Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2025 | 17(2): 26468–26478
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online)
| ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9367.17.2.26468–26478
#9367 | Received 20
August 2024 | Final received 06 January 2025 | Finally accepted 04 February
2025
Ultra-structure
of antenna, eye, mouthparts and sensilla of Cheilomenes
sexmaculata Fabricius,
1781 (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)
Prakash Ghagargunde 1 & Mandar
S. Paingankar 2
1,2 Zoology Department,
Government Science College, Chamorshi Road, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra 442605, India.
1 Zoology Department, Rashtrapita Mahatma Gandhi College, Saoli,
Chandrapur, Maharashtra 441224, India.
1 pgghagargunde4u@gmail.com,
2 mandarpaingankar@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication:
26 February 2025 (online & print)
Citation: Ghagargunde, P. & M.S. Paingankar (2025).
Ultra-structure of antenna, eye, mouthparts and sensilla of Cheilomenes
sexmaculata Fabricius,
1781 (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(2): 26468–26478. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9367.17.2.26468-26478
Copyright: © Ghagargunde & Paingankar
2025.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: District Planning Committee Gadchiroli, Maharashtra –Grant for Infrastructure development of colleges - Government Science College Gadchiroli (2202-C748-ME-52).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Prakash Ghagargunde is working as assistant professor in Zoology Department, Rashtrapita Mahatma Gandhi College, Saoli, Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India. Passionate about insect biology, focusing on understanding the functional morphology of Coleopteran beetles. Dr. Mandar Paingankar is working as assistant professor, Department of Zoology, Government Science College Gadchiroli, Chamorshi Road Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India. His research focuses on biodiversity, conservation and molecular phylogeny of fishes and Coleopteran beetles.
Author contributions:
PGG, MSP involved in the designing experiments, conduct of experiments, data analysis and manuscript writing. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to Principal, Government Science College for providing the facilities. We are thankful to District Planning Committee Gadchiroli Maharashtra for providing financial assistant for infrastructure development in Government Science College Gadchiroli.
Abstract: Cheilomenes sexmaculata Fabricius, 1781 is a well-known ladybird beetle that
feeds primarily on aphids, mealy bugs, phytophagous mites, scale insects, and
other small insects and is an important bio-control agent of aphids. Evolution
in the structure of mouthparts is known to be associated with the composition
of food material and feeding behaviour. The sensilla
present on mouthparts plays a pivotal role in feeding mechanisms. Feeding
mechanism of ladybird beetles will be better understood if the fine structure
of mouthparts, modifications in the structures, and presence of different
sensilla on the mouthparts of C. sexmaculata
are understood. Using scanning electron microscopy, the functional morphology
of mouthparts of C. sexmaculata was studied
and compared with the fine structures with those of other Lady Beetles. The
labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx make up the mouthpart of
C. sexmaculata. This study includes a thorough
description of each mouthpart and the different kinds of sensilla. In the
current study, three types of sensilla chaetica, four
types of sensilla basiconica, two types of sensilla styloconica, one type of sensilla placodea,
one type of sensilla coeloconica, one type of
sensilla campaniformia, and one type of cuticular
pore using characters like the length, morphology, and distribution of the
sensilla were studied. The structure of the mouthparts and the purposes of the
sensilla on them is discussed with reference to other coleopterans. The results
obtained in the current study will provide better insights into the functional
morphology of lady beetles.
Keywords: Functional
morphology, labrum, labium, ladybird beetles, mandible, maxilla, scanning
electron microscopy, sensilla.
Introduction
One environmentally
friendly way to combat the threat of pests is through the use of biological
control agents (Ayer et al. 1976). The biological control of aphids, mealy
bugs, phytophagous mites, and scale insects is attributed to some species of
lady beetles (Samways et al. 1997; Sarwar & Saqib 2010; Li et al. 2012). In
most coleopterans, mouthparts have evolved for chewing solid food material (Belhoucine et al. 2013). The members of the Coccinellidae
family are equipped with chewing mouthparts (Ayer et al. 1976). Several
mouthparts, including the mandible, maxilla, labium, and palpi, are significant
in feeding behavior (Seo & Youn
2000; Wang et al. 2000; Luo et al. 2006; Wei et al. 2015; Hao et al.
2019). In ladybird beetles, the feeding process is quite complicated, and
the maxillary palpi and labial palpi play a crucial role in contact reception
and the chewing process (Hao et al. 2019). Most of these structures are
generally classified as the labio-maxillary complex and may show differences in
type and feature depending on their feeding mechanism. Sensilla, or sensory
structures are present in the insect body and are home to neurons responsible
for smell, taste, sound, touch, proprioception, and perception of temperature,
humidity, and space (Ruschioni et al. 2019). The
variation in feeding behavior is mainly influenced by sensilla presented on
mouthparts (Brożek & Bourgoin
2013). In addition to aiding in identifying food resources, these sensilla are
crucial for determining the precise microhabitat and assessing the quality of
food (Ruschioni et al. 2019). Similarly, mouthparts
and antennal sensilla help in finding mating partners and in finding suitable
oviposition sites on the host plants (Li et al. 2022). In this context, a
detailed study of mouthparts is important for understanding
the feeding mechanism of bio-control agents and for developing
effective management strategies against pests (Rani & Madhavendra
1995, 2005; Hao et al. 2019). Numerous studies have been carried
out to comprehend the functional morphology of the mouthparts of beetles
earlier (Eilers et al. 2012; Wilhelmi
& Krenn 2012; Belhoucine
et al. 2013; Moon 2015; Chen et al. 2016).
Very few have
described the ultra-structure of the mouthparts of the predatory lady beetles (Thornham et al. 2007; Hao et al. 2019). C. sexmaculata Fabricius, 1781
is a member of Coccinellidae and is well known for predating on
aphids and small insects (Yilda et al. 2017).
Understanding the ultrastructure of mouthparts will provide better insight into
the feeding mechanism and will be helpful in designing and implementing an
effective biological control program. To the best of the knowledge, no previous
attempts have been made to elucidate the fine structure
of mouthparts of C. sexmaculata using
scanning electron microscopy. In this study, the functional morphology
of mouthparts, especially the fine morphology of labrum, labium,
mandibles, maxillae, eye, antenna, and various sensilla of C. sexmaculata, was studied using the scanning electron
microscope. Additionally, the importance of the structure of mouthparts and
sensilla in the feeding habit of C. sexmaculata were
also discussed.
Material and methods
Collection sites
Cheilomenes sexmaculata adults were
collected from Alapalli (19.430 °N, 80.047 °E) and Gadchiroli (20.158 °N, 79.998 °E) areas of central India,
eastern Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The Gadchiroli
district’s forest includes reserved and protected forest areas measuring
218,529.27 ha excluding 882.22 ha Zudpi jungle
(https://mahaforest.gov.in). Forest cover mainly consists of dry deciduous
miscellaneous forests.
Sample collection
The specimens were
collected by net and handpicking and then kept in the laboratory at 4°C after
being preserved in 70% ethanol. Voucher specimens are deposited in the
Government Science College specimen voucher repository (Accession Number
GSC/Zoo/2021/Coleoptera-6).
Sample preparation
for scanning electron microscopy
The mouthparts of Cheilomenes sexmaculata
were dissected using a stereo microscope (Stemi
509, Carl Zeiss, Germany) using fine needles and then cleaned using 70%
ethanol. After that, the samples were dehydrated for 30 min each in ethanol
grades of 80%, 90%, & 95%; for 45 min in 100% ethanol; and subsequently
dried in a desiccator. The dried mouthparts and whole head were glued to aluminium stubs using conducting carbon tape and coated
with gold/palladium (40/60) using a high-resolution sputter coater (Quorum,
United Kingdom) for a thickness of about 10 nm. The samples were subsequently
examined with a Tescan Wega
3 scanning electron microscope (Tescan, Czech Republic)
operated at 20 kV using an SE detector. Mouthparts of five males and five
females were observed initially under a stereo microscope (Stemi
509 stereomicroscope equipped with camera and imaging software, Zeiss, Germany)
and no clear sex-dependent morphological differences were found in the
mouthparts. The description of sensilla was followed as per the nomenclature
given by Altner & Prillinger
(1980), and Brożek & Bourgoin
(2013). Using Tescan Wega
threes software, the length, diameter, and distribution of each type of
sensilla from 10 adult male and 10 adult female specimens of Cheilomenes sexmaculata
were measured. Each type of sensilla’s length, base, and diameter are measured
from 146 microphotographs of various mouthparts, and the results are tabulated
as mean ± SD (Tescan Electron Microscope Software, Wega 3, Tescan Czech Republic)
(Table 1).
Results
Mouthparts in C. sexmaculata consist of the mandibles, maxillae, labium,
labrum, and hypopharynx. Only the labrum and the maxillary palp can be seen on
the front of the head when observed dorsally. From the ventral view, part of
the mandibles appears below the labrum. The labium is positioned between the
left and right maxillae in the central part (Image 1). There is a
non-sclerotized hypopharynx on the labium’s inner wall. The eyes and antennae
are visible from the dorsal side.
Morphology
of the labrum.
The anterior border
of the anteclypeus has an oval-shaped labrum attached
to it. Sensilla chaetica 3 (Sch3) are found arranged
in a row close to the frontal margin on the dorsal surface of the labrum, while
sensilla chaetica 2 (Sch2) are arranged on the left
and right margins (Images 2). Sensilla basiconica 1
and 2 (Sb1, Sb2) and several cuticular pores (cp) are
present at the margin (Image 2). Sensilla coeloconica
(sco) is observed on the ventral surface of the
labrum, close to a row of sensilla chaetica 3 (Image
2). Campaniform sensilla (Sca) are also observed on
the ventral surface. The ventral surface of the labrum was concave (Image 2)
and covered with different cuticular, spiny (Image 2), and palmate processes
(Image 2).
Morphology of
mandibles
Left and right
mandibles are found attached to the head with dorsal and ventral articulations
(Image 3). The inner margin of the mandible is divided into two main regions:
the molar region and the incisor region (Image 3). The incisor region possesses
pointed teeth apically. The mandible’s dorsal view revealed a rough cuticle
(Image 3), a lot of cuticular pores (Cp) strewn
across the surface, and sensilla chaetica 1 (Sch1)
near the condyle (Image 3). The ventral surface of the mandible also appears
rough, and palmate cuticular processes are seen close to the ventral condyle;
no other sensilla are noticed (Image 3). Petaloid cuticular processes covered
the upper portion of the dorsal condyle (Image 3). Single tubercle forms the
molar region (Image 3). On mandibles, a prostheca
with short, comb-like setae extends along the incisor margin up to the base of
the incisor projection (Image 3). The prostheca has a
smooth surface with low cuticular pores (Cp). The
articulating surface is hemispheric with a smooth surface ventrally and oval
with cuticular processes dorsally (Image 3). Around the ventral condyles, the
cuticle is smooth and has many cuticular pores (Cp)
(Image 3). On the margin of the ventral region, there is an additional cluster
of spiny cuticular processes.
Morphology of
maxillae
The paired maxillae
are found placed in longitudinal clefts on either side of the labium (Image 1)
and show the usual parts: cardo, stipites, galea, lacinia, and maxillary palps
(Image 1 & 4). The cuticle of the semicircular cardines (Image 4) has Cp on it. The stipites are flat plates with sensilla chaetica 1 and 2 (sch1, sch2) on the surface (Image 4). The
maxilla includes the inner lacinia and outer galea, the two distal lobes (Image
4). The galea is a spoon-like structure, and it is covered with sensilla basiconica 3, 4 (Sb3, Sb4) and cuticular pores (Cp) (Images 4A,B,J,K). A
triangular depression is present on the top of the galea (Images 4J,K). Brush-like lacinia is located below the galea, and
sensilla basiconica 3 (Sb3) is present at the edge
and on the whole apical area of lacinia and sensilla basiconica
4 (Sb4) on the ventral side (Image 4). In C. sexmaculata,
the maxillary palpi are well developed and comprise four articles that widen
gradually; the final article has a somewhat triangular shape (Image 4).
Maxillary palpi surfaces are scaly, with cuticular pores (Cp),
sensilla chaetica 2 (Sch2), and sensilla basiconica 1 and 2 (sb1 and sb2) dispersed across each
segment (Image 4). In the middle region, two main types of sensilla styloconica (Sty1 and Sty2) and sensilla placodea 1 (Sp1) at the margin of the sensory field of the
maxillary palp are present (Image 4I).
Morphology
of labium
In general, the
labium of an insect mouthpart is composed of the prementum,
postmentum, glossae, paraglossae, and labial palpi. In C. sexmaculata,
the paraglossa and glossa
formed a combined structure named ligula (Image 5). The prementum
is wider and elevated at the upmost end while a little narrow and without
elevation at the bottom (Image 5). The cuticle of the postmentum
is smooth with numerous cuticular pores (Cp) and
sensilla chaetica 2 (Sch2) (Images 1 & 5). Two
symmetrical labial palpi are present on the ligula, which are inserted into the
prementum (Image 5). Sensilla basiconica
2 (Sb2), spiny and palmate processes cover the terminal portion of the ligula
(Images 5), while sensilla chaetica 1 and 2 (Sch1, 2)
and cuticular pores (Cp) are present in the proximal
part (Image 5). The labial palp is elongated and shows three segments. The
basal segment is short, bearing almost no sensillum (Image 5). With a
reticulated surface, the elongated middle segment progressively widens from
base to top and bears sensilla chaetica 1 (Sch1),
sensilla basiconica 1 and 3 (Sb1, Sb3) (Image 5).
With a single circular sensory field at the distal end, the final segment has a
bullet-like shape (Image 5). In this sensory field, there are- 18 sensilla styloconica 1 (Sty1), but no other sensilla or cuticular
pore is observed. (Image 5).
Types of sensilla
The mouthparts of C.
sexmaculata exhibit 13 different subtypes of
sensilla in total: these are three types of sensilla chaetica,
four types of sensilla basiconica, two types of
sensilla styloconica, one type of sensilla placodea, one type of sensilla coeloconica,
one type of sensilla campaniformia, and one type of
cuticular pore (Table 1).
Based on length and
diameter, three types of sensilla chaetica, sensilla chaetica 1 (Sch1) , sensilla chaetica 2 (Sch2), and sensilla chaetica
3 (Sch3) are observed on the mouthpart surfaces of C. sexmaculata.
Sensilla chaetica 1 (Sch1) are short, robust sensilla
that resemble hair or pegs and are placed into a round, concave socket. They
are present on the mandibles, stipites of maxilla, ligula, prementum,
and labial palp of labium (Images 3,4,5, I,K).
Sensilla chaetica 2 (Sch2) has an external morphology
resembling a peg. They are distributed on the lateral margin of the labrum,
mandibles, stipites of the maxilla, ligula, and prementum
of the labium (Images 3,4,5,D,I). Sensilla chaetica 3 (Sch3) resembles sensilla chaetica
1 and 2 (Sch1, Sch2) in terms of their morphology and resembles hair or pegs.
Sensilla chaetica 3 (Sch3) tapers toward the apical
end from a broad base. They are dispersed throughout the ligula of the labium
and the outer front margin of the labrum (Images 2 & 5).
Four types of
sensilla basiconica, sensilla basiconica
1 (Sb1), sensilla basiconica 2 (Sb2), sensilla basiconica 3 (Sb3), and sensilla basiconica
4 (Sb4) are observed on different mouthparts of C. sexmaculata.
Sensilla basiconica 1 (Sb1) is inserted into a round,
concave socket and is short, straight, thick at the base, and sharp at the tip.
Sensilla basiconica 1 (Sb1) has a smooth surface.
They are found distributed on the side margin of the labrum, maxillary palp,
and labial palp (Images 2,4). Sensilla basiconica 2
(Sb2) is relatively straight and longer than sensilla basiconica
1 (Sb1), has a smooth surface, and is thick at the base while sharp at the tip
(Images 2,3). These are distributed on the ventral margin of the labrum and
mandibles. Placed in concave sockets, sensilla basiconica
3 (Sb3) is stronger than sensilla basiconica 1 and 2
(Sb1, Sb2). Sensilla basiconica 3 (Sb3) has a smooth
exterior devoid of pores. Sensilla basiconica 4 (sb4)
was found to be stronger and longer than the other, hair- and peg-like sensilla
with a smooth surface bearing no pores, and they are only present on the galea
and lacinia of the maxilla (Images 4).
Sensilla styloconica 1 (Sty1) is a conical structure with a
petal-shaped convex socket. They are present on the central part of the
maxillary palpi and labial palpi (Images 4,5). The cylindrical sensilla styloconica 2 (Sty2) is placed into a convex socket. These
sensilla’s tips are flat, and their upper surfaces are smooth. They are visible
on the central region of the maxillary palpi (Image 4).
At the margin of the
sensory field of maxillary palp, spiny, triangular, non-sensory, dentiform
cuticular projections are distributed among these circular, slightly convex,
rugose sensilla placodea 1 (sp1) found embedded
(Images 4H–I).
Sensilla coeloconica (Sco) are round
structures with bumps in the center that cannot be distinguished clearly. They
are present on the ventral surface of the labrum (Image 2).
Sensilla campaniformia (Sca) are round
with a circular depression at the center and observed only on the ventral
surface of the labrum (Image 2). The labrum, mandibles, maxilla, and labium all
have small, round, pores called cuticular pores (Cp)
(Images 2,3,4,5).
Morphology of antenna
and eye
The antennae of C.
sexmaculata are made up of a scape, pedicel, and
flagellum. There are nine flagellomeres in the flagellum; the first
flagellomere has sensilla chaetica 1 and 2 (Sch1,
Sch2), while the scape has sensilla chaetica 3
(Sch3). Sensilla basiconica 1 and 2 (Sb1, Sb2)
are present on the tip of the ninth flagellomere and lower part of
scape (Image 6). C. sexmaculata has compound
eyes made up of ommatidia. The surface of the ommatidia is smooth; only a few
randomly distributed interommatidial hairs are present (Image 6).
Discussion
Information about the
feeding ecology of several insect species has been well documented in the
literature; very few studies have been targeted to describe the mouthparts at
the ultra-microscopic level (Belhoucine et al. 2013;
Moon 2015; Chen et al. 2016; Nel et al. 2018; Hao et
al. 2019). Ample literature is available on the mouthpart structures and
feeding mechanisms of ground beetles, coccinellid beetles, and other
coleopterans (Forsythe 1982, 1983; Ricci & Stella 1988; Pradhan 1938;
Samways et al. 1997; Moon 2008; Karolyi et al. 2016), very few studies are
available on predatory lady beetles. Lady beetles are known as potent
bio-control agents, therefore, understanding the ultrastructure of mouthpart
morphology will provide better insights into the feeding mechanism of C. sexmaculata. The better understanding of the
ultrastructure of mouthparts will be helpful in designing and implementing an
effective biological control program (Karolyi et al. 2016). One significant aphidophagous predator in Asia is the ladybird Cheilomenes sexmaculata
(F.) (Agarwala & Yasuda 2000). Aphids such as Aphis
craccivora (Koch) (Agarwala
et al. 2001), Aphis gossypii (Glover), Rhopalosiphum maidis
(Fitch), Myzus persicae
(Sulzer), Uroleucon compositae
(Theobald), Lipaphis erysimi
(Kaltenbach), and Aphis nerii
(Boyer de Fonscolombe) have all been observed to be
among its prey (Omkar & Bind 2004). In high-temperature agroecosystems and
greenhouses, its voracity and heat endurance may make it an effective
biological control agent (Wang et al. 2013). In the current study, using
scanning electron microscopy,the
morphology of mouthparts of C. sexmaculata was
described. This may be the first attempt to comprehensively describe the fine
structures and various sensilla present on its mouthparts.
The scanning electron
microscopic studies showed typical chewing types of mouthparts of C. sexmaculata. The ultrastructure of mouthparts of C. sexmaculata showed a resemblance with other ladybird
beetles such as C. transversguttata and H.
variegate (Hao et al. 2019). Unlike other zoophagous species, C. sexmaculata shares a mandibular morphology with
polyphagous species, which are versatile, non-specialized, and lack particular
adaptations for crushing or capturing prey (Forsythe 1983). Unlike C. sexmaculata, zoophagous species, such as tiger beetles,
have mandibles that are trigonal in dorso-ventral
aspect (Ball et al. 2011). Phytophagous species ingest plant juices by scraping
leaf surfaces with multidentate mandibles, whereas insectivorous species use
unidentate or bifid incisors of mandibles for piercing the prey. During the
scarcity of natural prey, few insectivorous species feed
on pollen as an alternative source (Samways et al. 1997). It was observed
that C. sexmaculata’s mandibular morphology
resembles that of insectivorous beetles like Coccinella
transversoguttata (Hao et al. 2019). Gut content
analysis of C. sexmaculata showed the presence
of traces of plant material in a few specimens. These observations suggest that
when there is limited availability of prey, C. sexmaculata
might be feeding on plant material. C. sexmaculata
has a setal row on its prostheca.
In scavenger carabids like Carabus, Calosoma, Cychrus, and Scarites, a brush of dense setae was present on the
ventral surface of each mandible (Evans & Forsythe 1985), but in C. sexmaculata it is present between the incisor and molar
region. In the submolar region of some mandibulate Carabidae, a tuft of mesally
projecting setae and, more posteriorly, a soft flap-like structure was observed
(Evans & Forsythe 1985)
A long incisor tooth
with two or three terebral teeth has been documented
in the majority of Cicindelidae taxa (Ball et. al.
2011). Smooth dorsal surface of the mandible with sch1, Cp,
bifid incisor, ventral teeth smaller than dorsal teeth, and molars formed by
single triangular and sharp teeth are observed in C. sexmaculata,
which is significantly different from other zoophagous species and indicate
the special adaptations for crushing and capturing prey (Forsythe 1983). In
this study, two types of sensilla styloconica (Sty1
and Sty2) were found: one type of sensilla placodea
(sp1) at the distal end of the maxillary palp and sensilla styloconica
(sty1) at the tip of the labial palps, indicating the role of sensilla in
gustatory, mechanical, and contact reception while searching for aphids. The
base of sensilla styloconica (sty2) was bigger in
size as compared to sty1 in C. sexmaculata, which
indicates that these sensilla might be olfactory in nature.
In the current study,
one type of sensilla placodea, one type of sensilla coeloconica, one type of sensilla campaniformia,
three types of sensilla chaetica, four types of
sensilla basiconica, two types of sensilla styloconica, and one type of cuticular pore are identified
on the various mouthparts of C. sexmaculata.
Interestingly, the mouthparts of C. sexmaculata
show similarities with some polyphagous and mixed feeder beetles. The
results obtained in this study provide baseline information on the
ultrastructure of mouthparts and sensilla of C. sexmaculata
and provide the basis for further investigations on the role of sensilla
and feeding mechanisms in the Coccinelidae family. To
comprehend the feeding mechanism and the evolution of the remarkably varied
feeding habits in the Coccinelidae, more research
into the structural features of mouthparts and their functional significance is
necessary.
Table 1.
Morphology measurements and distribution of sensilla on mouthpart of Cheilomenes sexmaculata.
|
Type |
Shape |
Socket |
Surface |
Pore |
Length (μm) with average and standard deviation |
Basal diameter (μm) with average and standard deviation |
Distribution |
|
Sch1 |
Hair, peg |
Concave |
Grooved |
No |
34.02 (6.83) |
3.7 (0.75) |
lig, mx, mp, antenna, lm |
|
Sch2 |
Hair |
Concave |
Grooved |
No |
62.2 (15.99) |
4.47 (0.93) |
lm, lig, prm, mp,
mx, lp |
|
Sch3 |
Hair, peg |
Concave |
Grooved |
No |
348.54 (137.15) |
13.2 (7.45) |
lm, lig, mp |
|
Sb1 |
Peg |
Concave |
Smooth |
No |
6.44 (2.25) |
2.1 (0.73) |
lm, lp, prm, md, mp, mx, gal, lig, |
|
Sb2 |
Peg |
Concave |
Smooth |
No |
15.64 (4.32) |
3.27 (1.17) |
lm, md, mp, gal, lac, lig, mp, lp |
|
Sb3 |
Hair, peg |
Concave |
Smooth |
No |
34.94 (9.06) |
5.41 (0.45) |
lm, md, mx, lac, lig |
|
Sb4 |
Hair, peg |
Concave |
Smooth |
No |
67.65 (7.00) |
4.55 (0.76) |
gal, lac |
|
Sty1 |
Conical |
Convex |
Grooved |
Tp |
3.12 (0.52) |
1.61 (0.27) |
lp, mp |
|
Sty2 |
Cylindrical |
Convex |
Grooved |
Tp |
2.64 (0.35) |
1.99 (0.38) |
mp |
|
Sco |
Round |
|
|
|
|
|
lm |
|
Sca |
Round |
|
|
|
|
|
lm |
|
Cp |
Round |
|
|
|
|
|
lm, lig, mx |
Sch 1–3—sensilla chaetica I–III | Sb 1–4—sensilla basiconica
I–IV | Sty 1–2—sensilla styloconica I–II | Sco—sensilla coeloconica | Sca—sensilla campaniformia | Cp—cuticular pore | Tp—terminal
pore | mp—maxillary palp | gal—galea | lac—lacinia | lb—labium | lm—labrum | lp—labial palp | md—mandible | mx—maxillae.
For
images - - click here for full PDF
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