Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2025 | 17(4): 26864–26871
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9562.17.4.26864-26871
#9562 | Received 17 December 2024 | Final received 31 January 2025 |
Finally accepted 11 March 2025
An update on the status of some
Data Deficient bat species from India
Uttam Saikia
1 ,
Manuel Ruedi 2 & Rohit Chakravarty 3
1 Zoological Survey of India, North
Eastern Regional Centre, Risa Colony, Shillong,
Meghalaya 793003, India.
2 Department of Mammalogy and
Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Geneva, BP 6434, 1211 Geneva 6,
Switzerland.
3 Nature Conservation Foundation, 1311,
“Amritha”, 12th Main, Vijayanagar 1st
Stage, Mysore, Karnataka 570017, India.
3 Bat Conservation International,
500 N Capital of TX Hwy, Bldg. 1, Suite 175, Austin, Texas 78746, United
States.
1 uttamzsi@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 manuel.ruedi@geneve.ch, 3 rohitchakravarty@ncf-india.org
Editor: H. Raghuram, Sri S. Ramasamy Naidu Memorial
College, Sattur, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 April 2025
(online & print)
Citation: Saikia, U., M. Ruedi & R.
Chakravarty (2025). An update on the status of some Data Deficient bat species from
India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(4): 26864–26871. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9562.17.4.26864-26871
Copyright: © Saikia et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: US
was supported by Zoological Survey of India for field work. RC acknowledges Rufford Small Grants Foundation (Grant no. 24477-2), Idea Wild, and Elisabeth-Kalko Stiftung (OroVerde).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author
details: Uttam Saikia is working as a scientist in Zoological Survey of India, Shillong. His primary research interest includes systematics of the bat fauna of India especially in the Himalayan region. Manuel Ruedi is the curator of vertebrates in the Natural
History Museum of Geneva. He is interested in the systematics and biogeography of the Old World bats using an integrative approach. Rohit Chakravarty works for Nature Conservation Foundation and Bat Conservation International leading projects related to bat conservation in various parts of India
Author contributions: All authors participated in the field surveys. US wrote the mss with inputs from other authors. All authors finally checked and approved the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: US is thankful to Dr. Dhriti Banerjee, Director, Zoological Survey of India for institutional support. US and MR also express thanks to the Director, ZSI for permitting institutional collaboration between ZSI and NHMG, Geneva. US and RC also express gratitude to the officials
of the Forest Departments of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram for survey permissions & logistical support. R. Chakravarty acknowledges funding support from Rufford Foundation, Idea Wild and Elisabeth Kalko Stiftung (OroVerde).
Abstract: Globally, a significant percentage of bat species are
classified as Data Deficient indicating a shortage of sufficient data on
distribution and abundance to make a status assessment. Among these species, 12
species also occur within the political boundary of India. Based on
scattered data generated over the last eight years, an update is presented on
the occurrence status of five of the Data Deficient bat species in India. A call
for a renewed push in field studies is needed to enhance the understanding of
the chiropteran fauna of India. A National Red List Assessment of Indian Bat
fauna is also suggested as a priority exercise for developing a country-
specific conservation plan.
Keywords: Chiroptera, Himalaya,
morphometrics, National Red List, status assessment, Vespertilionidae.
introduction
The order Chiroptera comprising bats is one of the most speciose and
widespread mammalian groups with 1,482 known species globally (Mammal Diversity
Database 2024; Simmons & Cirranello 2024).
Despite being diverse with a cosmopolitan distribution, bats tend to be
understudied by zoologists and ecologists alike and therefore lack baseline
information on many of these species. Consequently, a significant number of bat
species remain poorly documented as reflected from global assessments. Out of
the 1,336 bat species assessed by the International
Union for Conservation of Nature globally, 236 species have been listed as Data
Deficient (DD) indicating insufficient knowledge on abundance, distribution or
taxonomic uncertainty to make a conservation assessment (IUCN 2024). In India,
about 134 bat species are known (Srinivasulu et al.
2024) out of which 12 species are currently listed as DD by IUCN. Among these
DD species, the Rainforest Tube-nosed Bat Murina
pluvialis, Joffre’s Pipistrelle Mirostrellus joffrei,
Kashmir Cave Bat Myotis longipes, Burmese
Whiskered Bat Myotis montivagus, and Hodgson’s
Long-eared Bat Plecotus homochrous
are known by a few locality records in the Himalayan and northeastern
region of India (Image 1). Starting 2017, the present authors had the
opportunity to do bat sampling in several localities in the states of
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, and Mizoram resulting in
fresh collection of specimens of these species and additional field data. These
specimens were deposited in the National Zoological Collection of the North
Eastern Regional Centre (NERC) of Zoological Survey of India, Shillong. Based on these studies, an update is presented on
the occurrence status of five of these bat species in India.
Observations
Murina pluvialis (Image 1A,
Image 2)
The
Rainforest Tube-nosed Bat M. pluvialis was
discovered in 2012 from the village of Laitkynsew
(780 m) in eastern Khasi Hills of Meghalaya (Ruedi et
al. 2012) and until recent times was the only known from the type specimen
(NERC registration No V/M/ERS/603). An old specimen in Zoological Survey of
India, Shillong, collected from Shillong
City (V/M/ERS/9565), is found to represent this species. Two female specimens
were also collected from Risa Colony (1,540 m) and Madan Laban (1,600 m) within
Shillong City in 2015 and 2018, respectively
(V/M/ERS/323 and 444). A male specimen was mist netted in February 2015 at Tangsen (1,060 m) near cave Lanshat
in eastern Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya (V/M/ERS/353).
It was also reported that a large series of specimens identified as Murina cyclotis in
the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago indeed represent M. pluvialis (Ruedi & Csorba 2017). These specimens, 28 in total, were collected
between 1952 and 1955 by American collector Walter N. Koelz
and his Indian associate Rup Chand from Mawphlang
(1,840 m) in eastern Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya. Another individual of
this bat was observed by the first author in a torpid state hanging from a wall
fig Ficus pumila
in Shillong City in March 2021. Although M. pluvialis is superficially similar to the sympatric
congener M. cyclotis, the former can be
identified by their blackish hair roots on the ventral pelage as against
lighter ventral hairs all along the length in the latter. It may further be
mentioned that due to external similarity with M. cyclotis,
this bat might have been overlooked or confused with the latter species in
previous studies. Considering the large number of specimens collected in the
past and the aforementioned recent records, this species is presumably of
common occurrence in Khasi and Jaintia Hills region
of Meghalaya. Interestingly, all the individuals recorded in Shillong were from an urban landscape, atypical for a
reportedly forest dwelling group like Murina
indicating this species is adepted to a human
dominated landscape as well. The sampling efforts so far in other parts of
northeastern India have failed to record this bat yet.
Mirostrellus joffrei (Image 1B,
Image 3)
The
Joffre’s Pipistrelle M. joffrei was another
poorly known species with a very few specimen records globally until recently.
Previously, variously classified under genera Nyctalus,
Pipistrellus, and Hypsugo,
the species is now included under the newly erected monotypic genus Mirostrellus (Görföl
et al. 2020). Currently it is known from several localities in Nepal, India,
Myanmar, Vietnam, and China (Saikia et al. 2017; Görföl et al. 2020; Mou et al.
2024). In India, this bat was initially reported from Meghalaya and Sikkim (Saikia et al. 2017), it is now known from the western
Himalayan state of Uttarakhand (Chakravarty et al. 2020) and Manipur and
Mizoram in the eastern Himalayan Region as well (Saikia
& Meetei 2022; Saikia
& Chakravarty 2024). In Lamdan Village
(1,270 m) in Manipur, two female specimens were captured in mist nets among
mixed pine forest while in the periphery of Murlen
National Park in Mizoram, three individuals were caught in mist nets near a
water hole by the first author indicating their fairly common occurrence in
suitable habitat. In Mandal (1,500 m) and Ansuya
(2,200 m) in Chamoli District of Uttarakhand, this
bat is not uncommon in the forested habitat (Rohit Chakravarty pers. obs. 30th
March 2018). Most females caught by the
third author in Uttarakhand between late March and early May were pregnant. In
comparison to other syntopic species of Mandal, M.
joffrei seems to have an earlier onset of
pregnancy (Rohit Chakravarty pers. obs. 30th March 2018, 6th
and 19th April, 2021). Primarily occurring in higher elevations, the
Indian records range 1,260–2,200 m and all of them were recorded in forest
habitat or the vicinity. In China, this bat was reported at an elevation of
2,434m (Mou et al. 2024). Considering the extensive
distribution in the Indo-Malayan Region from across the Himalayan Range, the
southeastern Asia and extending till southern China and apparently not so
uncommon occurrence, a fresh global status assessment of this species is
warranted.
Myotis longipes (Image 1C,
Image 4)
The Kashmir
Cave Bat M. longipes is another poorly known
species in the Indian Himalaya. In view of insufficient information on the
extent of occurrence, natural history, threats and conservation status, the
IUCN categorized this species as DD (Kruskop 2016).
Originally described from Bhima Devi Cave in Kashmir, this bat is reportedly
known from Lawghar and Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan,
Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and Meghalaya in India, western Nepal and Guizhou in
southwestern China (Smith & Xie 2008; Kruskop 2016; Chakravarty et al. 2020). The previous record
from Siju Cave in Meghalaya (Sinha 1994) which forms
the basis for subsequent mentions of this species from Meghalaya is erroneous
and represents Chinese Water Myotis M. laniger.
In fact, our ongoing studies have indicated that all records of this bat in
eastern Nepal and Indo-China might represent M. laniger.
During the sampling in the western Himalaya, this species was recorded in a few
localities in Solan District in Himachal Pradesh and
also in Mandal, Woodstock School, Benog Wildlife
Sanctuary and Ansuya Devi in Uttarakhand between
elevations of 1,440–2,582 m (Chakravarty et al. 2020; Ruedi
et al. 2021). All previous mentions of M. mystacinus
from Himachal Pradesh indeed represent M. longipes
(Ruedi et al. 2021). In Himachal Pradesh, this
species was exclusively located in their day roost in caves, sometimes
numbering over 500 individuals and sharing space with R. lepidus
and R. sinicus. Although individual
species were roosting in close proximity (could be influenced by space
constraints), there was no intermixing between species. In Uttarakhand, the
individuals were mist netted across forest brooks. The parturition period of
this species in Himachal Pradesh is reported to be in June–July and females
reportedly form maternity colony (Saikia et al. 2011)
and females were observed with pups in early June in 2017.
Myotis montivagus (Image 1D,
Image 5)
Burmese
Whiskered Myotis M. montivagus was described
from Yunnan in China in 1874 and belongs to a taxonomically cryptic group of
small-footed Myotis. Formerly, this species was recognized to have four
subspecies with a wide distribution range from southeastern Asia, northeastern
India, and peninsular India. Based on a detailed analysis of cranio-dental
characters, all four subspecies were elevated to species rank (Görföl et al. 2013). The nominate subspecies Myotis montivagus montivagus has now
been recognized as a distinct species Myotis montivagus,
which is reportedly distributed in Yunnan in southern China, northern Myanmar,
Laos, and Mizoram in northeastern India (Görföl et
al. 2013). The peninsular Indian records of this species are now considered to
belong to the Western Ghat endemic Peyton’s Myotis Myotis peytoni.
Till recently, the only genuine record of M. montivagus
from India was from Sairep (1,500 m) in Lunglei District of Mizoram (Mandal et al. 2000). Sairep Village is situated in at a hilltop surrounded by
dense evergreen vegetation and reportedly had a rich assemblage of bat fauna.
The first author also revisited this area in 2023, M. montivagus
could not be recorded. During the surveys, the first author also collected
another specimen of this species from Siju Cave in
southern Garo Hills in Meghalaya in 2018 (V/M/ERS/457). This bat was captured
in a mist net set in front of the cave during evening hours, suggesting a
subterranean roosting habit. This bat was again recorded from the periphery of Murlen National Park in Mizoram in 2022. Two individuals
were mist netted around a water hole in a jhum field along Vapar-Murlen
Road (1,480 m) although the surroundings had a dense covering of evergreen and
semi-evergreen forest. Craniodentally, the Siju and
Mizoram specimens agree well, but the former has larger morphological and
cranial dimensions (Table 1). The call structure of this species from India has
been described (Saikia & Chakravarty 2024). The
Indian records for this bat lie between an elevation range of 70–1,500 m
indicating adaptation to a broad elevation range.
Plecotus homochrous (Image 1E,
Image 6)
Hodgson’s
Long-eared Bat Plecotus homochrous,
previously considered a synonym or a subspecies of the Brown Long-eared Bat
Plecotus auritus,
was recently assigned specific status (Spitzenberger et al.
2006). It is categorized as DD on account of insufficient information on the
area of occupancy and population trend (Srinivasulu
& Srinivasulu 2019). Recent surveys in
Uttarakhand reported the species from four different locations: Devalsari, Dhanaulti, Ansuya, and Shokharakh ranging
1,700–3,000 m in elevation (Chakravarty et al. 2020). Between mid-April and
mid-May in 2018, 2019, and 2021, this species was caught 17 times within the
elevation of 2,000–3,000 m at Ansuya, Kanchula and Chopta in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Chamoli
District, Uttarakhand indicating that the bat is commonly occurring in suitable
habitat in the western Himalaya. Four pregnant females were caught on 03 May
2018, and in late April 2021 between the elevation of 2,700–3,000 m.
Differences were observed in the elevation ranges of P. homochrous
and sympatric congener Plecotus wardi in Kedarnath Wildlife
Sanctuary in Uttarakhand. The two species overlapped at 3000 m (the highest
sampling point) but P. wardi was never caught
below that elevation. Dietary studies show that P. homochrous
is a dietary specialist probably predominantly consuming Noctuid moths
(Chakravarty et al. 2023).
Conclusion
Evidently,
the global status of a large number of bat species remains obscure at present
including several Indian species. This is especially true for bats that occur
in mountain ranges (Chakravarty et al. 2024). Although some information on the
national status of five of these DD species occurring in the Himalaya and the
hills of northeastern India has been updated, a lot more needs to be
documented. To improve the knowledge of the bat fauna of the country, field
studies specifically aimed at the DD and lesser known species should be
considered a priority. Besides occurrence data, these studies should aim to
generate biological information like breeding, population, diet, and also
assess present and future threats. In the light of currently available
information, afresh IUCN Red List status assessment of at least a few of these
species like M. joffrei, M. longipes, and P. homochrous.
This is important since the conservation policy decisions are mostly planned
and implemented at the national level and guidelines for such exercises are
already available (IUCN 2012).
Table 1. Morphometrics of the five species of Data Deficient bats from
India 1.
|
Parameters (in mm) |
Murina pluvialis (V/M/ERS/353,444) |
Mirostrellus joffrei (V/M/ERS/650684, 687) |
Myotis longipes (V/M/ERS/439-442) |
Myotis montivagus
(V/M/ERS/457697, 704) |
Plecotus homochrous (V/M/ERS/654) |
|
FA |
32, 34.1 |
36.7, 38.4, 38.0 |
36.6 (35.9–37.2) |
39.4, 40.2, 42.9 |
36.2 |
|
HFCL |
6.3, 7.9 |
7.6, 7.9, 8.7 |
8.7 (8.1–9) |
8.7, 9.0, 10 |
7.3 |
|
TIB |
15.3, 16.9 |
14.5, 14.7, 16.7 |
16.4 (15.8–16.8) |
15.9, 17.4, 19 |
17.6 |
|
E |
13.5, 14.9 |
8.6, 11.5 |
15.5 (14.9–16.3) |
12.1, 12.9, 13.6 |
34.9 |
|
TR |
6.4, 7.1 |
3.3 6.0 |
6.9 (6.5–7.5) |
6.3, 6.9, 6.0 |
13.7 |
|
3MT |
32 |
37.0, 37.7, 39.4 |
33.9 (33.4–34.9) |
37.8, 40.2 |
34.2 |
|
4MT |
30.6 |
36.8, 36.9, 38.0 |
33.2 (32.7–34.0) |
36.6, 41.9 |
33.7 |
|
5MT |
30.0 |
32.2, 32.6, 34.6 |
32.9 (32.6–33.6) |
35.8, 40.5 |
32 |
|
GTLi |
15.37, 15.65 |
14.9, 14.92 |
14.00, 13.67 |
15.51, 16.12 |
15.84 |
|
CBL |
13.8 |
13.65, 13.02 |
13.3, 12.72 |
15.2 |
14.00 |
|
CCL |
13.32, 13.92 |
14.12, 14.23 |
12.33, 12.06 |
14.28, 14.44 |
13.72 |
|
ZW |
8.55, 9.00 |
10.82, 10.67 |
8.27, 8.57 |
10.82, 11.37 |
7.92 |
|
BW |
7.33, 7.40 |
7.73, 8.00 |
6.71, 6.97 |
7.36, 7.57 |
7.53 |
|
MAB |
7.37 |
8.68 |
7.08 |
8.25 |
8.43 |
|
POC |
3.91, 4.16 |
4.58, 4.95 |
3.38, 3.44 |
4.10, 4.15 |
3.78 |
|
CM3 |
5.06, 5.17 |
5.08, 5.22 |
5.28, 5.15 |
6.25, 6.52 |
5.18 |
|
M3-M3 |
5.20, 5.32 |
7.43, 7.02 |
5.58, 5.63 |
7.17, 7.08 |
5.82 |
|
C1-C1 |
3.93, 3.95 |
5.16 |
3.64, 3.70 |
4.22, 4.64 |
2.79 |
|
MLi |
10.30, 10.6 |
10.74, 11.74 |
10.40, 10.11 |
11.90, 13.12 |
9.95 |
|
CM3 |
5.63, 5.74 |
5.40, 5.68 |
5.48, 5.40 |
6.55, 7.13 |
5.84 |
|
COH |
3.50 |
3.73, 4.00 |
2.72, 2.70 |
3.89, 3.00 |
2.66 |
1 FA—Forearm length | E—Ear length
| TR—Tragus length | HFCL—Hindfoot length including claw | FA—Forearm length |
TB—Tibia length | 3MT—3rd metacarpal length | 4MT—4th
metacarpal length | 5MT—5th metacarpal length | GTLi—Greatest
length of skull including incisors | CBL—Condylobasal
length | CCL—Condylocanine length | ZB—Zygomatic
breadth | BW—Braincase width | MAB—Mastoid breadth | POC—Postorbital
constriction | CM3—Maxillary toothrow length | M3M3—Width across third molars |
C1C1—Width across canines | MLi—Length of mandible
including incisors | CM3—Mandibular tooth row length | COH—Coronoid height.
For
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