Parasitoids
(Hymenoptera) of xylophagous beetles (Coleoptera) attacking dead wood in southern Western Ghats,
Kerala, India, with descriptions of two new species
P.M. Sureshan1, T.C. Narendran 2 & K. Nikhil3
1,2,3 Zoological Survey of India,
Western Ghats Regional Centre, Jafferkhan Colony, Eranhipalam P.O., Kozhikode, Kerala 673006, India
1 pmsuresh43@yahoo.com (corresponding author), 2 drtcnarendran@yahoo.com,3 kizhakayilnikhil@gmail.com
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3385.4385-91 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:736C81FA-5593-4ED6-A37D-54D4E5511721
Editor: Mohammad Hayat, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh Date of publication:26 May 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o3385 | Received 13 October 2012 | Final
received 03 May 2013 | Finally accepted 08 May 2013
Citation: P.M. Sureshan,
T.C. Narendran & K. Nikhil (2013). Parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of xylophagousbeetles (Coleoptera) attacking dead wood in southern
Western Ghats, Kerala, India, with descriptions of two new species. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 5(9): 4385–4391; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3385.4385-91
Copyright: © Sureshanet al. 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTTallows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and
distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of
publication.
Funding: The work is based on the annual research programme of Zoological Survey of India, WGRC, Calicut (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt.of India).
Competing Interest: None.
Acknowledgements: We
are grateful to Dr. K. Venkataraman, Director,
Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for providing
facilities and encouragement. We are grateful to Dr. H.V. Ghate,
Modern College, Pune, for identifying the beetle specimens ,Dr. Sheeba, Assistant Professor, NSS College, Manjeri, Kerala, for identifying the braconidspecimens, Dr. K. Rajmohana, Scientist C and Mr. Bijoy, C. SRF, Zoological Survey of India, and Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode, for providing some
specimens of Eurytomidae for our studies and the help
rendered in taking photographs. TCN is grateful to the Ministry of Environment
and Forests, Government of India, for a grant under AICOPTAX programme. Thanks are also due to the Chief Wildlife
Warden, Kerala , and the forest officials of Chinnar Wldlife Sanctuary for
granting the permission for faunal collection and help rendered during the
field work.
Abstract: An account is
given of four species of Hymenoptera parasitoids probably of the wood boring
beetle Clytocera chinospila Gahan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from ChinnarWildlife Sanctuary, southern Western Ghats, Kerala. Twonew
hymenopteran species, Eurytoma chinnarensis (Eurytomidae)
and Foenatopus idukkiensis (Stephanidae)are described. Solenura ania Walker (Pteromalidae) is reported for the first time from Kerala
and Western Ghats with a new host record,and Doryctus sp. (Braconidae) is reported here.
Keywords: Eurytoma chinnarensis sp. nov., Eurytomidae , Foenatopus idukkiensis sp. nov.,Hymenoptera,
new species, parasitoids, Stephanidae, xylophagous beetles.
Abbreviations: AOL - Distance between a posterior ocellusand the anterior ocellus; CC - Costal cell; F1-F5 -
Funicular segments 1 to 5; L - Length; m-cu - Transverse medio-cubitalvein; MV - Marginal vein; OOL - Ocellocular distance;
PGA - Pterostigma; PMV - Postmarginalvein; POL - Post-ocellar distance; r - Transverse
radial cell; SMV - Submarginal vein; 1-SR+M -
Marginal cell sectio radii Media; 2SR - Submarginal cell Sectio radii;
3-SR - Discal cell Sectioradii; SR1 - Sectio radii Marginal cell; STV - Stigmal vein; T1-T7 - Gastral tergites 1-7; W - Width; ZSIK: Zoological Survey of India,
Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode, Kerala,
India.
The coleopteran (Insecta) families Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Scolytidae, Anobiidae, Passalidae, Lucanidae and Elateridae mainly
include wood boring beetles. Insect parasitoids exert natural control of the populations of wood
boring beetles by attacking their immature stages. Major insect parastoidsattacking the wood boring beetles belong to Hymenoptera (Chalcidoidea, Stephanoidae, Ichneumonoidea, Proctotrupoidea, Megalyroidea, Evanoidea, Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea). During the faunal exploration surveys conducted in the forest tracts of Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala (10030’N
& 77017’E; altitude 450m), a piece of dead wood of an unidentified
forest tree heavily infested with xylophagous beetles
was collected. The infestation of
beetles in the wood was indicated by closely arranged holes and saw dust (Image
18). One hymenopteran parasitoid, Solenura ania(Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (Image. 17) was collected from the surface of the wood by
aspiration. The wood was then cut into small pieces and
kept in wide-mouthed glass bottles covered with mulmulcloth. The hymenopteran parasiotids emerged from the wood along with an adult
beetle Clytocera chinospila Gahan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), that were subsequently identified as Eurytoma chinnarensis sp. nov. (Eurytomidae), Foenatopus idukkiensis sp. nov. (Stephanidae)and Doryctus sp. (Braconidae). Among the individual parasitoids that
emerged, the number of Solenura ania was at a maximum. The beetle Clytocera chinospila Gahan (Cerambycidae) was identified as a new host for Solenura ania which is reported for the first time from the southern
Western Ghats. The specimens of the
present study are deposited in Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode(ZSIK). The terminology used in the
paper follows that of Bouček (1988) for Chalcidoidea, Achterberg (2002)
for Stephanoidea and Belokobylskijet al. (2004) for Braconidae.
Descriptions
of Parasitoids
Order:
Hymenoptera
Superfamily:Chalcidoidea
Family:Eurytomidae
Subfamily:Eurytominae
Eurytoma chinnarensis Narendran& Sureshan sp. nov. (Images 1–7)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1A0D5DCB-6617-4CF4-A4EC-35B3DE9ABB06
Material
examined: Holotype: Reg.No.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2349, 04.iv.2012, female, Kuttar, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, IdukkiDistrict, Kerala, India, 10030’N–77020’E, altitude
450m, emerged from dead wood infested with beetles, coll. P.M. Sureshan.
Paratypes: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2350 (i-ix),
9 females, data same as that of holotype;
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV 2351, 1 female, data same as that of holotypeexcept coll. K. Rajmohana.
Female:(Holotype). Length: 2.75mm. Body black except scape, pedicel, maxillary and
labial palps, trochanters, bases and apices of
femora, tibiae completely, tarsi and ovipositor yellow; F1, F2, F3 and ventral
part of gaster brownish-yellow; F4, F5 and clava brownish-black; ventral surface of cervix pale
brownish-yellow; frons and mesosoma with
reddish-brown marks (Images.2,4 ); fore coxae black
with sides partially brown; mid and hind coxae pale
reddish-brown; femora dark brown medially (Image 1); eyes grey; wings hyaline,
veins pale brown; pubescence on body silvery.
Head: (Image 2–4) width
in anterior view 1.43x its height (77:54); width in dorsal view 1.97x its
length (75:38); POL: OOL:AOL=24:6:10; anterior ocellus situated outside scrobe; scrobe with raised reticulation; frons with close pits,
interstices carinate; scrobalmargin carinate laterally; area below toruli with a ‘V’ shaped carina (Image 2); clypeus smooth
and shiny, apex entire; mandibles bidentate; genal carina well developed; postorbital carina faintly
indicated; malar sulcus distinct with a patch of faintly reticulated shiny area
just below ventral margin of eye. Antennaeinserted a little above the level of ventral margin of eyes; antennal formula
(excluding radicula) 11153; scape reaching just above
anterior ocellus; ratio of L:W of antennal segments: Radicula 2:3;
scape 30:7; pedicel 8:6; F1 14:6; F2 11:7; F3 11:7; F4 8:8; F5 10:7; clava 20:9. F1
slightly narrowed basally with a single row of longitudinal sensillae.
Mesosoma: (Images 4,5) Relative L: W of mesosoma 118:135; mesoscutum30:60; scutellum 38:36; propodeum37:45. Pronotumwith interstices of pits spiny (Image 3) (clearly visible in side view); propleuron subtriangular; prosternum triangular, posterior margin slightly biconcave
with slight median projection, concavity with a row of 5–6 weak setae
along anterior margin, procoxa two-thirds from base
to apex depressed ventrally (Image 6) for reception of lower head (postgenal carina), depression strongly carinatealong outer edge (Image 3) forming a sharp tooth in side view; mesopleuron and mesepisternum in
ventral view with semicircular carinae meeting
medially and protruding forwards between forecoxae; mesosternal shelf flat, wider than mesocoxaldiameter; prepectus subtriangularwith posterior margin arcuate, surface reticulate
punctuate. Propodeum(Image 5) with distinct close pits, median area slightly and broadly concave
with an arch like carina at basal median part ;spiracle longer than wide (4:3), separated from posterior margin of metanotum by a distance longer than length of
spiracle. Hind coxareticulate punctuate on dorso-lateral part. Relative L: W of hind coxa 34:17; hind tibia 49:7. L of first hind tarsal
segment: second hind tarsal segment 21:5. Hind tibia with two
apical spurs and more than 15 spine like setae on dorsal margin. Forewing (Image 7) 2.4x as long as its
width (187:78); SMV with 7–9 dorsal setae; basal one-third of forewing
mostly asetose; relative length of CC 79; SMV 66; PGA
15; MV 24; PMV 11; STV 13.
Metasoma: Metasoma (Image
1) longer than mesosoma (155:118) (petiole L 23+ gaster L 132); petiole 2.6x as long as wide (23:9); closely
pitted; posterior ventrolateral distal part carinate (with 10–12 longitudinal carinae). Relative
dorsal length of gastraltergites, T1 48; T2 11; T3 29; T4 29; T5 27; T6 9; T7 5.5; ovipositor sheath 5.3.
Male:Unknown.
Host:Emerged from dead wood heavily infested with the beetle Clytocera chinospila Gahan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).
Etymology: The
species name is after the collection area ChinnarKerala.
Variation:Females vary in length 1.87–3 mm. The reddish-brown marks on mesosoma and legs
become black in some paratypes, coxaeand femora become more blackish and the tibiae with brownish tinge
medially. When the ovipositor is
tilted upwards in some paratypes the length of gastral segments is shortened.
Remarks: Eurytoma chinnarensis sp.nov. runsto couplet number 5 of the key to species of Eurytomaof Indian sub-continent by Narendran (1994) but does
not go readily beyond the first couplet because of the presence of several
(more than 15) dorsal spine like setae in a row on the hind tibia. Ignoring this character, Eurytoma chinnarensissp. nov. willcome to Eurytoma quadrispina Narendran and Eurytoma pentaspina Narendran,
but differs from these species in having: (i)
interstices of pronotum spiny (in E. quadrispina and E. pentaspinainterstices of pronotum not spiny); (ii) T3 and T4
equal in dorsal length and largest (in E. quadrispinaand E. pentaspina T4 largest and 1.75 to 1.77x
as long as T3). Besides these
antennal segments also differ in relative proportions.
Eurytoma chinnarensis sp. nov. resembles Eurytoma dentata Mayr, Eurytoma chaitra Narendran, E. punctigastra Narendran and Eurytoma nalanda Narendran in having fore coxawith a tooth (coxal depression) in lateral view but
the new species differs from all these species in having: (i)pronotum with short spine like interstices, (ii) hind
tibia with more than 15 spine like setae on dorsal margin, metasomawith a long petiole (0.7x length of hindcoxa, 23:34)
and in different proportions of antennal segments and gastral tergites. This new species also resembles E. xylophaga Yang (1996) in having: (i)
F1 relatively long (ii) in facial and pronotal sculture (iii) in having scape with reticulation. However it differs from E. xylophaga in having gasternot compressed, elongate and subrounded with
ovipositor sheath not protruding, POL 4x OOL (in xylophaga gaster compressed, not subroundedand ovipositor sheath protruded, and POL 3.4x OOL ). E.chinnarensis sp. nov. does not come near any other
old world species listed by Noyes (2012).
Superfamily:Stephanoidea
Family:Stephanidae
Foenatopus idukkiensis Sureshan & Narendransp. nov. (Images 8–14)
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D7057220-4D56-4EEB-A07B-B1DD70442630
Material
examined: Holotype:ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2346, 04.iv.2012, female, Kuttar, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, IdukkiDistrict, Kerala, India, 10030’N–77020’E altitude
450m, emerged form dead wood infested with beetles, coll. P.M. Sureshan.
Paratypes: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2347, 1 female, data same as that of holotype;
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2348 (i-ii), 2 males, data same as
that of holotype.
Female: (Holotype): Body Length 11mm; terebra10mm. Colour: body blackish brown with following parts as follows: face upto front ocellus yellow with
two longitudinal brown bands starting from toruli,
parallel to eye margin reaching upto coronal teeth; gena of same colour reaching upto upper level of eye; mouth parts yellowish-brown except
tips of mandible black. Antennae with radicula, scape
and pedicel testaceous, remaining segments brown; ocelli concolorous with body;
eyes brassy brown; ventral and posterior-dorsal part of pronotumand tegula testaceous;
tibiae and tarsi testaceous, larger spines of hind
femora white, fore and mid coxae, middle tibiae and
tarsi mostly testaceous; gasterventrally testaceous, terebrawith a subapical white band.
Head: (Images. 8, 11, 12) in
dorsal view width 1.1x length, vertex distinctly trans-straite carinate, ocellar area
obliquely striate; posterior margin of head sharply bordered. Head width in
anterior view 1.5x distance between front ocellus and
lower margin of clypeus; eye length 1.34x width in profile; area between upper
margin of toruli and front ocellustransversely striate-carinate, interstices finely
reticulate, area below toruli finely reticulate, gena shiny; three anterior coronal teeth large, lobe
shaped, both posterior ones small and part of transverse lamella widened at
both end, after this lamella four strong complete regular lamelliformand more or less straight carinae (third one curved),
followed by distinct transverse striae, which ends
little above occipital carina; area inside the coronal teeth with longitudinal carinae with interstices finely reticulate, almost shiny;
temples smooth and shiny; occipital carina distinct. Antennae with 30
segments. Relative
lengths of scape, pedicel, first, second and third flagellar asegments as 16, 8, 14.5, 21.5, 23.5.
Mesosoma: (Images 8,9 ) pronotalneck anteriorly distinctly concave, anterior and middle part distinctly
transverse reticulate, posterior part finely reticulate, posterior marginal area
smooth and shiny, ventrally with a median carina throughout the length and carinae on ventro lateral margins. Posterior part of pronotumdistinctly differentiated from middle part, ventral part uniformly and
moderately reticulate. Mesoscutum with a broad transverse band of broad pits in
the posterior half, anterior half finely and transversely reticulate; axillae
separated by a large median pit which is divided into two by a transverse
carina, axillae finely but distinctly and longitudinally reticulate. Median part of scutellum with fine aciculationsand with sparse small pits on sides. Mesospleuronwith dense and closely set white pubescence in the anterior half, very finely
reticulate with scattered pits on other regions. Metapleuron with a deep pit in the anterior part followed by 5–6 transversecarinae distally. Propodeum with
broad and shallow pits dorsally and deep and broad pits laterally, interstices
distinctly reticulate. Hind coxae strongly annulate carinate, hind femora length subequalto hind coxal length and 2.8x its width
, ventral margin with two large teeth, base with two tubercles,
interspace between the large teeth with three small denticles,
hind tibia 1.13x as long a hind femur, gradually widened sub medially, inner
distal part with many bristly setae. Relative dorsal lengths
of pronotum 35, mesoscutum7.5, scutellum 14.5, propodeum26.5.
Metasoma: (Image.10) Petiole uniformly annulate carinate, length 1.1 xs as long as post petiolarsegments. Relative lengths of petiole 88.5, postpetiolarsegments combined 86.5, terebra 1.52x as long as rest
of gaster, first tergite 2x
as long as its maximum width, hind margin straight, basal part with 3-4
transverse carinae remaining area finely granulate
reticulate dorsally and shiny ventrally, hind margin of remaining tergites concave, all tergitessimilarly sculptured as on first tergite. Forewing venation as
in Imageure 13.
Male: (Image
14) length 9mm. Resembles female
but differs in colour of face which is uniformly
yellow below front ocellus, antennal segments up to
fourth flagellar segment, mouth parts except tip of
mandible, fore and mid legs including coxae, hind
femora basally, tarsi except last segment, distal and ventrolateral parts of pronotum golden yellow, gaster with posterior margin of all tergitesstraight. Antennae
with 26 segments.
Etymology: The
species name is after the Idukki District of Kerala,
where the specimens were collected.
Variation: Length
of female varies between 10.3–11 mm and male between 6.1–9 mm.
Remarks: In the
key to Foenatopus species of Indian subcontinent
given by Narendran et al. (2001), this species runs
to couplet five and resembles F. jodhpurensis Narendran in having hind femur with two large teeth, terebra shorter than body, vertex with two distinct carinae between hind ocelli, etc but differs from it in not having a medina fovea on
posterior half of pronotum, propodeumwithout longitudinal fovea, terebra 0.93x length of
body with a distinct subapical white band and
different sculpture of the body (in jodhpurensis, pronotum with a median fovea on posterior half, propodeum with a longitudinal fovea, terebra0.73x length of body without sub apical band and different sculpture on vertex,mesoscutum and propodeum).
In
having petiole distinctly longer than rest of metasoma,
hind femur with two large teeth and terebra with subapical white band this species resembles F. indicus (Westwood) but distinctly difersfrom it in having different body sculpture, terebrashorter than body, occiput without small longitudinal depression. This species also resembles F. frontilenea (Morley) (=Diastephanus frontilenea) in having hind femur bidentate, petiole longer than combined length of postpetiolar segments, terebrashorter than body with subapical white band, body
length and similar body colour but differs from frontilenea in general sculpture of the body which
is more coarse, antenna with first and second flagellarsegments not equal in length (in frontilenea body sculpture more fine on frons, vertex, occiput and propodeumantenna with first and second flagellar segment equal
in length).
Superfamily:Ichneumonoidea
Family:Braconidae
Subfamily:Doryctinae
Doryctus sp. (Images 15, 16)
Material
examined: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2344 (i-iii),
04.iv.2012, 3 females: Kuttar, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, IdukkiDistrict, Kerala, India, 10030’N–77o20’E altitude
450m, emerged from dead wood infested with beetles, coll. P.M. Sureshan; ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/2345 (i-v),
5 males, data same as above.
Diagnosis: Female
(Images 15, 16) Length body 5.32mm, ovipositor 2.74mm. Head at most very slightly narrower
behind eyes than across them; antenna with scape 1.92 as long as its maximum
width, third antennal segment 1.3x as long as second segment; vertex, frons,
temple and face laterally smooth; face striate medially; sides of ocellar triangle equal; vertex, frons, temple and face with
sparse long erect hairs; eyes glabrous, height 1.25x width; mesoscutumnot high, coarsely and sparsely crenulate, notauli shallow, wide, complete; sternaulusshallow, narrow ; scutellemconvex, foveate anteriorly, smooth medio-posteriorly; propodeumdensely rugulose-reticulate with two dorsal carinae posteriorly and without lateral tubercles; fore
tibia with strong spines arranged in single row on inner side; forewing 3.9x as
long as its maximum width; r raising from middle of pterostigma;
3-RS 1.5x r, 0.03x 3R1, 1.08 x 2-SR; 1 SR+M slightly sinuate; m-cu distinctly antefurcal, as long as 2-SR; hind wing vein m-cu antefurcal; gaster with first tergite slightly narrowed basally, sides slightly widened
to apex; length of first tergite 1.30x its maximum
apical width; first and second tergiteslongitudinally striate with rugulosity between striae, remaining tergites weaklyrugose.
Remarks: Due to
non-availability of relevant literature on the genus and need of more specimens
of allied species to compare with, the specimens couldn’t be confirmed up to
species level. Since Doryctus is a rare braconidgenus little known in the oriental region, there is every possibility of these
specimens belonging to an undescribed species.
Family:Pteromalidae
Subfamily:Cleonyminae
Solenura ania (Walker) (Image 17)
1846. Epistenia aniaWalker, 93–94. F, Philippines (BMNH)
1961. Solenura ania(Walker): Hedqvist, Ent.Ts. Arg. 90(3): 98. (For further synonymy, see Bouček et al.
1979 and Gibson 2003).
Material
examined: ZSI/WGRS/IR-INV-2212 (i-xx),
20 females, ZSI/WGRS/IR-INV-2212 (xxi-xxx), 10 males, 5.iv.2012, Vasyapara, Chinnar Wildlife
Sanctuary, Idukki District, Kerala, India, coll. P.M.Sureshan.
Distribution: Oriental
region: China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand; Palearctic Region (China, Japan).
Remarks: The distribution of Solenura ania was
extended up to Maharashtra, by the record of the species from Lonar Crater Wildlife Sanctuary, BuldhanaDistrict, by Sureshan (2005). The present specimens were reared from
the dead wood of a forest tree heavily infested with wood boring beetles Clytocera chionospila,
which form the probable host of it (Images 18–19). This is the first record of the species
from Western Ghats and Kerala with the new host record. Solenura ania was earlier reared from Chrysobothrissuccedanea (Buprestidae) and Trichoferus campestris (Cerambycidae)
(Gibson (2003). Sureshan(2005) reared the species from dead wood of Ficussp. infested with Olenocamptus bilobus (Cerambycidae).
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