Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2023 | 15(5): 23233–23239
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8095.15.5.23233-23239
#8095 | Received 07 July 2022 | Final
received 19 January 2023 | Finally accepted 16 May 2023
A first report of dung beetle Garreta smaragdifer (Walker, 1858) attending the faecal matter of Northern Plain Gray Langur Semnopithecus
entellus (Dufresne, 1997) with range extension and a checklist of the genus
Garreta Janssen, 1940
Aparna Sureshchandra Kalawate 1 & Muhamed Jafer Palot 2
1,2 Zoological Survey of
India, Western Regional Centre, Vidya Nagar, Sector-29, P.C.N.T. (PO), Rawet Road, Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra
411044, India.
1 aparna_ent@yahoo.co.in
(corresponding author) 2 palot.zsi@gmail.com
Editor: S.M. Gaikwad, Shivaji
University, Kolhapur, India. Date
of publication: 26 May 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Kalawate, A.S. & M.J. Palot (2023). A first report of dung beetle Garreta
smaragdifer (Walker, 1858) attending the faecal matter of Northern Plain Gray Langur Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne, 1997) with
range extension and a checklist of the genus Garreta
Janssen, 1940. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(5): 23233–23239. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8095.15.5.23233-23239
Copyright: © Kalawate & Palot 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows
unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium
by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: The work is based on the annual research programme of Zoological Survey of India, WRC, Pune ( Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India).
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Aparna Sureshchandra Kalawate
(ASK) and M.J. Palot (MJP) are scientist working in Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune. ASK is an entomologist and her interest groups are moths and scarab beetles. She has more than 68 research papers published in peer reviewed journals and holds an Indian Patent in the field of wood preservative chemical. MJP works on mammals, reptiles, birds and butterflies. He has more than 100 research papers published in peer reviewed journals.
Author contributions: ASK formulated the study, identified the beetle, dissected genetalia, taken photos, prepared map, written MS. MJP written the identification part of the Hanuman Langur, identified the Langur and helped in compilation, taken photo of Langur.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Drs.
Dhriti Banerjee, director, Zoological Survey of
India, Kolkata and Basudev Tripathy,
officer-in-charge, Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune
for constant encouragements and access to research facilities. We are thankful
to the reviewers and the subject editor for their valuable suggestions and
constructive criticism for improving the manuscript. Due acknowledgements to
the forest department of Maharashtra for permission, permit and logistic
support.
Abstract: Genus Garreta Janssens, 1940 is an Afrotropical and of
Oriental origin, consisting of 25 species and two subspecies from the world,
eight species from India and two species from Maharashtra. Out of eight Indian
species two are endemic to India. The present report is the first report of
feeding of Garreta smaragdifer
(Walker, 1858) on the faecal matter of Northern Plain
Gray Langur Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne,
1997) and also its range extension from central India to Maharashtra.
Keywords: Gautala-Autramghat Wildlife Sanctuary,
primate, Satmala and Ajanta Hill ranges.
Introduction
The genus Garreta Janssens, 1940, is widely distributed in
Afrotropical and Oriental regions (Davis & Deschodt
2018) and is known by 25 extant species and two subspecies (Morrtto
& Génier 2015; Schoolmeesters
2017; Davis & Deschodt 2018; Pokorny & Zídek 2018; Zídek 2018) from the
world including 8 from India (Mittal 2011; Chandra & Gupta 2014). The Asian
species of this genus have been revised by Pokorny & Zidek
(2016) and the African species by Pokorny & Zidek
(2018). In their revision, they clearly state that describing species in this
genus based on the colours is not valid. The colour changes in this group are due to the temperature
induced effect, they further state that the species distributed in the warmer
regions are greenish-bluish in temperate regions and coppery in intermediate
climatic conditions.
The species in this
genus look similar and to delineate the species, recently in Afrotropical
species, the micro-sculpture of the exoskeleton was used as an important
character for differentiation by Moretto & Génier
(2015) who divided some species into two species groups based on
micro-sculpture and geographical distribution, i.e., Garreta
laetus group and included three species,
namely: G. caffer Fåhraeus,
1857, G. laetus (Hope, 1842), and G.
nyassicus (Kolbe, 1897). In Garreta nitens
group G. nitens (Olivier, 1789), G.
rutilans (Castelnau
1840), and G. wahlbergi (Fåhraeus, 1857) have been included. The other species have
not been included in any species group so far. In the present study, two
infraspecific taxa, namely, G. laetus
laetus (Hope, 1842) and G. laetus olivaceus (Quedenfeldt, 1884) have been considered valid (see Moretto
& Génier 2015).
Material and Methods
The observation taken
on the G. smaragdifer was opportunistic
from the Gautala-Autramghat Wildlife Sanctuary,
Maharashtra during a faunistic survey tour to the region from 9–18 August 2021.
A few specimens were collected for identification in the laboratory. The
specimens were hand-picked and kept in a vial of 70 percent ethyl alcohol. Leica
EZ4E stereomicroscope with photographic facility was used for examining the
specimens. The specimen was identified using available literature (Chandra
& Gupta 2014; Pokorny & Zidek 2016). The
distribution and the type locality data have been verified from Janssens
(1940), Chandra & Gupta (2014), Pokorny & Zídek
(2018), and Zídek (2018). The map of the collection
locality was prepared using open, free access QGIS software version 3.16
(Figure 1). The material examined was deposited in the national repository of
Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
(ZSI-WRC).
Results and Discussion
Taxonomic account
Family Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802
Subfamily Scarabaeinae Latreille, 1802
Tribe Gymnopleurini Lacordaire, 1856
Genus Garreta Janssen, 1940
1803. Gymnopleurus llliger
(ex parte), Mag. Ins., II: 199.
1897. Paragymnopleurus Shipp (ex parte),
Entom., XXX: 166.
1940. Garreta Janssen, Verh
Kon Nat Mus Belg Brussel
2(18): 22.
Type species: Ateuchus azureus Fabricius, 1801 (= Garreta
azureus (Fabricius,
1801)), Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH).
Garreta smaragdifer (Walker, 1858)
(Image 1B–D)
1858. Gymnopleurus smaragdifer
Walker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) II: 208.
1931. Gymnopleurus smaragdifer
Arrow, Fauna British India including Ceylon & Burma, Coleoptera, Lamellicornis,
III : 60–61, pl. III, fig. 13.
1940. Garreta smaragdifer,
Janssens, Verh. Kon.
Nat. Mus. Belg., 2 (18): 29, pl. I, fig. 2.
1963. Gymnopleurus (Garreta)
smaragdifer, Balthasar, Mon. Scarab. Aphod. Palae. Ori. Reg., (Coleoptera: Lamellicornia), Coprinae, I: 226.
2014. Garreta smaragdifer Chandra
& Gupta, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B Biol. Sci., (B) 84
(2):317–330.
2016. Garreta smaragdifer,
Pokorný & Zidek, Insecta Mundi, 0483: 1–8.
Type locality: Sri Lanka?
Material examined: ZSI-WRC Ent-1/4123,
12.viii.2021, 5 examples, Kedarkund (20.311N &
74.971E; 409m), Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India, coll. A.S. Kalawate.
Distributon: India
(Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra (in this study range extended),
southern India), Sri Lanka.
Gautala-Autramghat Wildlife Sanctuary,
Maharashtra, India lies in the Satmala and Ajantha hill ranges. During our field survey tour of the
sanctuary, we came across many G. smaragdifer
adults, busy rolling in fresh primate faecal matter of the Northern Plain Gray Langur Semnopithecus entellus (Dufresne, 1997). Large troops of the langur were seen hopping
on the Hardwickia binata
Roxb. trees present in the Patnadevi
part of the sanctuary and around the Bhaskaracharya
Forest Guest house during the day time. Near the guest house it was observed
that the fresh dung of the langur was rolled and carried by the large number of
G. smaragdifer, who were busy in
rolling and fighting for the dung in the day time. The langur was identified by
the mammal expert and the second author. Some of the beetles were collected and
brought to the laboratory for further study and to our surprise it was
identified as G. smaragdifer, a new
record for Maharashtra whose range extended from central India to Maharashtra.
The aim of this paper is to provide a first report of the Dung Beetle G.
smaragdifer attending the faecal
matter of a primate species from India and also its range extension from
Maharashtra.
First instance, on 12
August 2021, we observed a large troop of langurs near the Kedarkund
area (20.309N & 74.967E; 447 m) very close to the water falls, about 4 km
from the Bhaskaracharya Forest Rest House (Figure 1).
The entire forest floor was covered with the shiny bluish-green dung beetles,
either rolling or devouring the faecal matters of the
langur (Image 1). As many as 80 beetles were counted during the survey. The
next day, a similar emergence of dung beetles was noticed all along within the
campus of the Bhaskracharya Forest Rest House
(20.318N & 74.975E; 468 m), where a small roost of about 15 langurs was
seen. A total of more than 100 beetles were encountered during the period. All
were actively rolling the very meagre faecal matters
underneath the tree. Some of them were fighting for the dung balls. This is a
common practice where male dung beetles fight for the dung pad with other males. Both the days were exceptionally
wet and the weather was slightly overcast with a light drizzle.
Various reports
suggest that a dung ball is rolled away from the dung for brood construction by
a single beetle, or by a pair and buried in the soil (Prasse
1957). An egg is laid at its base, and is covered with dung in the chamber
making a brood. This brood is then coated with a mixture of soil and dung to
prevent fungal attack (Scholtz et al. 2009). The Garreta
brood is generally oval in shape. We also noticed slightly oval shaped brood
balls all along the locality.
The other primate
species observed during the survey was the Rhesus Macaque Macaca
mulatta Zimmermann, 1780, which are found in
small numbers at the locality. Major herbivorous animals observed from the Gautala-Autramghat Sanctuary were Nilgai Bosephalus tragocamelus
(Pallas, 1766), Indian Gazelle Gazella bennettii (Sykes, 1831), Sambar Rusa
unicolor (Kerr, 1792), Spotted Deer Axis axis (Erxleben, 1777), Barking Deer Muntiacus
muntjac (Zimmermann, 1780), and Wild Boar Sus
scrofa Linnaeus, 1758. Carnivorous animals like
Leopard Panthera pardus
(Linnaeus, 1758), Tiger Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758), and Jungle Cat Felis chaus Schreber, 1777 were also found during the survey. It was
observed in the field that faecal matters of these
animals were not attended to by G. smaragdifer.
Most scarabs prefer
to feed on herbivore faecal matter, which are largely
undigested plant matter, rather than carnivore faecal
matters, which hold very little nutritional value for insects (Hadley
2021). According to Al-Houty & Musalam (1997) the faecal matter of herbivorous mammals was more preferred
than the carnivores. There are many
studies on the dung beetles attending on the dungs of elephants (Sabu et al.
2006), Gaur (Vinod & Sabu 2007), cattle species (Tonelli et al. 2021) from
India. There are reports of dung beetles attending on the scats of carnivorous
animals too (Al-Houty & Musalam
1997). Even though studies were reported on the faecal
matters of primates from other countries (Estrada & Coates-Estrada 1991) so
far there were none from India. Hence, the present report forms the first
instance of dung beetles on the dungs of primate species from India and also
reporting the beetle species G. smaragdifer for
the first time from Maharashtra State.
The extant species of
the genus Garreta Janson, 1940 (modified from
Moretto & Génier 2015 and Zídek
2018).
1. Garreta australugens Davis
& Deschodt, 2018.
Garreta australugens
Davis & Deschodt, Zootaxa, 4450(2): 242–248.
Type Locality:
Wildlife College, South Africa; SANC (South Africa, Gauteng, Pretoria, South
African National Collection of Insects).
Distribution:
Southern Africa.
2. Garreta azureus (Fabricius, 1801)
1801. Ateuchus azureus
Fabricius, Syst. Eleuth.,
I: 57.
Type Locality: Guinea
[Ghana]; ZMUC (Zoological Museum of Copenhagen University, Denmark).
Distribution: Africa.
3. Garreta bechynei (Pokorny
& Zidek, 2018)
2018. Garreta bechynei Pokorny
& Zidek, Folia Heyrovskyana,
A, 26(1): 96.
Type Locality: N Zérékoré, se. Guinea; NMPC (National Museum (Natural
History), Prague, Czech Republic).
Distribution: Guinea.
4. Garreta caffer (Fahraeus, 1857)
1857. Gymnopleurus caffer
Fahraeus, in Boheman, Ins. Caffr., II: 181.
Type Locality: Caffraria; NHRS (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden).
Distribution: Angola,
South Africa.
5. Garreta crenulatus (Kolbe,
1895)
1895. Gymnopleurus crenulatus
Kolbe, Stett. Ent. Zeits.,
LVI : 333.
Type Locality: N of
Lake Albert (Uganda?); MNHB (Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut,
Berlin, Germany).
Distribution:
Republic Democratic Congo.
6. Garreta dejeani (Castelnau, 1840)
1840. Gymnopleurus dejeani
Castelnau, Hist. Nat. Col., II: 70.
Type Locality: Not
known; MNHN? (Muséum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, France).
Distribution: India
(Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand), Nepal, Pakistan.
7. Garreta diffinis (Waterhouse,
1890)
1890. Gymnopleurus diffinis
Waterhouse, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), V: 372.
Type Locality:
Senegambia; BMNH (Natural History Museum, London, UK).
Distribution: Gabon,
Gambia, Senegal, sw. DRC (Kuilu=Kwilu
River).
8. Garreta fastiditus (Harold,
1867)
1867. Gymnopleurus fastiditus
Harold, Col. Hefte, I : 74.
Type Locality: Cape
of Good Hope MNHN (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
France).
Distribution:
Zimbabwe, Mozambique, South Africa.
9. Garreta gilleti (Garreta, 1914)
1914. Gymnopleurus gilleti
Garreta, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr.: 412.
Type Locality:
Saigon, Cochinchine; MNHN (Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, France).
Distribution: India
(Uttar Pradesh) Thailand, Vietnam.
10. Garreta laetus (Hope,
1842)
1842. Gymnopleurus laetus
Hope, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., IX: 494.
Type Locality:
Liberia: environs de cap Palmas [=Cape Palmas, Liberia]; OXUM (Oxford
University Museum of Natural History, UK).
Distribution: Benin,
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Democratic Republic
of Congo, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.
11. Garreta laetus laetus (Hope, 1842)
1895. Gymnopleurus cupreovirens
Kolbe, Stettiner entomologische
Zeitung, 56 (10-12): 333.
Type Locality:
Liberia: environs de cap Palmas [=Cape Palmas, Liberia]; OXUM (Oxford
University Museum of Natural History, UK).
Distribution: Cape
Palmas.
12. Garreta laetus olivaceus (Quedenfeldt, 1884)
1884. Gymnopleurus olivaceus
Quedenfeldt, Berliner entomologische
Zeitschrift, 28 (2): 269.
Type Locality: Malange [Angola]; (MNHN) (Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, France).
Distribution: Angola,
Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Republic Democratic Congo, Tanzanie,
and Zimbabwe.
13. Garreta lugens (Fairmaire, 1891)
1891. Gymnopleurus lugens
Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXV: 284.
Type Locality:
Somalia; NHMW (Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna,
Austria).
Distribution:
Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Somalia, and Tanzania.
14. Garreta
malleolus Kolbe, 1895
1895. Gymnopleurus malleolus Kolbe, Stett. Ent. Zeits.,
LVI: 334.
Type Locality:
Tanganyika. Lac Victoria [=East of Lake Tanganyika]; MNHB (Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut, Berlin, Germany).
Distribution: Republic
Democratic Congo, Ruanda, Mozambique, Uganda, Urundi,
and Zimbabwe.
15. Garreta matabelensis Janssens,
1938
1938. Gymnopleurus (Paragymnopleurus)
matabelensis Janssens, Mission de Witte,
Pare National Albert, 21: 44.
Type Locality:
Matabele, Zimbabwe; ISNB (Institut Royal des Sciences
Naturelles, Brussels, Belgium).
Distribution:
Zimbabwe.
16. Garreta mombelgi (Boucomont, 1929)
1929. Gymnopleurus mombelgi
Boucomont, Lingn.
Sc. Journ. 7 : 760.
Type Locality:
Sichuan, Yunnan, China; MNHN (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
France).
Distribution: China.
17. Garreta morosus (Fairmaire, 1886)
1886. Gymnopleurus morosus
Fairmaire, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6), VI: 319.
Type Locality:
Sichuan, Yunnan, China; MNHN (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris,
France).
Distribution: China.
18. Garreta mundus (Wiedemann, 1819)
1819. Gymnopleurus mundus Wiedemann, Zool. Mag., I, 3:
162.
Type Locality: the
type destroyed.
Distribution: India
(Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab,
Uttarakhand), Pakistan, southwestern China.
19. Garreta namalugens
Davis & Deschodt, 2018
2018. Garreta namalugens
Davis & Deschodt, Zootaxa,
4450 (2): 242–248.
Type Locality: NamibRand Nature Reserve, southern Africa; SANC (South
Africa, Gauteng, Pretoria, South African National Collection of Insects).
Distribution:
Southern Africa.
20. Garreta nitens (Olivier,
1789)
1789. Scarabaeus nitens Olivier, Ent. I, Scharab.:159, pl. 7,
fig. 55.
Type Locality:
Senegal; MNHN (Muséum National d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, France).
Distribution:
Senegal, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Benin, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,
Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Togo, Central African Republic, Sierre Leone, Angola, Republic Democratic Congo, Ethiopia,
Eritrea, Ruanda, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana,
Kenya, and South Africa.
21. Garreta opacus (Redtenbacher, 1848)
1848. Gymnopleurus opacus
Redtenbacker, in Hugel, Kaschmir, IV, 2 : 516.
Type Locality: Punjab
during British India? type lost; NHMW (Naturhistorisches
Museum, Vienna, Austria).
Distribution: India:
(Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand) and Nepal.
22. Garreta ruficornis
(Motschulsky, 1854)
1854. Gynmopleuru ruficornis
Motschulsky, Etudes Ent., III: 63.
Type Locality: Not
known.
Distribution: India
(Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand), Afghanistan, China, Myanmar,
and Thailand.
23. Garreta rutilans (Castelnau, 1840)
1840. Gymnopleurus rutilans
Castelnau, Duménil,
Paris. 38: 71.
Type Locality: Sennaar, Sudan; MNHN (Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris, France).
Distribution:
Botswana, eastern South Africa, Sudan, and Zimbabwe.
24. Garreta smaragdifer (Walker,
1858)
1858. Gymnopleurus smaragdifer
Walker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3), II: 208.
Type Locality: Not
known; BMNH (Natural History Museum, London, UK).
Distribution: India
(Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra (reported in this study), southern
India) and Sri Lanka.
25. Garreta sylvestris
Mittal, 2011
2011. Garreta sylvestris
Mittal, Journal of Entomological Research 35(3): 297.
Type Locality:
Haryana; INPC (National Pusa Collections, New Delhi,
India).
Distribution: India
(Haryana).
Remark: Endemic to
India.
26. Garreta unicolor (Fahraeus,
1857)
1857. Gymnopleurus unicolor Fahraeus,
in Boheman, Ins. Caffr.,
II: 182.
Type Locality: Caffraria; NHRS (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden).
Distribution: Mozambique,
South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
27. Garreta wahlbergi (Fahraeus, 1857)
1857. Gymnopleurus wahlbergi
Fåhraeus, Officina
Norstedtiana, Holmiae. II:
183.
Type Locality: Caffraria; NHRS (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden).
Distribution: Botswana,
Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe.
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