Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2024 | 16(2): 24775–24785
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8524.16.2.24775-24785
#8524 | Received 13 May 2023 | Final received 11 January 2024 | Finally
accepted 30 January 2024
Assessment of diversity of
Odonata fauna in selected sites of Purba Barddhaman district, West Bengal, India
Sulagna Mukherjee 1 & Rabindranath Mandal
2
1 Department of Zoology, The
University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Purba
Bardhaman, West Bengal 713104, India.
2 P.G. Department of Zoology,
Hooghly Mohsin College, College Road, Chinsurah,
Hooghly, West Bengal 712101, India.
1 sulagna211@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 rabindranathmandal869@gmail.com
Editor: Ashish D. Tiple,
Dr. R.G. Bhoyar Arts, Commerce and Science College,
Wardha, India. Date of
publication: 26 February 2024 (online & print)
Citation:
Mukherjee, S. & R. Mandal (2024). Assessment of diversity of Odonata fauna
in selected sites of Purba Barddhaman
district, West Bengal, India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 16(2):
24775–24785. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8524.16.2.24775-24785
Copyright: © Mukherjee & Mandal 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT
allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any
medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of
publication.
Funding: We would like to thank the University of Burdwan and Hooghly Mohsin College for basic infrastructure and funding of the study.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Sulagna Mukherjee did her bachelors from Burdwaan Raj College and MSc in zoology from the Department of Zoology, the University of Burdwan with molecular biology and genetics as special paper. She always had an interest studying the animal world from ecological and behavioural perspective which led her to pursue her PhD in the ecology and behaviour of odonates. Dr. Rabindranath Mandal is a
senior professor in the Department of Zoology, Hooghly Mohsin College. Previously, he worked in the Department of Biological Sciences in Presidency University. He did his PhD from the University of Calcutta and he was the first recipient of D. N. Roychowdhury memorial medal in Entomology.
Author contributions: SM did the field work, data collection, preservation of samples, analysis, and manuscript writing. RM helped in manuscript preparation and supervised the work.
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Mr. Kushankur Bhattacharyya, Mr. Shuvendu
Das, Mr. Kalyan Ghosh and Mr. Souvick Mukherjee for
their tireless help in collecting field data and preservation of field samples.
We acknowledge Mr. Amar Nayak for sharing all his knowledge and expertise in
this field. We are grateful to the Department of Zoology, The University of
Burdwan for providing us a suitable platform to carry forward the work.
Abstract:Purba-Barddhaman, a newly emerged district of
West Bengal was surveyed for listing its odonate
diversity. The district is located in southern West Bengal, and two major
rivers, Damodar and Ajay, run through it. It also has
a lot of small rivers, perineal and seasonal water bodies, grasslands, marshes,
and agricultural fields, making it a great place for odonates.
Five different sites of the district were surveyed by direct search and
opportunistic sighting methods for a period of two years (March 2021 to
February 2023) and odonate diversity was listed. We
have found a total of 47 species belonging to 35 genera and six families from
this district. The most diverse family was Libellulidae,
with 24 species. A few major findings from this study were Macrogomphus
montanus, Platygomphus
dolabratus, Lathrecista
asiatica, Libellago
indica, and Agriocnemis
kalinga. This is the first systematic study of odonates from this district, and it illustrates the value
of this densely populated district for further exploration due to its high
agricultural fertility.
Keywords: Agricultural land, Ajay River, Anisoptera, Damodar River,
Gangetic plane, riverbed, seasonal pool, Zygoptera.
Introduction
The amphibiotic order Odonata,
including dragonflies and damselflies, attracts a lot of attention due to the
vibrant colours and exquisite flight patterns (Andrew et al. 2008). They are predominantly found in
tropical subtropical and oriental regions, although a small number of species
have also been found in the temperate zone, specifically in Japan and China
(Kalkman et al. 2008) and are found in
close proximity of freshwater body, including streams, lakes,
marshes, or transient stagnant rainfall pools. They are hemimetabolous insects that go through three life
cycle stages: a brief egg stage (a few weeks), the longest larval stage
(ranging from months to year) (Stoks & Córdoba-Aguilar 2012), and finally reaching adulthood. Odonata larvae are
aquatic and must go through several moult stages (e.g., 10 moults) before
becoming terrestrial flying adults (Stoks & Córdoba-Aguilar 2012; Tiple et al. 2012) and their crucial
role is notified in the food web and ecosystem as
predators (both nymphs and adults). Odonates are considered as excellent model
for studying insect evolution and ecology due to their phenotype and ecological
diversity (Tiple & Koparde 2015; Bybee et al. 2016) and reliable bioindicators (Tiple et al. 2013; Siddika et al. 2017).
Globally, 6,406 species in 693
genera of odonates have been reported (Paulson &
Schorr 2023) of which, 498 species and 27 subspecies in 154 genera and 18
families are known from India (Babu 2019; Tiple et al. 2022). By recording
approximately 22 species from Kolkata, Selys (1891) launched the study of
Odonata in West Bengal and subsequently, Mitra (2002) reported 65 species from
the District, Howrah and Kolkata. Srivastava & Sinha (1993) documented 178 species in West Bengal, (Srivastava
1993). Recent studies on the Odonata fauna of Purba Mednipur by Payra & Tiple (2019) and Pahari et al. (2019)
recorded 49 and 45 species, respectively. Dwari & Mondal (2018) documented 17
species from the agricultural fields of the Howrah district
and 63 Odonata species were reported from the industrial areas of Paschim Barddhaman district, by Nayak & Roy
(2016, 2021). Paschim Medinipur
was explored by Jana et al. (2021) and 19 species of damselflies were recorded.
Odonata diversity of Chinsurah, Baidyabati
and Purbasthali were documented by Ghosh (2022) with
the finding of 40 species. Latest updated checklist of odonates
of West Bengal consists of 240 species from 114 genera (Dawn 2021, 2022).
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Study area
Burdwan district was bifurcated into two districts Purba and Paschim Barddhaman on
7April 2017. These two districts are topographically different. Paschim Barddhaman is predominantly arid region with dry deciduous
forests, patchy grasslands and two major rivers Damodar
and Ajay, whereas Purba Barddhaman
extends towards the Gangetic delta, which is more humid and dominated by flat
alluvial plainlands. Purba Barddhaman
lies almost in the middle of southern West Bengal, consisting of several perennial
freshwater bodies, adjacent to major rivers like the Ajay, Damodar,
and Ganges and small streams like Khari, Kunur,
Banka, Kana Damodar to name a few. Bibliographic data
on odonata species implies no such comprehensive
record or published checklist from Purba Barddhaman district (all the information were collected
from www.purbabardhaman.nic.in.).
Purba Barddhaman district is encircled by six distinct districts:
Murshidabad and Birbhum are located in the north,
Nadia covers the east, and south is bounded by Hooghly and a portion of
Bankura, and the west side by Paschim barddhaman. The
district covers an area of approximately 5,432.69 Km2 and is located
between 23o53′-22o56′ N and 88o25′-87o56′
E (purbabardhaman.nic.in). Annual rainfall ranges from 1,200 to 1,400 mm (Ruidas et al. 2021).
Five different sites (Image 1), which covers a
significant part of the district and the district bordering areas, were
surveyed for the study of Odonata distribution and abundance. The details of
each site are described in the Table. 1.
Sampling,
Documentation, and Identification
Extensive field work was carried out from March 2021, to
catalogue the diversity, distribution patterns of odonates
in various niches and habitats at bordering areas of adjacent districts by potent
described methodology.
The survey of odonate fauna was
carried out throughout the year from March 2021 to February 2023. Data was
gathered between 0700 h and 1400 h. Each of the sites were visited at least
once in each month (2–5 hours of observation on each day). Each of the sampling
area covered at least 1.5 km2 (150 ha) of land or more. Among each
of the study sites there were multiple small patches which were surveyed
separately and samples were collected using proper labels (e.g., Site 1, pond 1
near XX village or river) and photographs of each of those sites were taken
along with co-ordinates using Angle Cam software. The sampling was conducted
using the line transect approach (Burnham et al. 1980) and the
opportunistic sighting method. For line transect method the lines were of a
length of 0.5 to 1 km and number of lines varied from 2–5 in each site
according to habitat and accessibility. Walking with uniform speed was used to
cover the whole transect line, and all Odonata species on either side of the
line were recorded. Photographs taken from a variety of viewpoints were used
for documentation. Canon 80D and Nikon D500 cameras were used for taking
photographs of individual sightings in field and collected samples. Collected
photographic data as well as samples (both dry and wet) were assembled, and
specified into monsoon, post monsoon, and pre-monsoon season. Odonate identification was primarily performed in the field
with field identification guide, previous literatures describing Odonata species,
and websites such as www.indianodonata.org
and (Fraser 1933a,b, 1936; Subramanian 2009). Some of the species which
were difficult to identify instantly, so the cryptic specimens were captured by
insect net. The damselflies were preserved in 70% alcohol in 5 ml plastic
vials, and the dragonflies were collected in butter paper envelopes for further
dry preservation. Dragonfly specimens were stretched with the help of insect
pin to display all the key characters for identification. Identification was done
with the help of taxonomic keys (Fraser 1933). Taxonomy and systematic
arrangements were followed by Subramanian & Babu
(2017).
Results
The data from all of the sites revealed a total of 47
species, 35 genera, and six families. The sites chosen contained 32 species
under the suborder Anisoptera and 15 species under
the suborder Zygoptera. The Libellulidae
family was found to be the most abundant (24 species). Together with the Libellulidae, other families were also found, including Coenagrionidae (11 species), Gomphidae
(5 species), Aeshnidae (3 species), Platycnemididae (3 species), and Chlorocyphidae
(1 species). The detailed record of the species along with its occurrence in
different seasons and in different sites is listed in Table 1.
Suborder Zygoptera Selys, 1854
Family Chlorocyphidae Cowley, 1937
Libellago indica Fraser, 1928
Labrum dark
brownish-yellow, abdomen 14–16 mm, black in colour with yellow markings on the
sides of segments and broad mid-dorsal black stripes, differentiating it from Libellago lineata.
Brown eyes. Black prethorax with citron yellow
markings. Black thoracic segments with citron or greenish yellow markings. Legs
are black, wings are hyaline, and the bases of all have a little amber tinge.
Forewing’s apical black patch is noticeably longer (See Image 4d).
Family Coenagrionidae Kirby,
1890
Agriocnemis kalinga Nair & Subramanian, 2014
A small damselfly, possibly the smallest described from
India to date, with an abdomen measuring about 13–14 mm and a hindwing
measuring 8–11 mm. The superior anal appendages are longer than the inferior
ones, and the male’s tergum 2 is marked with a distinctive cobra hood-like
pattern. The ground colour is bright yellow with black on the dorsum, yellow
pterostigma, with a bright yellow tip. The males on the other hand are dark
green coloured with a black line running through the dorsal side of the
abdomen. The anal appendages on occasions appeared yellow or orangish-yellow
and the thorax also had black line markings (Image 4a).
Suborder Anisoptera Selys, 1854
Family Gomphidae Rambur, 142
Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, 1854
Abdomen is about 41 mm. Bright yellow labium, labrum, and face. Fronts are completely yellow; vertex is
black with a sizable yellow mark behind the ocelli; and the occiput is a bright
yellow. Bottle-green eyes. Prothorax is black on dorsum, sides yellow. Thorax
is yellow with black markings. Wings hyaline that occasionally have a slight
yellow hue. Legs are yellow with black markings. Anal appendages have a black
border and are yellow or yellowish-brown in colour (Image 2e).
Macrgomphus montanus Selys, 1869
Length of abdomen, 45 mm. Black head with yellow
markings. Labrum has two oval basal patches, as does
the entire labium. Brown colored occiput. Unmarked
prothorax is black in colour. Stripes are visible on the black thorax. Widely
yellow sides with two neatly marked black lateral sutures. Hyaline, palely enfumed, brown wings with a tight reticulation. Dark
blackish-brown legs. Black abdomen with yellow markings. The apical half of the
divaricate, point-tipped anal appendages are thick at the base (Image
2a,b,c,d).
Discussion
This is the first comprehensive study of odonate diversity to cover a significant portion of the Purba Barddhaman district, though
there were some individual sighting reports from a few small pockets and
another study that covered Purbasthali, within the
district’s territory (Ghosh 2022). We attempted to incorporate various types of
habitats in this study, ranging from seasonal pools to perennial rivers,
resulting in the listing of 47 species from 35 genera. Our results were in
cohesion with the detailed report by Dawn (2022).
It reveals from the results (see Table. 2) that the
family Aeshnidae is noticed in Site 1, 2, 3, 4 but
not in 5; out of which Anax indicus (Lieftinck, 1942) appeared to be a more common species and
is noticed in Site 1, 2 & 3 site in monsoon period but Anax
guttatus (Bermeister,
1839) and Gynacantha sp. in Site 3 during post
monsoon period. Anax indicus was found
mostly flying over small waterbodies and sometimes hanging from the leaves or
branches of mango trees. Gynacantha sp. was
found in the middle of Barddhaman town near an old
house.
Five different species were found under family Gomphidae and among them, Ictinogomphus
rapax (Rambur, 1842) and Paragomphus
lineatus (Selys, 1850)
were found in all seasons near large waterbodies and canals. Macrogomphus montanus (Selys, 1869) was only found in Site 3 during monsoon in the
shades of shrubby patch with high canopy trees over the shrubby patch. This
species was reported only twice from West Bengal before this study (from
Kolkata in 2002 and from Paschim Barddhaman in 2021)
(Mitra 2002; Nayak & Roy 2021).
A total of 24 species belonging to Libellulidae
family of Anisoptera were recorded from the study
areas, making it the most abundant family. Pantala
flavescens (Fabricus,
1798) and Urothemis signata
(Rambur, 1842) are available in pre monsoon and monsoon period with P. flavescens mostly flying in good numbers at a height
near waterbodies, whereas U. signata was
mostly seen sitting atop small shrubby patches. Orthetrum
sabina (Drury, 1770) was seen very commonly and
across seasons, and on some occasions seen feeding on other Odonata species
like Brachythemis contaminata
(Fabricus, 1793) was often seen sitting on small
hydrophytes in small and stagnant waterbodies. It often showed obelisk posture
while sitting. Potamarcha congener
(Rambur, 1842) was often seen sitting on wires or dry bamboo sticks. Crocothemis servilia
(Drury, 1770) was very commonly found near waterbodies even in the banks of
rivers and Diplacodes trivialis
(Rambur, 1842) was often found sitting on the ground and feeding on mosquitos,
mayflies and other small insects. Brachydiplax
sobrina (Rambur, 1842) was found near waterbodies
with loads of hyacinths and shady areas; Tramea
basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) was mostly seen flying at a height. Indothemis limbata
(Selys, 1891) was found only in Site 1.
During pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period Acisoma panorpoides
(Rambur, 1842) was noticed near ponds with loads of hyacinth and other
hydrophytes, with very less open water surface. Bradinopyga
geminata (Rambur, 1842) was mostly found inside
the Barddhaman town sitting on walls, sometimes well
camouflaged. Neurothemis tullia (Drury, 1773) was not so common and was seen in
grassy areas near waterbodies on a few occasions. Rhodothemis
rufa (Rambur, 1842) and Rhyothemis
variegata (Linnaeus, 1763) in Site 3, 4 ,5 and
Site 2, 3, 4, respectively. Tholymis tillarga (Fabricus, 1798) was
mostly found active during late afternoon and during daytime sitting in the
shades.
Among suborder Zygoptera, Libellago indica
(Fraser, 1928) belonging to Chlorocyphidea family and
Pseudocopera ciliata
(Selys, 1863) of Platycnemididae
family were found in monsoon only in Site 1 & 2. Eleven species of family Coenagrionidae are recorded of which Ischnura
senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) and Agriocnemis
pygmaea (Rambur, 1842) were found across seasons
very commonly. Agriocnemis pygmaea was found mostly in shallow water patches
sitting on vegetation. During pre-monsoon and monsoon Ceriagrion
coromandelianum (Fabricus,
1798) and Ischnura rubilio
(Selys, 1876) were noticed in all sites; whereas
during monsoon and post monsoon period Pseudagrion
rubriceps (Selys, 1876)
was often observed guarding its mate or in tandem with the female and in very
few occasions laying eggs on submerged twigs. Pseudagrion
decorum (Rambur, 1842) was found near perennial waterbodies and small
seasonal village ponds but Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur, 1842) was found near the Damodar River only. Other species like Agriocnemis
kalinga Nair & Subramanian 2014, Amphiallagma parvum (Selys,
1876) were found in open water puddles and large waterbodies with grasses and
other hydrophytes, whereas Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer, 1865)
was found in shady areas and bushes. Ischnura
nursei (Morton, 1907) was only found near Damodar River along with other damselflies like Agriocnemis pygmaea.
It appeared from the recorded data (Figure 2) of studied
area that monsoon is the favourable period for completion of their life cycle,
although they were noticed as well as were seen to breed throughout the seasons
selectively. Highest percentage (85%) of species are recorded from Site 3 and
51.06%, 46.80%, 44.68%, & 31.91% from Site 4, 1, 2, & 5, respectively.
A possible limitation to the study is that many small
pockets of the district which covers a number of other water bodies both
seasonal and perennial were not surveyed, though we tried to cover as much area
as possible. Future exploration of these sites and beyond can extend the list
further and make the data even more robust. Seasonal variation of Odonata
species and relative abundance in different locations are two other aspects
that has to be investigated further.
The study overall sets a stepping stone for further
studies related to the fascinating world of Odonates
from this district and also advocates about greater possibilities of the
district to have a secured place in the Odonata map of West Bengal.
Table 1. A brief
description of selected study sites along with the co-ordinates and habitat
types.
|
Site |
Latitude(N) |
Longitude (E) |
Sub-sites |
Habitat types |
|
Site 1: Katwa |
23.6404° |
88.1299° |
Ajay river bank, Bank of Ganges near Nayachar |
Grasslands, river bank, few
seasonal and few perennial waterbodies, dry deciduous forest patches |
|
Site 2: Bhatar |
23.4191° |
87.9163° |
Bhatar village, Karjana pakhiralay |
Seasonal marshes and water
puddles, seven perennial ponds with low to moderate hydrophyte population,
paddy fields, mango groves, Khori River bank and
surrounding grasslands. |
|
Site 3: Bardhaman |
23.2324° |
87.8615° |
Bardhaman University campus,
Agricultural University campus, Bhatchhala, Damodar bank and DVC canal areas at Palla-Srirampur,
Hatshimul, Barshul, Rathtala |
Dry deciduous forest patches
with high canopy and moderate understory, more than 15 perennial ponds with
low to moderate hydrophyte population, seasonal pools and marshes, bamboo
groves, Damodar River bank, DVC canal bank and
surrounding areas |
|
Site 4: Aushgram |
23.5256° |
87.6630° |
Uttar Ramnagar,
Gopalpur, Ullaspur, Maliyara, Malacha Ajay river
bank and surrounding areas |
Bamboo groves, paddy fields, 11
different perennial ponds, Ajay River bank, dry deciduous forest patches,
shrubland areas near Ajay River and two different irrigation canals. |
|
Site 5: Jamalpur |
23.0736° |
87.8918° |
Dadpur, Sarangpur |
DVC canal banks (dense patches
of mixed trees with thick understory), Damodar
River banks, grasslands, seasonal puddles, four different perennial ponds. |
Table 2. List of Odonates found and their seasonal occurrence.
|
|
Species |
Site of occurrence |
Season of occurrence |
|
|
Suborder: Anisoptera |
|
|
|
|
Family: Aeshnidae |
|
|
|
01 |
Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942 |
S1, S2, S3 |
Monsoon |
|
02 |
Anax guttatus Burmeister, 1839 |
S4 |
Post-monsoon |
|
03 |
Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck,1960 |
S3 |
Post-monsoon |
|
|
Family: Gomphidae |
|
|
|
04 |
Cyclogomphus ypsilon Selys, 1854 |
S2, S3 |
Monsoon |
|
05 |
Ictinogomphus rapax Rambur, 1842 |
S1, S2, S3, S4 |
All season |
|
06 |
Macrogomphus montanus Selys, 1869 |
S3 |
Monsoon |
|
07 |
Paragomphus lineatus Selys, 1850 |
S1, S2, S3 |
All season |
|
08 |
Platygomphus dolabratus Selys, 1854 |
S1 |
Monsoon |
|
|
Family: Libellulidae |
|
|
|
09 |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
S3, S4, S5 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
10 |
Aethriamanta brevipennis Rambur, 1842 |
S2, S3 |
Monsoon |
|
11 |
Brachydiplax chalybea Brauer, 1868 |
S1, S3 |
Monsoon |
|
12 |
Brachydiplax farinosa Krüger 1902 |
S3 |
Monsoon |
|
13 |
Brachydiplax sobrina Rambur, 1842 |
S1, S3, S4 |
Monsoon, Post-monsoon |
|
14 |
Brachythemis contaminata Fabricius, 1793 |
S2, S3, S4, S5 |
All season |
|
15 |
Bradinopyga geminata Rambur, 1842 |
S1, S2, S3 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
16 |
Crocothemis servilia Drury, 1773 |
S1, S3, S4, S5 |
All season |
|
17 |
Diplacodes nebulosa Fabricius, 1793 |
S3 |
Monsoon |
|
18 |
Diplacodes trivialis Rambur, 1842 |
S1, S3, S4, S5 |
All season |
|
19 |
Lathrecista asiatica Fabricius, 1798 |
S3 |
Monsoon |
|
20 |
Macrodiplax cora Brauer, 1867 |
S3, S5 |
Monsoon |
|
21 |
Neurothemis fulvia Drury, 1773 |
S2, S3 |
Monsoon |
|
22 |
Neurothemis tullia Drury, 1773 |
S3, S4 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
23 |
Orthetrum sabina Drury, 1770 |
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 |
All season |
|
24 |
Pantala flavescens Fabricius, 1798 |
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
25 |
Potamarcha congener Rambur, 1842 |
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 |
All season |
|
26 |
Rhodothemis rufa Rambur, 1842 |
S3, S4, S5 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
27 |
Rhyothemis variegata Linnaeus, 1763 |
S2, S3, S4 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
28 |
Tholymis tillarga Fabricius, 1798 |
S1, S3, S4 |
All season |
|
29 |
Tramea basilaris Palisot de Beauvois, 1805 |
S2, S3, S4, S5 |
Monsoon, Post-monsoon |
|
30 |
Tramea limbata Desjardins, 1832 |
S1 |
Monsoon, Post-monsoon |
|
31 |
Trithemis pallidinervis Kirby, 1889 |
S2, S4 |
Monsoon |
|
32 |
Urothemis signata Rambur, 1842 |
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
|
Suborder: Zygoptera |
|
|
|
|
Family: Chlorocyphidae |
|
|
|
33 |
Libellago indica Fraser 1928 |
S1 |
Monsoon |
|
|
Family: Coenagrionidae |
|
|
|
34 |
Agriocnemis kalinga Nair & Subramanian, 2015 |
S3 |
Monsoon |
|
35 |
Agriocnemis pygmaea Rambur, 1842 |
S1, S3, S4 |
All season |
|
36 |
Amphiallagma parvum Selys, 1876 |
S1, S2, S3 |
All season |
|
37 |
Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer,
1865) |
S3, S5 |
Monsoon |
|
38 |
Ceriagrion coromandelianum Fabricius, 1798 |
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
39 |
Ischnura nursei Morton, 1907 |
S3 |
Monsoon |
|
40 |
Ischnura rubilio Selys, 1876 |
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 |
Pre-monsoon, Monsoon |
|
41 |
Ischnura senegalensis Rambur, 1842 |
S1, S3, S4, S5 |
All season |
|
42 |
Pseudagrion decorum Rambur, 1842 |
S2, S4 |
Monsoon, Post-monsoon |
|
43 |
Pseudagrion microcephalum Rambur, 1842 |
S5 |
Monsoon, Post-monsoon |
|
44 |
Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 |
S1, S2, S3, S4 |
Monsoon, Post-monsoon |
|
|
Family: Platycnemididae |
|
|
|
45 |
Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 |
S2, S3, S4 |
All season |
|
46 |
Copera marginipes Rambur, 1842 |
S3 |
Pre-monsoon |
|
47 |
Pseudocopera ciliata Selys, 1863 |
S1, S2, S3 |
All season |
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