Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2025 | 17(10): 27688–27704

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9023.17.10.27688-27704

#9023 | Received 12 March 2024 | Final received 20 June 2025 | Finally accepted 06 September 2025

Checklist of floristic diversity of Mahadare Conservation Reserve, Satara, Maharashtra, India

Sunil H. Bhoite ¹ , Shweta R. Sutar ², Jaykumar J. Chavan ³ & Swapnaja M. Deshpande ⁴

^1,2 Mahadare Ecological Research Institute (MERI), Satara, Maharashtra 415002, India.

³ Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Maharashtra 41500, India.

⁴ Department of Botany, D.P. Bhosale College, Koregaon, Maharashtra 415501, India.^.

¹ bhoitesunil@rediffmail.com, ² shwetasutar2818@gmail.com, ³ jaychavansu@gmail.com,

⁴ deshpandeswapnaja85@gmail.com (corresponding author)

Editor: Mayur D. Nandikar, Naoroji Godrej Centre for Plant Research, Satara, India. Date of publication: 26 October 2025 (online & print)

Citation: Bhoite, S.H., S.R. Sutar, J.J. Chavan & S.M. Deshpande (2025). Checklist of floristic diversity of Mahadare Conservation Reserve, Satara, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(10): 27688–27704. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.9023.17.10.27688-27704

Copyright: © Bhoite et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: None.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Dr. S.M. Deshpande is an academician and researcher with expertise in angiosperm taxonomy, carpology and nursery techniques especially of endemic taxa. She is currently working as assistant professor in Botany and nodal officer & head in B. Voc. Sustainable Agriculture at D. P. Bhosale College, Koregaon, Satara, Maharashtra. Dr. Jaykumar J. Chavan is an academician with a wide range of experience in teaching and research with leadership skills involving managing, developing and motivating teams to achieve their objectives. He is the associate professor in Botany and head, Department of Biotechnology at Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara, Maharashtra. Mr. S.H. Bhoite, freelance researcher in the field of biodiversity. Researcher of traditional folklore and its based nature conservation practices, customs, traditions. Special study on sacred grooves and sacred river ponds. Working as a nature conservationist and conservator in Satara District and its vicinity for the last 25 years. For the last 15 years, he has been serving as an honorary wildlife warden for Satara District through the Forest Department, Maharashtra State Government. And also Founder president of Mahadare Ecological Research (Interdisciplinary) Organisation (MERI), Satara. Miss. S.R. Sutar,

freelance researcher in Mahadare Ecological Research (Interdisciplinary) Organisation (MERI), Satara. Special study on Butterflies and Plants. Currently working as a assistant teacher (Science and Maths) in S.S. High School Aundh.

Author contributions: All authors have equal contribution in survey, documentation, MS preparation and analysis.

Acknowledgments: The authors are thankful to Mahadare Ecological Research Institute, Satara; director, Y.C. Institute of Science, Satara; and principal, D.P. Bhosale College, Koregaon.

Introduction

The Satara District is situated in the Sahyadri ranges of the Western Ghats. The climate ranges from rainiest western region of Mahabaleshwar to driest eastern parts of Man and Khatav Tehsils. The eastern zone comes under Sahyadri ranges with high rainfall, lateritic plateaus with peculiar plateau flora rich in endemics, and ephemerals. The basin zone in district shows average climate, presence of basalt, alluvial soil, and has tremendous diversity in vegetation from dry deciduous, scrub patches to semi-evergreen and evergreen forests. The district encompasses Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, Sahyadri Tiger Reserve, Mahadare Conservation Reserve, Jor-Jambhali Conservation Reserve, and Mayani Conservation Reserve. Amongst this, the Mahadare Conservation Reserve (hereafter Mahadare) has rich biodiversity as it is surrounded by semi-evergreen and deciduous forests.

Mahadare lies in the valley and so is a pressure zone due to mixed biodiversity of both semi-evergreen and deciduous forest. This stream arises from the river Krishna and flows down in Mahadare and its branches are spread almost perpendicular to it. This stream and its branches are filled with water for about 5–7 months (depends upon rainfall).

Recently, Maharashtra State Government declared Dare Khurd, i.e., Mahadare as Conservation Reserve in notification WLP No./ 06.22/CR-170/F-1 dt. 10 October 2022 under Section 36-A of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. The area has spread over 107.6 ha under Satara District Forest Division surrounded by Sambarwadi and Yavateshwar villages.

Floristics of some wildlife sanctuaries and national parks have been explored such as Nagzira (174 species) and Nawegaon (301 species) in Bhandara District have been published by Malhotra & Rao (1980, 1981). Dhore & Joshi (1988) compiled the ‘Flora of Melghat Tiger Reserve’ comprising 648 species and ‘Tadoba National Park’ (Chandrapur Dist.) comprising 667 species by Malhotra & Moorthy (1992). Herbaceous vegetation of threatened high altitude lateritic plateau ecosystems of the Western Ghats, southwestern Maharashtra, India. (Yadav & Lekhak 2010; Bhattarai et al. 2012).

There are 242 species of legumes recorded from hilly regions of Satara and Pune districts (Tosh et al. 1988). There are 90 flowering plant species reported from Satara District which are traditionally used for their nutritional potential as wild edible (Deshpande et al. 2019a). Satara District has been explored well for the floristic diversity, viz.: Kas Plateau (Bhattarai et al. 2012; Lekhak & Yadav 2012); Mahabaleshwar (Deshpande 1993); Bharsakhale (Deshpande et al. 2019b). The diversity of herbaceous vegetation on high altitude lateritic plateaus include four floristically rich localities in Satara (Chalakewadi, Thoseghar, Kas, Panchagani Tableland) in which maximum number of endemic species (41) were reported from Kas Plateau (Lekhak & Yadav 2012).

Materials & Methods

The plants were listed on the basis of repeated seasonal observations of the study region either in the flowering or fruiting stage. The specimens collected were identified by consultation of literature (Cooke 1901–1908; Deshpande 1993; Singh et. al 2001; Yadav & Sardesai 2002), correct plant names were cited from International Plant Name Index (IPNI 2025) and synonymy followed Plants of the World Online (POWO 2025). The birds and mammals were observed by repeated visits, citing, photography, pugmarks, dropping, calls by birds, and animals. The animals observed were identified by using (Ravikanthachari et al. 2018; Abdar 2013; Fraixedas et al. 2020) and were confirmed by using Avibase (2025) and Mammal Species of the World Online.

Results

The Mahadare Conservation Reserve showed great diversity in floristic components. The area harbours a variety of plants such as orchids, grasses, legumes, wild edibles, ornamentals, parasites, along with rare, endangered, and threatened species. The conservation reserve harbours 392 taxa belonging to 287 genera and 84 families, among which, 74 are dicotyledonous, and 13 are monocotyledonous. The reported plants were categorized under IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (127 plants), endemic taxa (72), plant preferred by the butterflies (72), and common taxa (168). The IUCN Red Listed plants are represented in Table 1, wherein Table 2 provides the information of endemic plants of the study region. About 72 flowering plants of the study region have been found to be the host of butterflies (Table 3). Moreover, 168 commonly occurring flowering plants have been reported from the study region (Table 4). Photographs of few of the flowering plants have been provided in Image 1 and Image 2 The investigation confirmed Fabaceae (55 spp.) as dominant family followed by Poaceae (26 spp.), Malvaceae (25 spp.), Asteraceae (22 spp.), and Acanthaceae (21 spp.). Grewia (6 spp.) Barleria, Crotalaria, Ipomoea, (5 spp. each), Acacia, Argyreia, Albizzia, Ceropegia, Iphigenia, Solanum (4 spp. each), Abutilon, Commelina, Datura, Diospyros, Euphorbia, Haplanthodes, Indigofera, Phyllanthus, Sida, Vigna, Ziziphus (3 spp. each) are among the most diverse genera reported from study region. Moreover, 27 genera are represented by two species while 233 genera have single taxa in the study region. The diversified vegetation with respect to habits such as annual, perennial, herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers, liana, monocarpic ephemeral, epiphytic, and parasites have been reported. About 12 mammals and 32 bird species have been recorded from the study region (Tables 5 & 6).

Discussion

The Mahadare accounts for total 392 plant species, of which, 127 taxa are categorised under IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and 70 are endemic to Western Ghats, Indian Peninsula, and Sri Lanka. Amongst these 72 plant species serve as larval host plants (LHP). Because of availability of LHP Mahadare is home for many endemic butterfly species which makes it the first butterfly conservation reserve in India (Dhale et al. 2024). The flora supports frugivorous mammals (12 species) and birds (32 species). There are 168 commonly occurring taxa which comprises plants of medicinal importance, edible value, and ornamental potential. Along with this the area is invaded by some weeds which may become threat to native flora and fauna. Before the study region has been declared as the conservation reserve, many anthropogenic activities such as overgrazing, farming activities, fires, picnic or tours, sewage disposal by hotels caused considerable threat to the flora and fauna. Since declaration of the conservation reserve, there is ban on any man-made activities as well as collection of the plantlets from the Mahadare.

The area supports variety of wild edible and wild ornamental species which can be domesticated and utilised to provide the economic stability to the local people. The wild relatives of cultivated legumes such as Vigna khandalensis have been reported from the study region. Such legumes need to be assessed for its nutritional, phytochemical, and biological properties and subsequently domestication practices need to be implicated. Lack of awareness about the unique diversity, threats, and deficit planning for prioritization the conservation endemic species especially supporting the butterflies are the major risk factors in near future. Presently efforts were made by Mahadare Ecological Research Institute for creating awareness among the local people and visitors, enlisting the butterfly, spiders, and birds in the region as well as collaboration with the forest department regarding the developmental activities and planning for conservation of plant species. Preparing checklist of flowering plants of any particular region supports the designing the conservation management of that region.

The habitat is ecotone hence it is rich in floral and faunal diversity. The flowering plant population express multi-storeyed habitat which provides favourable conditions for survival of wide range of animals including butterflies, birds, insects, mammals, moths, spiders, amphibians, and fishes. The animals and plants exhibit complex food web as well as notable prey-predator relationship. The Mahadare accounts for total 393 plant species of which 127 taxa are categorised under IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and 70 are endemic to Western Ghats and India. Amongst these 72 plant species serves as Larval Host Plants (LHP). The flora supports frugivorous mammals (12 species) and birds (32 species). The floristic components are vital for survival and diversification of fauna as they provide food in the form of nectar, fruits, leaves, sites for breeding, and nesting. Because of availability of LHP, Mahadare is home for many endemic butterfly species which makes it first Butterfly Conservation Reserve in India.

Though the habitat supports diversity of native floristics components, anthropogenic activities lead to invasion of exotic weeds, which leads to destruction of natural habitat for animals, allelopathy, land, and water degradation, resulting in loss of native biodiversity, and damaging the environment. Nowadays, the forest department is undertaking gradual irradiation program for exotic plants especially Gliricidia by replacing them with native trees.

The area supports variety of wild edible & ornamental species which can be domesticated, and utilised to provide economic stability to the local people. Lack of awareness about the unique diversity, threats, and deficit planning for prioritization of the conservation of endemic species, especially supporting the butterflies are the major risk factors in near future. Presently efforts were made by Mahadare Ecological Research Institute (MERI) for creating awareness among the local people and visitors, enlisting the butterfly, spiders, and birds in the region as well as collaboration with the forest department regarding the developmental activities and planning for conservation of plant species. The present investigation will be helpful for prioritising threatened species for the department of forests, scientific studies of ecotone habitat diversity by conservationists, biologists, anthropologists, and amateurs. The conservation reserve can also provide labour and income source by demonstrating ecotourism, education, and in situ conservation.

Table 1. Plant taxa which are listed under IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2024–25.

	Species	Family	Local name	IUCN Red List status / Importance	Habit
1	Eranthemum roseum R.Br.	Acanthaceae	Jangali Aboli	Least Concern	H
2	Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine	Acanthaceae	Talimkhana	Least Concern	H
3	Celosia argentea L.	Amaranthaceae	Kurdu	Least Concern	H
4	Mangifera indica L.	Anacardiaceae	Amba	Data Deficient	T
5	Anacardium occidentale L.	Anacardiaceae	Kaju	Least Concern	T
6	Semecarpus anacardium L.f.	Anacardiaceae	Bibba	Least Concern	T
7	Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.	Anacardiaceae	Shimati	Least Concern	T
8	Annona squamosa L.	Annonaceae	Sitaphal	Least Concern; Edible	T
9	Pimpinella tomentosa Dalz.	Apiaceae	Ran Jire	Vulnerable	H
10	Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don	Apocynaceae	Pandhara Kuda, Indrajav	Least Concern	T
11	Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.	Apocynaceae	Satvin	Least Concern	T
12	Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold	Apocynaceae	Bitti	Least Concern	T
13	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton	Apocynaceae	Kshirparna, Rui, Aditya-pushpika	Least Concern	S
14	Plumeria rubra L.	Apocynaceae	Chapha	Least Concern	T
15	Ceropegia oculata Hook.	Apocynaceae	Mor Kharchudi	Low Risk	C
16	Cynanchum sahyadricum (Ansari & Hemadri) Liede & Khanum	Apocynaceae	-	Vulnerable	C
17	Caryota urens L.	Arecaceae	Tadi Palm	Least Concern	T
18	Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & R.R.Fern.	Asparagaceae	Safed Musali	Critically Endangered	E
19	Agave americana L.	Asparagaceae	Ghayapat	Least Concern	H
20	Caesulia axillaris Roxb.	Asteraceae	Gurguza	Least Concern	H
21	Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze	Asteraceae	Gangotra	Least Concern	H
22	Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.	Asteraceae	Maka	Least Concern	H
23	Opuntia elatior Mill.	Cactaceae	Nivdung	Least Concern	H
24	Trema orientalis (L.) Blume	Cannabaceae	Khargol	Least Concern	T
25	Celtis tetrandra Roxb.	Cannabaceae	Brumaj	Least Concern	T
26	Crateva adansonii DC.	Capparaceae	Varun	Least Concorn	T
27	Iphigenia stellata Blatt.	Colchicaceae	Gulabi Bhui Chakra	Endangered	E
28	Gloriosa superba L.	Colchicaceae	Kal Lavi	Least Concern; Medicinal	C
29	Commelina benghalensis L.	Commelinaceae	Kena	Least Concern	H
30	Commelina caroliniana Walter	Commelinaceae	Asiatic dayflower	Least Concern	H
31	Cyanotis fasciculata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Schult. & Schult.f.	Commelinaceae	Nilwanti	Least Concern	H
32	Stictocardia tiliifolia (Desr.) Hallier f.	Convolvulaceae	Garvel	Least Concern	C
33	Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy	Convolvulaceae	Phanji	Least Concern; Wild Edible	L
34	Cordia dichotoma G.Forst.	Cordiaceae	Bhokar	Least Concern	T
35	Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.	Cuscutaceae	Amarvel	Least Concern	C
36	Diospyros paniculata Dalz.	Ebenaceae	Tinduka, Tembhurni	Vulnerable	T
37	Elaeagnus conferta Roxb.	Elaeagnaceae	Nerli	Least Concern	L
38	Euphorbia antiquorum L.	Euphorbiaceae	Tridhar, Vjra Kantak	Least Concern	H
39	Euphorbia neriifolia L.	Euphorbiaceae	Gudha	Least Concern	H
40	Homonoia riparia Lour.	Euphorbiaceae	Sherani	Least Concern	H
41	Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg.	Euphorbiaceae	Kunkuphal	Least Concern	T
42	Cassia fistula L.	Fabaceae	Bahava	Least Concern	T
43	Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Fabaceae	Kashid	Least Concern	T
44	Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.	Fabaceae	Gulmohar	Least Concern	T
45	Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.	Fabaceae	Shevari	Least Concern	T
46	Bauhinia purpurea L.	Fabaceae	Dev Kanchan	Least Concern	T
47	Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Alston	Fabaceae	Chilar	Least Concern	S
48	Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik.	Fabaceae	Bavachi	Least Concern	H
49	Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.	Fabaceae	Dondus	Least Concern	T
50	Erythrina variegata L.	Fabaceae	Pangari	Least Concern	T
51	Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.	Fabaceae	Undirmari	Least Concern	T
52	Indigofera trita L.f.	Fabaceae	Asian indigo	Least Concern	H
53	Mimosa pudica L.	Fabaceae	Lajaloo	Least Concern	H
54	Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre	Fabaceae	Karanj	Least Concern	T
55	Tamarindus indica L.	Fabaceae	Chinch	Least Concern	T
56	Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn. ex Benth.	Fabaceae	Australian Acacia	Least Concern	T
57	Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd.	Fabaceae	Hivar, Dev babhool	Least Concern	T
58	Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.	Fabaceae	Deshi Babhool	Least Concern	T
59	Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	Fabaceae	Shirish	Least Concern	T
60	Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.	Fabaceae	Pandhara Shirish	Least Concern	T
61	Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth.	Fabaceae	Kala Shirish	Least Concern	T
62	Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.	Fabaceae	Vilayati Chinch	Least Concern	T
63	Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.	Fabaceae	Bivala	Near Threatened	T
64	Vigna khandalensis (Santapau) Sundararagh. & Wadhwa	Fabaceae	Badmoog, Khandala Wild Pea	Near Threatened	C
65	Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde	Fabaceae	Sita Ashok	Vulnerable	T
66	Dalbergia latifolia Roxb.	Fabaceae	Kala Rukh	Vulnerable	T
67	Acacia ferruginea DC	Fabaceae	Pandhara Khair	Vulnerable	T
68	Tectona grandis L.f.	Lamiaceae	Sagwan	Endangered	T
69	Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm.	Lamiaceae	Bhaman	Least Concern	H
70	Lavandula bipinnata Kuntze	Lamiaceae	Ghodegui	Least Concern	H
71	Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb.	Lamiaceae	Stick bush	Least Concern	S
72	Vitex negundo L.	Lamiaceae	Nirgudi	Least Concern	S
73	Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm.	Lamiaceae	Shivan	Least Concern; Medicinal	T
74	Utricularia striatula Sm.	Lentibulariaceae	Chire papani, Striped Bladderwort	Least Concern	H
75	Lagerstroemia indica L.	Lythraceae	Jarul	Least Concern	T
76	Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz	Lythraceae	Dhayati	Least Concern	S
77	Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz	Malpighiaceae	Madhu Malati	Least Concern	L
78	Bombax ceiba L.	Malvaceae	Shalamli	Least Concern	T
79	Firmiana simplex (L.) W.Wight	Malvaceae	Kaushi	Least Concern	T
80	Kydia calycina Roxb.	Malvaceae	Warang	Least Concern	T
81	Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa	Malvaceae	Parosa Pimpal	Least Concern	T
82	Grewia abutilifolia Vent. ex Juss.	Malvaceae	Kirmit	Least Concern	S
83	Grewia asiatica L.	Malvaceae	Falasa	Least Concern	S
84	Grewia flavescens Juss.	Malvaceae	Donkey Berry	Least Concern	S
85	Grewia hirsuta Vahl.	Malvaceae	Guda Sharkara	Least Concern	S
86	Erinocarpus nimmonii Grah.	Malvaceae	Chira	Vulnerable	T
87	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Meliaceae	Kadunimb	Least Concern	T
88	Cipadessa baccifera (Roxb. ex Roth) Miq.	Meliaceae	Ranbili	Least Concern	T
89	Melia azedarach L.	Meliaceae	Mahaneem	Least Concern	T
90	Ficus racemosa L.	Moraceae	Umber	Least Concern	T
91	Moringa oleifera Lam.	Moringaceae	Shevaga	Least Concern	T
92	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	Myrataeae	Jambhool	Least Concern	T
93	Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Myrtaceae	Nilgiri	Least Concern	T
94	Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.	Oleaceae	Prajakt	Least Concern	S
95	Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven	Onagraceae	Pan Lavang	Least Concern	H
96	Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McCann	Orchidaceae	Chikar kanda	Nearly Threatened	H
97	Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston	Phyllanthaceae	Dal Phodi	Least Concern	T
98	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Phyllanthaceae	Amala	Least Concern	T
99	Securinega leucopyrus (Willd.) Müll.Arg.	Phyllanthaceae	Pandharphali	Least Concern	T
100	Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume	Phyllanthaceae	Phatarpodi	Least Concern	T
101	Phyllanthus leucopyrus (Willd.) J.Koenig ex Roxb.	Phyllanthaceae	Pandharphali	Least Concern	T
102	Cenchrus ciliaris L.	Poaceae	Buffel grass	Least Concern	H
103	Echinochloa colona (L.) Link	Poaceae	Borur	Least Concern	H
104	Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.	Poaceae	Nandimukhi	Least Concern	H
105	Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees	Poaceae	-	Least Concern	H
106	Paspalum distichum L.	Poaceae	-	Least Concern	H
107	Chionachne gigantea (J. Koenig) Veldkamp	Poaceae	-	Least Concern	H
108	Maesa lanceolata Forssk.	Primulaceae	False Assegai	Least Concern	T
109	Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br.	Proteaceae	Silver oak	Least Concern	T
110	Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.	Putranjivaceae	Putranjiva	Least Concern	T
111	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Rhamnaceae	Bor	Least Concern	S
112	Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.	Rhamnaceae	Burgi	Least Concern	S
113	Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.	Rubiaceae	Gela, Madanphal	Least Concern	T
114	Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.	Rutaceae	Horse Wood	Least Concern	S
115	Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.	Rutaceae	Kadhipatta	Least Concern	T
116	Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa	Rutaceae	Bel	Neat Threatened	T
117	Glycosmis mauritiana (Lam.) Tanaka	Rutaceae	Rum Berry	Not Evaluated	S
118	Salix tetrasperma Roxb.	Saliaceae	Jalvetas, Walunj	Least Concern	T
119	Santalum album L.	Santalaceae	Chandan	Vulnerable	T
120	Cardiospermum halicacabum L.	Sapindaceae	Kanphuti, Kapalphodi	Least Concern	H
121	Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken	Sapindaceae	Kusum	Least Concern	T
122	Mimusops elengi L.	Sapotaceae	Bakool	Least Concern	T
123	Solanum anguivi Lam.	Solanaceae	Dorli	Least Concern	H
124	Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg	Thymelaeaceae	Datpadi	Least Concern	S
125	Typha angustifolia L.	Typhaceae	Pan Kanis	Least Concern	H
126	Cyphostemma auriculatum (Roxb.) P.Singh & B.V.Shetty	Vitaceae	Jangali Kajorni	Data Deficient	C
127	Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham	Zingiberaceae	Ran Halad	Vulnerable	E

Table 2. Endemic to Indian Subcontinent.

	Species	Family	Common name	Endemism	Habit	Accesion number
1	Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek.	Acanthaceae	Karvy	Endemic to WG	MS	MERI-01
2	Eranthemum roseum R.Br.	Acanthaceae	Jangali Aboli	Endemic to WG	H	MERI-02
3	Barleria cuspidata Heyne ex Nees	Acanthaceae	Kate Koranti	Endemic to India	S	MERI-03
4	Barleria involucrata Nees	Acanthaceae	Jambhali Koranti	Endemic to Peninsular India	S	MERI-04
5	Barleria terminalis Nees.	Acanthaceae	Nili Koranti	Endemic to WG	S	MERI-05
6	Miliusa tomentosa Finet & Gagnep.	Annonaceae	Hoom	Endemic to India	T	MERI-06
7	Pimpinella tomentosa Dalz.	Apiaceae	Ran Jire	Endemic to Indian subcontinent	H	MERI-07
8	Cynanchum sahyadricum (Ansari & Hemadri) Liede & Khanum	Apocynaceae		Endemic to the Laccadive Islands in Maharashtra	C	MERI-08
9	Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. var. bulbosa	Apocynaceae	Kharpudi	Endemic to India	C	MERI-09
10	Ceropegia bulbosa var. lushii (Graham) Hook.f.	Apocynaceae	Kharpudi	Endemic to India	C	MERI-10
11	Ceropegia hirsuta Hochstetter ex Decaisne	Apocynaceae	Hamana	Endemic to Peninsular India	C	MERI-11
12	Ceropegia oculata Hook.	Apocynaceae	Mor Kharchudi	Endemic to India	C	MERI-12
13	Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. ex Schult.	Apocynaceae	Anantmool	Endemic to SWG	C	MERI-13
14	Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook.	Araceae	Pandhara Sapkanda	Endemic to WG	E	MERI-14
15	Scilla hyacinthina (Roth) J.F.Macbr.	Asparagaceae	Khajkanda	Endemic to WG	H	MERI-15
16	Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & R.R.Fern.	Asparagaceae	Safed Musali	Endemic to NWG	E	MERI-16
17	Tricholepis amplexicaulis C.B.Clarke	Asteraceae	Dahan	Endemic to NWG	H	MERI-17
18	Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) O.Ktze. var. bicolor Santapau	Asteraceae	Gangotra	Endemic to NWG	H	MERI-18
19	Pentanema indicum (L.) Y.Ling	Asteraceae	Sonakadi	Endemic to Peninsular India	H	MERI-19
20	Senecio bombayensis N. P.Balakr.	Asteraceae	Sonaki	Endemic to India	H	MERI-20
21	Tricholepis radicans (Roxb.) Wight	Asteraceae	Mundagoose	Endemic to Western Peninsular India	H	MERI-21
22	Dolichandrone falcata Seem.	Bignoniaceae	Medhshingi	Endemic to India	T	MERI-22
23	Heterophragma quadriloculare (Roxb.) K.Schum.	Bignoniaceae	Waras	Endemic to Central & Peninsular India	T	MERI-23
24	Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) Roxb. ex K.Schum.	Bignoniaceae	Khadshingi	Endemic to India	T	MERI-24
25	Boswellia serrata Roxb.	Burseraceae	Salai	Endemic to India	T	MERI-25
26	Maytenus rothiana (Walp.) Ramamoorthy	Celastraceae	Makar Khana	Endemic to Peninsular India	S	MERI-26
27	Iphigenia stellata Blatt.	Colchicaceae	Gulabi Bhui Chakra	Endemic to NWG	E	MERI-27
28	Iphigenia magnifica Ansari & R.S.Rao	Colchicaceae	Magnificent Grass Lily	Endemic to NWG	E	MERI-28
29	Cyanotis fasciculata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Schult. & Schult.f.	Commelinaceae	Nilwanti	Endemic to WG	H	MERI-29
30	Commelina caroliniana Walter	Commelinaceae	Asiatic dayflower	Restricted to India and North America’	H	MERI-30
31	Argyreia boseana Santapau & V.Patel	Convolvulaceae	Maralmathangi	Endemic to NWG	C	MERI-31
32	Argyreia sericea Dalz.	Convolvulaceae	Kesal Garvel	Endemic to Western Peninsula	C	MERI-32
33	Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl.	Convolvulaceae	Mhalungi	Endemic to WG	S	MERI-33
34	Cordia wallichii G.Don	Cordiaceae	Bhokar	Endemic to South Western India	T	MERI-34
35	Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.	Ebenaceae	Tendu, Temru	Endemic to Indian Subcontinent	T	MERI-35
36	Diospyros paniculata Dalz.	Ebenaceae	Tinduka, Tembhurni	Endemic to WG	T	MERI-36
37	Crotalaria calycina Schrank	Fabaceae	Silky Haired Rattlepod	Endemic to Indian subcontinent	H	MERI-37
38	Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali	Fabaceae	Ran Ghevada	Endemic to Indian subcontinent	L	MERI-38
39	Smithia setulosa Dalz.	Fabaceae	Motha Kawala	Endemic to Indian subcontinent	H	MERI-39
40	Galactia striata (Jacq.) Urb.	Fabaceae	Slender Flowered Milkpea	Endemic to NWG	H	MERI-40
41	Sphenostylis bracteata (Baker) J.B.Gillett	Fabaceae	Ran Pavata	Endemic to NWG	C	MERI-41
42	Alysicarpus pubescens Y.W.Law	Fabaceae	Durangi Shevara	Endemic to Peninsular India	H	MERI-42
43	Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde	Fabaceae	Sita Ashok	Endemic to WG	T	MERI-43
44	Vigna khandalensis (Santapau) Sundararagh. & Wadhwa	Fabaceae	Badmoog, Khandala Wild Pea	Endemic to WG	H	MERI-44
45	Moullava spicata (Dalz.) Nicolson	Fabaceae	Wagati	Endemic to WG	S	MERI-45
46	Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.	Fabaceae	Bivala	Endemic to Peninsular India	T	MERI-46
47	Flacourtia latifolia (Hook.f. & Thomson) T.Cooke	Flacourtiaceae	Tambat	Endemic to SWG	T	MERI-47
48	Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.	Gentianaceae	Kilwar, Titawi	Endemic to peninsular NWG	H	MERI-48
49	Leucas ciliata Benth.	Lamiaceae	Burumbi	Endemic to India	H	MERI-49
50	Pogostemon deccanensis (Panigrahi) Press	Lamiaceae	Jambhali Manjiri	Endemic to WG	H	MERI-50
51	Taxillus cuneatus (B.Heyne ex Roth) Danser	Loranthaceae		Endemic to WG	H	MERI-51
52	Erinocarpus nimmonii Grah.	Malvaceae	Chira	Endemic to NWG	T	MERI-52
53	Cipadessa baccifera (Roxb. ex Roth) Miq.	Meliaceae	Ranbili	Endemic to WG	S	MERI-53
54	Moringa oleifera Lam.	Moringaceae	Shevaga	Endemic to India	T	MERI-54
55	Jasminum malabaricum Wight.	Oleaceae	Kusar	Endemic to WG	S	MERI-55
56	Habenaria longicorniculata J.Graham	Orchidaceae	Gudhi	Endemic	H	MERI-56
57	Aerides maculosum Lindl.	Orchidaceae	Draupadi Pushp	Endemic to WG	Ep	MERI-57
58	Habenaria grandifloriformis Blatt. & McCann	Orchidaceae	Chikar kanda	Endemic to Peninsular India	H	MERI-58
59	Glochidion ellipticum Wight	Phyllanthaceae	Bhoma	Endemic to WG	T	MERI-59
60	Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume	Phyllanthaceae	Phatarpodi	Endemic to Peninsular India	T	MERI-60
61	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Phyllanthaceae	Amala	Endemic to WG	T	MERI-62
62	Arundinella ciliata Nees ex Miq.	Poaceae		Endemic to Peninsular India	H	MERI-62
63	Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.	Putranjivaceae	Putranjiva	Endemic to WG	T	MERI-63
64	Delphinium malabaricum (Huth) Munz	Ranunculaceae	Nilambari	Endemic to NWG	H	MERI-64
65	Clematis gouriana Roxb. ex DC.	Ranunculaceae	Morvel	Endemic to WG	C	MERI-65
66	Ixora brachiata Roxb.	Rubiaceae	Kurati	Endemic to WG	S	MERI-66
67	Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek.	Rubiaceae	Kathachampa	Endemic to WG	S	MERI-67
68	Atalantia racemosa Wight & Arn.	Rutaceae	Makad Limbu	Endemic to WG	T	MERI-68
69	Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.	Rutaceae	Horse Wood	Endemic to SWG	S	MERI-69
70	Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham	Zingiberaceae	Ran Halad	Endemic to Eastern and Western Ghats	H	MERI-70

Table 3. Plants preferred by butterflies (Larval host plants).

	Name of the plant species	Family
1	Eranthemum roseum R.Br.	Acanthacae
2	Barleria prionitis L.	Acanthaceae
3	Strobilanthes callosus Nees	Acanthaceae
4	Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine	Acanthaceae
5	Justicia adhatoda L.	Acanthaceae
6	Strobilanthes ixiocephala Benth.	Acanthaceae
7	Achyranthes aspera L.	Amaranthaceae
8	Amaranthus viridis L.	Amaranthaceae
9	Mangifera indica L.	Anacardiaceae
10	Annona squamosa L.	Annonaceae
11	Miliusa tomentosa Finet & Gagnep.	Annonaceae
12	Monoon longifolium (Sonn.) B.Xue & R.M.K.Saunders	Annonaceae
13	Ceropegia hirsuta Wight & Arn.	Apocynaceae
14	Ceropegia oculata Hook.	Apocynaceae
15	Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merr.	Apocynaceae
16	Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) Stapf	Apocynaceae
17	Caryota urens L.	Arecaceae
18	Cocos nucifera L.	Arecaceae
19	Phoenix acaulis Roxb.	Arecaceae
20	Asclepias curassavica L.	Asclepiadaceae
21	Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton	Asclepiadaceae
22	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton	Asclepiadaceae
23	Capparis zeylanica L.	Capparidaceae
24	Terminalia catappa L.	Combretaceae
25	Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken	Crassulaceae
26	Dioscorea alata L.	Dioscoreaceae
27	Dioscorea wallichii Hook.f.	Dioscoreaceae
28	Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.	Ebenaceae
29	Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume	Euphorbiaceae
30	Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg.	Euphorbiaceae
31	Ricinus communis L.	Euphorbiaceae
32	Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC.	Fabacaee
33	Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.	Fabaceae
34	Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.	Fabaceae
35	Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile	Fabaceae
36	Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib	Fabaceae
37	Cassia fistula L.	Fabaceae
38	Crotalaria hebecarpa (DC.) Rudd	Fabaceae
39	Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f.	Fabaceae
40	Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet	Fabaceae
41	Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.	Fabaceae
42	Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby	Fabaceae
43	Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight	Fabaceae
44	Tamarindus indica L.	Fabaceae
45	Zornia gibbosa Span.	Fabaceae
46	Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr.	Flacourtiaceae
47	Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh.	Loranthaceae
48	Loranthus longiflorus Desr.	Lorathaceae
49	Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre	Magnoliaceae
50	Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz	Malphighiaceae
51	Abutilon pannosum (G.Forst.) Schltdl.	Malvaceae
52	Hibiscus tiliaceus L.	Malvaceae
53	Sida rhombifolia L.	Malvaceae
54	Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.	Malvaceae
55	Ficus benghalensis L.	Moraceae
56	Ficus racemosa L.	Moraceae
57	Aerides maculosum Lindl.	Orchidaceae
58	Oxalis corniculata L.	Oxalidaceae
59	Argemone mexicana L.	Papaveraceae
60	Plumbago zeylanica L.	Plumbaginaceae
61	Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C. Wendl. var. vulgaris	Poaceae
62	Oryza sativa L.	Poaceae
63	Maesa lanceolata Forssk.	Primulaceae
64	Punica granatum L.	Punicaceae
65	Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	Rhamnaceae
66	Ziziphus rugosa Lam.	Rhamnaceae
67	Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.	Rubiaceae
68	Ixora coccinea L.	Rubiaceae
69	Atalantia racemosa Wight & Arn.	Rutaceae
70	Grewia tiliifolia Vahl	Tiliaceae
71	Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham	Zingiberaceae
72	Zingiber neesanum (J.Graham) Ramamoorthy	Zingiberaceae

Table 4. Enumeration of common plant taxa in the study area.

	Species	Family	Common name	Status / Importance	Habit
1	Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall.	Acanthaceae	Chirayat	Medicinal	H
2	Asystasia violacea Dalz.	Acanthaceae	Neelkantha	Weed	H
3	Barleria cristata L.	Acanthaceae	Pandhari Koranti	Wild Ornamental	S
4	Dicliptera foetida Blatt.	Acanthaceae	Jivani		H
5	Haplanthodes neilgherryensis R.B.Majumdar	Acanthaceae	Kateri Jakara		H
6	Haplanthodes plumosa Panigrahi & G.C.Das	Acanthaceae	Jakara		H
7	Haplanthodes verticillatus R.B.Majumdar	Acanthaceae	Kale Kirayat		H
8	Justicia betonica L.	Acanthaceae	Gulabi Adulasa		H
9	Lepidagathis cristata Willd.	Acanthaceae	Bhui Gend		H
10	Lepidagathis cuspidata Nees	Acanthaceae	Kate adulasa		H
11	Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus Dalz.	Acanthaceae	Golgonda		H
12	Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt	Acanthaceae	Rankirayat, Pittapapada		H
13	Thunbergia fragrans Roxb.	Acanthaceae	Chimine	Wild Ornamental	C
14	Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.*	Amaranthaceae	Bech Kusal	Weed	H
15	Crinum latifolium L.	Amaryllidaceae	Sudarshana	Ornamental	E
16	Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz	Anacardiaceae	Ambada	Wild edible	T
17	Anona reticulata L.*	Annonaceae	Ramphal	Edible	T
18	Carissa carandas L.	Apocynaceae	Karvand	Wild edible	S
19	Cryptolepis buchananii R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult	Apocynaceae	Kavali, Krishna Sariva	Weed	C
20	Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br.	Apocynaceae	Kala Kuda	Medicinal	T
21	Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb.	Arecaceae	Shindi		T
22	Protasparagus racemosus Oberm.	Asparagaceae	Shatawari	Medicinal	C
23	Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze	Asteraceae	Jangali Jeera		H
24	Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp.	Asteraceae	Dhor Davana		H
25	Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff	Asteraceae	Chirchitta		H
26	Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC.	Asteraceae	Kukundar		H
27	Conyza stricta Willd.	Asteraceae	Bat Davana	Weed	H
28	Echinops echinatus Roxb.	Asteraceae	Kate Chendu, Brahma Dandi		H
29	Gynura bicolor (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC.	Asteraceae	Kusumbi		H
30	Gynura nitida DC	Asteraceae	Kusumbi		H
31	Kleinia grandiflora (Wall. ex DC.) N.Rani	Asteraceae	Vandar Roti		H
32	Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal	Asteraceae	Pathari	Wild edible	H
33	Pentanema cernuum (Dalz.) Y.Ling	Asteraceae	Sonasari		H
34	Siegesbeckia orientalis L.	Asteraceae	Katampu		H
35	Sonchus oleraceus L.	Asteraceae	Dudhi		H
36	Tridax procumbens L.	Asteraceae	Ekdandi	Medicinal	H
37	Vernonia divergens (DC.) Edgew.	Asteraceae		Weed	H
38	Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.	Balsaminaceae	Sultan’s Balsam		H
39	Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm.	Boraginaceae	Adhapuspi		H
40	Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze	Celastraceae	Motha Bhutya		T
41	Cleome gynandra L.	Cleomaceae	Pandhari Tilwan		H
42	Iphigenia indica (L.) A.Gray ex Kunth	Colchicaceae	Jambhale bhui chakra		E
43	Iphigenia pallida Baker	Colchicaceae	Bhui chakra		E
44	Combretum albidum G.Don	Combretaceae	Piluki		L
45	Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps	Combretaceae	Lal Chameli		L
46	Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn.	Combretaceae	Arjun	Medicinal	T
47	Terminalia chebula Retz.	Combretaceae	Hirada	Medicinal	T
48	Commelina forskaolii Vahl.	Commelinaceae	Kanpet		H
49	Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. & Schult.f.	Commelinaceae	Aabhali		H
50	Tonningia axillaris (L.) Raf.	Commelinaceae	Bechaka		H
51	Argyreia elliptica (Roth) Choisy	Convolvulaceae	Kedari		C
52	Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples	Convolvulaceae	Motiya		C
53	Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. *	Convolvulaceae	Shankhapushpi		H
54	Ipomoea capillacea (Kunth) G.Don*	Convolvulaceae	Water spinach		C
55	Ipomoea carnea Jacq. *	Convolvulaceae	Besharam		S
56	Ipomoea hederifolia L. *	Convolvulaceae	Lal Pungali, Ganesh vel		C
57	Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq.*	Convolvulaceae	Bhingari		C
58	Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth. *	Convolvulaceae	Neelpushpi, Kalanjani		C
59	Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl.*	Convolvulaceae	Vachagandha, Pivali Bhowari		C
60	Porana malabarica C.B.Clarke*	Convolvulaceae	Bhovari		C
61	Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy	Convolvulaceae	Sanjvel, Kalmi Lata		L
62	Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.	Crassulaceae	Panphuti	Medicinal	H
63	Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt*	Cucurbitaceae	Tondali	Medicinal; Wild edible	C
64	Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.Jeffrey	Cucurbitaceae	Shivlingi	Medicinal	C
65	Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd.	Cucurbitaceae	Kartooli	Wild edible	C
66	Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi	Cucurbitaceae	Gometi		C
67	Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.	Cucurbitaceae	Kavandal		C
68	Kyllinga triceps var. ciliata Boeckeler	Cyperaceae	Shwetnirvisha		H
69	Dioscorea dodecaneura Vell.	Dioscoreaceae	Kadu karanda	Wild edible	C
70	Diospyros nigrescens (Dalz.) C.J.Saldanha*	Ebenaceae	Rakta roda		T
71	Euphorbia hirta L. *	Euphorbiaceae	Dudhani	Weed	H
72	Jatropha gossypifolia L.*	Euphorbiaceae	Ratanjyoti	Ornamental	S
73	Abrus precatorius L.*	Fabaceae	Gunja	Medicinal	C
74	Alysicarpus tetragonolobus Edgew.	Fabaceae	Lal Shevara		H
75	Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn.	Fabaceae	Aapta		T
76	Clitoria ternatea L. var. pilosula Wall. ex Baker	Fabaceae	Pandhari Gokarna	Endemic; Ornamental	C
77	Clitoria ternatea L. var. ternatea*	Fabaceae	Nili Gokarna	Medicinal; Ornamental	C
78	Crotalaria juncea L.	Fabaceae	Sun Hemp		H
79	Crotalaria pallida Aiton	Fabaceae	Jangali Tag		H
80	Crotalaria spectabilis Roth	Fabaceae	Dingala		H
81	Derris trifoliata Lour.	Fabaceae	Karanjvel		L
82	Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.	Fabaceae	Salvan, Ranganjya		H
83	Entada rheedei Spreng.	Fabaceae	Garambi	Medicinal	L
84	Erythrina suberosa Roxb.	Fabaceae	Pangari	Wild Ornamental	T
85	Grona triflora (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi	Fabaceae	Ran Methi		H
86	Hultholia mimosoides (Lam.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis	Fabaceae	Vishakhmantha		T
87	Indigofera cassioides Rottler ex DC.	Fabaceae	Unhali		H
88	Indigofera cordifolia B.Heyne ex Roth	Fabaceae	Godhadi		H
89	Vigna sublobata (Roxb.) Bairig., Panda, B.P.Choudhury & Patnaik	Fabaceae	Jangali Udid, Vel Moong	Wild edible	C
90	Vigna vexillata (L.) A.Rich.	Fabaceae	Halunda, Jangali Moong	Wild edible	C
91	Heliotropium indicum L.	Heliotropiaceae	Bhurundi		H
92	Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.	Hypoxidaceae	Kali Musali		E
93	Hypoxis aurea Lour.	Hypoxidaceae	Son tara		E
94	Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze	Lamiaceae	Gopali		H
95	Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex Sims	Lamiaceae	Mahadron		H
96	Callicarpa tomentosa Lam.	Lamiaceae	Priyangu, Hesur		T
97	Coleus strobilifer (Roxb.) A.J.Paton	Lamiaceae	Panmanjiri, Karpurvallii		H
98	Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.	Lamiaceae	Darp tulas	Weed	H
99	Lavandula lawii Wight*	Lamiaceae	Nivali		H
100	Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br.	Lamiaceae	Deepmaal, Granthiparni		H
101	Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth.	Lamiaceae	Jyoti, Shwet Kutheraka		H
102	Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb.	Lamiaceae	Bharangi	Wild edible	H
103	Salvia plebeia R.Br.	Lamiaceae	Samudraphala shati		H
104	Vitex trifolia L.	Lamiaceae	Nirgundi	Medicinal	S
105	Cinnamomum verum J.Presl.*	Lauraceae	Dalchini	Medicinal	T
106	Macrosolen capitellatus (Wight & Arn.) Danser	Loranthaceae	Lahan Bandgul	Parasite	H
107	Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet	Malvaceae	Bala	Medicinal	S
108	Abutilon persicum (Burm.f.) Merr.	Malvaceae	Ran Petari		S
109	Corchorus olitorius L.	Malvaceae	Banpaat		H
110	Grewia multiflora Juss.	Malvaceae	Kawari		S
111	Helicteres isora L.	Malvaceae	Muradsheng	Medicinal	S
112	Hibiscus tetraphyllus Roxb. ex Hornem.	Malvaceae	Native Rosella		S
113	Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke	Malvaceae	False Mallow		S
114	Sida acuta Burm.f.*	Malvaceae	Bala, Chikana	Medicinal	H
115	Sida cordifolia L.*	Malvaceae	Bala, Chikana	Medicinal	H
116	Sterculia urens Roxb.	Malvaceae	Bhutya	Medicinal	T
117	Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalz. & A.Gibson	Malvaceae	Gulbhendi, Ran bhendi	Ornamental	T
118	Urena sinuata L.*	Malvaceae	Rankapashi, Nagbala		H
119	Commicarpus chinensis (L.) Heimerl	Nyctaginaceae	Punarnava		H
120	Buchnera hispida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don	Orbanchaceae	Karanjee	Parasite	H
121	Rhamphicarpa longiflora Wight ex Benth.	Orbanchaceae	Tutari		H
122	Sopubia delphinifolia D.Don	Orbanchaceae	Dudhali		H
123	Striga densiflora (Benth.) Benth.	Orbanchaceae	Agya	Parasite	H
124	Biophytum umbraculum Welw.	Oxalidaceae	Lajwanti, Jalpushpa		H
125	Passiflora foetida L.	Passifloraceae	Vel Ghani	Ornamental	C
126	Sesamum orientale L.*	Pedaliaceae	Safed Til		H
127	Glochidion velutinum Wight	Phyllanthaceae			T
128	Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.	Phyllanthaceae	Bhui Awali, Bhumyaamalaki		T
129	Apluda mutica L.*	Poaceae			H
130	Chloris barbata Sw.	Poaceae	Gondvel		H
131	Chloris virgata Sw.*	Poaceae	Feather fingergrass		H
132	Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng.) Chiov.*	Poaceae			H
133	Coix lacryma-jobi L.	Poaceae	Ran Jondhala	Ornamental	H
134	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.*	Poaceae	Harali	Medicinal	H
135	Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.	Poaceae	Duck Grass		H
136	Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees*	Poaceae	Kalak		T
137	Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf	Poaceae	Shed grass		H
138	Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler*	Poaceae	Bamboo grass		H
139	Dimeria connivens Hack.	Poaceae			H
140	Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz.	Poaceae	Kangar		H
141	Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv.	Poaceae			H
142	Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.*	Poaceae			H
143	Panicum maximum Jacq.	Poaceae			H
144	Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook.f.	Poaceae			H
145	Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench	Poaceae			H
146	Sporobolus diandrus (Retz.) P.Beauv.*	Poaceae			H
147	Themeda triandra Forssk.	Poaceae			H
148	Polygala persicariifolia DC	Polygalaceae			H
149	Polygonum auriculatum Meisn.	Polygonaceae			H
150	Maesa lanceolata Forssk.	Primulaceae	False Assegai	Least Concern	T
151	Ziziphus caracutta Roxb.*	Rhamnaceae	Ghat bor	Wild edible	S
152	Meyna laxiflora Robyns	Rubiaceae	Myna	Wild edible	T
153	Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth.	Rubiaceae	Kadamb	Ornamental	T
154	Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC.	Santalaceae		Parasite	H
155	Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr.	Sapotaceae	Moha	Endemic; Medicinal	T
156	Verbascum chinense (L.) Santapau	Scrophulariaceae	Kutaki, Bhootkeshi		H
157	Smilax ovalifolia Roxb.	Smilacaceae	Ghotwel		T
158	Datura ferox L.	Solanaceae	Kala Dhotra	Medicinal	H
159	Datura innoxia Mill.*	Solanaceae	Pandhara Dhotra	Medicinal	H
160	Datura quercifolia Kunth *	Solanaceae	Chinese thorn apple		H
161	Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.*	Solanaceae	Shoo fly plant		H
162	Solanum nigrum L. *	Solanaceae	Black nightshade		H
163	Solanum torvum Sw.*	Solanaceae	Turkey Berry		S
164	Solanum virginianum L.*	Solanaceae	Kantakee		H
165	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Solanaceae	Ashwagandha	Medicinal	H
166	Holoptelea integrifolia Planch.	Ulmaceae	Papadi	Wild edible; Ornamental	T
167	Lantana camara L.	Verbenaceae	Ghaneri		H
168	Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch.	Vitaceae	Wild Grape		H

S—Shrub | C—Climber | T—Tree | H—Herb | E—Epimerals | L—Liana | *—non-native plant to the study area.

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