Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2024 | 16(2): 24746–24751
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8810.16.2.24746-24751
#8810 | Received 31 October 2023 | Final
received 14 December 2023 | Finally accepted 25 December 2023
Avifaunal diversity in urban
greenspaces within Cotabato city, Mindanao Island,
Philippines
Joan Rhea Mae L. Baes 1,
Peter Jan D. de Vera 2, John Paul A. Catipay
3, Marian Dara T. Tagoon 4 &
Elsa May Delima-Baron 5
1 College of Arts and Sciences,
Notre Dame University, Cotabato City, 9600
Maguindanao del Norte, Philippines.
2 Natural Sciences Department,
College of Arts and Sciences, Mindanao State University- Maguindanao. Dalican, Datu Odin Sinsuat, 9601 Maguindanao del Norte, Philippines.
3 Science Department, Senior High
School, Notre Dame University. Cotabato City, 9600 Maguindanao
del Norte, Philippines.
4,5 School of Business Management,
Education, Arts and Sciences, San Pedro College. Davao City, 8000 Davao del
Sur, Philippines.
5 Research, Publication, and
Innovation Center, San Pedro College. Davao City, 8000 Davao del Sur,
Philippines.
1 jrmldd21@gmail.com, 2 peterjandevera0302@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 3 catipay.jpa@ndu.edu.ph,
4 marian.tagoon@gmail.com, 5 elsa.delima.baron@gmail.com
Editor: H. Byju,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Date of publication: 26 February
2024 (online & print)
Citation: Baes,
J.R.M.L., P.J.D. de Vera, J.P.A. Catipay, M.D.T. Tagoon & E.M. Delima-Baron (2024). Avifaunal
diversity in urban greenspaces within Cotabato city,
Mindanao Island, Philippines. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 16(2):
24746–24751. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8810.16.2.24746-24751
Copyright: © Baes et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Baes, J.R.M.L. is a former BS-Biology student from Notre Dame University, Cotabato City. She is a photographer who enjoys capturing wildlife fauna. P.J.D. de Vera is a college instructor and an early career researcher from Mindanao State University - Maguindanao, Philippines. His research interests include biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. J.P.A. Catipay a faculty member of Notre Dame University. His research interests include wildlife biodiversity, physiology and mycology particularly myxomycetes. At present, he is a MSc candidate for Biology minor in Botany in the University of Southern Mindanao. M.D.T. Tagoon is a
faculty member of the School of Business Management, Education, and Arts and Sciences of San Pedro College. Her research interests include wildlife biology and biodiversity. She is currently a PhD student in Biology of Central Mindanao University. E.M. Delima-Baron is a biologist who enjoys documenting wildlife fauna and its ecological interactions in various habitat types in urban and non-urban locations. She currently holds the position of Research Director at San Pedro College, Davao City, Philippines.
Author contributions: JRMB—paper conceptualization and data collection, writing and editing the manuscript. PJDDV—research design, paper conceptualization,
data collection, writing and editing the manuscript, and corresponding journal submission. JPAC—data collection and writing the manuscript. MDTT—paper conceptualization and writing and editing the manuscript. EMDB—paper conceptualization and writing and editing the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors express their
gratitude to the Barangay Local Government Units of Cotabato
City, Maguindanao del Norte, BARMM for their invaluable support and cooperation
in facilitating the conduct of the study within their jurisdiction. The authors
would also like to express their sincere gratitude to the local para biologists
for their support during the data collection. The authors would also thank
Benito Anthony Pingoy for verifying the identified
birds in this study. Gratitude is also extended to the reviewers whose suggestions
improved this manuscript.
Abstract: Information about the diversity
of avifauna in urban green spaces in the Philippines needs to be more
extensive. More so, data on birds in green spaces of the country’s Bangsamoro
Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) remain largely unreported. This gap highlights
the need to document the avifaunal diversity in the urban green spaces of Cotabato City. Bird species were accounted for using the
point count method from September to December 2021 in three different urban
green spaces within the commercial center of Cotabato
City. Twenty-one avian species representing 17 families were documented. Among
the surveyed three green spaces within Cotabato City,
Notre Dame University (NDU) has the highest species richness (N = 20), followed
by PC Hill (N = 14), and Mother Barangay Rosary Heights (N = 9). Of the 21
species of birds documented, 19% are Philippine endemic, and all of these were
recorded only at Notre Dame University. Data from the present study suggest the
capacity of green spaces in urban Cotabato City to
cater to different bird species, including the endemic ones. Since the results
present preliminary data, intensive surveys can be done on these sites by
future researchers. Also, surveying more urban green spaces in Cotabato City may add information on the city’s urban
birds. Substantial data from these future surveys may be helpful in the urban
planning of Cotabato.
Keywords: BARMM, birds, city planning,
critically endangered, ecological value, endemic, species richness, urban
areas, vegetation.
INTRODUCTION
Urban green
spaces are locally fragmented and patchy vegetation areas within the city (Li
et al. 2019) that provide habitats for different fauna, especially birds (Leveau et al. 2019). These areas come in various forms,
including lakes, parks
(Sulaiman et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2020), gardens
(Parker et al. 2013), school campus vicinity (Ong et al. 1999; Vallejo & Aloy 2014), and hills (Jha 2019; Banzon
et al. 2022). Moreover, urban green spaces provide ecosystem services ranging
from regulating services (e.g., erosion control) to socio-cultural services
(e.g., recreation) (Sultana & Selim 2021). In the Philippines, urban green
spaces have been noted to provide opportunities for physical exercise and
recreation among city residents (Saloma & Akpendonu 2022).
The island
of Mindanao is home to endemic, vulnerable, and economically important species
in the Philippines (Amoroso 2000; Tanalgo et al.
2023). Most of these species are birds according to several accounts on the
island, which were recorded mostly from Agusan, while
information regarding the matter was scant in the Bangsamoro region (Agduma et al. 2023; Cruz et al. 2023). Progressive human
activities related to urbanization further put endemic and vulnerable bird
species at risk in Mindanao (Bett et al. 2017; Agduma et al. 2023). Habitat loss due to urbanization is
one among the drivers of diversity decline (Daipan
2021). Urban green spaces are possible means to find a way around deforestation
and related threats especially in already urbanized areas (Wolff et al. 2018).
The said urban vegetation may support conservation of birds (Cruz et al. 2023),
as it harbors different birds in terms of endemicity depending on habitat type
related to the degree of disturbance and land-use (Tanalgo
et al. 2015, 2019). Among all wildlife fauna, birds directly benefit from urban
green spaces (Muhlbauer et al. 2021; Prihandi & Nurvianto 2022).
There are studies done in the Philippines documenting the presence of birds in
various urban green spaces (Vallejo & Alloy 2014; Banzon
et al. 2022). However, these studies were limited and
data can be considered as not encompassing since it covers only limited areas
in the country. Thus, there is a need to conduct bird surveys in other urban
green spaces in Mindanao, especially in a less studied region of the island
such as in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region Muslim in Mindanao (BARMM).
Cotabato City is an urban area in the BARMM. It is
located between the Rio Grande de Mindanao and the Tamontaka
River, which makes it a catch basin of floodwater from the Ligawasan
marsh in Maguindanao. Ironically, the region is rich in flora and fauna,
however, published biological studies in the area remain scanty to date. The
latter may be attributed to past and ongoing sociopolitical conflicts in the
region. Recently, De Vera et al. (2023) documented 33 non-endemic and 10
endemic bird species from Timaco Hill, an isolated
hill considered as Cotabato City’s remaining pristine
forested area. This study aims to determine the bird species and their diversity
in selected urban green spaces within Cotabato City.
The local government units and other government and private agencies may
benefit from this study by formulating policies and plans that may support
wildlife species such as birds within Cotabato City.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Selection
and size estimate of the urban green spaces surveyed
Selected
urban green spaces within the commercial center of Cotabato
City, Maguindanao del Norte, Philippines were surveyed in this study. The Notre
Dame University (NDU), Mother Barangay Rosary Heights (MBRH), and PC Hill were
the sites surveyed for birds and were at least 1.25 km (± 0.29) away from each
other. These sites were selected based on accessibility, the presence of
vegetation patches, and the absence of data on birds (Image 1). Before the
survey, permits to enter and consent to conduct the bird survey were secured
from the land managers and pertinent offices. All study sites were situated in
the commercial area of Cotabato City. Each study site
has a unique vegetation and level of disturbance. To determine the approximate
land size, GPS coordinates of the perimeter of each urban green space were
obtained. Thereafter, the coordinates were plotted on a digital map, then a
polygon was drawn and used to determine the size of the surveyed area. The
urban green spaces surveyed were described accordingly.
Notre Dame
University (NDU)
The Notre
Dame University (NDU) (7.2172N, 124.2438W) is characterized by open field with
patches of vegetation. Compared to the
other urban green spaces surveyed in this study, the NDU has more open spaces.
Some sections of manmade paths were covered with large trees such as Acacia and
Albizia saman.
The open spaces were surrounded by infrastructures such as classrooms. The
daytime population of NDU is approximately 4,000 which includes students,
faculty, staff, and other employees.
PC Hill
The PC Hill (7.2198, 124.2445) is
characterized by a secondary growth forest patch. It has one of the highest
elevations within the Cotabato City (59 m) along with
the Timaco Hill. Trees such as Acacia, Albizia saman, and
Mahogany Swietenia mahogani
and grasses and sedges are common along the concrete roads. Residential
infrastructures are common in the area with the presence of common
fruit-bearing trees such as Mango Magnifera
indica and Guava Psidium guajava
L. Vehicles and motorcycles were common in the area.
Mother Barangay Rosary Heights
(MBRH)
The Mother Barangay Rosary
Heights (MBRH) (7.2116, 124.2438) is characterized by the presence of
residential infrastructures with cultivated ornamental shrubs. Tree strands are
also observable in the area and are close to residential infrastructures. The
presence of trees is also observable along the concrete roads with the presence
of grasses and sedges. Open spaces and vegetation are minimal in this area.
Avifaunal species documentation
Avifaunal surveys in the selected
sites were conducted by same individual surveyors from September to December
2021. The point count method (Sutherland et al. 2004) was followed to document
birds. Fifteen observation points were established within each urban green
space within an approximate 200 m interval along existing manmade or natural
trails. Avifaunal surveys were done from 0500–0900h with 15 minutes of
observation per point. Surveys were done at a slow and constant pace to omit
possible observation biases. Birds that were seen and heard through calls
within 30 m from the observer were recorded. Species identification and
ecological status of birds were done by referring to literature by Kennedy et
al. (2000), Allen (2020), and other avifaunal databases (Birdlife International
2022; eBird 2023).
Avifaunal species diversity
The species richness of each
urban green space surveyed was determined based on the total number of species
accounted for. The percentage of species richness was calculated by dividing
the number of species in each urban green space by the total number of bird species
in all sites surveyed. Simpson’s reciprocal diversity index was used to compare
the bird diversity in each urban green space surveyed and this was performed
using a free software package, Paleontological Statistics (PAST) version 4.03.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Avifaunal species composition
Twenty-one avifaunal species
representing 17 families were documented from the three urban green spaces of Cotabato City from September to December 2021 (Table 1).
The campus of NDU had the highest avifaunal species richness (95%), followed by
PC Hill (67%), and MBRH (43%) (Table 2). Among the avifauna families, the
family Columbidae with three representative species (Streptopelia tranquebarica,
Columba liva, Geopelia
striata) was observed in all urban green spaces.
The occurrence of Columbidae species in various urban
green spaces in this study conforms with the findings of avifaunal surveys
conducted in other urban green spaces of the country. In Davao City, Banzon et al. (2022) documented five species of the family Columbidae in 15 urban green spaces. In Metro Manila,
Vallejo et al. (2008), also documented several species of the family Columbidae in the city’s last green spaces. In terms of
frequency, the Aplonis panayensis
(n = 120) and Passer montanus (n = 106) were
commonly encountered among the species accounted for in the urban green spaces
surveyed. These findings are also similar to the observations of Banzon et al. (2022) in Davao City and Aida et al. (2016)
in urban landscapes of Malaysia. The abundance of Aplonis
panayensis in urban areas was attributed to its
ability to utilize available food resources (Shazali
et al. 2016).
Nineteen percent of the avifauna species
accounted for are endemic, while 81% are non-endemic (Figure 1). Three of the
four (75%) endemic species were documented only in NDU while one species—Rhipidura nigritorquis
was recorded in PC Hill and NDU. The observed low endemism of avifauna in the
present survey conforms with previous avifaunal surveys in urban green spaces
in the Philippines (Banzon et al. 2022; de Vera et
al. 2023). The vegetation type may play a factor in the low number of endemic
birds in urban green spaces (Tanalgo et al. 2015,
2019). Since urban green spaces surveyed in this study lack native habitats,
this may explain the low degree of endemic birds being documented.
Nineteen percent of the bird
species that were recorded in the urban green spaces of Cotabato
City were introduced. Little is known about the possible effects of introduced
bird species on native bird species in the country (Gonzales 2006), but introduced birds can be a
threat to native birds through the competition for nesting sites, and food
(Baker et al. 2014). In addition, based on the DENR-BMP (2019), one Critically
Endangered species of bird was spotted in NDU, the Philippine Hanging-Parrot Loriculus philippensis.
This species also occurs in other urban areas in the country (Senarillos et al. 2020) and was reported to be threatened
due to the unregulated hunting in some areas of the country for the pet trade (Panopio & Pajaro 2014).
Table 2 shows that among the
urban green spaces surveyed, PC Hill has the highest diversity (0.9106),
followed by NDU (0.903), and the MBRH (0.8601). PC Hill has less vegetation and
more residential buildings compared to NDU, however, results showed that it has
the highest bird diversity among the urban green spaces surveyed. The results
differ to the study conducted in southern Mindanao that reports the positive
association of vegetation to avifaunal diversity (see Tanalgo
et al. 2015; Gracia et al. 2021). Such observation
might be due to limitations of the study such as the time of the day the bird
surveys were conducted (0500–0900 h) and the limited number of study sites.
Future studies in avifaunal diversity in Cotabato
City should consider other urban green spaces and temporal variations.
CONCLUSION
The results of our study showed
that most of the birds documented in urban green spaces surveyed in Cotabato City are of Least Concern and non-endemic and few
species were recorded as endemic and Critically Endangered. This adds to the
existing literature regarding the importance of habitat heterogeneity and
restored sites in promoting conservation measures for avifauna diversity in
urban green spaces. However, there are still limitations in this study. Several
factors may influence bird diversity in urban green spaces. Future studies
should consider bird surveys of other urban green spaces outside and within the
commercial center of the city. Moreover, other factors such as noise,
buildings, and the number of vehicles should also be investigated and determine
how these may affect avifauna diversity in urban green spaces of Cotabato City.
Family name |
Scientific name |
Common name |
Location |
||
|
|
|
MBRH |
PC HILL |
NDU |
Alcedinidae |
Todiramphus chloris LC/OWS* |
Collared Kingfisher |
0 |
0 |
13 |
Apodidae |
Collocalia isonota LC/OWS+ |
Ridgetop Swiftlet |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Ardeidae |
Egretta garzetta LC/OWS* |
Little Egret |
0 |
12 |
2 |
Campephagidae |
Lalage nigra
LC/OWS* |
Pied Triller |
0 |
8 |
0 |
Columbidae |
Streptopelia tranquebarica LC/OWS* |
Red Turtle Dove |
3 |
13 |
2 |
Columbidae |
Columba livia
LC/OWS* |
Rock Dove |
34 |
28 |
5 |
Columbidae |
Geopelia striata LC/OWS* |
Zebra Dove |
9 |
17 |
21 |
Corvidae |
Corvus macrorhynchos LC/OWS* |
Large-billed Crow |
0 |
16 |
21 |
Dicaeidae |
Dicaeum australe LC/OWS+ |
Red-keeled Flowerpecker |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Estrildidae |
Lonchura atricapilla LC/OWS* |
Chestnut Munia |
13 |
32 |
21 |
Estrildidae |
Lonchura leucogastra LC/OWS* |
White-bellied Munia |
0 |
0 |
9 |
Estrildidae |
Lonchura oryzivora LC/OWS* |
Java Sparrow |
19 |
11 |
26 |
Hirundinidae |
Hirundo javanicaLC/OWS* |
House Swallow |
0 |
13 |
27 |
Laniidae |
Lanius cristatus LC/OWS* |
Brown Shrike |
0 |
0 |
3 |
Megalaimidae |
Psilopogon haemacephalus LC/OWS* |
Coppersmith Barbet |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Nectariniidae |
Cinnyris jugularis LC/OWS* |
Olive-backed Sunbird |
19 |
31 |
8 |
Passeridae |
Passer montanus
LC/OWS* |
Eurasian Tree Sparrow |
35 |
23 |
48 |
Psittaculidae |
Loriculus philippensis LC/CR+ |
Philippine Hanging Parrot |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Pycnonotidae |
Pycnonotus goiavier LC/OWS* |
Yellow-vented Bulbul |
21 |
44 |
37 |
Rhipiduridae |
Rhipidura nigritorquis LC/OWS+ |
Philippine Pied Fantail |
0 |
21 |
18 |
Sturnidae |
Aplonis panayensis LC/OWS* |
Asian Glossy Starling |
27 |
42 |
51 |
LC—Least concern | CR—Critically
Endangered | OWS—Other wildlife species | *—non-endemic | +—Endemic.
Dark-colored areas indicate a higher individual count per species.
For
figure & image - -
click here for full PDF
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