Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2025 | 17(4): 26850–26856
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9308.17.4.26850-26856
#9308 | Received 15 July 2024 | Final received 19 March 2025 | Finally
accepted 01 April 2025
Seasonal study on succession of
forensically significant entomofauna under indoor environment in Punjab, India
Pawandeep Kaur 1 & Madhu Bala
2
1 Post-Graduate Department of
Zoology, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector-26,
Chandigarh 160019, India.
2 Department of Zoology &
Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
1 pawandeep19ap@gmail.com, 2 madhubaladhakane@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Editor: R. Varatharajan,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 April 2025
(online & print)
Citation: Kaur,
P. & M. Bala (2025). First
photographic record of ferret badger Melogale
sp. (Mammalia: Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the state
of Tripura, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(4): 26850–26856. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9308.17.4.26850-26856
Copyright: © Kaur & Bala 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing
adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: University Grant Commission Grant No-RGNF201517SCPUN14046.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Madhu Bala, assistant professor, Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala, working in the field of forensic entomology form the last 15 years. Succession studies were carried out to collect and study the biology of locally available blow flies, flesh flies and beetles of forensic importance that can be used in crime investigation. Morphological as well as molecular identifications of these arthropods have been done. Pawandeep Kaur, assistant professor, Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, Chandigarh, working with systematics of forensically relevant blowflies, flesh flies and beetles.
Author contributions: PK—data collection, manuscript preparation. MB—data authentication, manuscript editing.
Acknowledgements: Authors are thankful to the Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences for providing the laboratory facilities during course of this study and University
grant commission for funding this work under the grant number RGNF201517SCPUN14046.
Abstract: This study was focused on the
prevalence of carrion insects under indoor environment, during the five
seasons, i.e., winter, summer, monsson, post-monsoon,
and spring. The pig carcasses were placed inside a room and daily (morning and
evening) observations were made to collect the insect in addition to room
temperature and humidity. A total of 1,187 insect specimens belonging to three
insect orders: Diptera (692), Coleoptera
(467), and Hymenoptera (28), 10 families, and 32 species were collected during
the five seasons. The abundance and richness of each species varied in each
season. However, it has been observed that the decomposition of pig carcasses
was prompt in the monsoon season followed by summer, spring, post-monsoon, and
winter seasons. Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) aegyptica,
Boettcherisca bengalensis,
Calliphora vicina,
Megaselia scalaris
(Coffin fly) were the exclusive species collected during experimentation. The
data collected from these seasonal experiments can serve as the baseline data
for indoor homicides, suicides, and related crime investigations as the insects
collected from these experiments will help in determining the post-mortem
interval of corpses belonging to that geographic location.
Keywords: Carcasse,
Carrion, Coleoptera, decomposition, Diptera, Hymenoptera, indoor cases, insects, observation,
post-mortem interval.
Introduction
The field of forensic entomology
is concerned with using insects in legal investigations. Earlier studies have
shown that insects are one of the major components of legal investigations
(Ahmad & Ahmad 2002; Ahmad et al. 2011). Medico-legal forensic entomology
is used in the estimation of post-mortem interval (PMI) along with the
physiological and chemical changes that occur in the body before and after
death, which are called antemortem and post-mortem changes respectively (Varatharajan & Sen 2000; Campobasso & Introna 2001). There are integral pathological changes such
as rigor mortis, algor mortis, lividity, tissue
autolysis, putrefaction, and bacterial activity that are accountable for PMI
estimation, but they are reliable for just 72 hours (Henssge
et al. 1995). However, the entomological methods of estimation of PMI are more
rivaled in this field of science and help in finding the occurrence,
distribution, abundance, richness, and species diversity of insect fauna
visiting the carcasses during different decomposition stages. These
entomological parameters are more reliable and undisputed compared to
pathological methods, specifically during later stages of decay (Bala et al. 2016). Insects are ectothermic and specifically
susceptible to climatic changes. Diversity and succession waves are affected by
weather, temperature, relative humidity, body decomposition stage, size, and
location of the carrion (Mann et al. 1990; Turchetto
& Vanin 2004). Insect succession pattern in an
indoor environment is quite different from outdoor environment. Under the
indoor condition, the accessibility of carrion to entomofauna is restricted.
This limitation can be attributed to factors such as physical barriers, lack of
suitable entry points, or the absence of the necessary cues that attract
decomposer insects. As a result, the decomposition process may be delayed or
altered, leading to differences in the stages and patterns of decay compared to
outdoor scenarios (Reibe & Madea
2010; Anderson 2011). It has been observed that many carrion insects in indoor
environments are synanthropic (Anderson 2011).
Various animals (pig, rabbit, cat, and rat) have been used as a research model
to study successional and decomposition patterns (Early & Goff 1986; Tomberlin & Adler 1998; Anderson 2011; Bala & Kaur 2014; Zeariya et
al. 2015; Kaur et al. 2020a). So, the aim of this study is to determine the
insect succession pattern using pig carrion as a research model under indoor
environmental conditions.
Materials
and Methods
Biological material
Two to six months old piglet
carcasses (Sus scrofa
L.) were used as a research model to collect the adult and immature insects
from indoor. Piglet carcasses were procured from local slaughterhouse, and it
was placed on the floor inside a room individually. There is no ethical issue,
since dead piglets were utilized in this study. The experiments were conducted
during winter, summer, monsoon, post-monsoon (2015), and spring season (2017).
Five piglet carcasses, weighing 20 kg, were utilized during the study. The pig
carcasses were placed on the floor inside the room (10’16’’ × 8’-16’’). The
door of the room was kept closed. The window remains open to allow insect
access and to allow some airflow. The observations were made two times a day,
i.e., morning and evening. The experimental site was an agricultural
land (30.46574º N, 75.53275º E) at Ghawaddi village
of Ludhiana, Punjab (India). The land was mainly used to grow paddy crop in
summer and wheat crop in winter. Eucalyptus trees were the main flora of the
area.
Sampling of carrion insects
The flies were captured by
sweeping hand net over the pig carcasses and then transferred to the killing
jar. The insect collection was done within 15 minutes to avoid disturbance to
carcass. Beetles and ants were collected with the help of forceps and fine
brushes enriched with alcohol. After killing, the flies were preserved in 70%
ethanol. The vials were placed into wooden collection boxes. For the
identification, specimens were first relaxed in the relaxing boxes and then
stretched with the help of entomological pins. After stretching, the specimens
were placed in the fumigated wooden collection boxes, with the labeling of
date, time, and temperature. Naphthalene balls were also placed inside the wooden
collection box to avoid fungal growth. The collected insects were identified
with a Stereo zoom microscope (Rescholar, Model
No.RI-90-01) and by running the keys based on their morphological characters
(Nandi 2002).
Sampling and rearing of immature
stages
Larvae were collected from the
carcasses with the help of forceps and brought into the rearing lab. The larvae
were then placed on the moist sawdust in the rearing jar provided with a piece
(15 g) of chicken meat for feeding. The developmental stages were observed
until the emergence of adult flies from the pupae. After the emergence, the
flies were identified with the help of standard keys based on their
morphological characters provided by the following sources and experts.
Identification of insects
Flies were identified based on
morphological characters like anterior spiracle, gena,
calypter etc. Dipteran flies were identified by following the fauna of British
India. For the identification of adult flesh fly, the abdomen of the male was
cut off and soaked in a 10% KOH solution for 24 hours for softening. The terminalia was dissected and structures like,
fifth sternite, inner and outer forceps, phallus were
separated. These structures were kept in clove oil for better visibility.
Species were identified by utilizing the keys given by Senior-White et al.
(1940) and Nandi (2002). Hymenopterans were identified by Prof. Himender Bharti, Department of Zoology and Environmental
Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala. Members of the Histeridae
were identified by Dr. Tomas Lackner, Zoologische Staatssammlung Munich, Germany. For Demestidae,
keys of Royal Entomological Society, London (Peacock 1993) were used. Scarabaeidae was identified with the help of Dr. Devanshu Gupta, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata. Staphylinidae was identified by comparing it with the
collection at the Department of Entomology, IARI, Delhi. Cleridae
was identified with the keys from a thesis entitled “The checkered beetles (Coleoptera: Cleridae) of Florida”
(Leavengood Jr. 2008).
Results
During the period of five seasons
such as winter, summer, monsoon, post-monsoon, and spring, nearly 692
dipterans, 467 beetles (Coleoptera), and 28
hymenopterans were collected from the indoor pig carcasses (Table 2). The
observation has clearly indicated the remarkable differences in terms of
occurrence, abundance, and richness of insect species in indoor pig carcasses
during different decomposition stages and seasons. As mentioned by Goff (2009),
four stages of decomposition were recognized, i.e., fresh, bloated, advanced
decay, and dry decay stages.
Fresh stage: It begins a few moments after
the placement of the carcasses in the room. A few calliphorid flies appeared on
the carcasses during the first day of carcasses placement; later, fly eggs, and
a few calliphorid larvae were collected from the body’s natural orifices, i.e.,
eyes, mouth, ear, nose, and genital areas. The body colour
changes to pale (Pallor mortis), and a strong odour
of decomposition were noticed at the end of this stage. This stage persists for
four days in winter three days each in post-monsoon and spring, two days in
monsoon, and one day in summer (Table 1)
Bloated stage: The carcasses turn bluish and
greenish (Rigor mortis), and the limbs get stiffened. Putrefaction begins with
a robust putrefying odour, and fluid seepage starts
from the mouth and genital organs. To prevent the spread of foul odour, door was always closed, and experimental site was
away from residential area. The body turned balloon-like due to gas accumulation
(methane, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and
hydrogen). The larvae of calliphorid species were also collected and found in
abundance. During this stage maggot mass appeared on the mouth and abdomen,
especially in the trunk region. This stage remained for six days in winter,
three days in both summer and post-monsoon seasons, for a single day in
monsoon, and four days in the spring season (Table 1).
Active decay stage: This stage begins with the
origination of “maggot mass”. Hundreds of fly larvae form maggot mass over the
neck and abdominal region of the carcasses. Maggot mass elevates the body
temperature of carcass, thus, enhancing decomposition. The abundance of beetles
and fewer flies were also an indication of the beginning of this stage. The flesh
was reduced, and the bony carcass became visible. Several histerid
beetles were seen in this stage, while many post-feeding larvae and fewer pupae
of dipteran flies were also noticed. The ants were also found feeding on the
dried skin and fluid seepage. The stage stayed on the carcasses for six days in
the winter season, four days in summer, for three days during monsoon, five
days in post-monsoon, and four days in the spring season respectively (Table
1).
Dry decay stage: It begins when the bones of the
carcasses are visible. The dry decay stage had no significant end and continued
for several months. This stage had not shown any abundance of flies; only a few
newly emerged flies and some specimens of coleopteran were collected from this
stage during this season. The decay stage on indoor carcasses were observed for
six days in the winter season, four days each during summer and monsoon
seasons, five days in the post-monsoon season, and three days in the spring
season respectively (Table 1).
Comparative account
of insect succession and rate of decomposition
Winter season: It took 22 days for the carcass
to decompose completely (Table 1). The rate of decomposition was slow because
of low temperature. The average temperature and relative humidity during the
experimental period are given in Table 4. A total of 340 specimens belonging to
24 species and 10 families of three insect orders (Diptera,
Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera), were collected during
winter season from indoor pig carcass, of which, a total of 176
specimens belonging to 15 species from five families under Diptera
(Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae,
Muscidae, Anthomyiidae, and
Phoridae) were collected from the fresh, bloated,
advanced decay and dry decay stages of decomposition. While from order Coleoptera, 153 specimens of beetles belonging to nine
species were collected during different decomposition stages. However, only 11
specimens of Hymenoptera belonging to Anochaetus
graeffei were reported (Table 3).
Summer season: Pig carcass decomposed in 11
days, and the rate of decomposition was significantly faster than that of the
winter season (Table 1). This could be attributed to the ambient temperature
reached above 350C and ranged 31–35 0C. Increased
temperature and optimum relative humidity which ranged 65–81 % (Table 4)
accelerated the decomposition, thus the pig carcasses decomposed faster in the
summer season. The record indicated the collection of 231 specimens belonging
to 21 species of dipterans, beetles and Hymenoptera during the summer season’s
indoor pig carcass. Of which, 127 specimens belonging to order Diptera, 97 to order Coleoptera,
and seven specimens from the order Hymenoptera were collected (Tables 2 &
3).
Monsoon season: The carcass decomposed in 10
days, which was faster than the summer as well as winter (Table 1). The reason
for the faster decomposition could be due to high relative humidity ranged from
60 to 80% and temperature ranged 29–32 0C (Table 4). Heavy rainfall
prevails in the monsoon season that tend to rise the humidity which accelerate
the decomposition process as these are favourable
conditions for bacterial activity as well as for insect development. A
total of 204 insect specimens (Diptera – 141; Coleoptera – 61; Hymenoptera – 02) belonging to 14 species
were collected from the indoor pig carcass during monsoon season (Tables 2
& 3).
Post-monsoon season: The carcass took 16 days to
decompose completely during post-monsoon period (Table 1). The decomposition
process was slow because of low temperature. The ambient mean temperature
ranged 15–26 0C, change in relative humidity ranged 70–88 % (Table
4) and change in duration of day-night length, slowed the process of
decomposition. A total of 199 specimens (Diptera –
110; Coleoptera – 89) belonging to 18 species were
collected from this season. No hymenopteran species was observed over the
carcass during this season (Tables 2 & 3).
Spring season: The carcass took 14 days to
decompose completely (Table 1). The maximum temperature recorded was 250C
and 90% relative humidity (Table 4). Rate of decomposition was appreciably
increased as compared to winter season because of rise in room temperature.
This happened because of sunny days during the earlier stages of decomposition
(Figure 5). A total of 213 specimens (Diptera – 138; Coleoptera – 67; Hymenoptera – 08) belonging to 29 species
were collected during this season (Tables 2 & 3).
Discussion
The present study revealed that
the rate of decomposition was slow under the indoor environment, during winter
as compared to all other seasons. Decrease in temperature and relative humidity
are factors responsible for gradual decomposition with a range of 16–24 0C
and relative humidity range of 30–80 % (Table 4). Similar results were reported
by Ahmad & Ahmad (2002) and Ahmad et al. (2011) by using monkey and pig
carcasses, where it had been concluded that the indoor carcasses took longer to
decompose than the outdoor carcasses. The observations made by Kumara et al. (2012) on human cadaver were quite similar to
the indoor pig carcasses. Observations of that study also reported similar
dipteran fauna, i.e., Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius 1794)
(46%), followed by C. rufifacies (Macquart, 1842) (22%), Sarcophaga
(Liopygia) ruficornis
(Fabricius 1974) (5%), Sarcophaga
sp. (4%), Synthesiomyia nudiseta Wulp, 1883 (6%), Megaselia sp. (3%) and Megaselia
scalaris (Loew, 1866), (2%). Al-Khalifa et al.
(2020) and Al-Qahtni et al. (2020) had also made
similar observations from the indoor human carcasses and found Chrysomya albiceps,
Musca domestica, and Dermestes
maculatus as the most abundant species and determined the PMI from the
larvae of Musca domestica and Dermestes maculatus. Succession patterns
spanning three seasons for the insect fauna on pig cadavers were studied in
Changwon, South Korea in 2018 and 2019. Park et al. (2022) collected and
identified 107 species belonging to 41 families in six orders. The sequence of
insect succession followed a general pattern in which Diptera
peaked initially and followed by Coleoptera which is
akin to the present study. Chrysomya pinguis was identified as the most frequently visiting
species, and act as forensic indicator in Changwon. Calliphora
nigribarbis occurred exclusively in spring and
autumn, and Pheropsophus javanus occurred exclusively in one locality only.
Therefore, these species may be important for characterizing the different
seasons or locations during PMI estimations. Almutava
et al. (2024) explored the rate of decomposition of rabbit carcasses and the
succession pattern of the associated dipteran flies in outdoor, indoor, and on
the roof of a 4-story building during the summer and winter. A total of 6,069
flies were recorded. From roof maximum flies were collected in summer but the
least in the winter, whereas the outdoor showed the most in the winter and
least in the summer. In present study also maximum
flies’ diversity is in winter as compared to summers. Ten fly species belonging
to eight families were identified in the winter, whereas six species from five families
were collected in the summer. The most
abundant species was Musca domestica Linnaeus
(Muscidae) on the roof in the summer, while it was Chrysomya albiceps
(Wiedemannn) (Calliphoridae)
outdoor in the winter.
Conclusion
It has been observed that Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga)
aegyptica was reported for the first time from
India during this study. It was collected during the bloated and active decay
stage of the winter and spring seasons. Adding to it, Boettcherisca
bengalensis has been reported for the first time
from northwestern India. Boettcherisca bengalensis was observed from the fresh and bloated
stages of pig carcasses during the monsoon season. Furthermore, Synthesiomyia nudiseta was
reported for the first time in India from pig carcasses and collected from
active decay stage during winter, summer, and spring seasons only. Calliphora vicina and
Megaselia scalaris
were restricted to the seasons where C. vicina
was only found in winter, spring, and summer seasons while M. scalaris (Coffin fly) was observed in all the
seasons. Chrysomya albiceps,
Musca domestica, and Dermestes
maculatus were found to be the most abundant species throughout the study
during all the seasons. It has been observed that the decomposition was appreciably
quick during the monsoon followed by summer season, however it was slow or
delayed in the winter followed by spring and post-monsoon season. The maximum
species richness was observed during summer and spring seasons, followed by the
winter, post-monsoon, and monsoon seasons. Maximum species abundance has been
observed in the winter followed by summer, spring, post-monsoon, and monsoon
season. From the elucidated uses of carrion insects in forensic entomology, it
is evident that forensic entomology is an interesting aspect of entomology with
useful application to investigation and in aiding justice. So, the data
collected from this study will definitely form a reference or baseline data to
solve crime cases. It will help in PMI estimation, especially in murders and
suicides in indoor environments. Further, the chances of error in calculating
the PMI will be less by using these kinds of studies as references.
Table 1. Duration of decomposition of pig carcasses at different seasons
(2015 & 2017) in Punjab, India.
|
Stages of Decomposition |
Winter (Feb, 2015) (Days) |
Summer (June, 2015) (Days) |
Monsoon (July, 2015) (Days) |
Post-Monsoon (Nov, 2015) (Days) |
Spring (March, 2017) (Days) |
|
Fresh stage |
0–4 |
0–1 |
0–2 |
0–3 |
0–3 |
|
Bloated stage |
4–10 |
1–3 |
2–3 |
3–6 |
3–7 |
|
Active decay |
10–16 |
3–7 |
3–6 |
7–11 |
7–11 |
|
Dry decay stage |
16–22 |
7–11 |
6–10 |
11–16 |
11–14 |
|
Total |
22 |
11 |
10 |
16 |
14 |
Table 2. Number of insects collected from indoor pig carcasses during
diverse seasons.
|
Insect order |
Season |
Total fauna |
||||
|
Winter |
Summer |
Monsoon |
Post-monsoon |
Spring |
||
|
Diptera |
176 (51.7%) |
127 (54.9%) |
141 (69.1%) |
110 (55.2%) |
138 (64.7%) |
692 |
|
Coleoptera |
153 (45%) |
97 (41.9%) |
61 (29.9%) |
89 (44.7%) |
67 (31.4%) |
467 |
|
Hymenoptera |
11 (3.2%) |
07 (3%) |
2 (0.98%) |
0 |
08 (8.2%) |
28 |
|
Total fauna |
340 |
231 |
204 |
199 |
213 |
1187 |
Table 3. Diversity of insect fauna collected from indoor pig carcasses
at different seasons in Punjab, India.
|
Order |
Family |
Winter |
Summer |
Monsoon |
Post-monsoon |
Spring |
|
Diptera |
Calliphoridae |
Chrysomya megacephala Chrysomya rufifacies Chrysomya albiceps Lucilia cuprina Lucilia sericata |
L. cuprina L. sericata |
C. megacephala C. rufifacies Calliphora vomitoria L. cuprina L. sericata |
C. megacephala C. rufifacies L. cuprina L. sericata |
C. megacephala C. rufifacies C. albiceps
C. vomitoria Calliphora vicina L. cuprina L. sericata |
|
Sarcophagidae |
Sarcophaga misera Sarcophaga dux Sarcophaga aegyptica Sarcophaga albiceps Boettcherisca nathani |
Sarcophaga hirtipes S. misera S. dux S. albiceps B. nathani |
S. albiceps |
Sarcophaga sericea S. dux S. albiceps |
S. misera S. dux S. sericea S. albiceps |
|
|
Muscidae |
Musca domestica Musca sorbens Synthesiomyia nudiseta |
M. domestica M. sorbens S. nudiseta |
M. domestica M. sorbens |
M. domestica |
M. domestica M. sorbens |
|
|
Anthomyiidae |
Anthomyia sp. |
Anthomyia sp. |
Anthomyia sp. |
Anthomyia sp. |
Anthomyia sp. |
|
|
Phoridae |
Megaselia scalaris |
M. scalaris |
M. scalaris |
M. scalaris |
M. scalaris |
|
|
Coleoptera |
Histeridae |
Saprinus pensylvanicus Saprinus quadriguttatus Saprinus splendens Atholus maindroni |
S. pensylvanicus S. quadriguttatus S. splendens Saprinus interruptus Merohister jekeli |
S. pensylvanicus S. quadriguttatus |
S. pensylvanicus S. quadriguttatus |
S. pensylvanicus S. quadriguttatus S. splendens |
|
Scarabidae |
Caccobius vulcanus Onthophagus cervus |
C. vulcanus |
|
C. vulcanus O. cervus |
|
|
|
Dermestidae |
Dermestes maculatus |
D. maculatus |
D. maculatus |
D. maculatus |
D. maculatus |
|
|
Cleridae |
Necrobia rufipes |
N. rufipes |
N. rufipes |
N. rufipes |
N. rufipes |
|
|
Staphylinidae |
|
Creophilus maxillosus |
|
Creophilous flavipenis C. maxillosus |
C. flavipenis |
|
|
Hymenoptera |
Formicidae |
Anochaetus graeffei |
A. graeffei |
A. graeffei |
|
A. graeffei |
|
|
|
|
|
Camponotus compressus |
Table 4. Data on average temperature and humidity in case of indoor pig
carcasses during various seasons in Punjab, India.
|
Days |
Winter |
Summer |
Monsoon |
Post-monsoon |
Spring |
|||||
|
Average temperature 0C |
h (%) |
Average temperature 0C |
h. (%) |
Average temperature 0C |
h. (%) |
Average temperature 0C. |
h. (%) |
Average temperature 0C |
h. (%) |
|
|
1 |
16.95 |
80 |
31.7 |
75 |
31.45 |
66 |
25.15 |
70 |
19.25 |
76 |
|
2 |
19.85 |
44 |
32.55 |
78 |
31.4 |
80 |
24.7 |
76 |
18.35 |
68 |
|
3 |
18.25 |
49 |
28.25 |
70 |
30.2 |
76 |
24.65 |
79 |
17.6 |
63 |
|
4 |
25.15 |
30 |
31.65 |
65 |
30.25 |
60 |
25.3 |
77 |
18.7 |
54 |
|
5 |
18.15 |
33 |
33.0 |
75 |
32.6 |
63 |
25.3 |
75 |
18.3 |
60 |
|
6 |
18.6 |
35 |
34.65 |
81 |
31.85 |
70 |
24.0 |
80 |
18.4 |
70 |
|
7 |
16.8 |
76 |
34.1 |
80 |
30.5 |
68 |
25.3 |
79 |
18.35 |
64 |
|
8 |
23.4 |
28 |
34.05 |
81 |
31.1 |
67 |
26.35 |
76 |
11.45 |
94 |
|
9 |
24.55 |
41 |
33.35 |
80 |
31.75 |
64 |
23.4 |
83 |
14.7 |
80 |
|
10 |
19.8 |
42 |
33.1 |
80 |
30.15 |
72 |
25.3 |
77 |
13.0 |
94 |
|
11 |
16.65 |
58 |
33.0 |
79 |
29.15 |
60 |
25.4 |
72 |
14.8 |
80 |
|
12 |
16.5 |
56 |
|
|
|
|
24.55 |
78 |
14.6 |
94 |
|
13 |
16.1 |
66 |
23.25 |
81 |
15.65 |
86 |
||||
|
14 |
17.3 |
62 |
15.35 |
88 |
16.3 |
78 |
||||
|
15 |
19.3 |
66 |
23.25 |
83 |
|
|
||||
|
16 |
18.25 |
66 |
23.15 |
88 |
||||||
|
17 |
18.8 |
56 |
|
|
||||||
|
18 |
17.2 |
52 |
||||||||
|
19 |
22.0 |
65 |
||||||||
|
20 |
22.05 |
36 |
||||||||
|
21 |
23.25 |
39 |
||||||||
|
22 |
22.9 |
70 |
||||||||
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