Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2025 | 17(10): 27720–27733
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8746.17.10.27720-27733
#8746 | Received 18 September 2023 | Final received 17 August 2025 |
Finally accepted 22 September 2025
A review of 21st
century studies on lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Sauria) in northeastern India
with an updated regional checklist
Manmath Bharali 1 , Manab
Jyoti Kalita 2 , Narayan Sharma 3 & Ananda Ram Boro 4
1 Department of Zoology, Cotton
University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam, 781001, India.
2 Department of Zoology, Madhab
Choudhury College, Barpeta, Assam, 781301, India.
3 Department of Environmental
Biology and Wildlife Sciences, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, Assam
781001, India.
4 Department of Zoology, Pandu
College, Pandu, Guwahati, Assam 781012, India.
1 manmathbharali9@gmail.com, 2
kalitamanabzoo@gmail.com (corresponding author), 3 narayan.sharma@cottonuniversity.ac.in,
Editor: S.R. Ganesh, Kalinga
Foundation, Agumbe, India. Date of publication: 26 October 2025 (online & print)
Citation:
Bharali, M., M.J. Kalita, N. Sharma & A.R. Boro (2025). A review of
21st century studies on lizards (Reptilia: Squamata: Sauria) in
northeastern India with an updated regional checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 17(10): 27720–27733. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8746.17.10.27720-27733
Copyright: © Bharali et al. 2025. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in
any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests.
Author details: Manmath Bharali is a PhD scholar at Cotton University, India, with a primary research
focus on herpetology. Manab Jyoti Kalita is an assistant professor at
Madhab Choudhury College, Barpeta, and a PhD scholar at Gauhati University,
India. His primary research interest lies in butterflies. Narayan Sharma serves as an assistant professor
at Cotton University. His research encompasses
various fields, including ecology, conservation biology, primatology,
human–wildlife interaction, human ecology, urban ecology, and citizen science. Ananda Ram Boro has been working as an assistant
professor at Pandu College, India, since 2008. His research
primarily focuses on wildlife conservation, particularly on bat taxonomy.
Author contributions: MB drafted the manuscript, compiled data from various sources, and
prepared the checklist of lizards with their regional distribution, accompanied
by a map illustrating the study localities. MJK conceptualized the manuscript
and contributed to the study’s design. NS enhanced the manuscript’s fluency and
supervised its preparation. ARB assisted in designing the study.
Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to the
Department of Zoology, Pandu College; Department of Zoology, Gauhati
University; and the Department of Zoology as well as the Department of
Environmental Biology and Wildlife Sciences, Cotton University, for their
constant support and encouragement. The authors
are also thankful to their friends, families, and colleagues for their
encouragement and assistance throughout the course of this study. Lastly,
Manmath Bharali extends his sincere thanks to herpetologists Jayaditya Purkayastha and Sanath Chandra Bohra for their valuable insights that
contributed to this study. He also gratefully acknowledges his fellow
researchers Bijay Basfore and Pooja Das for their continued assistance and
encouragement throughout the course of this work.
Abstract: The current study reviews saurian
research undertaken in the 21st century in northeastern India. The
scope of this review encompasses new species descriptions, range extensions,
diversity assessments, systematic revisions, and species rediscoveries. In
addition, it incorporates miscellaneous contributions, particularly those
addressing myths, ecological aspects, conservation threats, and human-wildlife
interactions documented from different states of the region. Based on published
works from northeastern India, an updated checklist of the region’s lizard
fauna is presented. The checklist comprises 84 species representing six
families and 19 genera, with their conservation status assessed according to
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of
Threatened Species.
Keywords: Diversity, ecology, myths, range
extension, rediscovery, saurian research, species description, systematics.
Introduction
Lizards are a diverse group of
ectothermic reptiles belonging to the order Squamata and are primarily confined
to tropical regions. Globally, around 12,500 reptile species have been
described, of which 929 occur in India (Uetz et al. 2025). Despite lizards
contributing a considerable number to these figures (nearly 446 from India;
Uetz et al. 2025), they have received comparatively less attention, as snakes
represent a more prominent and culturally familiar group, whereas lizards
remain relatively less recognized among the general public.
Foundational contributions
towards establishing baseline data on Indian lizards were made by several
authors, including Günther (1864), Boulenger (1885, 1890), and Smith (1935),
which laid the groundwork for future studies in the country. Eight states of
India, namely, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland,
Tripura, and Sikkim, collectively form northeastern India, a region that lies
within the Himalaya and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspots and harbours
exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism.
During the British colonial
period, significant contributions from northeastern India included several new
species descriptions of the order Sauria, notably by Gray (1845, 1846, 1853),
Blyth (1854), Jerdon (1870), and Daudin (1802), and later by Annandale (1905,
1908, 1912, 1913) and Boulenger (1885, 1887, 1917).
The recent integration of
molecular techniques in lizard taxonomy has greatly aided in identifying and
resolving cryptic species complexes that were once considered conspecific.
Studies in the 21st century have primarily focused on describing new
species from various complex groups, as well as taxonomic revalidations, and
revisions of earlier-described species using molecular phylogenetics. This
surge in new species descriptions underscores the region’s historical
underestimation in terms of saurian diversity, largely due to limited sampling
efforts (Purkayastha et al. 2020c).
With respect to genetic markers,
most studies have relied exclusively on mitochondrial genes, while relatively
few have employed both mitochondrial, and nuclear markers (Giri et al. 2019;
Gowande et al. 2021; Mirza et al. 2022a), which are considered more robust for
species delimitation. In the past eight years (2018–2025), 34 new species of
lizards were described from northeastern India. The majority of these belong to
the genus Cyrtodactylus Gray, 1827, which is recognized as the third
largest vertebrate genus in the world (Agarwal et al. 2018a,b; Giri et al.
2019; Purkayastha et al. 2020a, 2021, 2022; Kamei & Mahony 2021; Mirza et
al. 2021, 2022a,b; Bohra et al. 2022; Lalremsanga et al. 2022b, 2023a; Mahony
& Kamei 2022; Boruah et al. 2024; Bharali et al. in press; Sayyed et al.
2025).
The current study reviews saurian
research undertaken in northeastern India during the 21st century
and presents an updated checklist of the region’s lizard fauna.
Materials
and Methods
Relevant literature was obtained
from the Reptile Database, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with additional
references sourced by cross-checking citations within reviewed articles. The
study was conducted between May 2023 and September 2025. The checklist was
compiled from all peer-reviewed publications on lizards from northeastern India
available up to September 2025, supplemented with data from Uetz et al. (2025).
The conservation status of each species was verified using the International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. In
total, 73 publications were reviewed, and classified into six subcategories:
new species discoveries, range extensions, diversity assessments, systematic
revisions, rediscoveries, and miscellaneous contributions.
Results
New species discovery
In recent years, northeastern
India has witnessed a surge in new species discoveries and descriptions. Since
the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a marked increase
in taxonomic efforts employing integrative approaches that combine
morphological assessments with molecular phylogenetic analyses, mostly
involving mitochondrial genes, particularly in geckos.
Following the restriction of Cyrtodactylus
khasiensis Jerdon, 1870, to the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya by Agarwal et al.
(2018a), at least 27 new species of the genus have since been described from
northeastern India, including records from Tripura (Agarwal et al. 2018a),
Assam (Agarwal et al. 2018b; Purkayastha et al. 2020a; Bharali et al. in
press), Meghalaya (Agarwal et al. 2018b; Purkayastha et al. 2021, 2022; Kamei
& Mahony 2021), Mizoram (Purkayastha et al. 2021, 2022; Lalremsanga et al.
2022b, 2023a; Bohra et al. 2022; Boruah et al. 2024), Nagaland (Agarwal et al.
2018b; Boruah et al. 2024), Manipur (Mahony & Kamei 2022; Boruah et al.
2024), and Arunachal Pradesh (Mirza et al. 2022b; Boruah et al. 2024). Outside
of Cyrtodactylus, several additional discoveries have contributed to the
region’s saurian diversity. Mahony (2009) described Cristidorsa otai
(formerly Japalura otai) solely based on external morphology from
Mizoram and simultaneously designated a lectotype for Japalura sagittifera
from Upper Burma (present-day Myanmar) to stabilize its taxonomy. Datta-Roy et
al. (2013) described Sphenomorphus apalpebratus, a spectacled
lygosomatine skink from the sacred forests of Mawphlang, Meghalaya, which is
distinguished from congeners by the presence of a permanent spectacle (brille)
covering the eyes permanently. Giri et al. (2019) revised the genus Oriocalotes
using morphological evidence in conjunction with nuclear and mitochondrial
genomic data, placing it as a junior synonym of Calotes, thereby reassigning
O. paulus to Calotes paulus, and also described Calotes
zolaiking from Aizawl District, Mizoram, supported by morphological,
phylogenetic, and osteological analyses. Wagner et al. (2021) revised the Calotes
mystaceus complex using mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA and COI) and
described Calotes geissleri, which had long been misidentified as C.
mystaceus in northeastern India, while restricting C. mystaceus
sensu stricto to the Irrawaddy Delta of southern Myanmar. Mirza et al. (2022a)
established the genus Protoblepharus through the revision of Ablepharus,
Asymblepharus, and Himalblepharus, and described Protoblepharus
apatani from Talle Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, based on morphology,
molecular data, and micro-CT scans of the skull. Lalremsanga et al. (2023b)
described Gekko mizoramensis, a parachute gecko from Mizoram formerly
considered conspecific with Gekko lionotum Annandale, 1905. Based on
morphology and mitochondrial ND2 data, the species was recovered as a sister
taxon to G. popaense within the lionotum group. Mirza et al.
(2024) described Japalura mictophola, a montane-dwelling agamid from
Arunachal Pradesh. Patel et al. (2024) described Calotes sinyik from the
Subansiri River basin of Arunachal Pradesh, based on morphology and
mitochondrial ND2 gene. Sayyed et al. (2025) described Cnemaspis
brahmaputra from the northern bank of the Brahmaputra River, based on
morphology and ND2 gene analysis. The species was recovered as the sister taxon
to C. assamensis and together they were designated as the C.
assamensis group within the podihuna clade.
Range extensions
Most studies on range extensions
were based solely on classical taxonomy. Das & Ahmed (2007) reported Cnemaspis
assamensis from the Ghorakhati Range of Kaziranga National Park, Assam
thereby extending its known distribution about 200 km east of the type locality
in Mayeng Reserve Forest, Kamrup District, Assam. As new state records, Das et
al. (2009) documented Tropidophorus assamensis from the Barail Wildlife
Sanctuary, Assam. Lalremsanga et al. (2010) recorded three species of lizards
from Mizoram, namely, Calotes maria from Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary,
Champhai District; Calotes mystaceus (now regarded as a
misidentification of Calotes geissleri) from
Zotlang, Lunglei District; and Ophisaurus gracilis (now Dopasia
gracilis) from Aizawl city. Das et al. (2011a) reported the
occurrence of an invasive species of gecko, namely Hemidactylus flaviviridis,
from Guwahati City of Assam, with remarks on its urbanized distribution.
Majumder & Agarwala (2015) reported the agamid lizard Calotes emma
from Tripura. Deepak et al. (2022) documented a specimen of Hemiphyllodactylus
(Bleeker, 1860) from Namdapha Tiger Reserve, Changlang District, Arunachal
Pradesh, representing the first record of the genus from eastern Himalaya and
the Indian Himalayan region, but refrained from designating any
species-specific identity to the specimen. Mirza et al. (2021) described Cyrtodactylus
arunachalensis from Arunachal Pradesh, which was later synonymized with C.
cayuensis by Boruah et al. (2024), thereby extending the species’ range,
previously known only from Xizang, China.
Only a limited number of studies
have integrated molecular approaches with classical taxonomy to assess lizard
distributions. Muansanga et al. (2020) recorded Cyrtodactylus
montanus from Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram. Purkayastha et al. (2020d)
confirmed the occurrence of Cyrtodactylus urbanus from Meghalaya.
Decemson et al. (2021) reported Calotes geissleri from the
Chandel District, Manipur, which was formerly regarded as Calotes mystaceus
but has since been restricted to Myanmar (Wagner et al. 2021). Tariang et al.
(2022) confirmed the presence of Calotes irawadi in Mizoram, which
had earlier been misidentified as Calotes versicolor. Boruah et al. (2022)
documented Calotes medogensis from Arunachal Pradesh, a species long
confused with Calotes jerdoni due to the absence of clear morphological
and molecular diagnostic data. Decemson et al. (2023) confirmed the
occurrence of Calotes irawadi from Churachandpur District, Manipur,
using both morphological and molecular evidence. More recently, Bohra et al.
(2025) reported Calotes zolaiking from Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, marking
the first record of this species outside its type locality at Durtlang, Aizawl
District, Mizoram.
Diversity studies
Several studies on lizard
diversity have been carried out in northeastern India over the past two
decades. Books such as Jha & Thapa (2002), Ahmed et al. (2009), and
Purkayastha (2013) provided comprehensive accounts of the saurian fauna of
Sikkim, northeastern India, and Assam respectively. Additional diversity
assessments have been conducted across different states of the region,
including Assam (Das et al. 2009; Purkayastha et al. 2011; Islam & Saikia
2013; Purkayastha 2018, 2020c; Sengupta et al. 2019; Mahananda et al. 2023),
Sikkim (Chettri et al. 2009), Arunachal Pradesh (Agarwal et al. 2010; Sinha et
al. 2021), Tripura (Majumder et al. 2012; Purkayastha et al. 2020b), Mizoram
(Lalrinchhana & Solanki 2015; Malsawmdawngliana et al. 2022; Gouda et al.
2024; Solanki & Parida 2024), and Meghalaya (Chandramouli et al. 2021).
Revisions
Several important taxonomic
revisions have been conducted across different states of northeastern India.
Purkayastha et al. (2010) reported Hemidactylus aquilonius from
Assam, a member of the H. bowringii complex, and recommended
replacing H. bowringii sensu stricto with H. aquilonius for the
Indian subcontinent. They also restricted the distribution of H. bowringii
sensu stricto to southern China and its adjacent regions. From Arunachal
Pradesh, Gowande et al. (2021) conducted a detailed revision of Pseudocalotes
austeniana, using molecular phylogenetic data derived from mitochondrial
and nuclear genes. Their analysis revealed that the genus Pseudocalotes
is polyphyletic and comprises two distinct clades. Pseudocalotes austeniana
was not nested within either clade but instead formed a sister lineage to the
genus Japalura sensu stricto. Accordingly, the species was transferred
to Japalura austeniana.
Sengupta et al. (2021)
re-diagnosed Cnemaspis assamensis based on the original type series and
newly collected specimens from Guwahati, Assam. They also provided the first
molecular data for the species and confirmed the presence of precloaco-femoral
pores, which had been reported as absent in the original description. Boruah et
al. (2022) designated a lectotype for Calotes jerdoni to ensure
taxonomic stability and presented an expanded morphological description of the
species. Lalremsanga et al. (2022a) published a comprehensive study on Tropidophorus
assamensis from Mizoram, updating its morphological data, adding
distributional notes, and providing molecular data for the first time, thereby
clarifying the phylogenetic position of T. assamensis among its
congeners.
Rediscoveries
Several notable rediscoveries
have been made in northeastern India in recent decades. Das & Das (2007)
reported Japalura austeniana from West Kameng District, Arunachal
Pradesh, nearly a century after its original description by Annandale (1908)
from the type locality. Bhupathy et al. (2009) rediscovered Takydromus
sikkimensis from the lower Teesta Valley, Sikkim, and designated a neotype
to resolve uncertainties regarding the identity and existence of the species.
Kunte & Manthey (2009) reported Japalura sagittifera from the
tropical forests of Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, nearly 68
years after its last documented record. Originally described from northern
Myanmar, this finding confirmed a significant range extension for the species
into India. Islam & Saikia (2013) rediscovered Draco norvillii in
Jeypore Reserve Forest, Assam, more than a century after its last known record
from the state.
Miscellaneous
Das et al. (2007) reported reptilian
mortality along the highway bordering the southern boundary of Kaziranga
National Park, Assam. Das et al. (2011b) investigated the oral microflora of Hemidactylus
frenatus and H. aquilonius from Guwahati, Assam, and documented the
presence of Gram-positive Staphylococcus strains known to cause skin
infections in mammals, although not fatal. Harit (2018) provided a preliminary
report on reptile road mortality in Champhai District, Mizoram, and along the
Indo-Myanmar border caused by vehicular traffic. Choudhary & Choudhary
(2019) documented the persecution of monitor lizards in Barak Valley, Assam.
Ranade & Purkayastha (2020) reported cannibalistic behaviour in Hemidactylus
aquilonius based on observations from Rani, Assam. Ulman & Singh (2021)
surveyed the population density, habitat preferences, and public perception of Gekko
gecko in Nameri Tiger Reserve, Assam. Rai et al. (2023) provided insights
into the sexual dimorphism and reproductive biology of Takydromus
sikkimensis, highlighting female-biased size differences, seasonal male
coloration, and a single annual breeding cycle with small clutch sizes. Thaosen
et al. (2024) reported functional males in Hemidactylus garnotii from
Mizoram, based on histological, and gonadal examinations, in a species
previously considered to be entirely parthenogenetic.
DISCUSSION
Although northeastern India has
witnessed a recent surge in saurian studies, research efforts remain unevenly
distributed across the states. In contrast to states like Assam and Mizoram,
where substantial work has been undertaken, states such as Nagaland and Manipur
remain largely unexplored. These regions likely harbour undocumented taxa that
may be revealed through systematic field surveys, thereby contributing to
improved taxonomy, and conservation of regional herpetofauna.
Instances of misidentification
were also noted among the reviewed literature. A prominent example concerns Cyrtodactylus
khasiensis, the distribution of which was restricted to the Khasi Hills of
Meghalaya by Agarwal et al. (2018a). This necessitates taxonomic revalidation
of C. khasiensis records from Arunachal Pradesh (Agarwal et al. 2010),
Nagaland (Bhupathy et al. 2013), Sikkim (Chettri et al. 2009), Tripura
(Majumder et al. 2012), and Assam (Das et al. 2009; Agarwal et al. 2010;
Purkayastha et al. 2011, 2020c; Islam & Saikia 2013). Similarly,
Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015) reported Hemidactylus brookii and Sphenomorphus
maculatus from Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram (see Figures 12 & 17 in
Lalrinchhana & Solanki 2015), which appear to be conspecific with Hemidactylus
frenatus and Eutropis sp., respectively. Furthermore, several
checklists of saurian diversity from northeastern India such as Jha & Thapa
(2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Ahmed et al. (2009), Agarwal et al. (2010),
Majumder et al. (2012), and Purkayastha (2013), require updating as a number of
the saurian species listed therein have since undergone taxonomic revisions. To
address this, the present study provides an updated checklist of lizards from
northeastern India (Table 1).
In conclusion, northeastern India
holds immense potential for the discovery of many new cryptic lizard species
that remain undocumented. This potential can be realized through extensive
field surveys across poorly explored regions, supported by advanced statistical
approaches for ecological, and morphological analyses. Furthermore, the
integration of both mitochondrial, and nuclear markers in phylogenetic
frameworks will be essential for resolving species complexes, and accurately
documenting the region’s true saurian diversity.
Table 1. Distribution of lizards
across northeastern India.
State abbreviations: AS—Assam |
AR—Arunachal Pradesh | MI—Mizoram | ML—Meghalaya | TR—Tripura | SI—Sikkim |
MA—Manipur | NA—Nagaland. IUCN Red List categories: EN—Endangered |
VU—Vulnerable | NT—Near Threatened | LC—Least Concern | DD—Data Deficient |
NE—Not Evaluated.
|
|
Family |
Scientific name |
Common name |
IUCN Red List status |
Distribution in northeastern
India |
Citations |
|
1 |
Varanidae |
Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802) |
Bengal Monitor |
NT |
AR, AS, MI, SI, TR |
Sinha et al. (2021), Das et al.
(2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020c), Purkayastha et al. (2011), Sengupta et
al. (2019), Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018), Mahananda et al. (2023),
Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Jha & Thapa (2002), Chettri et al.
(2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Ahmed et al. (2009), Choudhary &
Choudhary (2019), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
2 |
Varanidae |
Varanus flavescens (Hardwicke &
Gray, 1827) |
Yellow Monitor |
EN |
AS |
Purkayastha et al. (2020c),
Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018), Mahananda et al. (2023), Ahmed
et al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
3 |
Varanidae |
Varanus salvator (Laurenti, 1768) |
Asian Water Monitor |
LC |
AS, MI, NA, TR |
Islam & Saikia (2013),
Malsawmdawngliana et al. (2022), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Majumder
et al. (2012), Ahmed et al. (2009), Choudhary & Choudhary (2019),
Purkayastha (2013) |
|
4 |
Gekkonidae |
Cnemaspis assamensis Das & Sengupta,
2000 |
Assam Day Gecko |
VU |
AS |
Purkayastha et al. (2020c),
Purkayastha et al. (2011), Purkayastha (2018), Chandramouli et al. (2021),
Mahananda et al. (2023), Ahmed et al. (2009), Das & Ahmed (2007),
Sengupta et al. (2021), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
5 |
Gekkonidae |
Cnemaspis brahmaputra Sayyed, Das,
Amarasinghe, Bhattacharjee & Purkayastha, 2025 |
Brahmaputra Day Gecko |
NE |
AS |
Sayyed et al. (2025) |
|
6 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus aaronbaueri Purkayastha,
Lalremsanga, Bohra, Biakzuala, Decemson, Muansanga, Vabeiryureilai &
Rathee, 2021 |
Aaron Bauer’s Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MI |
Purkayastha et al. (2021) |
|
7 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus agarwali Purkayastha,
Lalremsanga, Bohra, Biakzuala, Decemson, Muansanga, Vabeiryureilai &
Rathee, 2021 |
Agarwal’s Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
ML |
Purkayastha et al. (2021),
Chandramouli et al. (2021) |
|
8 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus bapme Kamei & Mahony,
2021 |
Garo Hills Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
ML |
Kamei & Mahony (2021) |
|
9 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus barailensis Boruah, Narayanan,
Deepak & Das, 2024 |
Barail Hills Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
NA |
Boruah et al. (2024) |
|
10 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus bengkhuaiai Purkayastha,
Lalremsanga, Bohra, Biakzuala, Decemson, Muansanga, Vabeiryureilai &
Rathee, 2021 |
Bengkhuaiai’s Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MI |
Purkayastha et al. (2021) |
|
11 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus cayuensis Li, 2007 |
Cayu Bent-toed Gecko |
LC |
AR |
Boruah et al. (2024) |
|
12 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus exercitus Purkayastha,
Lalremsanga, Litho, Rathee, Bohra, Mathipi, Biakzuala & Muansanga, 2022 |
Indian Army’s Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
ML |
Purkayastha et al. (2022) |
|
13 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus gubernatoris (Annandale,
1913) |
Sikkimese Bent-toed Gecko |
DD |
SI |
Agarwal et al. (2018a) |
|
14 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis Agarwal,
Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018 |
Guwahati Hill’s Bent-toed Gecko |
DD |
AS |
Mahananda et al. (2023),
Agarwal et al. (2018b) |
|
15 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus jaintiaensis Agarwal,
Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018 |
Jaintia Hills Bent-toed Gecko |
DD |
ML |
Agarwal et al. (2018b) |
|
16 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus kamengensis Mirza,
Bhosale, Thackeray, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande & Patel, 2022 |
Kameng Hills Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
AR |
Mirza et al. (2022b) |
|
17 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus karsticola Purkayastha,
Lalremsanga, Bohra, Biakzuala, Decemson, Muansanga, Vabeiryureilai &
Rathee, 2021 |
Karst Dwelling Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
ML |
Purkayastha et al. (2021) |
|
18 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus kazirangaensis Agarwal,
Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018 |
Kaziranga Bent-toed Gecko |
DD |
AS |
Agarwal et al. (2018b) |
|
19 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus khasiensis (Jerdon,
1870) |
Khasi Hills Bent-toed Gecko |
DD |
ML |
Ahmed et al. (2009), Agarwal et
al. (2018a) |
|
20 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus kiphire Boruah, Narayanan,
Deepak & Das, 2024 |
Kiphire Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
NA |
Boruah et al. (2024) |
|
21 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus lungleiensis Lalremsanga,
Chinliansiama, Chandra Bohra, Biakzuala, Vabeiryureilai, Muansanga,
Malsawmdawngliana, Hmar, Decemson, Siammawii, Das, & Purkayastha, 2022 |
Lunglei Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MI |
Lalremsanga et al. (2022b) |
|
22 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus manipurensis Boruah, Narayanan,
Deepak & Das, 2024 |
Manipur Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MA |
Boruah et al. (2024) |
|
23 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus montanus Agarwal,
Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018 |
Montane Bent-toed Gecko |
CR |
TR, MI |
Agarwal et al. (2018b),
Muansanga et al. (2020), Malsawmdawngliana et al. (2022) |
|
24 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus
nagalandensis Agarwal, Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018 |
Nagaland Bent-toed Gecko |
DD |
NA |
Agarwal et al. (2018b) |
|
25 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus namdaphaensis Boruah, Narayanan,
Deepak & Das, 2024 |
Namdapha Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
AR |
Boruah et al. (2024) |
|
26 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus namtiram Mahony &
Kamei, 2022 |
Namtiram Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MA |
Mahony & Kamei (2022) |
|
27 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus ngengpuiensis Boruah, Narayanan,
Lalronunga, Deepak & Das, 2024 |
Ngengpui Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MI |
Boruah et al. (2024) |
|
28 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus ngopensis Bohra,
Zonunsanga, Das, Purkayastha, Biakzuala & Lalremsanga, 2022 |
Ngopa Hills Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MI |
Bohra et al. (2022) |
|
29 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus
septentrionalis Agarwal, Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018 |
Northern Bent-toed Gecko |
DD |
AS |
Agarwal et al. (2018b) |
|
30 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus siahaensis Purkayastha,
Lalremsanga, Litho, Rathee, Bohra, Mathipi, Biakzuala & Muansanga, 2022 |
Siaha Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MI |
Purkayastha et al. (2022) |
|
31 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus siangensis Boruah, Narayanan,
Aravind, Deepak & Das, 2024 |
Siang Valley Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
AR |
Boruah et al. (2024) |
|
32 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus tripuraensis Agarwal,
Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018 |
Tripura Bent-toed Gecko |
LC |
TR |
Agarwal et al. (2018a),
Purkayastha et al. (2020b) |
|
33 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus urbanus Purkayastha,
Das, Bohra, Bauer & Agarwal, 2020 |
Urban Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
AS, ML |
Purkayastha et al. (2020a),
Mahananda et al. (2023), Purkayastha et al. (2020d) |
|
34 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus vairengtensis Lalremsanga,
Colney, Vabeiryureilai, Malsawmdawngliana, Bohra, Biakzuala, Muansanga, Das
& Purkayastha, 2023 |
Vairengte Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
MI |
Lalremsanga et al. (2023a) |
|
35 |
Gekkonidae |
Cyrtodactylus vanarakshaka Bharali, Thaosen,
Vabeiryureilai, Lalremsanga, Purkayastha, Bhattacharjee, Das, Bohra &
Hazarika (in press) |
Vanarakshaka Bent-toed Gecko |
NE |
AS |
Bharali et al. in press |
|
36 |
Gekkonidae |
Gekko gecko (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Tokay Gecko |
LC |
AR, AS, ML, MI, TR |
Sinha et al. (2021), Das et al.
(2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020c), Purkayastha et al. (2011), Sengupta et
al. (2019), Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018), Chandramouli et
al. (2021), Mahananda et al. (2023), Malsawmdawngliana et al. (2022), Lalrinchhana
& Solanki (2015), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Majumder et al. (2012),
Ahmed et al. (2009), Das et al. (2007), Ulman & Singh (2021), Purkayastha
(2013) |
|
37 |
Gekkonidae |
Gekko mizoramensis Lalremsanga,
Muansanga, Vabeiryureilai & Mirza, 2023 |
Mizoram Gliding Gecko |
NE |
MI |
Ahmed et al. (2009),
Lalremsanga et al. (2023b) |
|
38 |
Gekkonidae |
Hemidactylus aquilonius Mcmahan &
Zug, 2007 |
Northern Smooth Scaled Gecko |
LC |
AS, SI, TR |
Purkayastha et al. (2020c),
Purkayastha et al. (2011), Purkayastha (2018), Mahananda et al. (2023), Jha
& Thapa (2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Ahmed
et al. (2009), Purkayastha et al. (2010), Ranade & Purkayastha (2020),
Das et al. (2011b), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
39 |
Gekkonidae |
Hemidactylus cf. malcolmsmithi
(Constable, 1949) |
Malcolm’s Bow-fingered gecko |
DD |
AR, AS, MI, TR |
Sinha et al. (2021),
Purkayastha et al. (2020c), Purkayastha et al. (2011), Sengupta et al.
(2019), Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018), Mahananda et al.
(2023), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Ahmed
et al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013), Manmath Bharali pers. obs. unpublished
data. |
|
40 |
Gekkonidae |
Hemidactylus flaviviridis Rüppell, 1835 |
Northern House Gecko |
LC |
AS, SI |
Purkayastha et al. (2011),
Sengupta et al. (2019), Purkayastha (2018), Jha & Thapa (2002), Ahmed et
al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
41 |
Gekkonidae |
Hemidactylus frenatus Duméril &
Bibron, 1836 |
Common House Gecko |
LC |
AR, AS, ML, MI, SI, TR |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Sinha et
al. (2021), Das et al. (2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020c), Purkayastha et al.
(2011), Sengupta et al. (2019), Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha
(2018), Chandramouli et al. (2021), Mahananda et al. (2023), Malsawmdawngliana
et al. (2022), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Chettri et al. (2009),
Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Ahmed et al. (2009), Das et al. (2011b),
Purkayastha (2013) |
|
42 |
Gekkonidae |
Hemidactylus garnotii Duméril &
Bibron, 1836 |
Garnot’s House Gecko |
LC |
AS, MI, NA, SI |
Purkayastha et al. (2011),
Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018), Mahananda et al. (2023),
Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Jha & Thapa (2002), Chettri et al.
(2009), Ahmed et al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
43 |
Gekkonidae |
Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneider, 1797) |
Flat-tailed House Gecko |
LC |
AR, AS, ML, MI, SI, TR |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Das et
al. (2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020c), Purkayastha et al. (2011),
Purkayastha (2018), Chandramouli et al. (2021), Mahananda et al. (2023),
Malsawmdawngliana et al. (2022), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Jha &
Thapa (2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Ahmed et al.
(2009), Das et al. (2007) |
|
44 |
Gekkonidae |
Hemiphyllodactylus sp. |
Slender Gecko |
NE |
AR |
Deepak et al. (2022) |
|
45 |
Agamidae |
Calotes cf. vultuosus (Harlan,
1829) |
Oriental Garden Lizard |
LC |
AR, AS, MI, NA, SI, TR |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Sinha et
al. (2021), Das et al. (2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020c), Purkayastha
(2013), Purkayastha et al. (2011), Sengupta et al. (2019), Islam & Saikia
(2013), Purkayastha (2018), Mahananda et al. (2023), Lalrinchhana &
Solanki (2015), Jha & Thapa (2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Purkayastha et
al. (2020b), Majumder et al. (2012), Ahmed et al. (2009), Das et al. (2007),
Harit (2018) |
|
46 |
Agamidae |
Calotes emma Gray, 1845 |
Emma Grey’s Forest Lizard |
LC |
AS, ML, MI, NA, TR |
Das et al. (2009), Purkayastha
(2013), Chandramouli et al. (2021), Malsawmdawngliana et al. (2022),
Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Ahmed et al. (2009), Majumder &
Agarwala (2015) |
|
47 |
Agamidae |
Calotes geissleri Wagner, Ihlow,
Hartmann, Flecks, Schmitz & Böhme, 2021 |
Geissler’s Forest Lizard |
NE |
NA, MI, MA |
Ahmed et al. (2009),
Lalremsanga et al. (2010), Wagner et al. (2021), Decemson et al. (2021) |
|
48 |
Agamidae |
Calotes irawadi Zug, Brown,
Schulte & Vindum, 2006 |
Irawaddy Crested Lizard |
LC |
AS, ML, MI, MA |
Das et al. (2009), Chandramouli
et al. (2021), Malsawmdawngliana et al. (2022), Lalrinchhana & Solanki
(2015), Tariang et al. (2022), Decemson et al. (2023) |
|
49 |
Agamidae |
Calotes jerdoni Günther, 1870 |
Jerdon’s Forest Lizard |
LC |
AR, AS, NA, SI, MI |
Sinha et al. (2021),
Purkayastha (2013), Das et al. (2009), Sengupta et al. (2019), Jha &
Thapa (2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Ahmed et al. (2009), Harit (2018) |
|
50 |
Agamidae |
Calotes maria Gray, 1845 |
Khasi Hills Forest Lizard |
LC |
ML, AS, NA, MI |
Chandramouli et al. (2021),
Mahananda et al. (2023), Ahmed et al. (2009), Lalremsanga et al. (2010),
Purkayastha (2013) |
|
51 |
Agamidae |
Calotes medogensis Zhao & Li, 1984 |
Medog Bloodsucker |
LC |
AR |
Boruah et al. (2022) |
|
52 |
Agamidae |
Calotes paulus Smith, 1935 |
Small Forest Lizard |
EN |
ML |
Ahmed et al. (2009), Giri et
al. (2019), |
|
53 |
Agamidae |
Calotes sinyik Patel, Thackerey,
Sheth, Khandekar & Agarwal, 2024 |
Subansiri Dragon Lizard |
NE |
AR |
Patel et al. (2024) |
|
54 |
Agamidae |
Calotes zolaiking Giri,
Chaitanya, Mahony, Lalronunga, Lalrinchhana, Das, Sarkar, Karanth &
Deepak, 2019 |
Mizoram Montane Forest Lizard |
DD |
MI, ML |
Giri et al. (2019), Bohra et
al. (2025) |
|
55 |
Agamidae |
Cristidorsa otai (Mahony, 2009) |
Ota’s Mountain Lizard |
DD |
MI |
Mahony (2009) |
|
56 |
Agamidae |
Cristidorsa planidorsata (Jerdon, 1870) |
Smooth Scaled Mountain Lizard |
LC |
AS, ML, MI, TR |
Das et al. (2009), Sengupta et
al. (2019), Chandramouli et al. (2021), Mahananda et al. (2023),
Malsawmdawngliana et al. (2022), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015),
Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Ahmed et al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
57 |
Agamidae |
Draco blanfordii Boulenger,
1885 |
Blanford’s Flying Lizard |
LC |
MI |
Lalrinchhana & Solanki
(2015), Jha & Thapa (2002), Ahmed et al. (2009) |
|
58 |
Agamidae |
Draco maculatus (Gray, 1845) |
Spotted Flying Dragon |
LC |
AS |
Mahananda et al. (2023),
Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Ahmed et al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
59 |
Agamidae |
Draco norvillii Alcock, 1895 |
Norvill’s Flying Lizard |
NT |
AS |
Islam & Saikia (2013),
Purkayastha (2013) |
|
60 |
Agamidae |
Japalura andersoniana Annandale,
1905 |
Anderson’s Mountain Lizard |
LC |
AR |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Ahmed et
al. (2009) |
|
61 |
Agamidae |
Japalura austeniana (Annandale,
1908) |
Abor Hills Agama |
LC |
AR |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Ahmed et
al. (2009), Mirza et al. (2024), Gowande et al. (2021), Das & Das (2007) |
|
62 |
Agamidae |
Japalura mictophola Mirza, Gowande,
Thackeray, Bhosale, Sawant, Phansalkar & Patel, 2024 |
Mix-scaled Mountain Lizard |
NE |
AR |
Mirza et al. (2024) |
|
63 |
Agamidae |
Japalura sagittifera Smith, 1940 |
Burmese Japalura |
DD |
AR |
Kunte & Manthey (2009) |
|
64 |
Agamidae |
Japalura tricarinata (Blyth, 1853) |
Three-keeled Mountain Lizard |
LC |
SI |
Jha & Thapa (2002), Chettri
et al. (2009) |
|
65 |
Agamidae |
Japalura variegata Gray, 1853 |
Variegated Mountain Lizard |
LC |
AR |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Jha
& Thapa (2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Ahmed et al. (2009) |
|
66 |
Agamidae |
Ptyctolaemus gularis Peters, 1864 |
Green Fan-throated Lizard |
LC |
AS, ML, MI, NA, TR |
Purkayastha et al. (2020b),
Purkayastha et al. (2011), Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018),
Chandramouli et al. (2021), Mahananda et al. (2023), Malsawmdawngliana et al.
(2022), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Ahmed
et al. (2009), Harit (2018), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
67 |
Lacertidae |
Takydromus haughtonianus Jerdon, 1870 |
Goalpara Grass Lizard |
DD |
AS |
Ahmed et al. (2009),
Purkayastha (2013) |
|
68 |
Lacertidae |
Takydromus khasiensis Boulenger,
1917 |
Java Grass Lizard |
LC |
AS, ML |
Das et al. (2009), Islam &
Saikia (2013), Chandramouli et al. (2021), Mahananda et al. (2023), Ahmed et
al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
69 |
Lacertidae |
Takydromus sexlineatus Daudin, 1802 |
Asian Grass Lizard |
LC |
MI, SI |
Lalrinchhana & Solanki
(2015), Chettri et al. (2009), Ahmed et al. (2009) |
|
70 |
Lacertidae |
Takydromus sikkimensis Günther, 1888 |
Sikkim Grass Lizard |
EN |
SI |
Bhupathy et al. (2009) |
|
71 |
Scincidae |
Ablepharus sikimmensis (Blyth, 1854) |
Sikkim Ground Skink |
LC |
AR, SI |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Jha
& Thapa (2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Ahmed et al. (2009) |
|
72 |
Scincidae |
Eutropis carinata (Schneider,
1801) |
Keeled Indian Mabuya |
LC |
SI, AS |
Jha & Thapa (2002), Ahmed
et al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
73 |
Scincidae |
Eutropis cf. trivitta (Hardwicke &
Gray, 1827) |
Striped Grass Skink |
LC |
AR |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Ahmed et
al. (2009) |
|
74 |
Scincidae |
Eutropis macularia (Blyth, 1853) |
Bronze Grass Skink |
LC |
AS, ML, MI, NA, TR |
Das et al. (2009), Purkayastha
et al. (2020c), Purkayastha et al. (2011), Sengupta et al. (2019), Islam
& Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018), Chandramouli et al. (2021),
Mahananda et al. (2023), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Purkayastha et
al. (2020b), Majumder et al. (2012), Ahmed et al. (2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
75 |
Scincidae |
Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820) |
Many-lined Sun Skink |
LC |
AR, AS, ML, MI, TR |
Sinha et al. (2021), Das et al.
(2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Purkayastha et al. (2011), Sengupta et
al. (2019), Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018), Chandramouli et
al. (2021), Mahananda et al. (2023), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Purkayastha
et al. (2020b), Majumder et al. (2012), Ahmed et al. (2009), Das et al.
(2007), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
76 |
Scincidae |
Eutropis quadricarinata (Boulenger,
1887) |
Beautiful Mabuya |
LC |
AS |
Das et al. (2009), Ahmed et al.
(2009), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
77 |
Scincidae |
Protoblepharus apatani Mirza,
Bragin, Bhosale, Gowande, Patel & Poyarkov, 2022 |
East-Himalayan Skink |
NE |
AR |
Mirza et al. (2022a) |
|
78 |
Scincidae |
Riopa albopunctata Gray, 1846 |
White-spotted Supple Skink |
LC |
AS, TR |
Purkayastha et al. (2020c),
Purkayastha et al. (2011), Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha (2018),
Mahananda et al. (2023), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Ahmed et al. (2009),
Purkayastha (2013) |
|
79 |
Scincidae |
Sphenomorphus apalpebratus Datta-Roy,
Das, Bauer, Lyngdoh-Tron & Karanth, 2013 |
Spectacled Forest Skink |
NT |
ML |
Datta-Roy et al. (2013) |
|
80 |
Scincidae |
Sphenomorphus courcyanus (Annandale,
1912) |
Medog Skink |
LC |
AR |
Ahmed et al. (2009), Uetz et
al. 2025 |
|
81 |
Scincidae |
Sphenomorphus indicus (Gray, 1853) |
Indian Forest Skink |
LC |
AR, ML, SI, MI, AS |
Agarwal et al. (2010), Islam
& Saikia (2013), Chandramouli et al. (2021), Lalrinchhana & Solanki
(2015), Jha & Thapa (2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Ahmed et al. (2009),
Harit (2018), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
82 |
Scincidae |
Sphenomorphus maculatus (Blyth, 1853) |
Spotted Forest Skink |
LC |
AR, ML, MI, SI, TR, AS |
Das et al. (2009), Purkayastha
et al. (2011), Sengupta et al. (2019), Islam & Saikia (2013), Purkayastha
(2018), Chandramouli et al. (2021), Mahananda et al. (2023),
Malsawmdawngliana et al. (2022), Lalrinchhana & Solanki (2015), Jha &
Thapa (2002), Chettri et al. (2009), Purkayastha et al. (2020b), Majumder et
al. (2012), Ahmed et al. (2009), Harit (2018), Purkayastha (2013) |
|
83 |
Scincidae |
Tropidophorus assamensis Annandale,
1912 |
Northeastern Water Skink |
VU |
AS, MI |
Das et al. (2009), Lalrinchhana
& Solanki (2015), Ahmed et al. (2009), Lalremsanga et al. (2022a),
Purkayastha (2013) |
|
84 |
Anguidae |
Dopasia gracilis (Gray, 1845) |
Assam Glass Lizard |
LC |
NA, SI, MI |
Jha & Thapa (2002), Ahmed
et al. (2009), Lalremsanga et al. (2010), Purkayastha (2013) |
For
figure - - click here for full PDF
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