Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2026 | 18(4): 28703–28718
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9596.18.4.28703-28718
#9596 | Received 01 January 2025 | Final received 16 March 2026| Finally
accepted 30 March 2026
Diversity and distribution of
climbers of Uttar Pradesh: a preliminary review
Rameshwar Prasad 1 , Muzeev
Ahmad 2 , Sushma Verma 3 , K.M. Prabhukumar 4 & T.S. Rana 5
1,3,4 Plant Diversity, Systematics and
Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh 226001, India.
1,2 Department of Agriculture,
Integral Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Integral
University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India.
5 CSIR-Human Resource Development
Centre, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
1 rameshwar.nbri@gmail.com, 2 muzeev@iul.ac.in,
3 creation.sanju@gmail.com, 4 prabhu.krishna@nbri.res.in,
5 ranatikam@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 April 2026 (online & print)
Citation:
Prasad, R., M. Ahmad, S. Verma, K.M. Prabhukumar & T.S. Rana (2026). Diversity and
distribution of climbers of Uttar Pradesh: a preliminary review. Journal of Threatened Taxa 18(4): 28703–28718. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9596.18.4.28703-28718
Copyright: © Prasad et al. 2026. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Mr. Rameshwar Prasad is a PhD student at Department of Agriculture, (Integral Institute of
Agricultural Science & Technology) at Integral University, Lucknow. He is
currently working as a Senior Technical Officer in Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow. His research work focuses on Plant Taxonomy,
Biodiversity and Conservation of plants. Dr. Muzeev Ahmad is currently working as an
Assistant Professor in the Department of Agriculture,
(Integral Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology) at Integral
University, Lucknow. He leads Masters and Doctoral research at the University
and is actively involved in teaching various Horticulture courses. Dr. Sushma Verma is presently working as a Senior Technical Officer, PDSH Division,
CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. She has two decades of
research experience in Plant Molecular Systematics. Dr. KM Prabhkumar is presently working as a Senior
Scientist at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. He has over
two decades of research experience in Angiosperm Taxonomy, Conservation Biology
and Prospecting of Medicinal Plants for human welfare. Dr. T.S. Rana has over three decades of research
experience on the Bio-resources Mapping, Plant Molecular Systematics,
Conservation Biology, Bio-prospecting Plant Resources for human welfare. He is
presently working as a Chief Scientist & Head of CSIR-Human Resource
Development Centre, Ghaziabad. As the principal executive of the Centre,
he is managing and promoting professional/holistic human resource development
by offering training and development programs for professionalizing R&D
management, and support functions in CSIR.
Author contribution: Rameshwar Prasad conceptualizing the data,
collecting the secondary data, drafting and prepared original manuscript;
Muzeev Ahmad supervised the study, editing the draft and original manuscript;
Sushma Verma collecting the secondary data, drafting and editing the original manuscript; KM Prabhukumar editing the draft and original
manuscript; TS Rana conceptualizing the data, supervised the study, editing the
original manuscript.
Acknowledgments: RP, SV, KMP, and TSR express their
sincere gratitude to the director CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow, for support
and encouragement. RP and MA express their gratitude to the dean of the
faculty, Integral University, Lucknow, for providing the necessary facilities
to conduct the research work.
Abstract: Uttar Pradesh (UP) is one of the
largest states in India. Based on vegetation types, the state is divided into
four main regions: the Terai Region, Gangetic Plains, Vindhyan, and Semi-arid
Regions. These regions harbour a rich diversity of unique and interesting plant
species. Climbing plants, owing to their distinctive features, have long
fascinated ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Interest in these unique
plants has surged notably over the past two decades, leading to a significant
increase in research on these climbing species in the country. The current
state of knowledge on climbers in Uttar Pradesh remains fragmented, with most
available studies providing only isolated and sporadic information. In the
present study, an attempt has been made to provide insights into the diversity
and distribution of climbers across the four regions of Uttar Pradesh based on
a literature survey. The study revealed a total of 344 climbing species
(including 12 infraspecific taxa) belonging to 169 genera under 42 families and
23 orders across four regions of the state. Fabaceae was the most diverse
family with 39 genera, followed by Apocynaceae with 24 genera. Ipomoea
was the most speciose genus with 23 species. Climbers are an important group of
plants with varied climbing mechanisms. They range from ornamental vines to
medicinally important plants having significant cultural and economic value.
The information gathered from the study would provide baseline data for future
climber-based research in India.
Keywords: Annual and perennial plants, biodiversity,
floristic composition, medicinal,
ornamental, plant biodiversity, species diversity, vegetation zones.
Introduction
Climbers, whether annual or
perennial, lack self-supporting stems and depend on external structures for
vertical growth with diverse climbing mechanisms—branch twiners, stem twiners,
tendril climbers, root adhesive climbers, hook climbers, and scramblers
(Bongers et al. 2005; Jongkind & Hawthorne 2005). Some genera also bear
thorns or rootlets that do not aid in climbing. Overall, climbers exhibit a
wide variety of growth strategies (Roy 2019).
This group of plants has
independently evolved a climbing habit in several plant families, utilizing
various methods to compensate for their weak stems. Climbers are an important
group of plants whose structural support does not rely solely on their own
tissue. They originate from a rooting position in the soil or a surface near
the soil, and their climbing efforts allow them to reach the canopies of trees,
carrying their foliage and reproductive organs (Burnham 2009).
Ornamental climbers are both
annual and perennial types and possess special structures such as tendrils,
thorns, and flowers that enable them to climb on a support. These plants
enhance the beauty of gardens with their attractive flowers and foliage,
evoking a sense of elegant old-world charm in any landscape. A well-maintained
and healthy climber can be a delightful addition to the scenery, while it is
advisable to avoid poorly adapted, diseased, or withered specimens. There is a
wide variety of ornamental climbers available, catering to evolving tastes,
fashion trends, and landscape design concepts. Regardless of their
attractiveness and interest, climbers must be properly placed in relation to
the land’s conformation, ridges, and buildings (Bhattacharjee 2004). Moreover,
these plants also hold historical significance, as they contribute to the
allure of ancient buildings by concealing architectural or structural flaws,
creating a veil of green that enhances their visual appeal (Dutta 1989).
Climbers enhance horticultural
beauty with their diverse growth forms and have evolved into woody types in
families like Apocynaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Menispermaceae, while in other
families like Acanthaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Passifloraceae,
they are herbaceous in nature (Roy 2019). Some woody climbers resemble shrubs,
thriving in open sites but producing elongated, leafy branches under shade to
climb, forming scandent shrubs. Yet, unchecked growth may block drainage systems
or damage host trees, reflecting both their ecological value and management
challenges (Roy 2019).
A climber starts its life on the
forest floor and spends almost one-fourth of its life on the forest floor.
After this initial phase, it begins to adhere, anchor, and lean on other plants
in order to achieve great stature (Jongkind & Hawthorne 2005). The families
such as Cucurbitaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Dioscoreaceae are known for their
abundance of climbers. Among these families, Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Celastraceae,
and Leguminosae have more than 50 species each (Gentry 1991; Schnitzer &
Bongers 2002). Climbers are predominantly found in woody plant ecosystems,
although diversity can also be observed in subtropical and tropical forests
(Richards 1952; Bongers et al. 2005). Tropical rainforests exhibit a high
diversity of climbers, accounting for up to 30% of the vegetation (Schnitzer
& Bongers 2002). Climbers are more commonly associated with tropical
forests rather than temperate forests (Putz 1984).
Climbers are present in nearly
half (46%) of the flowering plant families (Pandi 2023). Most of the lianas or
vines are present in the families Hippocrateaceae, Vitaceae, and Smilacaceae
(Gentry 1991). In tropical forests, climbers play a significant role in both
floristic composition and forest physiognomy (Gentry 1991). They are crucial
components of forest ecosystems as they provide habitat and food for animals
(Hladik 1978; Emmons & Gentry 1983; Gentry 1991; Galetti & Pedroni
1994).
In Uttar Pradesh, the diversity
of climbing plants (both lianas and vines) varies across regions. In
northeastern UP, 111 climber species comprising 63 lianas and 48 vines are
distributed across 35 families, with Convolvulaceae alone accounting for 19
species (Dvivedi et al. 2016). A total of 46 climbers, notably belonging to
Cucurbitaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Fabaceae, have been primarily used to treat
urogenital disorders, diabetes, respiratory & gastrointestinal ailments, as
well as skin conditions, and jaundice (Tandon et al. 2025). The knowledge of
climbers in UP is still fragmented, with most studies offering only scattered
or localized accounts. The present study seeks to consolidate this information
by reviewing available literature to assess the diversity and distribution of
climbers across the four regions of the state.
Materials
and Methods
Study area
In the
present study, the state of UP was chosen as the study area, which is situated
at northcentral region of India between 23.8670 N– 31.467o
E and 77.500o N– 84.650o E, occupying an area of about
2,40,928 km2, of which 17,722.4 km2 consists of forests,
which is 7.54% of its total area (ISFR 2023). The forest cover of Uttar Pradesh
(Table 1 & Figure 2) is 15,045.80 km2, excluding the
scrub, which is 639.5 km2 (ISFR 2023).
Uttar Pradesh shares its
boundaries with Haryana, Delhi, and Rajasthan in the west; Madhya Pradesh and
Chhattisgarh in the south; Jharkhand and Bihar in the east; and Uttarakhand and
the international boundary with Nepal in the north. With reference to natural
boundaries, the area is bordered by the Shivalik mountain range in the north,
the Yamuna River and the Vindhyan mountain range along the western and southern
borders, and the Gandak River in the east. The middle fertile zone formed by
the Ganga River is heavily utilised for agriculture. The climate is subtropical
and chiefly contains three seasons, namely: summer, rainy, and winter. In the
summer (April–June), the temperature rises up to 45 oC and a small
amount of rain (10–25 cm) is recorded. The rainy season runs from late June to
early October, during which temperatures range 25–35 °C and rainfall averages
80–115 cm. The winter season starts from the last week of October and lasts up
to mid-March. In this period, the temperature varies 10–25 oC, and a
small amount of rainfall (5–7 cm) is reported in the area. Although the forest
cover is very minimal, it harbours a good number of flowering plants due to its
varied climatic conditions. Based on forest and vegetation types, the province
is broadly categorized into the following four major zones (Figure 1).
1. Terai Region:
It includes the northern part adjacent to Nepal, which is a tropical
moist deciduous type. It comprises Pilibhit, Lakhimpur Kheri, Bahraich,
Shravasti, Balrampur, Gonda, Basti, Siddharthnagar, Gorakhpur, Maharajganj,
Deoria, and Kushinagar districts. It has a great biodiversity due to dense
forest cover. The dominant forest is Sal and Teak, and also has some patches of
Aegle forest in Lakhimpur and Bahraich.
2. Gangetic Plain: It forms the central area, which
is agriculturally most fertile and has a tropical dry deciduous type of
vegetation. The area is chiefly drained by the Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghra, and
Gomti rivers. Their tributaries also form a good network of small rivers, and it
forms a highly fertile region for cultivation. Due to heavy anthropogenic
activities, it has very poor biodiversity, except for some small, fragmented
patches.
3. Vindhyan Region: It is situated between the
Gangetic plains and the Deccan Peninsula with a tropical dry deciduous type of
vegetation. It comprises Lalitpur, Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Banda,
Chitrakoot, Mirzapur, Sonbhadra, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Chandauli, Varanasi,
Kaushambi, and some regions of the Allahabad District. It is constituted by a
small part of the Vindhyan Hill. Due to the presence of sandy soil, it has very
poor fertility. The major cultivated plant is wheat, which is cultivated along
the riverbank. Due to mining and other heavy anthropogenic activities, it also
has very poor biodiversity. The forest of the area is tropical dry deciduous.
4. Semiarid Region: Only a few areas—Agra, Mathura,
Etawah, Auraya, and Jalaun—with tropical dry deciduous type of vegetation form
a semiarid region. The forest of the area is an open scrub type. The banks of
the Chambal, Betwa, and Yamuna rivers form the vegetation of the area.
Literature survey
The present review is based on an
extensive review of available literature, including more than 16 authentic
research papers, three books or book chapters and four regional floras. A
comprehensive list of climbing species recorded from UP has been compiled
through this review. Furthermore, identified taxa up to the level of species
and infraspecific ranks (variety/subspecies) have been included. The taxonomic
identities of all taxa were verified using the Plants of the World Online
(POWO) database to ensure nomenclature accuracy and current accepted names. The
taxa are arranged alphabetically (Table 3). This systematic approach ensured
comprehensive coverage of available data on climber diversity and distribution
in Uttar Pradesh. Map of Uttar Pradesh representing four zones of Uttar Pradesh
have been provided in Figure 1.
Results
and Discussion
Status of climbers in India
In India, climbers, including
both lianas and herbaceous vines, constitute approximately 12% of the country’s
total angiosperm flora (Pujari et al. 2025). Regional studies have highlighted
their diversity and ethnobotanical importance across several states.
In northern and western India,
several species of climbers were documented from Jammu & Kashmir (Bor &
Raizada 1954), Gujarat (Jangid & Sharma 2011). Further surveys in eastern
India revealed rich distributions, such as 94 species in Koch Bihar, West
Bengal (Bandyopadhyay & Mukherjee 2010), 45 in Jharkhand (Kumar et al.
2013), and 120 in Odisha’s Similipal Biosphere Reserve (Rout et al. 2022).
Northeastern India displays exceptional diversity, with 187 species in
Arunachal Pradesh (Soyala et al. 2021), and 26 species recorded from East
Sikkim sacred groves (Rai et al. 2016).
Southern
India and the Andaman Islands also contribute to this diversity. In Kerala, 59
climbers were recorded by Jayakumar & Nair (2013), while in Karnataka, 170
species of climbers were reported (Prashanth & Siddamallayya 2022). Tamil
Nadu encompasses 40–175 taxa across different districts and hill ranges
(Muthuperumal & Parthasarathy 2009; Sarvalingam & Rajendran 2014). The
Andaman Islands harbour high richness with over 220 species, including herbaceous
climbers and lianas (Mahajan 2006).
Consolidating
these scattered accounts on climbers, Pandi et al. (2022) & Pujari et al.
(2025) provided comprehensive data on Indian climbers, reporting 2,566–2,624
species (Table 2), underscoring the ecological, medicinal, and cultural
significance of climbers in India.
Status of climbers in Uttar
Pradesh
The state of UP harbours rich
climbers’ diversity. In their attempt to study the floristic accounts of the
state Duthie (1903–1915), Kanjilal (1982), Misra & Verma (1992), Sharma
& Dhakre (1995), Narayan & Ranjan (2007), Datt et al. (2015), Kushwaha
et al. (2018), and Sinha & Shukla (2021) have mentioned climbing species in
their studies. Detailed comprehensive studies on climbing species are lacking
from the state. A few available studies concerning the climbing species across
four regions of the state are reviewed as follows.
Terai Region: There are a few studies carried
out by different workers on climbers of this region. Srivastava (2014)
conducted a survey on wild flora of Gonda District and reported 18 plant
species. Out of these 18 plant species, two were observed as climbers used by
local people and ayurvedic experts in herbal and folk medicine in the area.
Similarly, Khanna (2015) also reported two species of climbers from the family
Apocynaceae and Basellaceae out of 212 angiosperms documented from Parvati Arga
Bird Sanctuary in Gonda District. Kumar et al. (2015) in their study on
flowering plants of Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in Bahraich District of
Terai region, presented 778 species of Angiosperms, out of which 103 were
climbers of much significance under 77 genera belonging to 31 families. Dvivedi
et al. (2016) reported a total of 111 climbing species, including 63 lianas and
48 vine species of wild occurrence from the terai belt of the foothills of the
Himalaya, representing 81 genera under 35 families. Khanna (2018), in his study
on angiosperm plants of Terai region, documented 10 species of climbers of
significant importance out of 1,753 species investigated from the entire Terai
belt. Saini et al. (2021) reported 116 species of climbers, of which 66 were
herbaceous climbers, 33 woody climbers or lianas and 15 climbing shrubs, along
with two parasite climbers. The species also exhibited remarkable diversity in
the nature of climbing. Of 116 species, 70 were twiners, 24 were tendril
climbers, 15 were climbing shrubs, and four and three species were root and
hook climbers, respectively. These climbers belonged to 27 different families,
with Fabaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Apocynaceae being dominant
families in the region. The study recorded the occurrence of 14 threatened
climbers as well.
Gangetic Plain: Due to heavy anthropogenic
activities, it has very poor biodiversity, except for some small, fragmented
patches. Satya & Kanaujia (2007) in their study on the angiospermic plants
of Pratapgarh reported 75 species under 64 genera and 46 families, out of which
three species were recorded as climbers under three genera and two families.
Maurya et al. (2015) studied the ethnobotanical uses of plants in Chandra
Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary. Among 100 plants, 16 species were found to be
climbers of medicinal importance
Vindhyan Region: It is constituted by a small
range of the Vindhyan Hill. Due to the presence of sandy soil, it has very poor
fertility. The major cultivated plant is wheat, which is cultivated along the
riverbank. Due to mining and other heavy anthropogenic activities, it also has
very poor biodiversity. The forest of the area is tropical dry deciduous. Singh
& Dubey (2012) studied the ethnomedicinal importance of plants of
Sonebhadra District, wherein they reported that the tribal people of Sonebhadra
District use 143 species as traditional medicinal plants in treating various
ailments. Out of 143 climbers, 17 were of climbing habit, exhibiting the
ethnomedicinal potential of immense value. Singh (2015) in their study on flora
of Varanasi observed 22 species under 19 genera belonging to 12 families as
woody climbers out of 1,015 plant species. Family Apocynaceae was found to be
the dominant family with six species under four genera, followed by
Bignoniaceae with four species under three genera. Kushwaha et al. (2018) in
their study on taxonomic account of angiosperms of Sonbhadra District recorded
a total of 443 species, out of which 29 species were climbers with
Convolvulaceae being the dominant family. Singh (2020) in his study documented
198 exotic species distributed among 157 genera belonging to 68 families from
Varanasi District. Out of these 198 species, 11 species were of climbing habit
represented as ornamental, crops and fruit-yielding species being utilized as herbal medicine by the rural folks of the
area.
Semiarid region: Narain (2005) studied the flora
of the Hamirpur District of Bundelkhand region. Out of 36 species seven species
were reported to be climbers. Narain (2010) reported 27 species of climbing
habit out of 602 species enumerated in the Hamirpur and Mahoba districts of the
Bundelkhand region.
The critical analysis of literature
in the present study indicates the presence of 344 species (including 12
intraspecific taxa), belonging to 169 genera under 42 families and 23 orders,
(Table 3; Figure 3). Among the families,
Fabaceae under the order Fabales emerged as the most dominant family
contributing the highest number of species (71), followed by family
Convolvulaceae under the order Solanales contributing to 53 species (Figure 4).
Other well represented families include Apocynaceae (44) and Cucurbitaceae
(40). Furthermore, Ipomoea was observed to be the most speciose genus,
in the present study. At the order level Fabales, Solanales, Cucurbitales, and
Gentianales showed maximum species richness. (Table 3). The dominance of these
families and orders reflects the ecological adaptability and evolutionary
success of climbers within these groups particularly in the Terai regions of
the state. Furthermore, the highest diversity of climbers in this region may be
attributed due to high rainfall and a humid monsoon climate, diverse vegetation
structure, and, importantly, the region’s overlap with the Himalayan and
Gangetic floras, forming an ecotone (Dvivedi et al. 2016).
Conclusion
Climbers in UP have been the
subject of several studies conducted by various researchers. These studies have
shed light on different aspects of climbers, providing valuable insights into
their diversity, distribution, ecology, and other relevant characteristics.
The climbing flora of UP makes a
significant contribution to the overall plant diversity of India, both
ecologically and economically. Uttar Pradesh harbours a considerable number of
climber species, many of which are medicinally and economically valuable.
Climbers represent an important component of the vegetation, adding structural
complexity to forests, groves, and hedgerows, while also enhancing
biodiversity. Although the climbing flora of UP represents only a fraction of
India’s total diversity, it reflects the state’s unique biogeographic position
and ecological heterogeneity. Their presence emphasises the state’s role as a
repository of useful plant resources. Conserving this diversity is thus
essential, not only for maintaining ecological balance but also for sustaining
cultural and economic traditions linked to the use of climbers.
Table 1.
Forest cover of Uttar Pradesh (ISFR 2023).
|
Class |
Area (km2) |
Percentage |
|
Very dense forest area |
2,688.73 |
1.12 |
|
Moderately dense forest area |
4,001.41 |
1.66 |
|
Open forest area |
8355.66 |
3.46 |
|
Total forest cover |
15,045.80 |
6.24 |
|
Scrub |
639.51 |
0.27 |
Table 2.
Status of climbers in India (Pandi et al. 2022).
|
No. of species |
Genera |
Family |
|
2,624 |
585 |
104 |
Table 3.
List of climbing species recorded from Uttar Pradesh. The names in the
parentheses are originally annotated names which are now synonyms.
|
|
Currently accepted names |
Family |
Order |
Habit |
|
1 |
Abrus melanospermus Hassk. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
2 |
Abrus melanospermus subsp. melanospermus
(=Abrus pulchellus Wall.ex Voigt.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing woody shrub |
|
3 |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twiner |
|
4 |
Acacia gageana (Craib) Maslin,
Seigler & Ebinger |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
5 |
Actinostemma tenerum Griff. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing herb |
|
6 |
Aganosma heynei (Spreng.) I.M.
Turner (=Aganosma caryophyllata G. Don; Aganosma dichotoma K.Schum.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody climber |
|
7 |
Allamanda cathartica L. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody twiner |
|
8 |
Allamanda blanchetii A.DC. (=Allamanda
violacea Gardner) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody climber |
|
9 |
Allamanda schottii Pohl (=Allamanda
neriifolia Hook.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Climbing shrub |
|
10 |
Ampelocissus divaricata (Wall. ex
M.A.Lawson) Planch. (=Vitis divaricata Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Climbing tendril shrub |
|
11 |
Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Climbing tendril shrub |
|
12 |
Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Woody tendril herb |
|
13 |
Ampelocissus rugosa (Wall.) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Climbiing shrub |
|
14 |
Ampelocissus tomentosa (Roth.) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Climbing shrub |
|
15 |
Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Climbing herb |
|
16 |
Anamirta cocculus (L.) Wight &
Arn. (=Anamirta paniculata Colebr.) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Woody climber |
|
17 |
Aniseia martinicensis (Jacq.) Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twiner |
|
18 |
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. |
Polygonaceae |
Caryophyllales |
Climbing tendril herb |
|
19 |
Argyreia barbigera Choisy (=Lettsomia
thomsonii C.B.Clarke; Argyreia nasirii D.F.Austin) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climber |
|
20 |
Argyreia kleiniana (Schult.) Raizada
(=Argyreia populifolia Choisy) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Woody climber |
|
21 |
Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer (=Argyreia
speciosa (L.f.) Sweet) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
22 |
Argyreia sericea Dalzell &
A.Gibson |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
23 |
Argyreia setosa (Roxb.) Sweet (=Lettsomia
setosa Roxb.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Large climber |
|
24 |
Aristolochia indica L. |
Aristolochiaceae |
Piperales |
Glabrous climber |
|
25 |
Aristolochia littoralis Parodi |
Aristolochiaceae |
Piperales |
Climbing tendril herb |
|
26 |
Artabotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari (=Artabotrys
odoratissimus R.Br.)Annonaceae |
Annonaceae |
Magnoliales |
Woody climber |
|
27 |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. |
Asparagaceae |
Asparagales |
Woody twining herb |
|
28 |
Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop |
Asparagaceae |
Asparagales |
Twining herb |
|
29 |
Aspidopterys cordata (B.Heyne ex Wall.)
A. Juss. |
Malpighiaceae |
Malpighiales |
Slender climber |
|
30 |
Aspidopterys wallichii Hook.f. |
Malpighiaceae |
Malpighiales |
Woody climber |
|
31 |
Basella alba L. (=Basella
rubra L.) |
Basellaceae |
Caryophyllales |
Twining herb |
|
32 |
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climber |
|
33 |
Biancaea decapetala (Roth) ) O.Deg (=Caesalpinia
decapetala (Roth) Alston; Caesalpinia sepiaria Roxb.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
34 |
Bignonia corymbosa Vent. |
Bignoniaceaee |
Lamiales |
Climbing vine |
|
35 |
Blastania cerasiformis (Stocks) A. Meeuse
(=Blastania fimbristipula Kotschy & Peyr.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
36 |
Blastania garcinii (Burm.f.) Cogn. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing tendril herb |
|
37 |
Boerhavia diffusa L. |
Nyctaginaceae |
Caryophyllales |
Climbing shrub |
|
38 |
Bougainvillea glabra Choisy |
Nyctaginaceae |
Caryophyllales |
Climbing shrub |
|
39 |
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd |
Nyctaginaceae |
Caryophyllales |
Woody hook climber |
|
40 |
Brachypteris scandens (Roxb.) Wight
& Arn. ex Miq. (=Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining climber |
|
41 |
Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume |
Phyllanthaceae |
Malpighiales |
Woody climber |
|
42 |
Butea superba Roxb.ex Willd. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climber |
|
43 |
Cajanus albicans (Wight & Arn.)
Maesen (=Atylosia albicans (Wight & Arn.) Benth.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining shrub |
|
44 |
Cajanus crassus (Prain ex King)
Maesen (=Atylosia crassa Prain) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining shrub |
|
45 |
Cajanus mollis (Benth.) Maesen (=Atylosia
mollis Benth.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining herb |
|
46 |
Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen (=Atylosia
platycarpa Benth.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
47 |
Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars (=Atylosia
scarabaeoides (L.) Benth.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
48 |
Calamus tenuis Roxb. |
Arecaceae |
Arecales |
Twining shrub |
|
49 |
Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões
& Staples (=Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Woody twining vine |
|
50 |
Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) K.Schum. |
Bignoniaceaee |
Lamiales |
Woody climber |
|
51 |
Campsis radicans (L.) Bureau |
Bignoniaceaee |
Lamiales |
Woody twining climber |
|
52 |
Canavalia africana Dunn |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climbing herb |
|
53 |
Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
54 |
Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
55 |
Cansjera rheedei J.F. Gmel. |
Opiliaceae |
Santalales |
Climbing shrub |
|
56 |
Capparis sepiaria L. |
Capparaceae |
Brassicales |
Woody climbing shrubs |
|
57 |
Capparis spinosa L. |
Capparaceae |
Brassicales |
Climbing shrubs |
|
58 |
Capparis zeylanica L. |
Capparaceae |
Brassicales |
Climbing shrubs |
|
59 |
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. |
Sapindaceae |
Sapindales |
Wiry tendril climber |
|
60 |
Cassytha filiformis L. |
Lauraceae |
Laurales |
Twining herb |
|
61 |
Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. &
J. Wen |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Tendril climber |
|
62 |
Cayaponia laciniosa (L.) C. Jefferey
(=Bryonopsis laciniosa (L.) Naudin) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climber |
|
63 |
Celastrus paniculatus Willd. |
Celastraceae |
Celastrales |
Woody twiner |
|
64 |
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining herb |
|
65 |
Ceropegia hirsuta Wight & Arn. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining herb |
|
66 |
Ceropegia longifolia Wall. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining herb |
|
67 |
Ceropegia macrantha Wight |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody twining herb |
|
68 |
Chonemorpha verrucosa (Blume)
D.J.Middleton (=Rhynchodia wallichii Benth.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody climber |
|
69 |
Cissampelos pareira L. (=Cissampelos
cordifolia Bojer; Cissampelos pareira var. hirsuta (Buch.-Ham.ex
DC.) Forman) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Twining herb |
|
70 |
Cissus adnata Roxb. (=Vitis
adnata (Roxb.) Wall.) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Woody climbing tendril shrub |
|
71 |
Cissus quadrangularis L. (=Vitis
quadrangularis (L.) Wall. ex Wight) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Tendril vine |
|
72 |
Cissus repanda (Wight & Arn.)
Vahl (=Vitis repanda Wight & Arn.) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Soft woody tendril shrub |
|
73 |
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum,
& Nakai (=Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Twining herb |
|
74 |
Clematis cadmia Buch.-Ham. Ex
Hook.f. & Thomson |
Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculales |
Slender climber |
|
75 |
Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC. |
Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculales |
Woody climber |
|
76 |
Clematis integrifolia L. (=Clematis
nutans Crantz) |
Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculales |
Woody climber |
|
77 |
Clematis zeylanica (L.) Poir. (=Naravelia
zeylanica (L.) DC.) |
Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculales |
Woody climber |
|
78 |
Clerodendrum splendens G.Don |
Lamiaceae |
Lamiales |
Woody twiner |
|
79 |
Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf. |
Lamiaceae |
Lamiales |
Woody twiner |
|
80 |
Clitoria ternatea L. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Wiry twining herb |
|
81 |
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing tendril herb |
|
82 |
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. (=Cocculus
villosus DC.) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Twining shrub |
|
83 |
Cocculus pendulus (J.R.Forst. &
G.Forst) Diels |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Twining shrub |
|
84 |
Combretum albidium G.Don (=Combretum
ovalifolium Roxb.) |
Combretaceae |
Myrtales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
85 |
Combretum indicum (L.) DrFilipps (=Quisqualis
indica L.) |
Combretaceae |
Myrtales |
Woody twininng shrub |
|
86 |
Combretum roxburghii Spreng. (=Combretum
decandrum Roxb.) |
Combretaceae |
Myrtales |
Climbing shrub |
|
87 |
Convolvulus arvensis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
88 |
Convolvulus wallichianus Spreng. (=Calystegia
hederacea Wall.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climbing herb |
|
89 |
Cryptolepis buchananii R.Br. ex Roem.
& Schult. (=Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R. Almeida) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
90 |
Cryptolepis grandiflora Wight |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody twining shrub |
|
91 |
Cryptolepis sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (=Cryptolepis
elegans Wall. ex G.Don) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Climbing shrub |
|
92 |
Cryptostegia grandiflora Roxb. ex R.Br. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody climber |
|
93 |
Cucumis maderaspatana (L.) Cogn. (=Melothria
maderaspatana (L.) Cogn.; Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climbing herb |
|
94 |
Cucumis melo L. (=Luffa
cylindrica (L.) M.Roem) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climbing herb |
|
95 |
Cucumis melo var. agrestis |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Wiry climber |
|
96 |
Cucumis melo var. momordica |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
97 |
Cucumis sativus L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
98 |
Cucumis trigonus Roxb. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbinh herb |
|
99 |
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climbing herb |
|
100 |
Cucurbita moschata Duchesne |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing herb |
|
101 |
Cucurbita pepo L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing herb |
|
102 |
Cuscuta australis R. Br. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
103 |
Cuscuta campestris Yunck. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Parasite climber/Twiner |
|
104 |
Cuscuta capitata Roxb. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
105 |
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
106 |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Parasite twiner |
|
107 |
Cuscuta santapaui Banerji & S.
Das |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
108 |
Cynanchum annularium (Roxb.) Liede
& Khanum (=Holostemma rheedii Wall.; Holostemma ada-kodien
Schult.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
109 |
Cyphostemma auriculatum (Roxb.) P. Singh
& B.V.Shetty (=Vitis auriculata (Roxb.) Wall.) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Woody climber |
|
110 |
Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climber |
|
111 |
Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. (=Deeringia
celosioides R. Br.) |
Amaranthaceae |
Caryophyllales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
112 |
Derris cuneifolia Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb |
|
113 |
Derris macrocarpa Thoth. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
114 |
Dinetus racemosus (Roxb.) Sweet (=Porana
racemosa Roxb.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climbing shrub |
|
115 |
Dioscorea alata L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining herb |
|
116 |
Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex
Haines |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
117 |
Dioscorea bulbifera L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
118 |
Dioscorea cumingii Prain &
Burkill (=Dioscorea echinata R.Knuth) |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
119 |
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex. Griseb. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining herb |
|
120 |
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
121 |
Dioscorea glabra Roxb. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
122 |
Dioscorea hispida Dennst (=Dioscorea
daemona Roxb.) |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
123 |
Dioscorea japonica Thunb. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
124 |
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
125 |
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Twining climber |
|
126 |
Dioscorea pubera Blume (=Dioscorea
anguina Roxb.) |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Climbing herb |
|
127 |
Dioscorea wallichii Hook.f. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Climber herb |
|
128 |
Dioscorea wightii Hook.f. |
Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscoreales |
Climbing herb |
|
129 |
Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.Jeffrey |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
130 |
Distimake aegypticus (L.) A.R.Simões
& Staples (=Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
131 |
Distimake dissectus (Jacq.) (L.)
A.R.Simões & Staples (=Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Woody twining climber |
|
132 |
Distimake tuberosus (L.) A.R.Simões
& Staples (=Merremia tuberosa (L.) Rendle) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
133 |
Distimake vitifolius (Burm. f.) Pisuttimarn
& Petrongari (=Merremia
vitifolia (Burm.f.) Hallier f.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
134 |
Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann |
Bignoniaceaee |
Lamiales |
Woody tendril climber |
|
135 |
Dumasia villosa DC. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
136 |
Dunbaria glandulosa Dalzell & A.
Gibson) Prain |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climber |
|
137 |
Embelia ribes Burm.f. |
Primulaceae |
Ericales |
Climbing shrub |
|
138 |
Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. &
Schult.) A.DC. |
Primulaceae |
Ericales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
139 |
Endosamara racemosa (Roxb.) R. Geesink |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
140 |
Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl. |
Araceae |
Alismatales |
Woody climbing herb |
|
141 |
Erycibe paniculata Roxb. (=Erycibe
wightiana J.Graham) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Woody climber |
|
142 |
Ficus pumila L. |
Moraceae |
Rosales |
Woody climber |
|
143 |
Finlaysonia wallichii (Wight) Ventre |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
144 |
Galactia mollis Michx. (=Galactia
villosa Eaton & Wright) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
145 |
Galium aparine L. |
Rubiaceae |
Gentianales |
Climbing herb |
|
146 |
Gongronema nepalense (Wall.) Decne. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Large twining shrub |
|
147 |
Gongronemopsis tenacissima (Roxb.) S.Reuss,
Liede & Meve (=Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
148 |
Gouania leptostachya DC. |
Rhamnaceae |
Rosales |
Tendril climber |
|
149 |
Guilandina bonduc L. (=Caesalpinia
bonduc (L.) Roxb.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Hook climber |
|
150 |
Gymnema decaisneanum Wight (=Gymnema
hirsutum Wight & Arn.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody climbing undershrub |
|
151 |
Gymnema indorum (Lour.) Decne. (=Gymnema
tingens (Roxb.) Spreng.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twinng shrub |
|
152 |
Gymnema montanum (Roxb.) Hook.f. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
153 |
Gymnema rivulare Schltr. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody climbing vine |
|
154 |
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex
Sm. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
155 |
Helinus lanceolatus Brandis |
Rhamnaceae |
Rosales |
Tendril climber |
|
156 |
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Slender climber |
|
157 |
Hiptage benghalensis var.benghalensis
(=Hiptage madablota Gaertn.) |
Malpighiaceae |
Malpighiales |
Climbing shrub |
|
158 |
Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz. |
Malpighiaceae |
Malpighiales |
Woody twining climber |
|
159 |
Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. |
Lamiaceae |
Lamiales |
Climbing shrub |
|
160 |
Iberis amara L. |
Brassicaceae |
Brassicales |
Woody twining climber |
|
161 |
Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Climbing shrub |
|
162 |
Ipomoea alba L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
163 |
Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
164 |
Ipomoea barlerioides (Choisy) Benth ex
C.B.Clarke |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
165 |
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
166 |
Ipomoea biflora (L.) Pers (=Ipomoea
sinensis (Desr.Choisy) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
167 |
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet (=Ipomoea
palmata Forssk.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
168 |
Ipomoea carnea subsp. carnea
|
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Woody shrub |
|
169 |
Ipomoea cheirophylla O'Donell |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
170 |
Ipomoea coccinea L. (=Quamoclit
coccinea (L.) Moench) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climber herb |
|
171 |
Ipomoea coptica (L.) Roth |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
172 |
Ipomoea dichroa (Roemer &
Schultes) Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
173 |
Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br (=Ipomoea
sindica Stapf.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
174 |
Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. (=Ipomoea
triloba Thunb.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
175 |
Ipomoea hederifolia L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
176 |
Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr.(=Ipomoea
learii Paxton) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climber |
|
177 |
Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq. (=Calonyction
muricatum (L.) G.Don; Ipomoea turbinata Lag) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
178 |
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
179 |
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
180 |
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
181 |
Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
182 |
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
183 |
Ipomoea quamoclit L. (=Quamoclit
vulgaris Choisy) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Slender climber |
|
184 |
Ipomoea sagittifolia Burm.f. (=Ipomoea
marginata (Desr.) Manitz) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
185 |
Jasminum auriculatum Vahl |
Oleaceae |
Lamiales |
Climbing shrub |
|
186 |
Jasminum dispermum Wall. |
Oleaceae |
Lamiales |
Climbing shrub |
|
187 |
Jasminum laurifolium Roxb. ex Hornem. |
Oleaceae |
Lamiales |
Woody twining climber |
|
188 |
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews |
Oleaceae |
Lamiales |
Woody twining climber |
|
189 |
Jacquemontia paniculata (Burm.f.) Hallier
f. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
190 |
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
191 |
Lablab purpureus subsp. purpureus
(=Dolichos lablab L.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
192 |
Lagenaria siceraria Ser. (=Lagenaria
vulgaris Ser.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Twining herb |
|
193 |
Lathyrus odoratus L. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb |
|
194 |
Lathyrus oleraceus Lam. (=Pisum
arvense L.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb |
|
195 |
Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight
& Arn. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody twining shrub |
|
196 |
Leptospron adenanthum (G.Mey.) A.Delgado
(=Vigna adenantha (G.Mey.)Maréchal, Mascherpa & Stainer) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
197 |
Luffa aegyptiaca Mill |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing herb |
|
198 |
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (=Luffa
hermaphrodita N.B Singh & U.C. Bhattach.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
199 |
Luffa echinata Roxb. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climber |
|
200 |
Luffa graveolens Roxb. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
tendril climber |
|
201 |
Macrotyloma biflorum var. biflorum (=Dolichos
biflorus L.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climber |
|
202 |
Maerua arenaria Hook.f. &
Thomson |
Capparaceae |
Brassicales |
Woody climber |
|
203 |
Maerua oblongifolia (Forssk.) A.Rich.
(=Maerua ovalifolia Cambess.) |
Capparaceae |
Brassicales |
Woody climber |
|
204 |
Mallotus repandus (Rottler)
Müll.Arg. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Malpighiales |
Climbing shrub |
|
205 |
Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H.Gentry |
Bignoniaceaee |
Lamiales |
Woody twining climber |
|
206 |
Marsdenia hamiltonii Wight (=Pergularia
hamiltonii (Wight) D.Dietr.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining climber |
|
207 |
Marsdenia lucida Edgew. ex Madden |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Climber |
|
208 |
Marsdenia roylei Wight |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
209 |
Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) R.Br. ex
Sm. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining undershrub |
|
210 |
Merremia calycina (Maisn.) Hallier f.
(=Ipomoea calycina Meisn.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
211 |
Merremia crispatula Prain=Operculina
petaloides (Choisy) Ooststr. (=Merremia crispatula Prain) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climber |
|
212 |
Merremia hederacea (Burm.f.) Hallier
f. |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining herb |
|
213 |
Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight
& Arn. (=Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climber |
|
214 |
Mikania micrantha Kunth |
Asteraceae |
Asterales |
Twiner |
|
215 |
Mimosa himalayana Gamble |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
216 |
Mimosa pudica L. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
217 |
Mimosa rubicaulis var. rubicaulis
(=Acacia intsia (L.) Willd.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climber |
|
218 |
Momordica balsamina L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
219 |
Momordica charantia L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
220 |
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
221 |
Momordica dioica Roxb.ex Willd. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
222 |
Monstera deliciosa Leibm. |
Araceae |
Alismatales |
Twining climber |
|
223 |
Moullava spicata (Dalzell ex Wight)
Nicolson (=Wagatea spicata Dalzell ex Wight) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climber |
|
224 |
Mucuna hainanensis Hayata |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining climber |
|
225 |
Mucuna imbricata (Roxb. ex Lindl.)
DC. ex Loudon |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining climber |
|
226 |
Mucuna monosperma DC. ex Wight |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining climber |
|
227 |
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. (=Mucuna
prurita Wight) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining climber |
|
228 |
Nephrosia diversifolia (DC.) L.Lian &
Wei Wang (=Cocculus diversifolius DC.) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Climbing vine |
|
229 |
Nephrosia orbiculata (L.) L.Lian &
Wei Wang (=Cocculus trilobus (Thunb.) DC.) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Woody climbing vine |
|
230 |
Nogra grahamii (Wall. ex Benth.)
Merr. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
231 |
Olax imbricata Roxb. |
Olacaceae |
Santalales |
Climbing shrub |
|
232 |
Olax scandens Roxb. |
Olacaceae |
Santalales |
Climbing shrub |
|
233 |
Operculina petaloidea (Choisy) Ooststr.
(=Ipomoea petaloidea Choisy) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climber |
|
234 |
Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso
(=Ipomoea turpethum (L.) R.Br.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Twining climber |
|
235 |
Otosema extensa Benth. (=Millettia
auriculata Baker; Millettia extensa (Benth.) Benth. ex Baker) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining climber |
|
236 |
Oxystelma esculentum (L.f.) Sm. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining climber |
|
237 |
Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. (=Dolichos
trilobus Lour.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
238 |
Paederia foetida L. |
Rubiaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining climber |
|
239 |
Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali (=Cylista
scariosa Roxb.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climber |
|
240 |
Passiflora edulis Sims |
Passifloraceae |
Malpighiales |
Climbing herb |
|
241 |
Passiflora foetida L. |
Passifloraceae |
Malpighiales |
Tendril climber |
|
242 |
Passiflora suberosa L. |
Passifloraceae |
Malpighiales |
Tendril climber |
|
243 |
Pentalinon luteum (L.) B.F. Hansen
& Wunderlin |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Climbing shrub |
|
244 |
Pentatropis capensis (L.f.) Bullock (=Pentatropis
microphylla (Roth) Wight & Arn.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
245 |
Pentatropis nivalis (J.F.Gmel.)
D.V.Field & J.R.I.Wood (=Pentatropis cynanchoides R.Br. ex
N.E.Br.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
246 |
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov.
(=Daemia extensa R.Br.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
247 |
Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. (=Pericampylus
incanus Miers.) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Climbing shrub |
|
248 |
Petrea volubilis L. |
Verbenaceae |
Lamiales |
Woody twining climber |
|
249 |
Phanera vahlii (Wight & Arn.)
Benth. (=Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining climber |
|
250 |
Phaseolus coccineus L. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
251 |
Phaseolus lunatus L. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb |
|
252 |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb |
|
253 |
Piper longum L. |
Piperaceae |
Piperales |
Climbing vine |
|
254 |
Poranopsis paniculata (Roxb.) Roberty (=Porana
paniculata Roxb.) |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Woody twining climber |
|
255 |
Premna scandens Roxb. |
Lamiaceae |
Lamiales |
Woody climber |
|
256 |
Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.)
DC. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody twining climber |
|
257 |
Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb. ex Willd.)
DC. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
258 |
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers |
Bignoniaceaee |
Lamiales |
Tendril climber |
|
259 |
Reissantia arborea (Roxb.) H.Hara (=Hippocratea
arborea Roxb.) |
Celastraceae |
Celastrales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
260 |
Rhaphidophora glauca (Wall.) Schott |
Araceae |
Alismatales |
Large climber |
|
261 |
Rhynchosia bracteata Benth. ex Baker |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climber |
|
262 |
Rhynchosia capitata (B.Heyne ex Roth)
DC. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb |
|
263 |
Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
264 |
Rhynchosia minima var. minima |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
265 |
Rhynchosia rothii Benth. ex Aitch. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
266 |
Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climbing shrub |
|
267 |
Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
Solanales |
Climbing shrub |
|
268 |
Rubia cordifolia L. |
Rubiaceae |
Gentianales |
Climbing herb |
|
269 |
Sabia paniculata Edgew. ex Hook.f.
& Thomson |
Sabiaceae |
Proteales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
270 |
Salacia chinensis L. (=Salacia
prinoides (Willd.) DC.) |
Celastraceae |
Celastrales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
271 |
Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook.f.
& Thomson |
Schisandraceae |
Austrobaileyales |
Woody climber |
|
272 |
Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott |
Araceae |
Alismatales |
Climber |
|
273 |
Secamone alpini Schult. (=Oxystelma
secamone (L.) H.Karst.; Sarcostemma secamone (L.) Bennet) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Wiry twining herb |
|
274 |
Senegalia gageana (Craib) Maslin,
Seigler & Ebinger |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
275 |
Senegalia pennata (L.) Maslin
(=Acacia concinna Phil.; Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody prickly climbers |
|
276 |
Senegalia torta (Roxb.) Maslin,
Seigler (=Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib ) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
277 |
Senra incana Cav. |
Malvaceae |
Malvales |
Climbing shrub |
|
278 |
Shuteria involucrata (Wall.) Wight
& Arn. ex Walp. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
279 |
Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex D.Don |
Smilacaceae |
Liliales |
Climber |
|
280 |
Smilax perfoliata Lour. |
Smilacaceae |
Liliales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
281 |
Smilax wightii A.DC. |
Smilacaceae |
Liliales |
Soft woody climber |
|
282 |
Smilax zeylanica L. |
Smilacaceae |
Liliales |
Woody climber |
|
283 |
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing herb |
|
284 |
Solena heterophylla Lour. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing herb |
|
285 |
Spatholobus parviflorus (Roxb. ex DC.)
Kuntze (=Spatholobus roxburghii Benth.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
286 |
Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Twining herb |
|
287 |
Stephania rotunda Lour (=Stephania
glabra (Roxb.) Miers) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Twining herb |
|
288 |
Stephanotis floribunda Jacques |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody twining climber |
|
289 |
Stephanotis volubilis (L.f.) S.Eeuss,
Liede & Meve (=Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f.;Wattakaka
volubilis (L.f.) Stapf) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody twining climber |
|
290 |
Stigmaphyllon emarginatum (Cav.) A.Juss. (=Stigmaphyllon
periplocifolium Desf. ex DC.) A.Juss.) |
Malpighiaceae |
Malpighiales |
Twining shrub |
|
291 |
Syngonium podophyllum Schott. |
Araceae |
Alismatales |
Twining herb |
|
292 |
Tacomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach (=Tecoma
capensis (Thunb.) Lindl.) |
Bignoniaceae |
Lamiales |
Woody climber |
|
293 |
Tarlmounia elliptica
(DC.)H.Rob.,S.C.Keeley,Skvarla & R.Chan |
Asteraceae |
Asterales |
Twining herb |
|
294 |
Telosma cordata (Burm.f.) Merr. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining undershrub |
|
295 |
Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Craib (=Pergularia
pallida (Roxb.) Wight & Arn.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody twining herb |
|
296 |
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Tendril climber |
|
297 |
Tetrastigma campylocarpum (Kurz) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Tendril climber |
|
298 |
Tetrastigma leucostaphyllum (Dennst.) Alston (=Vitis
lanceolaria Wall) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
299 |
Tetrastigma serrulatum (Roxb.) Planch.
(=Vitis capreolata D.Don) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Slender climber |
|
300 |
Thladiantha cordifolia (Blume) Cogn. (=Thladiantha
calcarata C.B.Clarke ex Cogn.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climbing herb |
|
301 |
Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D.Don |
Acanthaceae |
Lamiales |
Twining herb |
|
302 |
Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. |
Acanthaceae |
Lamiales |
Climber |
|
303 |
Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. |
Acanthaceae |
Lamiales |
Woody climber |
|
304 |
Ticanto crista (L.) Clarke &
Gagnon (=Caesalpinia crista L.) |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Woody climber |
|
305 |
Tiliacora acuminata (Lam.) Miers
(=Menispermum acuminatum Lam.; Tiliacora racemosa Colebr.) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
306 |
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f.
& Thomson |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Woody twing shrub |
|
307 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (=Tinospora
malabarica (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson) |
Menispermaceae |
Ranunculales |
Climbing shrub |
|
308 |
Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining herb |
|
309 |
Tragia gallabatensis Prain (=Tragia
plukenetii Radcl.-Sm.) |
Euphorbiaceae |
Malpighiales |
Twiner |
|
310 |
Tragia involucrata L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Malpighiales |
Twiner |
|
311 |
Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt (=Trichosanthes
palmata Roxb.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climber |
|
312 |
Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
313 |
Trichosanthes costata Blume (=Gymnopetalum
chinense (Lour.) Merr.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
314 |
Trichosanthes cucumerina L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
315 |
Trichosanthes cucumerina subsp. cucumerina
(=Trichosanthes anguina L.;Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina
(L.) Haines) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
316 |
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
317 |
Trichosanthes nervifolia L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
318 |
Trichosanthes ovigera Blume (=Trichosanthes
himalensis C.B.Clarke) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climber |
|
319 |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climber |
|
320 |
Tropaeolum majus L. |
Tropaeolaceae |
Brassicales |
Climbing herb |
|
321 |
Vallaris solanaceae (Roth ex Roem.
& Schult.) Kuntze (=Vallaris heynei Spreng.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Woody twining shrub |
|
322 |
Ventilago denticulata Willd. (=Ventilago
calyculata Tul.) |
Rhamnaceae |
Rosales |
Woody climbing shrub |
|
323 |
Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn. |
Rhamnaceae |
Rosales |
Climbing shrub |
|
324 |
Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining climber |
|
325 |
Vicia sativa L. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing shrub |
|
326 |
Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb |
|
327 |
Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi
& H. Ohashi |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb/twiner |
|
328 |
Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
329 |
Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Climbing herb |
|
330 |
Vigna subramaniana (Babu ex Raizada)
Raizada |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
331 |
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Herb twining |
|
332 |
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Twining herb |
|
333 |
Vincetoxicum indicum (Burm.f.) Mabb. (=Tylophora
indica (Burm.f.) Merr.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining herb |
|
334 |
Vincetoxicum rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham.ex
Wight) Kuntze (=Tylophora rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Wight) Kuntze) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
335 |
Vincetoxicum spirale (Forssk.) D.Z.Li
(=Pentatropis spiralis (Forssk.) Decne.) |
Apocynaceae |
Gentianales |
Twining shrub |
|
336 |
Vitis heyneana Schult. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Climbing shrub |
|
337 |
Vitis heyneana var. heyneana
(=Vitis jacquemontii R.Parker) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Climbing shrub |
|
338 |
Vitis labrusca L. (=Vitis
latifolia Raf.; Vitis rugosa Raf.) |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Climber |
|
339 |
Vitis parkeri Gagnep. ex Osmaston
(Kurz) Planch. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Soft woody climber |
|
340 |
Vitis vinifera L. |
Vitaceae |
Vitales |
Wooding twining climber |
|
341 |
Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. |
Fabaceae |
Fabales |
Wooding twining climber |
|
342 |
Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond. |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Climber |
|
343 |
Zehneria scabra subsp. scabra
(=Melothria perpusilla (Blume) Cogn.) |
Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbitales |
Tendril climber |
|
344 |
Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. |
Rhamnaceae |
Rosales |
Woody hook climber |
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