Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2024 | 16(7): 25598–25603
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8154.16.7.25598-25603
#8154 | Received 21 August 2022 | Final received 29 June 2024 | Finally
accepted 12 July 2024
Bryophyte diversity of Berinag (Pithoragarh District) in Kumaun
Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India
D. Dhami
1 & P. Chaturvedi 2
1,2 Department of Biological
Sciences, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of
Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
263145, India.
1 deekshadhami@gmail.com, 2 an_priti@yahoo.co.in
(corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of
publication: 26 July 2024 (online & print)
Citation: Dhami, D. & P. Chaturvedi (2024). Bryophyte
diversity of Berinag (Pithoragarh District) in Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(7): 25598–25603. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8154.16.7.25598-25603
Copyright: © Dhami & Chaturvedi 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: No funding was received from any agency for this work.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Deeksha Dhami completed her M.Sc. thesis on diversity of bryophytes in Berinag. Her research interests include different aspects of bryophytes and medicinal plants. Dr. P. Chaturvedi is currently professor & head, Department of Biological Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. For the last 25 years, she has been working on biodiversity and bioprospecting of bryophytes and conservation biology of threatened medicinal flora of Uttarakhand.
Author contributions: DD collected the samples, prepared the herbarium specimens and wrote the first draft. PC conceptualized and designed the study and prepared the final draft.
Acknowledgements: Both the authors are highly
grateful to Dr. S.D. Tewari, retired professor, I.P.G.P.C.C. Haldwani for providing generous support to
conduct this study. Authors are also thankful to the dean, CBSH and G.B. Pant
University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar for providing the necessary lab
facilities.
Abstract: This study reports the diversity
of bryophytes of Berinag (Dist. Pithoragarh),
Uttarakhand (India). In the investigation, a total of 33 species were reported,
out of which eight were liverworts and 25 were mosses. Majority of the taxa
were terricolous and corticolous. Liverwort species
belonged to six genera of five families and two orders whereas mosses belonged
to 24 genera of 17 families and eight orders. Out of the 10 orders dealt in the
present work, Hypnales was the largest consisting of
seven families, nine genera, and nine species followed by Dicranales
and Marchantiales both consisting of three families,
five, and four genera, respectively. In mosses, Bryaceae
was the dominant family consisting of three genera and four species followed by
Calymperaceae, Leucobryaceae,
Anomodontaceae, Leskeaceae,
and Polytrichaceae. Out of 25 mosses, 15 were acrocarpous and 10 were pleurocarpous.
Aytoniaceae was dominant among liverworts. Marchantia, Frullania,
and Bryum were the dominant genera of the
region.
Keywords: Acrocarpous,
bryoflora, corticolous,
hornworts, hypnales, liverworts, Marchantiales,
mosses, pleurocarpous, Pottiaceae.
INTRODUCTION
India is one of the mega diverse
countries blessed with four global diversity hotspots, home to more than 49,000
species of plants, bestowed with 18,800 species of Angiosperms, 82 species of
Gymnosperms, 1,307 species of Pteridophytes, 7,434 species of Algae, 2,786
species of Bryophytes, and 2,917 species of Lichens. According to Plant Mao et
al. (2020), bryophytes constitute 5.57 % of total plants of India.
State-wise distribution list of
liverworts and hornworts in India (Singh et al. 2016) suggested that the state
of Uttarakhand ranked second in the country holding 47 families of liverworts
and hornworts. The state is home to 84 genera and 259 species and infraspecific
taxa of liverworts and hornworts ranking fourth and fifth in the country,
respectively, for number of genera and species. There are 339 species belonging
to 129 genera of mosses in Uttarakhand (Suman et al. 2010).
Luxuriant forests, varied
topography, and suitable climatic conditions made Kumaun
Himalaya of Uttarakhand, very rich in bryophyte diversity. Pithoragarh is the
easternmost district in the Kumaun region of
Uttarakhand. The study area (29.781–29.778 °N & 80.045–80.048 °E), Berinag, is a hill station and one of the six
administrative subdivisions (tehsil) of Pithoragarh famous for tea estates
(Figure 1). It is located at an elevation of 2,540–1,674 m (source: Google
Earth). It got its name from Naga Devta temple
locally called ‘Bedinag’ situated at the top of Berinag Hill. Limestone, sandstone, slate, gneiss, and
granite rocks are very common in the region. It has a humid and cold climate.
Earlier, most of the land was covered by the forest, however, due to rapid
urbanization, biodiversity of this area is under threat. Today, various types
of new projects like electricity production from pine needles, tourism and
small-scale industries are flourishing in this area, however, threat to the
biodiversity remains unaddressed. For the biodiversity conservation of the
area, a complete taxonomic data of the region is essential. In the ongoing
decade of ecosystem restoration (www.unep.org), diversity of the pioneers of
vegetation needs to be assessed for getting the up-to-date health profile of
the fragile mountain ecosystems. The present study,
attempts to document the bryophytic flora of Berinag
and prepare a preliminary checklist based on this.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present work is the outcome
of several plant surveys done in the study area by the first author (DP) from
September 2018 to June 2019. Systematic collection of bryoflora
was done from the various localities. Plants from different terrestrial
habitats were collected, air dried and were kept in paper packets (15 x 10 cm).
Field data such as name, locality from where the collection was done, date of
collection, habitat, substratum, collector’s name, associated species were
written on the paper packets followed by the identification of collected
samples using the available monographs of Gangulee
(1969–1980), Chopra (1975), & Aziz & Vohra (2008) for mosses and
Kashyap (1929), Watson (1968), Singh & Singh (2009), & Dey & Singh (2012) for liverworts. Bryonet
and bryophyte experts were also consulted to confirm the identity of some
confusing taxa. Standard abbreviations of authors’ names have been followed
according to Brummit & Powell (1992). The
collected samples have been deposited in Cryptogam section of Herbarium of G.B.
Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar
(GBPUH). Enumeration is done in accordance with the classification given by
Crandall-Stotler et al. (2009) for liverworts and Goffinet et al. (2009) for mosses. Orders and families have
been arranged as per adopted classifications. The genera within each family and
the species within each genus have been arranged alphabetically. All species
were verified against TROPICOS data base (www.tropicos.org), The Plant List
2013 (www.theplantlist.org), and Catalogue of Life (CoL
2021).
RESULTS
Increased tourism activities,
unabated biological resource usage and unrestricted infrastructure development
in the hills have been the major factors responsible for diminishing plant
diversity of the region. Bryophytes along with pteridophytes and herbaceous
angiosperms form the major ground flora of the hill forests. Besides, the
miniature cryptogams also adorn the tree barks and rocky surfaces. Habitat
preference of bryophytes itself signifies their role as an important indicator
of ecosystem health. To recreate and restore diminishing health of fragile
ecosystems of mountainous tourist spots, bryofloristic
assessment and conservation is essential. Bryophytes of Berinag
along with their local distribution, information about their substratum and
taxonomic hierarchies of species are listed in Table 1. Out of the 33 taxa reported in the region,
eight taxa belonged to liverworts and remaining 25 were mosses. Hornworts were
not found in the study area. This accounted for 1.18% of total bryophytes in
just around 0.0002% of total geographic area of the country. Substratum details
give the idea of dominance of terrestrial and corticolous
forms of bryophytes in Berinag (Figure 2). Out of 25
mosses, 15 were acrocarpous mosses and 10 mosses were
pleurocarpous making acrocarpous
growth forms most dominant amongst mosses (Figure 3).
Hypnales and Marchantiales
were the most dominant orders with representation of seven and three families
respectively. Bryum, Frullania,
and Marchantia were represented by two
species each in the study area. A preliminary checklist enlisting 51 taxa has
earlier been reported by Alam et al. (2012)
from Dharchula and Munsyari
tehsils of Pithoragarh wherein, Hypnales was the most
dominant order represented by seven families followed by Bryales
and Dicranales representing three families each among
mosses. Marchantiales was the most dominant order
among liverworts representing eight families. According to the moss checklist
of western Himalaya (India) by Alam (2013), there are
745 species of mosses belonging to 230 genera and 55 families. Hypnales is the most diversified order of mosses followed
by Pottiales and Bryales.
In the present study also, Hypnales was the most
dominant group of mosses followed by Dicranales.
Family wise comparison of
distribution of collected genera and species in the world, in western Himalaya,
in Uttarakhand, in Pithoragarh District and in the study area (Berinag) is provided in the Table 2. According to The Plant
List (2013), a total of 1,822 plant genera in 177 families of bryophytes are
present in the world out of which maximum number of genera and species belong
to family Pottiaceae (138 genera, 3,223 species)
followed by Bryaceae (43 genera, 2,108 species). Dandotiya et al.
(2011) reported total 1,786 species of mosses in 355 genera and 675 species
of liverworts in 121 genera
in India, out of which maximum number of taxa belonged to family Pottiaceae (38 genera, 207 species) followed by Lejeuneaceae and Notothyladaceae.
Sahu & Asthana (2015) reported 72 moss taxa
belonging to 24 families from Pithoragarh and adjoining areas with Bryaceaee being the most diverse family represented by nine
genera. The present bryofloristic study of Berinag also reports maximum number of species belonging to
Bryaceae but with a lesser representation, i.e.,
three genera and four species only (Tables 1 & 2). According to Alam (2013), maximum diversity of mosses in western
Himalaya (India) is represented by family Pottiaceae
which included 116 species belonging to 32 genera. Unlike the general trend in
western Himalaya or India or Uttarakhand, in the present study, Bryaceae is having maximum diversity. This may be due to
dominance of mixed pine-oak forests in the region. Bryaceae
members prefer shade and lower temperature while Pottiaceae
is more common in comparatively drier and open areas. Habitat preference of the
bryophytic vegetation suggests the dominance of both terricolous and corticolous forms represented by 11 species each. Habitat
wise distribution of bryophytic vegetation of district Nainital and selected
mineralized localities of Almora and Pithoragarh
districts of Kumaun Himalaya have earlier been
reported by Tewari and Pant (1994).
Table 1. Bryophytes of Berinag
(Pithoragarh District), Uttarakhand.
|
|
Family |
Species |
Local distribution |
Substratum |
|
A) |
LIVERWORTS |
|||
|
1 |
Aytoniaceae |
Plagiochasma appendiculatum Lehm. & Lindenb. |
New Bazar Berinag,
29.778°N, 80.053°E |
Cemented wall |
|
2 |
Reboulia hemisphaerica (L.) Raddi |
New Bazar Berinag,
29.778°N, 80.053°E |
Cemented wall |
|
|
3 |
Dumortieraceae |
Dumortiera hirsuta (Sw.) Nees |
Kanera (Site rich in
water) 29.672°N, 80.055°E |
Stone |
|
4 |
Marchantiaceae |
Marchantia papillata Raddi |
Degree College Berinag, 29.775°N, 80.050°E |
Cemented wall |
|
5 |
Marchantia polymorpha L. |
Naula Berinag, 29.778°N, 80.053°E |
Stone |
|
|
6 |
Frullaniaceae |
Frullania ericoides Nees (Mont). |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Bark of Quercus leucotricophora A.Campus
and Mangifera indica
L. |
|
7 |
Frullania muscicola Steph. |
Kalibinayak, 29.704°N,
80.054°E |
Bark of Q. leucotricophora A.Campus
|
|
|
8 |
Porellaceae |
Porella caespitans (Steph.) S.Hatt. |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Bark of Q. leucotricophora A.Campus
|
|
B) |
MOSSES |
|||
|
9 |
Bartramiaceae |
Philonotis mollis (Dozy & Molk.) |
Forest of Berinag,
29.780°N, 80.055°E |
Soil |
|
10 |
Bryaceae |
Bryum argenteum Hedw. |
Berinag Main Market,
29.778°N, 80.053° E |
Humus mixed soil |
|
11 |
Bryum mildeanum
Jur. |
Berinag forest 29.780°N, 80.055°E |
Soil |
|
|
12 |
Ptychostomum capillare (Hedw.) Holyoak & N.Pedersen. |
Berinag forest, 29.780°N,
80.055°E |
Soil |
|
|
13 |
Rhodobryum roseum (Hedw.). Limpr. |
Berinag forest, 29.780°N,
80.060°E |
Soil |
|
|
14 |
Mniaceae |
Mnium integrum Bosch & Sande Lac. |
Berinag forest, 29.780° N,
80.055° E |
Soil |
|
15 |
Calymperaceae |
Octoblepharum albidum Hedw. |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Bark of Q. leucotricophora A.Campus |
|
16 |
Syrrhopodon gardneri (Hook.) Schwagr |
Kalibinayak, 29.704°N,
80.055°E |
Bark of Q. leucotricophora A.Campus
and Q. glauca Thunb. |
|
|
17 |
Ditrichaceae |
Ditrichum heteromallum (Hedw.) |
Forest of Berinag,
29.780° N, 80.060° E |
Rock |
|
18 |
Leucobryaceae |
Brothera leana (Sull.) Müll. |
Kalibinayak, 29.704° N,
80.054°E |
Bark of Q. leucotricophora A.Campus
|
|
19 |
Thysanomitrion involutum (Mull.Hal.)
P.de la Varde |
Degree College Berinag, 29.775°N, 80.050°E |
Stone |
|
|
20 |
Funariaceae |
Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. |
Forest of Berinag,
29.780°N, 80.055°E |
Soil |
|
21 |
Anomodontaceae |
Anomodon minor (Hedw.) Lindb. |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Bark of Toona
ciliata M.Roem. |
|
22 |
Herpetineuron toccoae (Sull. & Lesq.) Cardot. |
Dhanouli, 29.761°N,
80.053°E |
Bark of Q. leucotricophora A.Campus
and Q. glauca Thunb. |
|
|
23 |
Brachytheciaceae |
Oxyrrhynchium vagans (A.Jaeger) Ignatov & Huttunen. |
Kanera, 29.672°N, 80.055°E |
Soil |
|
24 |
Entodontaceae |
Entodon concinnus ° |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Cemented wall |
|
25 |
Leskeaceae |
Haplocladium schimperi Ther. |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Bark of T. ciliata M.Roem.
and M. indica L. |
|
26 |
Rozea pterogonioides (Harv.)
A. Jaeger |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Soil |
|
|
27 |
Meteoriaceae |
Trachypodopsis serrulata (P. Beauv.) M. Fleisch. |
Naula site Berinag, 29.778°N, 80.053°E |
Cemented wall |
|
28 |
Neckeraceae |
Neckeropsis exserta (Hook. ex Schwagr.)
Broth. |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Wood of M. indica L |
|
29 |
Thuidiaceae |
Thuidium tamariscellum (Mull. Hal.) Bosch & Sande
Lac. |
Dhanouli, 29.761°N,
80.053°E |
Stone |
|
30 |
Orthotrichaceae |
Macromitrium moorcroftii (Hook. & Grev.) Schwagr. |
Kalibinayak,29.704°N, 80.054°E |
Branch of Q. leucotricophora A.Campus |
|
31 |
Polytrichaceae |
Atrichum obtusulum (Mull. Hal.) A.Jaeger. |
Berinag forest, 29.780°N,
80.055°E |
Soil |
|
32 |
Pogonatum aloides (Hedw.) P.Beauv. |
Berinag forest,29.780°N, 80.055°E |
Soil |
|
|
33 |
Pottiaceae |
Hyophila involuta (Hedw.) P.Beauv. |
Kanera, 29.672°N,
80.055°E |
Soil |
Table 2. Family wise comparison of
distribution of genera and species in the world, in India, in western Himalaya,
in Uttarakhand and in the study area.
|
Family |
Number of genera and species |
||||||||||||||
|
In the World (The Plant List
2013) |
In India |
In western Himalaya (Alam 2013) |
In Uttarakhand (Suman et al. 2010) |
In Pithoragarh |
In Berinag
(Dhami 2019) |
||||||||||
|
(Sahu
& Asthana 2015) |
(Alam
et al. 2012) |
||||||||||||||
|
(Dandotiya
et al. 2011) |
|||||||||||||||
|
G |
S |
G |
S |
G |
S |
G |
S |
G |
S |
G |
S |
G |
S |
||
|
Aytoniaceae |
10 |
115 |
6 |
30 |
- |
- |
7 |
22 |
- |
- |
3 |
6 |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Dumortieraceae |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Marchantiaceae |
7 |
50 |
3 |
24 |
- |
- |
3 |
5 |
- |
- |
1 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
|
|
Frullaniaceae |
- |
- |
1 |
42 |
- |
- |
1 |
7
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
1 |
2 |
|
|
Porellaceae |
5 |
134 |
1 |
24 |
- |
- |
1 |
16 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Bartramiaceae |
14 |
686 |
8 |
48 |
7 |
28 |
4 |
12 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Bryaceae |
43 |
2108 |
09 |
103 |
6 |
45 |
6 |
32 |
5 |
9 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
Mniaceae |
13 |
222 |
7 |
64 |
7 |
38 |
3 |
20 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Ditrichaceae |
34 |
347 |
9 |
30 |
4 |
12 |
4 |
9 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Calymperaceae |
19 |
417 |
7 |
35 |
2 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Leucobryaceae |
- |
- |
8 |
69 |
2 |
5 |
5 |
9 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Pottiaceae |
138 |
3223 |
38 |
207 |
32 |
116 |
17 |
60 |
6 |
8 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Funariaceae |
24 |
452 |
4 |
47 |
3 |
15 |
3 |
11 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Anomodontaceae |
- |
- |
5 |
17 |
- |
- |
3 |
8 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Brachytheciaceae |
62 |
1117 |
9 |
66 |
- |
- |
7 |
19 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Entodontaceae |
13 |
314 |
3 |
19 |
3 |
3 |
5 |
15 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Leskeaceae |
22 |
383 |
10 |
35 |
12 |
30 |
5 |
17 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
2 |
2 |
|
|
Meteoriaceae |
30 |
650 |
21 |
80 |
11 |
21 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
5 |
3 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Neckeraceae |
37 |
827 |
19 |
93 |
8 |
21 |
6 |
12 |
1 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Thuidiaceae |
33 |
504 |
3 |
27 |
5 |
27 |
1 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
|
|
Orthotrichaceae |
44 |
1265 |
13 |
64 |
1 |
18 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
|
|
Polytrichaceae |
31 |
536 |
5 |
55 |
5 |
24 |
4 |
18 |
2 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
-—indicates that respective
species is not included in the source | G—number of genera | S—number of
species.
For
figures - - click here for full PDF
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