the center, up to 50µm in diameter. Pycnothyriospores pyriform to ovate,
unicellular, brown, 12–16x8–10 µm, wall smooth.
Asterostomella micheliae Hosag. & Goos, Mycotaxon
59: 162, 1996; Hosag., ZooÕs Print J. 18: 1283, 2003; 21: 2412, 2006; Hosag.,
Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.234, 2011. (Image 182).
Materials examined: FMKMCC 230,
26.i.2010, on leaves of Michelia champaka L. (Magnoliaceae), Hoddur,
Kodagu, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies hypophyllous, dense,
up to 6mm in diameter. Hyphae
flexuous to crooked, branching irregular, closely reticulate. Cells 18–22x5–6 µm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate to
unilateral and subopposite, straight, antrorse, globular, entire,
6–8x6–7 µm. Pycnothyria
globose, many, scattered up to 45µm in diameter, dehisces stellately at the
center. Pycnothyriospores spherical
to pyriform, unicellular, brown, 24–27x17–18 µm, wall smooth.
This species differs from the
type in having spherical and larger pycnothyriospores.
Asterostomella
scolopiae-crenatae Hosag. & Abraham, New Botanist 24: 111, 1997; Hosag.,C.K. Biju
& Abraham, J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 307, 2001; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 18:
1283, 2003; Hosag., ZoosÕ Print J. 21: 2412, 2006; Hosag., H. Biju &
Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 44:14, 2006; Hosag. & H. Biju, J. Mycopathol.
Res. 44: 43, 2006; Hosag., Chandra. & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala, p.
237, 2011. (Fig. 52).
Material examined: HCIO 45793, TBGT 1542, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Scolopia
crenata (Wight & Arn.) Clos (Flacourtiaceae), Nishane motta, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45813, TBGT 1563; MPCA,HCIO 46269, 13.xi.2003, Scolopia
sp., Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; TBGT 1915, 13.xi.2003, Talacauvery,
V.B. Hosagoudar.
Colonies hypophyllous, very
thin, spreading, up to 10mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae fledxuous to rarely crooked,
branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells
24–30×3–3.5 μm.
Appressoria alternate, about 30% opposite, 2-celled, straight, flexuous,
curved, uncinate, 12–19.5 μm long; stalk cells cylindrical,
3–5 μm long; head cells cylindrical, straight, curved, uncinate,
flexuous, crooked, entire, angular, hamate, 9–14.5×4–5
μm. Pycnothyria scattered,
orbicular, up to 75μm in diameter, stellately dehisce at the center,
margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae small, flexuous to crooked;
Pycnothyriospores pyriform, acute at one end and broadly rounded at another,
cinnamon brown, unicellular, 19–22.5×14–16 μm, wall
smooth, germ pore distinct in some spores.
These colonies were
associated with the colonies of Asteridiella scolopiae Hosag. and Meliola
scolopiae Doidge var. indica Hosag.
Asterostomella vernoniae Hosag., Jagath. & G.R.
Archana, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3665, 2013. (Fig. 53).
Material examined: TBGT 5813 Holotype, 9.i.2010, on leaves of Vernonia monosis
Benth. ex C.B. Clarke (Asteraceae), Tadiyandamol, Kodagu, Karnataka, coll. C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
crustose, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous,
branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 11–29x3–5 μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
sessile to slightly stipitate, globose, ovate, entire, 4–8x4–9
μm. Pycnothyria scattered, orbicular, up to
75μm in diameter; stellately dehisced at the centre, margin fimbriate;
pycnothyriospores brown, unicellular, ovate, pyriform, 16–24x8–13
μm.
Genus Mahanteshamyces
Mahanteshamyces Hosag. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot.
28: 189, 2004; Hosag., Chandraprabha & Agarwal, Asterinales of Kerala,
p.241, 2011.
Foliicolous, ectophytic,
parasitic. Mycelium brown,
superficial, appressoriate. Pycnothyria
scutate, dimidiate, radiate, orbicular, stellately dehisced at the center;
pycnothyriospores brown, angular, wall straight to sinuate.
Type sp. M. agrostistachydis
Hosag. & C.K. Biju
The genus Mahanteshamyces
differs from the genus Asterostomella in having roundedly projected and
shallowly lobate, angular and thick walled pycnothyriospores (Sutton,
1980). Hofmann & Pipenbaring
(2008) showed that this is an anamorph of the genus Asterina.
Mahanteshamyces litseae Hosag., Jagath. & A.
Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3666, 2013. (Image 183)
Materials examined: on leaves of Litsea sp. (Lauraceae), Tadiandamol, January
9, 2010, C. Jagath Thimmaiah FMKMCC 231.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin
spreading, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hypphae substraight, branching when opposite at wide angles, rest of the
branches are alternate, loosely reticulate. Cells 15–22x3–4 µm. Appressoria unicellular, alternate and
unilateral, 8–10x4–6 µm.
Pycnothyria scattered, orbicular, up to 100µm in diameter, stellately
dehisced at the center, margin crenate; Pycnothyriospores brown, unseptate,
spherical, angular, few pyriform, truncate at the base, thick walled, wall
smooth.
Till now this genus was
considered as monospecific representing only Mahanteshamyces agrostistachdis
Hosag. (Hosagoudar, 2004 a, b).
Schiffnerulaceae
Colonies formed on the leaf surface,
black; mycelium brown, superficial, septate, appressoriate; appressoria
unicellular, formed laterally.
Thyriothecia orbicular, cells on the upper surface radiating, dissolute
at the centre at maturity; asci globose, bitunicate, 8-spored; ascospores
conglobate, brown, uniseptate, constricted at the septum.
a) Key to the genera of the
family Schiffnerulaceae
1. Teleomorph
known..............................................Schiffnerula
1. Teleomorph not
known...........................................................2
2. Conidia globose, sarciniform,
brown to black...............Sarcinella
2. Conidia not
so.........................................................................3
3. Conidia pale brown,
falcate, 3-septateÉ................Questieriella
b) Key to the species of
Sciffenerulacae
Aristolochiaceae
Schiffnerula
Single
species..............................Schiffnerula artistolochiae
Celastraceae
Schiffnerula
Single species...............Schiffnerula
celastri stat. Sarcinella
Euphorbiaceae
Sarcinella
On
Allophyllus........................................Sarcinella allophylli
On
Bischofia.........................................Sarcinella bischofiae
On
Securinega.....................................Sarcinella secrunigae
Schiffnerula
On Glochidion.............Schiffnerula
glochidii stat. Sarcinella
On
Ricinus.........................Schiffnerula ricini stat. Sarcinella
Lamiaceae
Sarcinella
Single
species................................Sarcinella pogostemonis
Myrsinaceae
Questieriella
Single
species......................................Questieriella ardisiae
Rhizophoraceae
Sarcinella
Single species.........................................Sarcinella
caralliae
Rubiaceae
Questieriella
Single
species................................Questieriella ophiorhizae
Rutaceae
Questieriella
Single
species..................................Questieriella zanthoxyli
Urticaceae
Sarcinella
Single
species......................................Sarcinella pouzolziae
Verbenaceae
Schiffnerula
Single
species................................Schiffnerula hoddurensis
Taxonomic description
Genus Questieriella
Questieriella Arn. ex Hughes, Can. J. Bot.
61: 1729, 1983.
Colonies black, hyphae
superficial, brown, branched, septate, appressoriate. Appressoria lateral unicellular.
Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, lateral, 0-2-septate. Conidiogenous cells monoblastic to
polyblastic, integrated, terminal, lateral or incurporated in the hyphae. Conidia blastic, ter-minal, solitary,
narrowly ellipsoidal to obovoi-dal, curved, falcate, sigmoid, truncate at the
base, 3-septate.
Type – Q. pulchra
Hughes
Questieriella ardisiae Hosag. & Vijay., ZoosÕ
Print J. 19: 1386, 2004; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2):136,
2011. (Image 184).
Materials examined: BGT 5422, FMKMCC 232, 21.xi.2009, on leaves of Ardisia
solanacea Roxb. (Myrsinaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight, branching opposite to alternate at
subacute angles, closely reticulates.
Cells 15–26x6–8.5 μm. Appressoria unicellular, mostly
unilateral to alternate, globose, ovate, broad based, entire, truncate, up to
7–11x7–12 μm.
Conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae, simple, micronematous,
macronematous, 0–2-septate, 12–40x6–8 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal,
integrated, oval to cylindrical, 8–13x4–8 μm. Conidia
solitary, simple, dry, ellipsoidal, fusiform, falcate, sigmoid, deep brown to
pale brown, 3-septate, terminal cells acute at the tip, 42–46 μm
long, 9–11 μm broad at the middle, 3–5 μm broad at the
apex.
Questieriella ophiorhizae Hosag., Jagath. &
Jayashankara, J. Threatened Taxa 3 (12): 2268, 2011. (Image 185).
Materials examined: TBGT 5706 (holotype), FMKMCC 233 (isotype), 21.xi.2009, on leaves
of Ophiorrhiza sp. (Rubiaceae), in the campus of Bharatiya Vidyabhavan,
Kodagu Vidyalaya, Madikeri, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
velvety, up to 3mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching alternate, opposite to irregular
at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 12–19x5–7
μm. Conidiophores produced
lateral to the hyphae, simple, micronematous, macronematous, 0–2-septate,
simple, rarely branched, 15–18x6–8 μm; conidiogenous cells
terminal, integrated, oval to cylindrical; conidia solitary, simple, dry,
ellipsoidal, fusiform, falcate, sigmoid, pale brown, 3-septate, terminal cells
acute at the tip, 38–45x9–11 μm.
Schiffnerula craterispermi (Hansf.) Hughes, S.
hendrickxii (Hansf.) Hughes, S. psychotriae (Doidge) Hughes, S.
palicoureae (Farr) Hughes, S. ugandensis (Hansf.) Hughes is known
from other parts of the country (Hosagoudar 2003). From India, Schiffnerula canthii Hosag.
& Archana on Canthium sp. and Schiffnerula braunii Hosag.
& Sabeena on Morinda spp. are known on the members of the family
Rubiaceae (Hosagoudar & Sabeena 2010).
All these species are in their telomorphs but the present fungus
persists only in its Questieriella form.
Questieriella zanthoxyli Hosag., Jacob & Robin,
Indian J. Sci. & Techn. 2 (6): 4, 2009. (Image 186).
Materials
examined: TBGT 5356, FMKMCC 234, 25.xi.2008, on leaves of Zanthoxylum
sp. (Rutaceae), Bhagamandala, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, minute,
up to 2mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae straight to substraight, slightly flexuous, branching opposite to
alternate at acute angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 9x7 μm. Appressoria scattered, mammiform, entire
to angular, 7–12x5–7 μm. Conidia numerous, borne directly from
the hyphal cells, pale brown, straight to curved, 3-septate, rarely constricted
at the septa, 26–35x7–10 μm.
Genus Sarcinella
Sarcinella Sacc., Michelia 2: 31, 1880.
Colonies black. Hyphae
superficial, bran-ched, septate, appressoriate. Appressoria late-ral, unicellular.
Conidiophores macronematous, semi-macronematous, simple to branched. Co-nidiogenous cells monoblastic,
integrated, ter-minal, intercalary, determinate. Conidia solita-ry, acrogenous or
acropleurogenous, subspheri-cal, sarciniform, dark brown to reddish brown,
smooth, constricted at the septa.
Type: S. heterospora
Sacc.
Descriptions of species
Sarcinella allophyli Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 20, 2006; Hosag. & Riju, Indian J. Sci. & Techn. 2(6): 7, 2009.
(Image 187).
Materials examined: HCIO 45814 (holotype), TBGT 1562 (isotype); BVBKV, 12.xi.2003, on
leaves of Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raensch. (Sapindaceae), Jodupal,
Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.; FMKMCC 235, 21.xi.2009, Madikeri, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, up to 4 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae brown, straight to substraight,
branching alternate to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells 15-20x3-4
μm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, unicellular, globose, broad
based, entire, 8–10x6–7 μm. Conidiophores produced lateral to the
hyphae, single, straight, mononematous; conidiophores 8–12x4–5
μm. Conidiogenous cells
terminal, monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical. Sarciniform conidia, terminal,
mostly sessile, solitary, ovate to globose, 2–8 celled, constricted at
the septa, 25–30x22–30 μm in diameter, wall smooth.
Sarcinella bischofiae Hosag., Jagath. &
Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3667, 2013. (Image 188).
Materials examined: TBGT 5805 (holotype), FMKMCC 236 (isotype), 21.xi.2009, on leaves
of Bischofia javanica Blume (Euphorbiaceae), FMCC Campus, Madikeri, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
velvety, subdense, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae brown, straight to substraight,
branching alternate to unilateral at wide angles, loosely reticulate. Cells 13–18x3–4
μm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, unicellular, hemispherical, globose, broad based, entire,
8–10x8–10 μm.
Conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae, single, straight,
mononematous, seems to be sessile; conidiogenous cells terminal, monoblastic,
integrated, sarciniform conidia terminal, dark brown, constricted at the septa,
mostly sessile, solitary, ovate to globose, 25–33 μm in diameter,
wall smooth.
Sarcinella caralliae Hosag., Jagath. &
Jayashankara, J. Threatened Taxa 3 (12): 2269, 2011. (Image 189).
Materials examined: TBGT 5708 (holotype), FMKMCC 237 (isotype), on leaves of Carallia
brachiata (Lour.) Merr. (Rhizophoraceae), Kaimada field, Hoddur, C. Jagath
Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, thin to dense, spreading, up to 3mm in diameter. Hyphae straight
to flexuous, pale brown, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate, cells 12–20x4–6 μm. Appressoria scattered, alternate,
unilateral, ovate to mostly globose, entire, 8–10x6–8 μm. Conidia of Questieriella borne on the
hyphal cells, brown, straight to curved, 3-septate, somewhat constricted at the
septa, 25–36x7–9 μm.
Conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae, simple, micronematous,
6–8 μm long; conidiogenous cells terminal, intercalary, monoblastic,
integrated, determinate, cylindrical.
Conidia solitary, dry, simple, subspherical to oval, 2–10-celled,
brown to charcoal black, muriform, sarcinately septate, constricted at the
septa, 21–30 μm in diameter, wall smooth.
Sarcinella pogostemonis Hosag., Jagath. &
Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3668, 2013. (Image 190).
Materials examined: TBGT 5784 (holotype), FMKMCC 238 (isotype), 9.i.2010, on leaves
of Pogostemon sp. (Lamiaceae), Mandalpatti, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
velvety, confluent, up to 4mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae brown, substraight to flexuous,
branching alternate to irregular at subacute to wide angles, loosely
reticulate. Cells 15-18x4-5μm.
Appressoria mostly alternate few unilateral, unicellular, globose, few oblong
to mammiform, entire, 9–10x7-8 μm. Conidiophores produced lateral to the
hyphae, macronematous, mononematous, 1-2 septate; conidiophores
8-15x5-7μm. Conidiogenous
cells terminal, determinate, monoblastic, integrated, Sarciniform conidia
simple, straight, dry acrogenous, sarcinately septate, constricted at the
septa, smooth, 25–32 μm in diameter.
Sarcinella pouzolziae Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 20, 2006; Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 159, 2011. (Image 191).
Materials examined: HCIO 45816 (holotype), TBGT 1566 (isotype), 13.xi.2003, on leaves
of Pouzolzia sp. (Urticaceae), Nishane motta, Madikeri, November 13,
2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; FMKMCC 239, 16.xi.2010, P. zeylanica (L.)
Bennett, Mandalpatti, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin to
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae flexuous, branching irregular at
wide angles, loosely reticulate.
Cells 10–17x4–5 μm. Appressoria alternate, unilateral,
spherical, entire, 9–11x6–8 μm. Conidia of Questieriella are scattered,
not attached, pale brown, fusiform, curved, 3-septate, and constricted at the
septa, tapering towards both the ends, 30–35x7–9 μm. Sarcinella Conidiophores micronematous,
concolorous, mostly simple, rarely branched, straight to flexuous, pale brown,
0–2-septate, smooth, 25–35x5–7 μm; conidiogenous cells
monoblastic, integrated, mostly terminal, determinate, cylindrical; conidia
solitary, dry, acrogenous, simple, subspherical, sarciniform, brown when young,
charcoal black at maturity, sarcinately septate, constricted at the septa,
smooth, 16–20 μm in diameter.
Sarcinella securinegae Hosag., Jagath. &
Sabeena, J. Threatened Taxa 5(2): 3668, 2013. (Image 192).
Materials examined: TBGT 5757 (holotype), FMKMCC 240 (isotype), 23.xi.2009, on leaves
of Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Muell.-Arg. (Euphorbiaceae), FMC
compound, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, up to
7mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae
substraight to undulate, branching opposite, alternate to irregular, loosely
reticulate, cells 20–26x4–5 μm. Appressoria unicellular, mostly
unilateral, few alternate & opposite, globose, 8–10x6–9
μm. Conidiogenous cells
terminal, monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical. Sarciniform conidia terminal, mostly
sessile, solitary, ovate to globose, up to 7- celled, constricted at the septa,
26–42x19–25 μm, wall smooth.
Genus Schiffnerula
Schiffnerula Hohnel, Sber. Akad. Wiss.
Wien, math. Nat.kl., I, 118: 867, 1909; Arx & Mueller, Stud. Mycol. 9: 48,
1975; Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 61: 1763, 1983.
Clypeolella Hohnel, Sber. Akad. Wiss.
Wien., math.- nat.kl. I, 119: 403, 1910. Phaeoschiffnerula Theiss., Broteria
12: 21, 1917.
Questieria Arn., Les Asterinees 1: 186,
1918.
Diathrypton Sydow, Philippine J. Sci.
21: 137, 1922.
Coniosporiella Bat., Atas
Inst. Univ. Recife 3: 113, 1966.
Hyphae superficial, colonies
foliicolous, brown, appressoriate, appressoria unicellular. Ascomata arise from the short lateral
branches, initially with radiating cells but the cells dissolve when the
ascomata start resuming globose appearance. Asci few, bitunicate, broadly ellipsoid
to globose, sessile, octosporous, exposed after deliquescing the ascomatal
wall; ascospores brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum.
Type: S. mirabilis Hohnel
Schiffnerula aristolochiae Hosag., Jagath. &
Jayashankara, J. Threatened Taxa 3(12): 2269, 2011. (Image 193)
Materials examined: TBGT 5703 (holotype), MKMCC 241 (isotype), 4.xii.2009, on leaves
of Aristolochia tagala Cham. (Aristolochiaceae), Devara kadu, Hoddur, C.
Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight,
branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate,
cells 16–20x5–8 μm.
Appressoria unilateral, alternate to rarely opposite, ovate, globose,
mammiform, broad based, entire, 10–15x7–10 μm. Conidiophores of Questieriella produced
lateral to the hyphae, simple, straight, micronematous, mononematous,
0–2-septate, 20–25x4–6 μm; conidiogenous cells terminal,
monoblastic, integrated, solitary, ellipsoidal; conidia straight to curved, pale
brown, 3-septate, mostly scattered in the colonies, 20–25x4–6
μm. Thyriothecia numerous,
orbicular, central portion dissolved by exposing asci but the marginal cells
remain intact and radiating, up to 50μm in diameter; asci oval, globose,
octosporous, up to 20μm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, brown,
uniseptate, more or less constricted at the septum, 25–30x12–15
μm. The conidia of
Questieriella are scattered in the colonies, initially produced spores were
intact and formed colonies. In case
of subsequently produced spores, terminal cells were disintegrated, middle
cells were deep brown, appressoria and mycelium produced from the central
cells.
Schiffnerula celastri Hosag., Riju & Sabeena,
Indian J. Sci. Techn. 2(6): 8, 2009; Hosag., Plant Pathology & Quarantine
1(2): 177, 2011.
Stigmella palawanensis Sydow, Philippine J. Sci. 9:
189, 1914; Sahni, Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 23: 332, 1964.
Sarcinella palawanensis (Sydow & Sydow) Sahni,
Mycopath. Mycol. Appl. 29: 241, 1966.
Sarcinella paniculatae Verma, Tripathi & R. K.
Choudhary, Indian Phytopath. 52: 379, 1999.
Clypeolella inversa Hohn sensu Thite &
Kulkarni, Indian Phytopath. 26: 76, 1973. (Image 194)
Materials examined: FMKMCC 242, 9.i.2010, on leaves of Celastrus paniculatus
Willd. (Celastraceae), Tadiandamol hills, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, thin,
confluent, up to 4mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching irregular, loosely reticulate,
cells 20–30x3–4 µm. Appressoria opposite, few are in bunch of three,
one is bigger than the other, unicellular, globular, obovate, cylindrical,
4–5x6–9 µm.
Conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae, single, straight,
mononematous; conidiophores 10–30x4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells terminal,
monoblastic, integrated, cylindrical.
Sarciniform conidia, terminal, mostly sessile, solitary, ovate to
globose, 2–6 celled, constricted at the septa, 24–32 μm in
diameter, wall smooth.
Questieriella conidia, thyriothecia and ascospores are not seen.
Schiffnerula glochidii Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res.
44: 21, 2006; Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 186, 2011.stat. Sarcinella
Hosag., J. Mycopathol. Res. 44: 21, 2006. (Image 195)
Materials examined: HCIO 45723 (holotype), TBGT 1472 (isotype), 13.xi.2003, on leaves
of Glochidion sp. (Euphorbiaceae), MPCA, Brahmagiri, Talacauvery,
Madikeri, V.B.Hosagoudar et al. FMKMCC 243, 16.xi.2010, G. ellipticum
Wight, Mandalpatti, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous,
subdense to dense, light brown to black, small, scattered, separate. Hyphae superficial, thick walled, light
brown, brown, and thick walled, branching mostly opposite and occasionally
irregular, loosely reticulate, cells measuring 4–7 μm in width. Appressoria alternate to unilateral,
hemispherical, occasionally subglobose, light brown, 6–9 μm in
diameter. Conidiophores
micronematous, small, unbranched, straight, rarely flexuous, light brown,
arising usually on the hyphae, simple, smooth walled, slightly paler towards
the apex, 4–7 μm thick; conidiogenous cells monoblastic, terminal,
determinate, cylindrical; conidia solitary, acrogenous, subspherical, smooth,
dark brown, muriform, deeply constricted at the septa, sarciniform, septa
usually cruciately arranged, up to 10 lobate in surface view, 19–35
μm in diameter. Questieriella conidia, thyriothecia and ascospores are not
seen.
Schiffnerula ambigua Petrak, S. brideliae Hansf.,
S. crotonis Hansf. And S. ricini Hansf., are known on the members of the family
Euphorbiaceae (Hosagoudar 2003b) but this is the only species on this host
genus.
Schiffnerula hoddurensis Hosag., Jagath. &
Jayashankara, J. Threatened Taxa 3 (12): 2270, 2011. (Image 196)
Materials examined: TBGT 5698 (holotype), FMKMCC 244, 16.ix.2009on leaves of Vitex
negundo L. (Verbenaceae), Hoddur, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
up to 7mm in diameter. Hyphae
flexuous, branching subopposite to alternate at acute to subacute angles,
closely to loosely reticulate, cells 23–28x4–6 μm. Appressoria scattered, unilateral to
alternate, rarely opposite, unicellular, globose, mammiform, broad based,
entire, rarely angular, 5–10x6–11 μm. Questieriella conidia few, scattered,
3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, straight to curved, taper towards
both ends, end cells acute to subacute, 17–36x8–10 μm. Thyriothecia scattered, orbicular,
initially charcoal black, central portion dissolved at the centre at maturity;
asci globose to ovate, 15–18 μm in diameter; ascospores brown,
conglobate, uniseptate, 23–26x11–13 μm.
Sarcinella jabalpurensis R.C. Rajak & Soni is
known on this host from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (Rajak & Soni 1981). Since the Sarcinella state is not
known in the present collection, it is not worth to state that both the taxa
are the same. Hence, it has been
placed under an anmorphic species of its teleomorph.
Schiffnerula lagerstroemiae Hosag. & Riju, Plant
Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 186, 2011.
Sarcinella lagerstroemiae Hosag. & Mohanan, New
Botanist 22: 31, 1995. (Fig. 54)
Material examined: HCIO 45622, TBGT 1365; HCIO 45626, TBGT 1369, 12.xi.2003, on
leaves of Lagerstroemia sp. (Lythraceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et
al.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
confluent, up to 2mm in diameter.
Hyphae substraight to undulating, branching opposite to alternate at
acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells
11–26×4–7 μm.
Appressoria alternate, unilateral, globose, mammiform, entire,
6–9×8–11 μm.
Conidia of Questieriella type were few, scattered, attached directly to
the hyphae, curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, taper towards
both ends, 28–37×8–11 μm. Sarcinella conidiophores produced
lateral to the hyphae, single, straight, flexuous, macronematous, mononematous,
0–3 septate, 20–31×4–6 μm; conidiogenous cells
terminal, monoblastic, integra-ted, cylindrical. Sarcinella conidia blastic, terminal,
mostly sessile, solitary, dry, ovate to globose, sarciniform, 2–8 celled,
con-stricted at the septa, 17–40 μm in diameter, wall smooth. Thyriothecia scattered, globose,
orbicular, peridial cells initially radiating, later central portion dissolved
by exposing the asci, up to 66 μm in diameter, marginal cells radiating;
asci 1–2 per thyriothecia, globose, 4–6 spored bitunicate,
17–26 μm in diameter; asco-spores cylindrical, oblong, uniseptate,
con-stricted at the septum, 17–22×6–9 μm, remain hyaline
for some time but turn brown at maturity.
Colonies were associated with
the colonies of Acremoniula sarcinellae (Pat. & Har.) Arn. ex
Deight.
Schiffnerula mirabilis Hohn., Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss.
Wien., math.-nat. kl. I Abt. 118: 867, 1909; Hosag., Plant Pathology &
Quarantine 1(2): 190, 2011.
= Schiffnerula pitteriana
Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 28: 161, 1930.
= Schiffnerula malabarensis
Ramakr. & Sund., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 38: 188, 1953. Stat. Questieriella
(Fig. 55)
Material examined: HCIO 45731, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Passiflora foetida L.
(Passifloraceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar et al, ; HCIO 45620, TBGT
1363, 14.xi.2003, V.B. Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous,
subdense, up to 2mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae sub-straight to flexuous,
branching opposite to unilateral at acute to wide angles, loosely reti-culate,
cells 20–35×5–7 μm.
Appressoria alternate to unilateral, unicellular, globose, ovate, broad
based, entire, 7–12×10–15 μm. Conidia of Questieriella were numerous,
scat-tered, germinating to form colony, curved, 3-septate, slightly constricted
at the septa, taper towards both ends, 32–55×10–15
μm. Thyriothecia scattered,
globose, orbicular, peridial cells initially radiating, later central portion
dissolved by exposing asci, up to 53 μm in diameter; asci 1–2 per
thyriothecia, globose, ovate, octosporous, 17–30 μm in diameter;
ascospores conglobate, uniseptate, constricted at the septum,
17–25×7–12 μm.
Schiffnerula pulchra (Sacc.) Petrak, Ann. Mycol.
26: 397, 1928; Hughes, Can. J. Bot. 61: 1738, 1983; Hosag., Plant Pathology
& Quarantine 1(2): 192, 2011.
Apiosporium pulchrum Sacc., Thumen, Mycotheca
Universalis No. 52, 1875.
Dimerosporium pulchrum Sacc.,
Nuovo G. Bot. Ital. 7: 299, 1875.
Dimerina pulchra (Sacc.) Theiss., Bot.
Centralbl. Beih. 29: 64, 1912.
Questiera pulchra (Sacc.) Arnaud, Les
Asterinees, p. 187, 1918.
Synanamorph: Sarcinella
heterospora Sacc., Fungi Italici no. 126, 1877.
Stat.- Sarcinella
(Fig. 56).
Materials exmined: HCIO 45794, TBGT 1543, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Ligustrum
sp. (Oleaceae), Nishanemotta, Madikeri, V.B. Hosagoudar.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense,
velvety, up to 2mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight to flexuous, branching
irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulatae, cells 12–16x4–6
µm. Appressoria alternate to
unilateral, globose, broad based, entire, 8–11x6–8 µm. Conidiophores micronematous,
mononematous, simple, straight to slightly flexuous, aseptate to 1-2-septate,
12–22x4–6 µm; conidiogenous cells monoblastic, integrated,
determinate, cylindrical. Conidia solitary, dry, acrogenous, simple, oval,
spherical, charcoal black, sarciniform, 2-5-septate, constricted at the septa,
19–32 µm in diameter, wall smooth.
This is the only species
known on this host genus from Europe and America and is known here for the
first time from India (Hughes, 1983, Bilgrami et al. 1991; Hosagoudar, 2011).
Schiffnerula ricini Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc.
London 160: 117, 1947-48; Hosag., H. Biju & Appaiah, J. Mycopathol. Res. 4:
23, 2006; Hosag. & Riju, Indian J. Sci. & Techn. 2(6): 7, 2009; Hosag.,
Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2), p 191, 2011. stat. Sarcinella (Image
197).
Materials examined: HCIO 45663, TBGT 1410, 14.xi.2003, on leaves of Ricinus
communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), Nishane motta, V.B. Hosagoudar; TBGT 5435,
FMKMCC 245, 27.xi.2009, Hoddur, October 27, 2009, C. Jagath Thimmaiah.
Colonies epiphyllous, dense
up to 8mm in diameter, confluent.
Hyphae substraight, branching opposite to alternate at subacute angles,
cells 9–18x6–7 μm.
Appressoria unicellular, alternate, unilateral, few opposite, antrorse
to subantrorse, globose, ovate, few angulose, broad
based,7–9x7–11μm. Conidia
of Questieriella were scattered, mostly not attached, curved, 3-septate,
slightly constricted at the septa, taper towards both ends,
17–25x6–8 μm.
Sarcinella conidiophores produced lateral to the hyphae, single,
straight to flexuous, macronematous, mononematous, 0-2-septate,
9–12x2–4 μm, condiogenous cells terminal, monoblastic,
integrated, cylindrical; conidia, blastic, terminal, solitary, dry, ovate to
globose, sarciniform, cruciately septate, 4–8 celled, constricted at the
septa,19–31μm in diameter, brown which turns dark at maturity, wall
smooth. Thyriothecia and ascospores are not seen.
This is the only species of
the genus Schiffnerula known on the host genus Ricinus (Hansford, 1948). However, the ascomata were without asci
and ascospores.
Schiffnerula tectonae (Thite & Patil) Hosag.,
Zoos Print J. 18: 1077, 2003; Plant Pathology & Quarantine 1(2): 196, 2011.
Clypeolella tectonae Thite & Patil,
Geophytology 15: 84, 1985.
Sarcinella tectonae Hosag. & Manoj.,
ZoosÕPrint J. 19: 1389, 2004. (Fig. 57).
Material examined: HCIO 45633, TBGT 1377, 11.xi.2003, on leaves of Tectona
grandis L.f. (Verbenaceae), Jodupal, V.B. Hosagoudar et al; HCIO 45613,
TBGT 1356; HCIO 45625, TBGT 1368; HCIO 45632, TBGT 1376, 12.xi.2003, V.B.
Hosagoudar et al.
Colonies amphigenous, mostly
epiphyllous, dense, up to 1mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae pale brown, slightly flexuous,
branching alternate to irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely
reticulate, cells 12–20×4–7 μm. Appressoria brown, scattered, alter-nate,
globose to slightly ovate, entire, 9–12 μm in diameter;
conidiophores simple, micro-nematous, mononematous, pale, entire, 5–8
μm long; Conidiogenous cells integrated, monoblastic, terminal; conidia
solitary, dry, acrogenous, simple, globose, sarciniform, 4–12-celled,
carbonaceous black, septa not visible, slightly constricted at the septa,
16–40 μm in diameter, wall smooth.
Colonies were hyper
parasitized by Acremoniula sarcinellae (Pat. & Har.) Arn. ex Deight.
Balladynocallia glabra (Hansf.) Batista in Bat.,
Silva & Bezerra, Atas Inst. Micol. 2 : 216. 1965; Hosag., Biju, C.K. and
Abraham, T.K. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25: 307, 2001. (Fig. 58 & Image 198)
Materials examined: TBGT 6642, 16.xi.2010, on leaves of Canthium coromandalicum
(Rubiaceae), Madikeri, C. Jagasth Thimmaiah.
Colonies amphigenous,
carbonaceous black, woolly, up to 5mm in diameter, rarely confluent. Hyphae straight, branching alternate to
irregular at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 24–40x3–4 μm. Appressoria unicellular, scattered,
alternate to unilateral, oval, clavate, globose, mostly entire, rarely angular,
often strongly constricted at the base, 8–12x4–7 μm. Perithecia closely scattered, initially
stipitate, stipes up to 10μm long, later broad based, ovate, pyriform,
irregularly opened at the apex, 50–80x22–30 μm, wall 1–2
layered; asci 4–5 μm in each perithecium, ovate, clavate, sessile,
become globose after their release, octosporous, bitunicate, tunica thick at
the apex, 41–60x28–32 μm; ascospores initially hyaline, brown
at maturity, conglobate, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, both the cells
unequal in size, broadly rounded at both ends, 17–20x7–9 μm,
wall smooth.
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