Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2023 | 15(4): 23029–23046

 

 

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8334.15.4.23029-23046

#8334 | Received 20 December 2022 | Final received 23 February 2023 | Finally accepted 28 March 2023

 

 

Terrestrial vertebrate and butterfly diversity of Garbhanga Landscape, Assam, India

 

Pranjal Mahananda 1, Shah Nawaz Jelil 2, Sanath Chandra Bohra 3, Nilutpal Mahanta 4,

Rohini Ballave Saikia 5  & Jayaditya Purkayastha 6

 

1,3 Department of Zoology, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bardoloi Nagar, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India.

2 House no. 20, Namghar Path, Panjabari, Guwahati, Assam 781037, India.

4 TOFI,  CIFOR-ICRAF National Agricultural Science Complex Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, Pusa Campus New Delhi 110012, India.

5 Assam Forest Department, Aranya Bhawan, Panjabari Rd, Batahguli, Guwahati, Assam 781037, India.

6 Help Earth, 16, Raghunath Choudhury Path, Lachitnagar, Guwahati, Assam 781007, India.

1 pranjalmahananda@gmail.com, 2 shahnawazjelil@gmail.com, 3 sreptilian6@gmail.com, 4 nilutpal.mahanta1@gmail.com,

5 rohinibsaikia@gmail.com, 6 mail.jayaditya@gmail.com (corresponding author)

 

 

 

Editor: Mewa Singh, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India.          Date of publication: 26 April 2023 (online & print)

 

Citation: Mahananda, P., S.N. Jelil, S.C. Bohra, N. Mahanta, R.B.  Saikia & J. Purkayastha (2023). Terrestrial vertebrate and butterfly diversity of Garbhanga Landscape, Assam, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(4): 23029–23046. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8334.15.4.23029-23046

 

Copyright: © Mahananda et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

 

Funding: None.

 

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

 

Author details: Pranjal Mahananda is a PhD candidate of Gauhati University, India. He is interested in avian ecology and conservation, and is currently studying raptor ecology in Eastern Himalayas, Assam. He is presently working as coordinator in Assam State Biodiversity Board.  Shah Nawaz Jelil has major interests in quantitative and spatial ecology, wildlife and biodiversity assessment and conservation. He has completed his PhD from Wildlife Institute of India - Saurashtra University and currently works as a consultant at Arcadis India Private Limited.  Sanath Chandra Bohra is a PG student of Gauhati University, India. His study interest is primarily focused on herpetofauna and butterflies of Northeast India. Nilutpal Mahanta is an ornithology researcher with a field experience of nine years. He is keenly interested in wildlife research. Rohini Ballave Saikia Rbs is an IFS officer of Assam-Meghalaya Cadre of 2012 batch and is currently posted as Divisional Officer of Kamrup East Division. Jayaditya Purkayastha primarily works on systematics of herpetofauna of Northeast India. He is currently working as consultant in Assam State Biodiversity Board.

 

Author contributions: PM contributed in drafting the manuscript, data analysis and creating the checklists of the birds. SNJ did the cartography and contributed to the data pertaining to mammals. SCB created the checklist for the butterflies. NM contributed in creating the checklist of birds and contributed in cartography. RBS contributed forest data pertaining to the study area and oversaw the preparation of the manuscript. JP conceptualised the manuscript, contributed in drafting of the manuscript along with preparation of the checklist of amphibians and reptiles.

 

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the Assam Forest Department and Assam State Biodiversity Board for supporting the study. We would also like to thank the Animal Ecology and Wildlife Biology Lab, Gauhati University for encouraging the work. We also thank both the anonymous reviewers for improving the quality of the manuscript. We also thank the fringe villagers of Garbhanga Reserve Forest for providing local assistance during the study.

 

 

Abstract: A study was conducted on the current status of terrestrial vertebrates and butterflies in Garbhanga Reserve Forest. Data were compiled from field surveys and secondary sources like existing literature, and citizen science databases.  We found that Garbhanga is represented by 254 species of butterflies (6 families), 29 species of amphibians (7 families), 64 species of reptiles (12 families), 307 species of birds (68 families) and 31 species of mammals (19 families). In Garbhanga, amongst the studied group, two species are ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR), six species are ‘Endangered’ (EN), 14 species are ‘Vulnerable’ (VU), eight species are ‘Near Threatened’ (NT), eight species are ‘Data Deficient’ (DD), 411 species are ‘Least Concern’ (LC), and 236 species are not assessed (denoted by blank space). This shows a huge gap in research and status evaluation of understudied species. This in turn also provides further research opportunities on the lesser known species.

 

Keywords: Birds, butterfly, checklist, frog, inventory, lizard, mammal, northeast India, snake, turtle.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Documentation of biodiversity is essential for effective conservation and management efforts, as it provides a comprehensive understanding of the species and habitats that are present in an area. It helps to identify the species and habitats that are most in need of protection. This information can be used to prioritize conservation efforts and support the development of targeted management plans (Vane-Wright et al. 1991). Documentation of biodiversity can support efforts to monitor changes in species populations and the health of ecosystems over time. This information can help to detect emerging threats to biodiversity, such as the spread of invasive species, disease outbreaks, or changes in land use patterns (Sala et al. 2000). The state of Assam is the most urbanized state of northeastern India with a population exceeding 31 million (Saikia 2019). The state has an area of 78,438 km2, which comprises of 2.39% of the geographic area of India and is a part of Indo Burma biodiversity hotspot. According to the Forest Survey of India (2021) report, the total recorded forest area of the state is 28,312 km2 which is 36.09% of the geographic area of the state and is greater than the average forested area of the country which stands at 21.71%. The forest type mostly comprises of tropical wet evergreen, tropical semi evergreen, tropical moist deciduous, sub-tropical broad-leaved hill, sub-tropical pine, littoral, and swamps. A total of 3,513 wetlands exist within the state spreading across an area of 1,012.32 km2 (Assam Forest Department 2011–12). The faunal composition of the region is particularly interesting as it is located at a confluence of Indo-Chinese, Indo-Malayan, and Indian biogeographic regions (Ahmed et al. 2009). Assam has more than 300 reserve forests with Garbhanga being one of the largest reserve forests (Assam Forest Department 2011–12). Garbhanga Reserve Forest is situated in the north of the Guwahati city of Assam and spreads across an area of 114.6 km2. The reserve forest is connected to Rani Reserve Forest which has an area of 437.26 km2 and is often referred to as Rani-Garbhanga landscape (Devi et al. 2012). Together, they constitute the biggest network of reserve forested areas of Assam. Garbhanga Reserve Forest includes undulating hill ranges with altitude ranging 80–670 m. Recently, through an Assam Gazette notification (No.FRW.3/2022/44) dated 7 April 2022, an area of 117 km2 within the Garbhanga Reserve Forest has been proposed for a wildlife sanctuary.

Many hill streams flow within the reserve forest. The main river flowing through the reserve forest is the Basistha River which finally drains into Deeporbeel Wildlife Sanctuary and Ramsar site. The forest type mostly constitutes of moist deciduous type which accounts for about 75% of the forest type with Sal Shorea robusta being the predominant tree species. Secondary forest constitutes mainly of scrub forest and bamboo accounting for 10% and 7%, respectively. The soil type of the reserve forest is gravelly on crests and upper slopes, deep red and clayey in the foot hills, and alluvial lower down (Devi et al. 2012).

Due to the topology, forest type and climatic condition, Garbhanga is home to a wide variety of biodiversity. Lahkar et al. ( 2010) recorded 128 species of birds; Modak et al. (2018) recorded 54 species of butterflies; Barua et al. (2004) recorded 29 species and subspecies of swallowtail butterflies from Garbhanga. Herein we present a detailed checklist of butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals within the notified area of Garbhanga wildlife sanctuary (proposed).

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Study Area

The Rani-Garbhanga forest complex (Rani Reserve Forest: 91.5877–91.7066 0E, 26.1113–26.0208 0N; Garbhanga Reserve Forest: 91.6069–91.7958 0E; 26.0919–25.9033 0N) is located on the south bank of the river Brahmaputra in Assam.  The reserve shares its borders on the eastern and northern sides with Meghalaya state. The forest is contiguous with the Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary of Meghalaya. The forest type of Rani-Garbhanga in Assam valley is tropical mixed moist deciduous forest (Champion & Seth 1968). Once known to be the original habitat of Sal species, excessive logging led it to be replaced by secondary bamboo brakes (Champion & Seth 1968). The dominant trees are Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Schima wallichii, Michelia champaca, Ficus religiosa, and Tetrameles nudiflora. The dominant bamboo species within the reserve is Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (Barua 2007). The forest also borders on the northwestern side with Deeporbeel Wildlfe Sanctuary.

The forest has four types of climatic conditions, viz.: pre-monsoon, monsoon, retreating monsoon, and winter. The maximum humidity ranges between 80–90 % (Kakati 2002). The rainfall of the area ranges between 3,000–4,500 mm, and the temperature ranges between 11–36 °C (Kakati 2002).

 

Data collection for checklist

The data for all the taxa groups were compiled from multiple sources. Data were gathered employing visual encounter survey and active search (Crump & Scott 1994). Secondary data were collected from research articles (Baruah 2004; Lahkar et al. 2010; Modak et al. 2018; Purkayastha 2018; Bohra & Purkayastha 2021) and citizen science database (eBird  2022) which has bird observation information since 2008 to recent times. The taxa groups were then categorized as per the IUCN Red List criteria.

 

Spatial analyses/ mapping:

Elevation gradient and stream network were derived using the Hydrology tool in Arc Map 10.4 using Carto DEM Version-3 R1 (Figure 1A). We found that elevation gradient ranges 0–594 m. NDVI was calculated using Sentinel 2A data in Arc Map 10.4 (Figure 1B). Elevation and stream network map was generated using data from CartoDEM satellite (https://bhuvan-app3.nrsc.gov.in).

 

 

RESULTS

 

The present study found Garbhanga to be home to 254 species of butterflies (6 families), 29 species of amphibians (seven families), 64 species of reptiles (12 families), 307 species of birds (68 families), and 31 species of mammals (19 families). According to the IUCN Red List data (IUCN 2023), in Garbhanga more than 1% (1.16%) species are ‘Near Threatened’, 60% species belong to ‘Least Concern’, more than 1% (1.16%) species are ‘Data Deficient’, and 34% (34.45%) species are not assessed.

 

Butterflies

A total of 254 species of butterflies representing six families were recorded from the study site. Only 30 species are categorized under different categories as per the IUCN Red List including Common Duffer Discophora sondaica which is considered as ‘Near Threatened’ while all the other species are not assessed (Figure 2, Table 1). Family Nymphalidae was observed to be the most dominant family, accounting for 100 species from the study area.

 

Amphibia

We recorded 29 species of amphibians representing two orders (Anura and Gymnophiona) and seven families. The family Dicroglossidae was found to be the most species rich represented by eight species whereas the family Bufonidae was represented by just a single species. According to the IUCN Red List, 19 species were ‘Least Concern’, five species were ‘Data Deficient’, one ‘Vulnerable’, and four species are not assessed (Figure 3, Table 2).

 

Reptilia

We recorded 64 species of reptiles representing three orders and 12 families. Lizards were represented by 21 species, snakes by 39 species and turtles by four species. Amongst lizards, family Gekkonidae was found to be dominant and had nine representative species. Colubridae was the most species rich family among snakes accounting for 29 species. According to the IUCN redlist, three species are ‘Endangered’, four species were ‘Vulnerable’, two species were ‘Near Threatened’, one species was ‘Data Deficient’, 49 species were ‘Least Concern’, and five species are not assessed (Figure 3, Table 3).

 

Birds

We recorded 307 species of birds belonging to 68 families from the study site. Among them, the family Muscicapidae was found to be dominating in terms of species richness represented by 34 species. According to the IUCN Red List there are one ‘Critically Endangered’ species, one ‘Endangered’ species, four ‘Vulnerable’ species, five ‘Near Threatened’ species, 293 ‘Least Concern’ species and three species are yet to be assessed (Figure 3, Table 4). 

 

Mammals

Garbhanga harbours 31 species of mammals belonging to 19 families. According to the IUCN Red List, one species is ‘Critically Endangered’, two species are ‘Endangered’, five species are ‘Vulnerable’, one species is ‘Near Threatened’, the remaining 22 species are ‘Least Concern’ (Figure 3, Table 5).

 

 

DISCUSSION

 

The data reported above indicate that the Garbhanga landscape is extremey rich in biodiversity and merits more protection through a legal status.  It is noteworthy that vide notification number FRW.3/44. dated 28 march 2022, a preliminary notification was passed in The Assam Gazette dated 7 April 2022 showing the intent of the Governor of Assam to declare an area of 117 km2 of Garbhanga as a wildlife sanctuary. This step will help enhance protection and conservation of the forest which is in the vicinity of the biggest metropolis of northeastern India, the Guwahati City. The forest is under tremendous pressure from the anthropogenic activities such as stone mining, illegal felling of trees, and unsustainable non-timber forest products collection. Also, the busy concrete road connecting the forest with Meghalaya adds to the threats (Lahkar et al. 2010). The dynamite blast in the stone quarries is having a negative impact on its biodiversity (Purkayastha 2018). All these factors disturb the ecological functioning of the area.

Recent discovery of a new species of Bent-toed Gecko Cyrtodactylus urbanus from the fringes of Garbhanga (Purkayastha et al. 2020), new locality record for Yellow-throated Marten (Kakati et al. 2021) along with the findings of 254 species of butterflies, 29 species of amphibians, 64 species of reptiles, 307 species of birds and 31 species of mammals stress on the importance of the landscape in terms of its rich biodiversity. Garbhanga is also a favorable elephant habitat, supporting a good population, connected by corridors to Meghalaya (Borah et al. 2004).  

Many species of different taxa groups in Garbhanga are of conservation concerns. 3% (3.2%) of all the recorded species were found to be threatened according to IUCN red list. Also 34% (34.5%) of the species are yet to be evaluated highlighting the huge gap in research and status evaluation of understudied species. This in turn also provides further research opportunities on the lesser- known species.

 

Table 1. Butterflies of Garbhanga, Assam, India.

Family

Common name

Scientific name

IUCN Red List status

Papilionidae

Common Batwing

Atrophaneura varuna White, 1842

LC

 

Common Windmill

Byasa polyeuctes Doubleday, 1842

 

 

Tailed Jay

Graphium aggamemnon Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Four-bar Swordtail

Graphium agetes Westwood, 1843

 

 

Five-bar Swordtail

Graphium antiphates Cramer, 1775

LC

 

Glassy Bluebottle

Graphium cloanthus Westwood, 1841

LC

 

Common Jay

Graphium doson C. & R. Felder, 1864

LC

 

Lesser Zebra

Graphium macareus Godart, 1819

 

 

Common Bluebottle

Graphium sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

White Dragontail

Lamproptera curius Fabricius, 1787

 

 

Common Rose

Pachliopta aristolochiae Fabricius, 1775

LC

 

Common Raven

Papilio castor Westwood, 1842

 

 

Common Mime

Papilio clytia Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Great Jay

Papilio eurypylus Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Lime Butterfly

Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Red Helen

Papilio helenus Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Great Mormon

Papilio memnon Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Yellow Helen

Papilio nephelus Boisduval, 1836

 

 

Paris Peacock

Papilio paris Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Common  Mormon

Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Spangle

Papilio protenor Cramer, 1775

 

 

Golden Birdwing

Troides aeacus C.& R. Felder, 1860

LC

 

Common Birdwing

Troides helena Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Great Windmill

Byasa dasarada Moore, 1858

LC

 Pieridae

Common Albatross

Appias albina Boisduval, 1836

 

 

Plain Puffin

Appias indra Moore, 1858

 

 

Spot Puffin

Appias lalage Doubleday, 1842

 

 

Chocolate Albatross

Appias lyncida Cramer, 1777

 

 

Striped Albatross

Appias olferna Swinhoe, 1890

 

 

Common Emigrant

Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775

 

 

Mottled Emigrant

Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758)

 

 

Lesser Gull

Cepora nadina Lucas, 1852

 

 

Common Gull

Cepora nerissa Fabricius, 1775

 

 

Red spot Jezebel

Delias descombesi Boisduval, 1836

 

 

Red base Jezebel

Delias pasithoe Linnaeus, 1767

 

 

Tailed Sulpher

Dercas verhuelli Hoeven, 1839

 

 

One-spot Grass Yellow

Eurema andersonii Moore, 1886

LC

 

Three-spot Grass Yellow

Eurema blanda Boisduval, 1836

 

 

Small Grass Yellow

Eurema brigitta Stoll, 1780

LC

 

Common Grass Yellow

Eurema hecabe Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Tree Yellow

Gandaca harina Horsfield, 1829

 

 

Great Orange Tip

Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Yellow Orange Tip

Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764

 

 

Psyche

Leptosia nina Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Common Wanderer

Pareronia hippia Fabricius, 1787

 

 

Large Cabbage White

Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Indian Cabbage White

Pieris canidia Linnaeus, 1768

 

Lycaenidae

Common Hedge Blue

Acetolepis puspa Horsfield, 1828

 

 

Common Ciliate Blue

Anthene emolus Godart, 1824

 

 

Pointed Ciliate Blue

Anthene lycaenina Felder, 1868

 

 

Indian Oakblue

Arhopala atrax Hewitson, 1862

 

 

Lilac Oakblue

Arhopala camdeo Moore, 1858

 

 

Centaur Oakblue

Arhopala centaurus Fabricius, 1775

 

 

Green Oakblue

Arhopala eumolphus Cramer, 1780

 

 

Spotless Oakblue

Arhopala fulla Hewitson, 1862

 

 

Yellowdisc Tailless Oakblue

Arhopala perimuta Moore, 1858

 

 

Plane

Bindahara phocides Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Angled Pierrot

Caleta decidia Hewitson, 1876

LC

 

Elbowed Pierrot

Caleta elna Hewitson, 1876

LC

 

Common Pierrot

Castalius rosimon Fabricius, 1775

 

 

Common Tinsel

Catapaecilma major Druce, 1895

 

 

Silver Forget-me-not

Catochrysops panormus C. Felder, 1860

 

 

Forget -me –not

Catochrysops strabo Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Common Imperial

Cheritra freja Fabricius, 1793

LC

 

Lime Blue

Chilades lajus Stoll, 1780

 

 

Plains Cupid

Chilades pandava Horsfield, 1829

LC

 

Broad Tail Royal

Creon cleobis Godart, 1824

 

 

Angled Sunbeam

Curetis acuta Moore, 1877

 

 

Saronis Sunbeam

Curetis saronis Moore, 1877

 

 

Cornelian

Deudorix epijarbas Moore, 1858

 

 

Banded Blue Pierrot

Discolampa ethion Westwood, 1851

 

 

Gram Blue

Euchrysops cnejus Fabricius, 1798

 

 

Purple Sapphire

Heliophorus epicles Godart, 1824

 

 

Common Onyx

Horaga onyx Moore, 1857

 

 

Common Tit

Hypolycaena erylus Godart, 1824

 

 

Silver Streak Blue

Iraota timoleon Stoll, 1790

 

 

Metallic  Cerulean

Jamides alecto Felder, 1860

LC

 

Dark Cerulean

Jamides bochus Stoll, 1782

 

 

Common Cerulean

Jamides celeno Cramer, 1775

 

 

Glistening Cerulean

Jamides elpis Godart, 1824

 

 

White Cerulean

Jamides pura Moore, 1886

 

 

Peablue

Lampides boeticus Linnaeus, 1767

 

 

Yamfly

Loxura atymnus Stoll, 1780

 

 

Malayan

Megisba malaya Horsfield, 1828

 

 

Common Mottle

Miletus chinensis Felder, 1862

 

 

Common Quaker

Neopithecops zalmora Butler, 1870

 

 

Common Gem

Poritia hewitsoni Moore, 1866

 

 

Banded Lineblue

Prosotas aluta Druce, 1873

 

 

Tailless Lineblue

Prosotas dubiosa (Semper, [1879])

 

 

Common Lineblue

Prosotas nora (C. Felder, 1860)

 

 

Pale Grass Blue

Pseudozizeeria maha Kollar, 1844

 

 

Common Red Flash

Rapala iarbas Fabricius, 1787

 

 

State Flash

Rapala manea Hewitson, 1863

 

 

Copper Flash

Rapala pheretima Hewitson, 1863

 

 

Chocolate Royal

Remelana jangala (Horsfield, [1829])

 

 

Apefly

Spalgis epius Westwood, 1851

 

 

Long Banded Silverline

Spindasis lohita Horsfield, 1829

 

 

Red Imperial

Suasa lisides Hewitson, 1863

LC

 

Common Acacia Blue

Surendra quercetorum Moore, 1858

 

 

Zebra Blue

Leptotes plinius Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Forest Pierrot

Taraka hamada Druce, 1875

 

 

Common Guava Blue

Virachola isocrates Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Fluffy Tit

Zeltus amasa Hewitson, 1865

 

 

Dark Grass Blue

Zizeeria karsandra Moore, 1865

 

Riodinidae

Plum Judy

Abisara echerius Stoll, 1790

 

 

Punchinello

Zemeros flegyas Cramer, 1780

 

Nymphalidae

Yellow Coster

Acraea issoria Hübner, 1818

 

 

Tawny Coster

Acraea terpsicore Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Angled Castor

Ariadne ariadne Linnaeus, 1763

 

 

Common Castor

Ariadne merione Cramer, 1777

 

 

Himalayan Studded Sergeant

Athyma asura Moore, [1858]

 

 

Colour Sergeant

Athyma inara Westwood, 1850

 

 

Dot Dash Sergeant

Athyma kanwa Moore, 1858

 

 

Common Sergeant

Athyma perius Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Blackvein Sergeant

Athyma ranga Moore, 1857

 

 

Staff Sergeant

Athyma selenophora Kollar, 1844

 

 

Commodore

Auzakia danava Moore, 1857

 

 

Red Lacewing

Cethosia biblis Drury, 1770

 

 

Leopard Lacewing

Cethosia cyane Drury, 1770

 

 

Pallid Nawab

Charaxes arja Felder & Felder, 1866

 

 

Tawny Rajah

Charaxes bernardes Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Common Nawab

Charaxes bharata Felder & Felder, 1867

 

 

Stately Nawab

Charaxes dolon Westwood, 1848

 

 

Variegated Rajah

Charaxes kahruba Moore, 1895

 

 

Yellow Rajah

Charaxes marmax Westwood, 1847

 

 

Black Rajah

Charaxes solon Fabricius, 1793

 

 

 Indian Red Maplet 

Chersonesia rahrioides Martin, 1895

LC

 

Common Maplet

Chersonesia risa Doubleday, 1848

 

 

Large Yeoman

Cirrochroa aoris Doubleday, 1847

 

 

Common Yeoman

Cirrochroa tyche Felder & Felder, 1861

 

 

Rustic

Cupha erymanthis Drury, 1773

 

 

Common Map

Cyrestis thyodamas Doyère, 1840

 

 

Plain Tiger

Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Common Tiger

Danaus genutia Cramer 1779

 

 

Constable

Dichorragia nesimachus Doyère, 1840

 

 

Common Duffer

Discophora sondiaca Boisduval, 1836

 

 

Autumn Leaf

Doleschallia bisaltide Cramer, 1777

 

 

Common Palmfly

Elymnias hypermnestra Linnaeus, 1763

 

 

Spotted Palmfly

Elymnias malelas Hewitson, 1863

 

 

Blue striped Palmfly

Elymnias patna Westwood, 1851

 

 

Dusky Diadem

Ethope himachala Moore, 1857

 

 

Long Branded Blue Crow

Euploea algea Godart, 1819

 

 

Common Crow

Euploea core Cramer, 1780

LC

 

Blue Spotted Crow

Euploea midamus Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Striped Blue Crow

Euploea mulciber Cramer, 1777

 

 

Double Branded Crow

Euploea sylvester Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Courtesan

Euripus nyctelius Doubleday, 1845

 

 

Common Baron

Euthalia aconthea Cramer, 1777

 

 

Grey Baron

Euthalia anosia Moore, 1858

 

 

Gaudy Baron

Euthalia lubentina Cramer, 1777

 

 

Powdered Baron

Euthalia monina Fabricius, 1787

 

 

White-edged Blue Baron

Euthalia phemius Doubleday, 1848

 

 

Common Faun

Faunis canens Hübner, 1826

 

 

Pasha

Herona marathus Doubleday, 1848

 

 

Great Eggfly

Hypolimnas bolina Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Peacock Pansy

Junonia almana Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Grey Pansy

Junonia atlites Linnaeus, 1763

 

 

Yellow Pansy

Junonia hierta Fabricius, 1798

LC

 

Chocolate Pansy

Junonia iphita Cramer, 1779

 

 

Lemon Pansy

Junonia lemonias Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Blue Pansy

Junonia orithya Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Orange Oakleaf

Kallima inachus Doyere, 1840

 

 

Blue Admiral

Kaniska canace (Linnaeus, 1763)

 

 

Knight

Lebadea martha Fabricius, 1787

 

 

Angled Red Forester

Lethe chandica Moore, 1857

 

 

Banded Treebrown

Lethe confusa Aurivillius, 1898

 

 

Bamboo Treebrown

Lethe europa Fabricius, 1775

DD

 

Common Red Forester

Lethe mekara Moore, 1857

 

 

Common Treebrown

Lethe rhoria Fabricius, 1787

 

 

Dark Archduke  

Lexias dirtea Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Common Evening Brown

Melanitis leda Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Dark Evening Brown

Melanitis phedima Cramer, 1780

 

 

Great Evening Brown

Melanitis zitenius Herbst, 1796

 

 

Purple Emperor

Mimathyma ambica Kollar, 1844

 

 

Commander

Moduza procris Cramer, 1777

 

 

White-bar Bushbrown

Mycalesis anaxias Hewitson, 1862

 

 

Dark Brand Bushbrown

Mycalesis mineus Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Common Bushbrown

Mycalesis perseus Fabricius, 1775

 

 

Long Brand Bushbrown

Mycalesis visala Moore, 1857

 

 

Sullied Sailor

Neptis clinia Moore, 1872

 

 

Common Sailor

Neptis hylas Linnaeus, 1758

 

 

Clear Sailor

Neptis nata Moore, 1857

 

 

False Dingy Sailor

Neptis pseudovikasi Moore, 1899

 

 

Nigger

Orsotrioena medus Fabricius, 1775

 

 

Common Lascar

Pantoporia hordonia Stoll, 1790

 

 

Glassy Tiger

Parantica aglea Stoll, 1782

 

 

Chestnut Tiger

Parantica sita Kollar, 1844

 

 

Clipper

Parthenos sylvia Cramer, 1775

 

 

Small Leopard

Phalanta alcippe Stoll, 1782

 

 

Common Leopard

Phalanta phalantha Drury, 1773

LC

 

Tabby

Pseudergolis wedah Kollar, 1844

 

 

Black Prince 

Rohana parisatis Westwood, 1851  

LC

 

Popinjay

Stibochiona nicea (Gray, 1846)

 

 

Northern Jungle Queen

Stichophthalma camadeva Westwood, 1848

 

 

Spotted Jester

Symbrenthia hypselis Godart, 1823

 

 

Common Jester

Symbrenthia lilaea Hewitson, 1864

DD

 

Common Earl

Tanaecia julii Lesson, 1837

 

 

Grey  Count

Tanaecia lepidea Butler, 1868

 

 

Jungle Glory

Thaumantis diores Doubleday, 1845

 

 

Vagrant

Vagrans egista Cramer, 1780

 

 

Painted Lady

Vanessa cardui Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Indian Red Admiral

Vanessa indica Herbst, 1794

 

 

Common Fivering

Ypthima baldus Fabricius, 1775

 

 

Common Fourring

Ypthima hubenri Kirby, 1871

 

 

Cruiser

Vindula erota (Fabricius, 1793)

 

 

Blue Tiger

Tirumala limniace (Cramer,1775)

 

Hesperiidae

Chocolate Demon

Ancistroides nigrita Latreille, 1824

 

 

Atkinson's Bob

Arnetta atkinsoni Moore, 1878

 

 

Forest Hopper

Astictopterus jama Felder & Felder, 1860

 

 

Small Paint-brush Swift

Baoris chapmani Evans, 1937

 

 

Black Paint-brush Swift

Baoris unicolor Moore, (1884)

 

 

Small Green Awlet

Burara amara Moore, [1866]

 

 

Harisa Orange Awlet

Burara harisa Moore, 1865

 

 

Branded Orange Awlet

Burara oedipodea (Swainson, 1820)

 

 

Common Spotted Flat

Celaenorrhinus leucocera Kollar, 1844

 

 

Plain Palm Dart

Cephrenes acalle (Höpffer, 1874)

 

 

Indian Awlking

Choaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)

 

 

Wax Dart

Cupitha purreea Moore, 1877

 

 

Common Yellow-breast Flat   

Gerosis bhagava Moore, 1866

 

 

Dusky Yellow-breasted Flat

Gerosis phisara Moore, 1884

 

 

White Yellow-breasted Flat

Gerosis sinica C. & R. Felder, 1862

 

 

Gold-spotted Ace

Halpe homolea Swinhoe, 1893

 

 

Moore's Ace

Halpe porus Mabille, 1877

 

 

Banded ace

Halpe zema (Hewitson, 1877)

 

 

Common Banded Awl

Hasora chromus (Cramer, [1780])

 

 

Tree Flitter

Hyarotis adrastus Stoll,1780

 

 

Dark Velvet Bob

Koruthaialos butleri de Nicéville, 1883

 

 

Chestnut Bob

Lambrix salsala Moore, 1866

 

 

Common Redeye

Matapa aria Moore, 1866

 

 

Black Veined Redeye

Matapa sasivarna Moore, 1865

 

 

Restricted Demon

Notocrypta curvifascia (C. & R. Felder, 1862)

 

 

Common Banded Demon

Notocrypta paralysos (Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1881)

 

 

Tiger Hopper

Ochus subvittatus Moore, 1878

 

 

Chestnut Angle

Odontoptilum angulata Felder, 1862

 

 

Common Dartlet

Oriens gola Moore, 1877

 

 

 

Parnara sp.

 

 

Great Swift

Pelopidas assamensis de Nicéville, 1882

 

 

Small Branded Swift

Pelopidas mathias (Fabricius, 1798)

 

 

Large Branded Swift

Pelopidas subochracea (Moore, 1878)

 

 

 

Ponthanus sp.

 

 

Fulvous Pied Flat

Pseudocoladenia dan Fabricius, 1787

 

 

Common Small Flat

Sarangesa dasahara Moore, 1866

 

 

Khasi Hills Bob

Scobura isota Swinhoe, 1893

 

 

Malay Forest Bob

Scobura phiditia (Hewitson, [1866])

 

 

Indian Skipper

Spialia galba Fabricius, 1793

 

 

Indian Palm Bob

Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798)

 

 

Suffused Snow Flat

Tagiades gana Moore,1866

 

 

Common Snow Flat

Tagiades japetus Stoll, 1781

 

 

Water Snow Flat

Tagiades litigiosa Möschler, 1878

 

 

Pale Palm Dart

Telicota colon (Fabricius, 1775)

 

 

Grass Demon

Udaspes folus Cramer, 1775

 

 

Purple and Gold Flitter

Zographetus satwa de Nicéville, 1884

 

 

Tricoloured Pied Flat

Coladenia indrani (Moore, [1866])

 

 

Myanmarrese Large forest Bob

Scobura cephaloides (de Nicéville, 1889)

 

 

 

Table 2. Amphibians of Garbhanga, Assam, India.

Family

Common name

Scienific name

IUCN Red List status

Bufonidae

Common Asian Toad

Duttaphrynus melanostictus (Schneider, 1799)

LC

Megophryidae

Red-Eyed Frog

Leptobrachium smithi (Matsui et al. 1999)

LC

 

Big Headed Horned Frog

Megophrys  megacephala (Mahony, Sengupta, Kamei, & Biju, 2011)

 

 

White-lipped Horned Toad

Megophrys  major (Boulenger, 1908)

LC

 

Indian Balloon Frog

Uperodon globulosus (Günther, 1864)

LC

Microhylidae

Mymensingh Narrow-mouthed Frog

Microhyla mymensinghensis Hasan, Islam, Kuramoto, Kurabayashi, & Sumida, 2014

 

 

Berdmore's Narrow-mouthed Frog

Microhyla berdmorei (Blyth, 1856)

LC

Rhacophoridae

Garo Hills Bush Frog

Philautus garo (Boulenger, 1919)

VU

 

Six-lined Tree Frog

Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829)

LC

 

Twin-spotted Tree Frog

Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927

LC

 

Annandale's Tree Frog

Chiromantis simus (Annandale, 1915)

LC

 

Baibung Small Treefrog

Theloderma baibungense (Jiang, Fei, & Huang, 2009)

DD

Dicroglossidae

Nepal Cricket Frog

Minervarya nepalensis (Dubois, 1975)

LC

 

Pierre’s Cricket Frog

Minervarya pierrei (Dubois, 1975)

LC

 

Small Cricket Frog

Minervarya syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919)

LC

 

Terai Cricket Frog

Minervarya teraiensis (Dubois, 1975)

LC

 

Skittering Frog

Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799)

LC

 

Indian Bull Frog

Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1802)

LC

 

Littoral Bull Frog

Hoplobatrachus litoralis Hasan, Kuramoto, Islam, Alam, Khan, and Sumida, 2012

 

 

Khasi Wart Frog

Limnonectes khasianus (Anderson, 1871)

DD

Ranidae

Assam Hills Frog

Clinotarsus alticola (Boulenger, 1882)

LC

 

Theobald’s Ranid Frog

Hylarana tytleri (Theobald, 1868)

LC

 

Bhamo Frog

Humerana humeralis (Boulenger, 1887)

LC

 

Cope’s Assam Frog

Hydrophylax leptoglossa (Cope, 1868)

LC

 

Sengupta’s Cascade Frog

Amolops assamensis (Sengupta, Hussain, Choudhury, Gogoi, Ahmed, & Choudhury, 2008)

DD

 

Gerbil Stream Frog

Amolops gerbillus (Annandale, 1912)

LC

Ichthyophidae

Garo Hills Caecilian

Ichthyophis garoensis (Pillai & Ravichandran, 1999)

DD

 

Manipur Moustached Ichthyophis

Ichthyophis moustakius Kamei et al. 2009

DD

 

Gaiduwan's Chikila

Chikila gaiduwani Kamei, Gower, Wilkinson, & Biju, 2013

 

 

 

Table 3. Reptiles of Garbhanga, Assam, India.

Family

Common name

Scienific name

IUCN Red List status

Agamidae

Common Garden Lizard

Calotes versicolor (Daudin, 1802)

LC

 

Khasi Hills Forest Lizard

Calotes maria Gray, 1845

LC

 

Blue-throated Lizard

Ptyctolaemus gularis (Peters, 1864)

LC

 

Spotted Gliding Lizard

Draco maculatus (Gray, 1845)

LC

 

Smooth-Scaled Mountain Lizard

Cristidorsa planidorsata (Jerdon, 1870)

LC

Gekkonidae

Common House Gecko

Hemidactylus frenatus (Duméril & Bibron, 1836)

LC

 

Brook’s House Gecko

Hemidactylus brookii (Gray, 1845)

LC

 

Garnot’s House Gecko

Hemidactylus garnotii (Duméril & Bibron, 1836)

LC

 

Flat-tailed House Gecko

Hemidactylus platyurus (Schneider, 1792)

LC

 

Northern House Gecko

Hemidactylus aquilonius (McMahan & Zug, 2007)

LC

 

Tokay Gecko

Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Assamese Day Gecko

Cnemaspis assamensis (Das & Sengupta, 2000)

VU

 

Urban bent-toed Gecko

Cyrtodactylus urbanus Purkayastha, Das, Bohra, Bauer & Agarwal, 2020

 

 

Guwahati bent-toed Gecko

Cyrtodactylus guwahatiensis Agarwal, Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya & Bauer, 2018

DD

Lacertidae

Khasi Hill’s Long-tailed Lizard

 Takydromus khasiensis Boulenger, 1917

LC

Scincidae

Bronze Skink

Eutropis macularia (Blyth, 1853)

LC

 

Many-lined Sun Skink

Eutropis multifasciata (Kuhl, 1820)

LC

 

Spotted Forest Skink

Sphenomorphus maculatus (Blyth, 1853)

LC

 

White-spotted Supple Skink

Lygosoma albopunctata (Gray, 1846)

LC

Varanidae

Bengal Monitor Lizard

Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802)

NT

 

Yellow monitor Lizard

Varanus flavescens (Gray, 1827)

EN

Typhlopidae

Brahminy Blindsnake

Indotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)

LC

 

Diard’s Blindsnake

Argyrophis diardii  (Schlegal, 1839)

LC

Pythonidae

Burmese Python

Python bivittatus (Kuhl, 1820)

VU

Colubridae

Rainbow Water Snake

Enhydris enhydris (Schneider, 1799)

LC

 

Common Wolf Snake

Lycodon aulicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Zaw's wolf Snake

Lycodon zawi Slowinski, Pawar, Win, Thin, Gyi, Oo, & Tun, 2001

LC

 

Twin-spotted Wolf Snake

Lycodon jara (Shaw, 1802)

LC

 

Rat Snake

Ptyas mucosa (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Indo-Chinese RatSnake

Ptyas korros (Schlegal, 1837)

NT

 

Heller’s Red-necked Keelback

Rhabdophis helleri (Schmidt, 1925)

 

 

Himalayan Keelback

Rhabdophis himalayanus (Günther, 1864)

LC

 

Painted Bronzeback

Dendrelaphis proarchos (Wall, 1909)

 

 

Blue Bronzeback

Dendrelaphis cyanochloris (Wall, 1921)

LC

 

White-barred Kukri Snake

Oligodon albocinctus (Cantor, 1839)

LC

 

Günther’s Kukri Snake

Oligodon cinereus (Günther, 1864)

LC

 

Cantor’s Kukri Snake

Oligodon cyclurus (Cantor, 1839)

LC

 

 Gray’s Kukri Snake

Oligodon dorsalis (Gray & Hardwicke, 1835)

LC

 

Black-banded Trinket Snake 

Oreocryptophis porphyraceus (Cantor, 1839)

LC

 

Assam Snail-eater

 Pareas monticola (Cantor, 1839)

LC

 

Buff Striped Keelback

Amphiesma stolatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Eastern Cat Snake

Boiga gokool (Gray, 1835)

LC

 

Green Cat Snake

Boiga cyanea (Duméril et al. 1854)

LC

 

Assamese Cat Snake

Boiga quincunciata (Wall, 1908)

LC

 

Thai Cat Snake

Boiga siamensis (Nutaphand, 1971)

LC

 

Checkered Keelback

Fowlea piscator (Schneider, 1799)

LC

 

Common Mock Viper

Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie, 1827)

LC

 

Copper-headed Trinket Snake

Coelognathus radiates (Schlegal, 1837)

LC

 

 Trinket Snake

 Coelognathus helena (Daudin, 1803)

LC

 

Laudankia Vine Snake

Ahaetulla laudankia Deepak, Narayanan, Sarkar, Dutta, & Mohapatra, 2019

LC

 

Asian Vine Snake

Ahaetulla prasina (Boie, 1827)

LC

 

Ornate Flying Snake

Chrysopelea ornate (Shaw, 1802)

LC

 

Mock Cobra

Pseudoxenodon macrops (Blyth, 1855)

LC

Elapidae

Monocled Cobra

Naja kaouthia (Lesson, 1831)

LC

 

King Cobra

Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836)

VU

 

Banded Krait

Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider, 1801)

LC

 

Lesser Black Krait

 Bungarus lividus Cantor, 1839

LC

 

Greater Black Krait

Bungarus niger Wall, 1908

LC

Viperidae

Salazar’s Pit Viper

Trimeresurus salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande, & Patel, 2020

 

 

Maya's Pit Viper

Trimeresurus mayaae Rathee, Purkayastha, Lalremsanga, Dalal, Biakzuala, Muansanga, & Mirza, 2022

 

Trionychidae

Peacock Soft-shelled Turtle

Nilssonia hurum (Gray, 1831)

EN

 

Indian Flap-shelled Turtle

Lissemys punctata (Bonnaterre, 1789)

VU

Geoemydidae

Indian Tent Turtle

Pangshura tentoria (Gray, 1834)

LC

 

Spotted Pond Turtle

Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray, 1831)

EN

 

 

Table 4. Birds of Garbhanga, Assam, India.

Family

Common name

Scientific name

IUCN Red List status

Accipitridae

Black Kite

Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783)

LC

 

Pied Harrier

Circus melanoleucos (Pennant, 1769)

LC

 

Crested Serpent-Eagle

Spilornis cheela (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Jerdon's Baza

Aviceda jerdoni (Blyth, 1842)

LC

 

Black Baza

Aviceda leuphotes (Dumont, 1820)

LC

 

Crested Goshawk

Accipiter trivirgatus (Temminck, 1824)

LC

 

Oriental Honey-buzzard

Pernis ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821)

LC

 

Shikra

Accipiter badius (Gmelin, 1788)

LC

 

Long-legged Buzzard

Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar, 1829)

LC

 

Hen Harrier

Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Eastern Marsh-Harrier

Circus spilonotus Kaup, 1847

LC

 

Changeable Hawk-Eagle

Nisaetus cirrhatus Gmelin, 1788

LC

 

Himalayan Griffon

Gyps himalayensis Hume, 1869

NT

 

Eurasian Sparrowhawk

Accipiter nisus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Black Eagle

Ictinaetus malaiensis Temminck, 1822)

LC

 

White-rumped Vulture

Gyps bengalensis Gmelin, 1788

CR

 

Greater Spotted Eagle

Clanga clanga (Pallas, 1811)

VU

 

Black-winged Kite

Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789)

LC

Acrocephalidae

Thick-billed Warbler

Arundinax aedon (Pallas, 1776)

LC

Aegithinidae

Common Iora

Aegithina tiphia Linnaeus, 1758

LC

Alaudidae

Bengal Bushlark

Mirafra assamica Horsfield, 1840

LC

Alcedinidae

White-throated Kingfisher

Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Common Kingfisher

Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Ruddy Kingfisher

Halcyon coromanda (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Stork-billed Kingfisher

Pelargopsis capensis (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Black-backed Dwarf-Kingfisher

Ceyx erithaca (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Pied Kingfisher

Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Blue-eared Kingfisher

Alcedo meninting Horsfield, 1821

LC

Anatidae

Cotton Pygmy-Goose

Nettapus coromandelianus Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Lesser Whistling-Duck

Dendrocygna javanica Horsfield, 1821

LC

Apodidae

Asian Palm-Swift

Cypsiurus balasiensis Gray, 1829

LC

 

House Swift

Apus nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837)

LC

Ardeidae

Cattle Egret

Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Grey Heron

Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Great Egret

Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Indian Pond-Heron

Ardeola grayii (Sykes, 1832)

LC

 

Intermediate Egret

Ardea intermedia Wagler, 1829

LC

 

Purple Heron

Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766

LC

 

Little Egret

Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Striated Heron

Butorides striata (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Cinnamon Bittern

Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Malayan Night Heron

Gorsachius melanolophus (Raffles, 1822)

LC

Artamidae

Ashy Woodswallow

Artamus fuscus Vieillot, 1817

LC

Bucerotidae

Great Hornbill

Buceros bicornis Linnaeus, 1758

VU

 

Oriental Pied-Hornbill

Anthracoceros albirostris (Shaw, 1808)

LC

Campephagidae

Black-winged Cuckooshrike

Lalage melaschistos (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

 

Large Cuckooshrike

Coracina macei (Lesson, 1831)

LC

 

Long-tailed Minivet

Pericrocotus ethologus Bangs & Phillips, 1914

LC

 

Scarlet Minivet

Pericrocotus speciosus (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Small Minivet

Pericrocotus cinnamomeus (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Short-billed Minivet

Pericrocotus brevirostris (Vigors, 1831)

LC

 

Rosy Minivet

Pericrocotus roseus (Vieillot, 1818)

LC

Caprimulgidae

Large-tailed Nightjar

Caprimulgus macrurus Horsfield, 1821

LC

 

Savanna Nightjar

Caprimulgus affinis Horsfield, 1821

LC

Charadriidae

Red-wattled Lapwing

Vanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783)

LC

Chloropseidae

Golden-fronted Leafbird

Chloropsis aurifrons (Temminck, 1829)

LC

 

Orange-bellied Leafbird

Chloropsis hardwickii Jardine & Selby, 1830

LC

 

Blue-winged Leafbird

Chloropsis cochinchinensis Gmelin, 1789

LC

Ciconiidae

Lesser Adjutant

Leptoptilos javanicus (Horsfield, 1821)

VU

 

Asian Openbill

Anastomus oscitans (Boddaert, 1783)

LC

 

Greater Adjutant

Leptoptilos dubius Gmelin, 1789

EN

Cisticolidae

Common Tailorbird

Orthotomus sutorius (Pennant, 1769)

LC

 

Rufescent Prinia

Prinia rufescens Blyth, 1847

LC

 

Dark-necked Tailorbird

Orthotomus atrogularis Temminck, 1836

LC

 

Gray-breasted Prinia

Prinia hodgsonii Blyth, 1844

LC

 

Plain Prinia

Prinia inornata Sykes, 1832

LC

Columbidae

Oriental Turtle-Dove

Streptopelia orientalis (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Spotted Dove

Streptopelia chinensis (Scopoli, 1786)

LC

 

Yellow-footed Green-Pigeon

Treron phoenicopterus (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Asian Emerald Dove

Chalcophaps indica (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Wedge-tailed Green-Pigeon

Treron sphenurus (Vigors, 1832)

LC

 

Thick-billed Green-Pigeon

Treron curvirostra Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Red Collared-Dove

Streptopelia tranquebarica Hermann, 1804

LC

 

Rock Pigeon

Columba livia Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Ashy-headed Green-Pigeon

Treron phayrei (Blyth, 1862)

NT

 

Orange-breasted Green-Pigeon

Treron bicinctus (Jerdon, 1840)

LC

 

Green Imperial Pigeon

Ducula aenea (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Pin-tailed Green-Pigeon

Treron apicauda Blyth, 1846

LC

 

Eurasian Collared-Dove

Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky, 1838

LC

Coraciidae

Indochinese Roller

Coracias affinis McClelland, 1839

LC

 

Dollarbird

Eurystomus orientalis (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

Corvidae

House Crow

Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817

LC

 

Large-billed Crow

Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827

LC

 

Common Green-Magpie

Cissa chinensis (Boddaert, 1783)

LC

 

Rufous Treepie

Dendrocitta vagabunda (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Grey Treepie

Dendrocitta formosae Swinhoe, 1863

LC

Cuculidae

Asian Koel

Eudynamys scolopaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Green-billed Malkoha

Phaenicophaeus tristis (Lesson, 1830)

LC

 

Indian Cuckoo

Cuculus micropterus Gould, 1838

LC

 

Banded Bay Cuckoo

Cacomantis sonneratii (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Greater Coucal

Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815)

LC

 

Asian Emerald Cuckoo

Chrysococcyx maculatus Gmelin, 1788

LC

 

Lesser Coucal

Centropus bengalensis Gmelin, 1788

LC

 

Violet Cuckoo

Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus Horsfield, 1821

LC

 

Square-tailed Drongo-Cuckoo

Surniculus lugubris Horsfield, 1821

LC

 

Common Hawk-Cuckoo

Hierococcyx varius Vahl, 1797

LC

 

Common Cuckoo

Cuculus canorus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Plaintive Cuckoo

Cacomantis merulinus Scopoli, 1786

LC

 

Chestnut-winged Cuckoo

Clamator coromandus  Linnaeus, 1766

LC

 

Lesser Cuckoo

Cuculus poliocephalus Latham, 1790

LC

 

Large Hawk-Cuckoo

Hierococcyx sparverioides Vigors, 1832

LC

 

Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo

Hierococcyx nisicolor (Blyth, 1843)

LC

 

Pied Cuckoo

Clamator jacobinus Boddaert, 1783

LC

Dicaeidae

Plain Flowerpecker

Dicaeum minullum Swinhoe, 1870

LC

 

Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker

Dicaeum cruentatum (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Yellow-vented Flowerpecker

Dicaeum chrysorrheum Temminck, 1829

LC

Dicruridae

Black Drongo

Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817

LC

 

Bronzed Drongo

Dicrurus aeneus Vieillot, 1817

LC

 

Greater Racket-tailed Drongo

Dicrurus paradiseus (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Hair-crested Drongo

Dicrurus hottentottus (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Lesser Racket-tailed Drongo

Dicrurus remifer (Temminck, 1823)

LC

 

Ashy Drongo

Dicrurus leucophaeus Vieillot, 1817

LC

Estrildidae

Scaly-breasted Munia

Lonchura punctulata Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

White-rumped Munia

Lonchura striata Linnaeus, 1766

LC

Eurylaimidae

Long-tailed Broadbill

Psarisomus dalhousiae Jameson, 1835

LC

 

Silver-breasted Broadbill

Serilophus lunatus Gould, 1834

LC

Falconidae

Eurasian Kestrel

Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Collared Falconet

Microhierax caerulescens Linnaeus, 1758

LC

Fringillidae

Common Rosefinch

Carpodacus erythrinus (Pallas, 1770)

LC

Hirundinidae

Striated Swallow

Cecropis striolata (Schlegel, 1844)

NA

 

Barn Swallow

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Red-rumped Swallow

Cecropis daurica (Laxmann, 1769)

LC

 

Nepal House-Martin

Delichon nipalense Moore, 1854

LC

Irenidae

Asian Fairy-Bluebird

Irena puella (Latham, 1790)

LC

Jacanidae

Bronze-winged Jacana

Metopidius indicus (Latham, 1790)

LC

Laniidae

Grey-backed Shrike

Lanius tephronotus (Vigors, 1831)

LC

 

Long-tailed Shrike

Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Brown Shrike

Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

Leiothrichidae

Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush

Pterorhinus pectoralis Gould, 1836

LC

 

Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrush

Garrulax monileger (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

 

Jungle Babbler

Argya striata (Dumont, 1823)

LC

 

Nepal Fulvetta

Alcippe nipalensis (Hodgson, 1837)

LC

 

Blue-winged Minla

Actinodura cyanouroptera (Hodgson, 1837)

LC

 

Striated Babbler

Argya earlei (Blyth, 1844)

LC

 

White-crested Laughingthrush

Garrulax leucolophus (Hardwicke, 1816)

LC

Locustellidae

Striated Grassbird

Megalurus palustris Horsfield, 1821

LC

 

Baikal Bush Warbler

Locustella davidi (La Touche, 1923)

LC

 

Spotted Bush Warbler

Locustella thoracica (Blyth, 1845)

LC

Megalaimidae

Blue-throated Barbet

Psilopogon asiaticus (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Coppersmith Barbet

Psilopogon haemacephalus Muller, 1776

LC

 

Great Barbet

Psilopogon virens (Boddaert, 1783)

LC

 

Lineated Barbet

Psilopogon lineatus (Vieillot, 1816)

LC

 

Blue-eared Barbet

Psilopogon duvaucelii Lesson, 1830

LC

Meropidae

Chestnut-headed Bee-eater

Merops leschenaulti Vieillot, 1817

LC

 

Green Bee-eater

Merops orientalis Latham, 1801

LC

 

Blue-bearded Bee-eater

Nyctyornis athertoni Jardine & Selby, 1828

LC

 

Blue-tailed Bee-eater

Merops philippinus Linnaeus, 1767

LC

Monarchidae

Black-naped Monarch

Hypothymis azurea (Boddaert, 1783)

LC

 

Blyth's Paradise-Flycatcher

Terpsiphone affinis (Blyth, 1846)

LC

Motacillidae

Paddyfield Pipit

Anthus rufulus Vieillot, 1818

LC

 

Olive-backed Pipit

Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, 1907

LC

 

Gray Wagtail

Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771

LC

 

White Wagtail

Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

White-browed Wagtail

Motacilla maderaspatensis Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Forest Wagtail

Dendronanthus indicus Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Eastern Yellow Wagtail

Motacilla tschutschensis Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Citrine Wagtail

Motacilla citreola Pallas, 1776

LC

Muscicapidae

Blue Whistling-Thrush

Myophonus caeruleus (Scopoli, 1786)

LC

 

White-rumped Shama

Copsychus malabaricus (Scopoli, 1786)

LC

 

Oriental Magpie-Robin

Copsychus saularis Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Taiga Flycatcher

Ficedula albicilla (Pallas, 1811)

LC

 

Black-backed Forktail

Enicurus immaculatus (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

 

Pale-chinned Blue Flycatcher

Cyornis poliogenys Brooks, 1880

LC

 

Small Niltava

Niltava macgrigoriae Burton, 1836

LC

 

Snowy-browed Flycatcher

Ficedula hyperythra (Blyth, 1843)

LC

 

Dark-sided Flycatcher

Muscicapa sibirica Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Lesser Shortwing

Brachypteryx leucophris (Temminck, 1828)

LC

 

Pygmy Flycatcher

Ficedula hodgsoni Moore, 1854

LC

 

Grey Bushchat

Saxicola ferreus Gray & Gray, 1847

LC

 

White-tailed Robin

Myiomela leucura (Hodgson, 1845)

LC

 

Brown-breasted Flycatcher

Muscicapa muttui Layard, 1854)

LC

 

Blue-throated Flycatcher

Cyornis rubeculoides (Vigors, 1831)

LC

 

Little Pied Flycatcher

Ficedula westermanni (Sharpe, 1888)

LC

 

Pale Blue Flycatcher

Cyornis unicolor Blyth, 1843

LC

 

Asian Brown Flycatcher

Muscicapa dauurica Pallas, 1811

LC

 

Blue Rock-Thrush

Monticola solitaries  (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Slaty-backed Forktail

Enicurus schistaceus (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

 

Black Redstart

Phoenicurus ochruros Gmelin, 1774

LC

 

Verditer Flycatcher

Eumyias thalassinus (Swainson, 1838)

LC

 

Plumbeous Redstart

Phoenicurus fuliginosus (Vigors, 1831)

LC

 

White-capped Redstart

Phoenicurus leucocephalus (Vigors, 1831)

LC

 

Spotted Forktail

Enicurus maculatus Vigors, 1831

LC

 

Slaty-blue Flycatcher

Ficedula tricolor (Hodgson, 1845)

LC

 

Chestnut-bellied Rock-Thrush

Monticola rufiventris (Jardine & Selby, 1833)

LC

 

Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher

Ficedula strophiata (Hodgson, 1837)

LC

 

Rufous-bellied Niltava

Niltava sundara Hodgson, 1837

LC

 

Siberian Rubythroat

Calliope calliope (Pallas, 1776)

LC

 

White-crowned Forktail

Enicurus leschenaulti (Vieillot, 1818)

LC

 

Large Niltava

Niltava grandis (Blyth, 1842)

LC

 

Daurian Redstart

Phoenicurus auroreus (Pallas, 1776)

LC

 

Sapphire Flycatcher

Ficedula sapphire (Blyth, 1843)

LC

Nectariniidae

Crimson Sunbird

Aethopyga siparaja (Raffles, 1822)

LC

 

Ruby-cheeked Sunbird

Chalcoparia singalensis Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Streaked Spiderhunter

Arachnothera magna (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

 

Little Spiderhunter

Arachnothera longirostra (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Purple Sunbird

Cinnyris asiaticus (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Black-throated Sunbird

Aethopyga saturate (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

Oriolidae

Black-hooded Oriole

Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Maroon Oriole

Oriolus traillii (Vigors, 1832)

LC

 

Black-naped Oriole

Oriolus chinensis Linnaeus, 1766

LC

Paridae

Cinereous Tit

Parus cinereus Vieillot, 1818

LC

 

Fire-capped Tit

Cephalopyrus flammiceps  Burton, 1836

LC

 

Sultan Tit

Melanochlora sultanea (Hodgson, 1837)

LC

Passeridae

Eurasian Tree Sparrow

Passer montanus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

House Sparrow

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Russet Sparrow

Passer cinnamomeus (Gould, 1836)

LC

Pellorneidae

Puff-throated Babbler

Pellorneum ruficeps Swainson, 1832

LC

 

Abbott's Babbler

Malacocincla abbotti Blyth, 1845

LC

 

Buff-breasted Babbler

Pellorneum tickelli Blyth, 1859

LC

Phalacrocoracidae

Little Cormorant

Microcarbo niger (Vieillot, 1817)

LC

Phasianidae

Kalij Pheasant

Lophura leucomelanos (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Red Junglefowl

Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

White-cheeked Partridge

Arborophila atrogularis (Blyth, 1849)

NT

 

Black Francolin

Francolinus francolinus (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Gray Peacock-Pheasant

Polyplectron bicalcaratum (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

Phylloscopidae

Blyth's Leaf Warbler

Phylloscopus reguloides (Blyth, 1842)

LC

 

Whistler's Warbler

Phylloscopus whistleri Ticehurst, 1925

LC

 

White-spectacled Warbler

Phylloscopus intermedius Moore, 1854

LC

 

Yellow-browed Warbler

Phylloscopus inornatus (Blyth, 1842)

LC

 

Lemon-rumped Warbler

Phylloscopus chloronotus  Gray & Gray, 1847

LC

 

Tickell's Leaf Warbler

Phylloscopus affinis (Tickell, 1833)

LC

 

Yellow-vented Warbler

Phylloscopus cantator (Tickell, 1833)

LC

 

Dusky Warbler

Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth, 1842)

LC

 

Greenish Warbler

Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sundevall, 1837)

LC

 

Hume's Warbler

Phylloscopus humei Brooks, 1878

LC

 

Gray-hooded Warbler

Phylloscopus xanthoschistos Gray & Gray, 1847

LC

 

Green-crowned Warbler

Phylloscopus burkii (Burton, 1836)

LC

 

Ashy-throated Warbler

Phylloscopus maculipennis Blyth, 1867

LC

 

Gray-cheeked Warbler

Phylloscopus poliogenys (Blyth, 1847)

LC

 

Chestnut-crowned Warbler

Phylloscopus castaniceps (Hodgson, 1845)

LC

Picidae

Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker

Yungipicus canicapillus (Blyth, 1845)

NA

 

Grey-headed Woodpecker

Picus canus Gmelin, 1788

LC

 

Lesser Yellow naped Woodpecker

Picus chlorolophus Vieillot, 1818

LC

 

Greater Flameback

Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus (Tickell, 1833)

LC

 

Rufous Woodpecker

Micropternus brachyurus (Vieillot, 1818)

LC

 

White-browed Piculet

Sasia ochracea Hodgson, 1837

LC

 

Black-rumped Flameback

Dinopium benghalense (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Speckled Piculet

Picumnus innominatus Burton, 1836

LC

 

Pale-headed Woodpecker

Gecinulus grantia (Horsfield, 1840)

LC

 

Greater Yellownape

Chrysophlegma flavinucha Gould, 1834

LC

 

Streak-throated Woodpecker

Picus xanthopygaeus Gray & Gray, 1846

LC

 

Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker

Dendrocopos macei (Vieillot, 1818)

LC

 

Great Slaty Woodpecker

Mulleripicus pulverulentus (Temminck, 1826)

VU

 

Bay Woodpecker

Blythipicus pyrrhotis (Hodgson, 1837)

LC

Pittidae

Hooded Pitta

Pitta sordida Muller, 1776

LC

 

Blue-naped Pitta

Hydrornis nipalensis Hodgson, 1837

LC

Ploceidae

Baya Weaver

Ploceus philippinus Linnaeus, 1766

LC

Pnoepygidae

Pygmy Cupwing

Pnoepyga pusilla Hodgson, 1845

LC

Psittaculidae

Red-breasted Parakeet

Psittacula alexandri (Linnaeus, 1758)

NT

 

Rose-ringed Parakeet

Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769)

LC

 

Alexandrine Parakeet

Psittacula eupatria (Linnaeus, 1766)

NT

Pycnonotidae

Red-vented Bulbul

Pycnonotus cafer (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Ashy Bulbul

Hemixos flavala Blyth, 1845

LC

 

Black Bulbul

Hypsipetes leucocephalus Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Black-crested Bulbul

Rubigula flaviventris (Tickell, 1833)

LC

 

White-throated Bulbul

Alophoixus flaveolus (Gould, 1836)

LC

 

Red-whiskered Bulbul

Pycnonotus jocosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Striated Bulbul

Pycnonotus striatus (Blyth, 1842)

LC

Rallidae

Gray-headed Swamphen

Porphyrio poliocephalus (Latham, 1801)

LC

 

White-breasted Waterhen

Amaurornis phoenicurus (Pennant, 1769)

LC

 

Brown Crake

Zapornia akool (Sykes, 1832)

LC

 

Black-tailed Crake

Zapornia bicolor (Walden, 1872)

LC

Recurvirostridae

Black-winged Stilt

Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

Rhipiduridae

White-throated Fantail

Rhipidura albicollis (Vieillot, 1818)

LC

Scolopacidae

Marsh Sandpiper

Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803)

LC

 

Green Sandpiper

Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

Scotocercidae

Yellow-bellied Warbler

Abroscopus superciliaris (Blyth, 1859)

LC

 

Gray-bellied Tesia

Tesia cyaniventer Hodgson, 1837

LC

 

Mountain Tailorbird

Phyllergates cucullatus (Temminck, 1836)

LC

Sittidae

Velvet-fronted Nuthatch

Sitta frontalis Swainson, 1820

LC

 

Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch

Sitta cinnamoventris Blyth, 1842

LC

Stenostiridae

Grey-headed Canary-Flycatcher

Culicicapa ceylonensis (Swainson, 1820)

LC

Strigidae

Asian Barred Owlet

Glaucidium cuculoides (Vigors, 1831)

LC

 

Spot-bellied Eagle-Owl

Bubo nipalensis Hodgson, 1836

LC

 

Oriental Scops-Owl

Otus sunia (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

 

Collared Owlet

Taenioptynx brodiei Burton, 1836

LC

 

Spotted Owlet

Athene brama (Temminck, 1821)

LC

 

Brown Boobook

Ninox scutulata (Raffles, 1822)

LC

 

Collared Scops Owl

Otus lettia (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

 

Mountain Scops Owl

Otus spilocephalus (Blyth, 1846)

LC

 

Brown Wood Owl

Strix leptogrammica Temminck, 1832

LC

Sturnidae

Asian Pied Starling

Gracupica contra (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

Chestnut-tailed Starling

Sturnia malabarica Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Common Hill Myna

Gracula religiosa Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Common Myna

Acridotheres tristis (Linnaeus, 1766)

LC

 

Jungle Myna

Acridotheres fuscus (Wagler, 1827)

LC

 

Great Myna

Acridotheres grandis Moore, 1858

LC

 

Spot-winged Starling

Saroglossa spilopterus (Vigors, 1831)

LC

Timaliidae

Rufous-capped Babbler

Cyanoderma ruficeps, (Blyth, 1847)

LC

 

Pin-striped Tit-Babbler

Mixornis gularis (Horsfield, 1822)

LC

 

White-browed Scimitar-Babbler

Pomatorhinus schisticeps Hodgson, 1836

LC

 

Gray-throated Babbler

Stachyris nigriceps Blyth, 1844

LC

 

Buff-chested Babbler

Cyanoderma ambiguum (Harington, 1915)

NA

 

Large Scimitar-Babbler

Erythrogenys hypoleucos (Blyth, 1844)

LC

Trogonidae

Red-headed Trogon

Harpactes erythrocephalus (Gould, 1834)

LC

Turdidae

Eyebrowed Thrush

Turdus obscurus Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Gray-winged Blackbird

Turdus boulboul (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Orange-headed Thrush

Geokichla citrina (Latham, 1790)

LC

 

Red-throated Thrush

Turdus ruficollis Pallas, 1776

LC

Tytonidae

Oriental Bay-Owl

Phodilus badius (Horsfield, 1821)

LC

Upupidae

Eurasian Hoopoe

Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758

LC

Vangidae

Common Woodshrike

Tephrodornis pondicerianus Gmelin, 1789

LC

 

Large Woodshrike

Tephrodornis virgatus Temminck, 1824

LC

 

Bar-winged Flycatcher-shrike

Hemipus picatus (Sykes, 1832)

LC

Vireonidae

White-bellied Erpornis

Erpornis zantholeuca Blyth, 1844

LC

Zosteropidae

Oriental White-eye

Zosterops palpebrosus (Temminck, 1824)

LC

 

Whiskered Yuhina

Yuhina flavicollis Hodgson, 1836

LC

 

 

Table 5. Mammals of Garbhanga, Assam, India.

Family

Common name

Scienific name

IUCN Red List status

Cercopithecidae

Capped Langur

Trachypithecus pileatus (Blyth, 1843)

VU

 

Pig-tailed Macaque

Macaca leonina (Blyth, 1863)

NT

 

Rhesus Macaque

Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780)

LC

Hylobatidae

Western Hoolock Gibbon

Hoolock hoolock (Harlan, 1834)

VU

Lorisidae

Bengal Slow Loris

Nycticebus bengalensis (Lacépède, 1800)

EN

Elephantidae

Asiatic Elephant

Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758

EN

Bovidae

Gaur

Bos gaurus Smith, 1827

VU

Suidae

Wild Boar

Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758

LC

Cervidae

Barking Deer

Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmermann, 1780)

LC

Felidae

Leopard

Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)

VU

 

Jungle Cat

Felis chaus Schreber, 1777

LC

 

Leopard Cat

Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr, 1792)

LC

Canidae

Golden Jackal

Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

Herpestidae

Indian Mongoose

Herpestes javanicus (Hilaire, 1818)

LC

 

Crab-eating Mongoose

Herpestes urva (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

 

Small Indian Civet

Viverricula indica (Hilaire, 1803)

LC

 

Common Palm Civet

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Pallas, 1777)

LC

Mustelidae

Smooth-coated Otter 

Lutrogale perspicillata (Hilaire, 1826)

VU

 

Yellow-throated Marten

Martes flavigula (Boddaert, 1785)

LC

Leporidae

Indian Hare

 Lepus nigricollis Cuvier, 1823

LC

Manidae

Chinese Pangolin 

Manis pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758

CR

Soricidae

Asian House Shrew

Suncus murinus Linnaeus, 1766

LC

Hystricidae

Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine

Atherurus macrourus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

Sciuridae

Hoary-bellied Squirrel

Callosciurus pygerythrus (Hilaire, 1832)

LC

 

Particolored Flying Squirrel

Hylopetes alboniger (Hodgson, 1836)

LC

Muridae

Black Rat

Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758)

LC

 

House mouse

Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758

LC

 

Lesser Bandicoot Rat

Bandicota bengalensis (Gray, 1835)

LC

Pteropodidae

Indian Flying Fox

Pteropus giganteus (Brünnich, 1782)

LC

 

Short-nosed Fruit Bat 

Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797)

LC

Vespertilionidae

Indian Pipistrelle

Pipistrellus coromandra (Gray, 1838)

LC

 

 

For figures - - click here for complete PDF

 

 

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