Ethnobotanical value of dry, fallen ovaries of Bombax ceiba L. (Bombacaceae: Malvales)
S. Gopakumar1 & R. Yesoda Bai2
1 Department
of Forest Management and Utilisation, College of
Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, ThrissurDistrict, Kerala 680656, India
2 Indian
Forest Service, Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand248006, India
Email: 1 gopankau@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2 yesodabai181@gmail.com
Date of publication (online): 26
December 2012
Date of publication (print): 26
December 2012
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893
(print)
Editor: Kannan C.S. Warrier
Manuscript details:
Ms # o2936
Received 03 September 2011
Final received 12 October 2012
Finally accepted 14 October 2012
Citation: Gopakumar, S. & R.Y. Bai (2012). Ethnobotanical value of dry, fallen ovaries of Bombax ceiba L. (Bombacaceae:Malvales). Journal of
Threatened Taxa 4(15): 3443–3446.
Copyright: © S. Gopakumar & R. Yesoda Bai 2012. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 UnportedLicense. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this
article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by
providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank
Mr. K.V. George and Mr. Chacko, local herbal dealers
of Thrissur district, Kerala state, India for sharing
information on the utilization aspects of dried ovaries.
Indigenous people and their knowledge
about nature and natural products have foremost importance in conservation
efforts (Anderson & Putz 2002; Ramakrishnan et al. 2005; Rist et
al. 2008). Every community,
especially ethnic ones, has strong linkages with plants and the possibility of
uncovering new information from these relationships still remain enormous. Ethnobotany which explores human-plant interactions (Pei et al. 2009) is
now more important than ever before. Numerous non-timber forest products
(NTFPs) have ethnobotanical values on account of
their medicinal, food and cultural significance. New uses connected with NTFPs are also
being reported and getting documented for posterity. NTFPs constitute an important economic
and natural resource, and are used for both family consumption and commercial
trade (Kim et al. 2008). They also
meet social needs (Griffiths et al. 2003) and contribute significantly to the
livelihood of rural residents (Angelsen & Wunder 2003; Sunderlin et al.
2005). About 80% of the population of developing countries use NTFPs to meet some of
their health and nutritional needs (Beer & McDermott 1996). In many of the thickly populated
tropical regions, poor people still collect a wide range of forest products to
sustain and supplement their livelihoods and escape hunger and poverty. However, information on such collection
efforts and utilization aspects remains unaccounted largely due to the
scattered nature of such efforts.
Bombax ceiba and its ethnobotanicalsignificance
Bombax ceiba L., (Bombacaceae:Malvales), a tall deciduous tree with distinctive
woody thorns on the trunk and branches (Brock 2001) is found in India,
Australia (Liddle et al. 1994), Papua New Guinea,
South-east Asia, China and the Indonesian Archipelago (Wightman & Andrew
1989). This very common tree
produces large crimson coloured flowers (Image 1) which are ornithophilous(Bhattacharya & Mandal 2000). The flowers have a hard perianth with stiff filaments and a well
protected ovary. The large,
showy flowers usually appear when the trees are leafless.
There are many recorded ethnobotanical uses of B. ceiba. The Garoethnic community of Tangail District of Bangladesh
not only worships it, but also uses the paste of its bark to heal wounds. They also use a decoction of its root
along with some other plant species as an aphrodisiac (Anisuzzamanet al. 2007). The timber is also
used for making cheap furniture. The
leaves of B. ceiba contain shamimin,
a C-flavonol glucoside which has significant potency as a hypotensive agent (Saleem et al. 1999). The tree produces floss suitable for mattresses, cushions, pillows and
quilts (Chand & Singh 1999). The young leaves, petioles and seed cake (with very little or no
gossypol) are used as excellent cattle feed. Aborigines in Australia use B. ceiba for making dugout canoes and for making
twine. The tap
roots of young plants of this tree species are used as food in Australia
(Brock 2001).
A detailed account of the ethnobotanical uses of B. ceibacan be found in Jain et al. (2009). In India, many parts of this tree are being used for a variety of
purposes. The Mundaand Oraon tribes of northeastern India consume the
flowers, calyx, and roots of young plants of B. ceiba (Jain 1996). The immature calyx
known as “Semargulla” is consumed as a vegetable in
Uttar Pradesh, in addition to the flowers and fleshy calyx (Jain 1996). As per the Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR 1988), the protein content, phosphorous and ether
extract of the raw calyces compare favorably with those of common vegetables
such as carrot, raddish, turnip, cabbage and
pumpkin. A paste of its
petals is mixed with breast milk and is applied externally to cure “red eyes”
(Reddy et al. 2008). The young
thorns are used as a substitute for betel nut. The root of B. ceibais used as a tonic to heal waist pain (Srivastava2007). The root tubers have high
calcium content (Ghate et al. 1988). The gum oozing from young bark is edible
(CSIR 1988). Gum extracted from
older bark is used for book binding (Bose et al.
1998). During “Holika-dahan”,
a tribal festival, this tree is burnt down, though this practice severely
jeopardizes its population in northern India (Jain et al. 2009).
Materials
and Methods
In
the main campus of Kerala Agricultural University in ThrissurDistrict (10030’N & 76015’E), Kerala State, India it
was observed that some elderly women were regularly collecting fallen and dried
ovaries (Image 2) from the base of standing B. ceibatrees. Based on one-to-one
discussions with these women, we found that they were paid to collect and
supply these ovaries to the herbal markets located in the nearby Thrissur Town. On further inquiry, the women also informed us that they are not aware
of the actual use of these ovaries. The women just sell the collected ovaries in the nearby Thrissur herbal markets for one hundred Indian Rupees (1
US$= ~45 Indian Rupees as on 03.12.2010) per kilogram. To know the exact use of the ovary, with
the help of these women, we identified two key contact persons from among the
local herbal dealers in Thrissur Town. We also interviewed 12 other herbal
dealers on the actual use of these fallen Bombax ceiba ovaries. Information regarding the utilization of
the ovaries was generated through personal interviews with these herbalists.
Results and Discussion
The interviewed herbal dealers informed
us that these ovaries are in great demand in nearby Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu states. There it is reportedly
used in ‘biryani’ (traditional Indian spicy rice dish prepared using ‘Basmati’
rice mixed with meat, fish or vegetables) preparations. In the biryani, these dry ovaries will
stabilize the cow’s ghee. The Thrissur herbalists employ the local women for collecting
and delivering the ovaries to their shops. Once the item is received, the women get paid depending on the stock
they supply. Except for random
cleaning by winnowing, the collected ovaries as such are sold to the customers
who come asking for it. The herbal
traders reported that the ovaries are also sought after by the commercial
cattle feed manufactures located in Thrissur District
for use in cattle feeds.
The calyces, flower petals and dried
stamens of B. ceiba contain a rich array of
chemicals (CSIR 1988; Jain et al. 2009). Dried and powdered flowers of this species are made into bread with or
without corn. According to CSIR
(1988), the B. ceiba flowers are made into a
conserve by boiling it along with the seeds of poppy and sugar in goat’s
milk. Some bird species, squirrels
and monkeys eat floral parts or whole flowers (Rajuet al. 2005). However, the use of
the fallen, dried ovaries in culinary preparations like ‘biryani’ and in
commercial animal feed manufacture is a new report.
Conclusions
Of late, our scientists, natural resource
managers and policy makers are increasingly recognizing the non-wood values of
forests, including the socio-economic and cultural importance of NTFPs. The Planning Commission in its Approach
to the 12th Plan has also solicited suggestions to help organize
markets, build infrastructure, capacity and upgrade skill for carrying out
trade in NTFPs. The ethnobotanical information on NTFPs available in our
country still remains to be documented. Since the dry, fallen ovaries of a multi-purpose tree like Bombax ceiba is now
observed to be used for a specific culinary purpose and is also used in cattle
feed preparation, a detailed biochemical analysis will conclusively establish
this additional ethnobotanical potential of this
tree. If the nutritive value is
established, the scope of farming this common tree species by employing tree
improvement strategies will gain more significance. The confirmation of its nutritive value
will also set the record straight in the issues related to its intellectual
property rights. Concurrently, the
collection and trade of the dried ovaries of B. ceibawill provide our rural populace an additional opportunity to supplement their
livelihoods and reduce poverty.
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