Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2023 | 15(2): 22695–22717

 

 

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8090.15.2.22695-22717

#8090 | Received 05 July 2022 | Final received 11 December 2023 | Finally accepted 18 February 2023

 

 

 

An inventory of endemic and near endemic angiosperm flora of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve, peninsular India

 

J. Jayanthi

 

Botanical Survey of India, Headquarters, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700064, India

jayanthi.bsi@gmail.com

 

 

 

Abstract: The Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple (BRT) Tiger Reserve is a biodiverse region of peninsular India that harbors a significant number of endemic and near-endemic angiosperm species. The present documentation reveals a total of 211 endemic taxa conserved in this reserve. Analysis show that the endemic flora is dominated by Western Ghats (57%) elements, followed by Eastern and Western Ghats elements (28%), peninsular endemic elements (9%), and Indian elements (6%). The present study reports two endemic species of Western Ghats Syzygium densiflorum (Myrtaceae) and Meineckia longipes (Phyllanthaceae) as new distribution records for Karnataka state. The family Orchidaceae harbors the maximum endemic taxa. A majority of endemic taxa are confined to the evergreen forest of the reserve, hence these forests need special attention for conservation.

 

Keywords: Biligirirangan hills, BRT, diversity, conservation, documentation, Eastern Ghats, evergreen forest, Karnataka, priority, Western Ghats.

 

 

Editor: Anonymity requested.            Date of publication: 26 February 2023 (online & print)

 

Citation: Jayanthi, J. (2023). An inventory of endemic and near endemic angiosperm flora of Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve, peninsular India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(2): 22695–22717. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.8090.15.2.22695-22717

 

Copyright: © Jayanthi 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

 

Funding: Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change.

 

Competing interests: The author declares no competing interests.

 

Author details:  J. Jayanthi, scientist-E, Botanical Survey of India, has been studying the flora of protected areas for the last 15 years. She has completed the angiosperm flora of Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary (Maharashtra), Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve (Karnataka) and Campbell Bay National Park, Great Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Islands).

 

Acknowledgements: I would like to express my earnest thanks to Dr. A.A. Mao, director, Botanical Survey of India for providing all the facilities and encouragement. My sincere gratitude to the principal chief conservator of forests (Wildlife) & chief wildlife warden, Karnataka and director, BRT Tiger Reserve, Chamrajanagar for granting permission to conduct the field studies and also for providing the map of BRT Tiger Reserve. I would like thank all the range officers and field staff for providing necessary help during the survey. I am thankful to Dr. J.S. Jalal, scientist-E, Botanical Survey of India for providing valuable comments on the manuscript and preparation of map. Finally, I would like to thank the reviewers and subject editor for their constructive comments to improve the manuscript.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Survey and documentation are basic aspects of biodiversity conservation. Cataloguing the species of a particular area can provide baseline data that enable conservation efforts to be effectively targeted (Brummitt et al. 2021). Endemic species help to determine priorities for conservation owing to their limited distribution ranges and vulnerability to disturbance (Morrone 2008). Endemic flora and fauna are considered to be exclusive biological capital of a region or nation (Nayar 1996). The presence of endemic plant species in an area is often considered a measure of stability, allowing prioritization of sites for conservation (Myers et al. 2000).

Peninsular India is bounded by the Western and Eastern Ghats. The Western Ghats comprises of about 7,400 angiosperm species, of which 5,588 are native. Among the native species, 2,253 are endemic, of which 1,273 species are exclusively endemic to the Western Ghats (Nayar et al. 2014), recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. The Eastern Ghats comprise of about 4,000 angiosperm species (Krishnamurthy et al. 2014) of which 166 are exclusively endemic (Singh et al. 2015). Although these hill ranges have been botanized for a long time and their flora are relatively well known, there are areas with rich floristic diversity that are poorly or sporadically studied, including the Biligirirangan hills.

The Biligirirangan hills are a discontinuous chain of hills running north to south in the Mysore plateau between the Western and Eastern Ghats (Figure 1). An account of the flora of North Coimbatore published by Blatter (1908) based on the notes of C.E.C. Fischer is the first available floristic documentation to include plants from Biligirirangan hills. After more than three decades Barnes (1944) published an account of these hills which included only a particular group of herbaceous plants. Kammathy et al. (1967) published a contribution towards a flora of Biligirirangan hills documenting 825 plant species. Rao & Razi (1981) while studying the flora of Mysore district also made collections from these hills. Later Ramesh (1989) studied the evergreen forests of these hills which included trees and shrubs. None of these studies have mentioned or focused about endemic plants. Therefore, the present study aims to document the endemic flora of the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve due to its unique location often mentioned as a connecting bridge between Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. This is the first comprehensive documentation available on the endemic flora after notification of these hill ranges as BRT Wildlife Sanctuary in 1972 and as BRT Tiger Reserve in 2011. This documentation will be helpful in conservation & monitoring of endemic species within this reserve, and also contribute to the endemic species database of the country.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Study area

This work was carried out by the author as part of a project on the flora of BRT Tiger Reserve by the Botanical Survey of India. The BRT Tiger Reserve is situated in the Chamrajanagar district of Karnataka state and lies between 11.727 & 12.140 0N and 77.007 & 77.269 0E  (Figure 1). The Tiger Reserve (TR) falls under the Kollegal, Yelandur, and Chamrajanagar taluks of the district. The TR is spread over an area of 574.82 km2 and managed by different forest department administrative units such as Yelandur range, Kollegal range, Kyathdevaragudi range, Bylore range, and Punajur range. This Tiger Reserve also forms an important wildlife corridor which is contiguous with Malai Mahadeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary in the east, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, and Mudumalai National Park in south, Bandipur & Nagarhole National Park in the west. Apart from this, it is also a part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and the Mysore Elephant Reserve (MoEF&CC 2018). BRT TR is also home for the indigenous Soliga tribe.

The topography of this reserve is highly undulating with elevation ranges 600–1,825 m at Kattaribetta, the highest peak. The BRT receives rainfall from both south-west monsoons from the west coast, and retreating north-east monsoon from the east coast. Rainfall is generally greatest at higher elevations. The mean annual rainfall varies between 620 mm and 1,850 mm. Due to its meteorological and topographical variations, the landscape in BRT TR is heterogeneous with patches of shola grasslands, evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, scrub forests, and riparian habitats. Presence of diverse ecosystem within a small area is a characteristic feature of this reserve. The forests of BRT TR have been classified as 28.2% of scrub forests, 36.1% dry deciduous, 25% moist deciduous, and 10.7% evergreen forests including shola (Kumara et al. 2012).

 

Survey and Data collection

Field surveys were conducted at regular intervals every three to six months during the period 2013–2017. Field surveys were organized in different seasons and covered all habitat types in every season. Field data were noted, such as life-form, habitat, elevation, and flowering and fruiting period. Voucher specimens were collected and processed, and herbaria prepared. The voucher specimens were accessioned and deposited in the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) herbarium. Samples were studied and identified using floras, revisions, checklists such as Blatter (1908), Gamble (1915–1936), Barnes (1944), Kammathy et al. (1967), Rao & Razi (1981), Saldanha (1976), Saldanha (1984), Saldanha (1996), Sharma et al. (1984), Ramesh (2002), Lakshminarasimhan et al. (2019) and online floras, archives, and databases such as Digital flora of Karnataka, Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL 2022), Digital archives of Botanical Survey of India, Flora of Peninsular India, and through reference against identified herbarium specimens at Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Western Regional Centre, Pune. Apart from own collections, specimens of other collectors were also consulted in different herbaria at Mysore University herbarium, Herbarium of French Institute (HIFP), Pondicherry, University of Agriculture Sciences, Bangalore, Foundation of Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLH) herbarium, and Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and Environment. After identification of species, the endemic species were determined using distributional records from published national, state, district, regional floras, revisionary work, taxonomic accounts, distributional records from published research papers, herbarium reference, and online databases (Nayar 1982; Ahmedullah & Nayar 1986; Venu 2007; Karthikeyan 2009; Jalal & Jayanthi 2012; Jalal et al 2014; Nayar et al. 2014; Singh et al 2015; Jayanthi et al. 2017, 2018; Dash & Mao 2020; Mao & Dash 2020; POWO 2021; WCSP 2021; IPNI 2021; TROPICOS 2021). Species which are strictly confined within the Indian political boundary, Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, peninsular India or BRT TR is considered as endemic (Table 1). Those species which are found only restricted to BRT TR or found only in few localities in Western Ghats are considered as narrow endemic species. The species which were earlier considered endemic but presently found extended in any one of the countries within Indian subcontinent including Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan or Myanmar are separately included as near endemic species (Table 2). Photographs of some of the endemic species occurring in BRT TR are provided in Images 1–6.

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

Taxonomic distribution

The present study resulted in documentation of a total of 211 endemic taxa belonging to 125 genera under 53 families from BRT TR (Table 1). This is almost 15 % of the total flora documented from BRT TR. Of the 211 endemic taxa, 73% were dicotyledonous (154 taxa) and 27% monocotyledonous (57 taxa). The family Orchidaceae is dominant with 39 endemic species, followed by Acanthaceae (23), Rubiaceae (12), Fabaceae (11), Lamiaceae (10), and Lauraceae (10) (Figure 2). These families are also among the 10 dominant families of endemic species in Indian flora as well in the Western Ghats (Singh et al. 2015). Apart from that, about 126 near-endemic species are also documented from BRT TR (Table 2).

 

Geographical distribution

Among the total endemic taxa documented, 13 are found widely distributed throughout India, 19 are restricted to Peninsular region, 120 are restricted to Western Ghats and 59 are found in both Eastern Ghats (EG) & Western Ghats (WG). In totality, 57 % of the endemic taxa are dominated by WGs elements; 28% of the endemic taxa are shared by EGs & WGs endemic elements. About 9% of the endemic taxa are contributed by Peninsular elements. Only 6% of the Indian endemic taxa are found in BRT Tiger Reserve. This is depicted in Figure 3.

This geographical distribution of endemic flora shows that the BRT TR predominantly composed of Western Ghats endemic elements. About 86% of the Western Ghats endemics in the BRT TR are evergreen and shola forest species occurring in the high rainfall peaks and valleys in BRT TR. Presence of 28% of endemic species common to both Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats could be due to the proximity of BRT towards Eastern Ghats and similar habitats. These common endemic species are mostly of moist deciduous, dry deciduous, and scrub forest species.

 

Narrow endemics

A few endemic species are found to be confined to only BRT Tiger Reserve. For example, Barleria morrisiana is a point endemic species described in 1940, found only in two localities in the dry deciduous forest of BRT TR in Kyathdevaragudi range and Punajur range. Another point endemic species Amorphophallus mysorensis described in 1940 is known to occur only in BRT TR, in the moist deciduous forests of Punajur range. This restricted range of distribution may be due to small population of low abundance or subject to under collection and need of more surveys. Even after a lapse of over 80 years these species have so far been recollected only from BRT TR and nowhere else. Another endemic threatened orchid species, Schoenorchis smeeana found restricted to few localities of southern Western Ghats is found in BRT TR (Jalal et al. 2014). Another near endemic rare orchid species of southern India, Vanilla walkerae is rediscovered from BRT TR after a lapse of more than 100 years (Jayanthi et al. 2018). Habenaria sahyadrica a recently described terrestrial orchid from Kerala is also located in BRT TR in the present study (Jayanthi et al. 2017).

 

Distribution based on vegetation and elevation

The analysis of endemic flora based on elevation distribution in BRT TR showed that 48% (101 spp.) of endemic species are distributed above 1,400 m; 34% (71 spp.) of endemic species occur at 1,000–1,400 m, and 16% (35 spp.) at 600–1,000 m. This shows that evergreen forests which occur above 1,400 m hold most of the endemic species, especially Western Ghats elements. The mid and low elevation regions of BRT TR composed of moist deciduous forests and scrub-dry deciduous forests is dominated by the endemic elements common to WGs & EGs, Peninsular region and Indian region. About 2% (4 spp.) of the endemic species are found in all vegetation types from scrub to evergreen forests. This is depicted in Figure 4.

 

Life-form distribution

The endemic flora is categorized into different life forms such as trees, shrubs, lianes, climbers, epiphytes, parasitic shrubs and herbs. There are 85 herbs, 35 trees, 39 shrubs (including undershrub), 17 climbers (including herbaceous, woody climbers, lianes or scandent shrubs), 25 epiphytes, and 10 parasitic shrubs documented during the present study (Table 3). Of the total endemic flora, arborescent flora that includes trees, shrubs, lianas, epiphytes, and parasitic shrubs constitutes 50% of which 34% are tree species. The arborescent endemic flora is dominated by Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae, and Lauraceae members. Herbaceous plants contribute 50% of endemic flora which are annuals or perennials with underground bulbs or rhizomatous found during monsoon season and about 51% of them are found in evergreen and shola forests. The herbaceous endemic flora is mostly dominated by Orchidaceae and Poaceae members.

 

Raunkiaer life-form

An analysis based on the Raunkiaer life form classification was also carried out for the endemic flora of BRT Tiger Reserve to determine the biological spectrum of endemic elements which reflect the phytoclimate and adaptation to ecological conditions and prevailing climate of the region. The life form categories were identified according to Raunkiaer (1934) classification. According to this classification, the plant life forms are classified into five main groups such as phanerophytes, chamaephytes, hemicryptophytes, cryptophytes, and therophytes depending on the position and degree of protection of the growth buds of other renewing organs from the ground level in relation to protection during unfavourable seasons. The Raunkiaer life form for BRT is provided in Figure 5. This shows that the endemic flora of BRT TR is dominated by phanerophytes followed by therophytes, hemicryptophytes, cryptophytes, and chamaephytes. Phanerophytes are represented by arborescent group such as trees, shrubs, scandent or woody climbers, epiphytes, and parasitic shrubs. In BRT TR about 51% of the endemic flora (102 taxa) is dominated by phanerophytes and a majority of them are found in evergreen forests. It is to be noted that only 10% of the area of BRT TR holds evergreen forests and hence evergreen forests of BRT should be a high priority conservation zone within this protected area. About 23% of the endemic flora (48 taxa) in BRT TR belongs to therophytes category which are represented by herbaceous plants mainly annuals and a majority are found occurring in shola grassland at higher elevations. Hemicryptophytes, which show reduced stem growth with the shoot apices lying close to the ground surface, are represented by 8% of the flora (18 taxa). Similarly, cryptophytes which comprises of bulbous and rhizomatous plants mainly orchids and gingers comprising about 14 % of the endemic flora (29 taxa). Hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes are mostly found in the scrub, dry deciduous forests, and shola grassland where dry climate prevails and receive moisture only during monsoon period. Only 5% of the endemic flora (10 taxa) belongs to chamaephytes, short stemmed plants that occurs in dry forests or dry habitats. Dominance of phanerophytes over other denotes that BRT TR is predominantly a tropical forest. As, plant life form is the growth form that represents adaptation to specific ecological conditions that reflects climatic adaptability as well as vegetation of that area.

 

New records for Karnataka

The present study also resulted in documentation of two endemic species of Western Ghats Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight & Arn. (Myrtaceae) and Meineckia longipes (Wight) G.L.Webster (Phyllanthaceae) as new distributional records to Karnataka state. Syzygium densiflorum and Meineckia longipes were so far known to occur in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, and this present report shows their extended distribution to Karnataka.

 

Threats and Conservation

The endemic flora of BRT TR is vulnerable to anthropogenic pressure and also impacted by other factors. Within its boundary the tiger reserve includes a popular ancient temple ‘Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple’, coffee plantations in the core zone, settlements of indigenous people ‘Soligas’, state highways, and ecoresorts of tourism department. The main threats are in the form of invasive alien species, forest fires, and plantations. A study by Barve et al. (2005) revealed that human induced threats within and around the sanctuary appear to have significantly affected the vegetation composition and structure resulting in thinning of forests. The core area of BRT TR is relatively vulnerable due to the presence of coffee plantations located and also due to the presence of high human densities in the zone. The invasion by weeds such as Lantana camara L. and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. in the dry deciduous to moist deciduous forests is of major concern (Murali & Siddappa 2001). Likewise, presence of another invasive alien weed Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. in the evergreen forests and shola forests causes severe damage to the community composition, species diversity and abundance of native flora including endemic through its allelopathic effects. It is of great concern that majority of the endemic species are concentrated in the evergreen forests necessary steps may be taken to mitigate the effects of invasive weeds and to maintain the health of ecosystem.

Some of the endemic species such as Andrographis serpyllifolia and Lepidagathis cristata are mostly found growing in the dry deciduous forest and scrub forest areas along the forest borders in the open areas in mud roadsides and sandy-gravely soil along the metal roadsides inside BRT TR. Road expansion or reconstruction of roads will result in dumping and excavation of soils nearby areas which will trample the endemic plants growing along the roadsides. Another threat to the endemic species is the forest fires. Some of the areas in BRT TR especially the dry deciduous forest areas are prone to forest fires. An elegant narrow endemic species, Barleria morrisiana is threatened due to this. Similarly, the cultivated trees planted amidst the coffee plantations and other wild trees along the coffee plantations are laden with many endemic orchids. If the trees are removed by natural or unnatural means it will also wipe out the epiphytic species growing along with them.

Recently, in 2018 the Government of India has notified an area to an extent varying from 0.50 km to 6 km from the boundary of BRT TR as an ecosensitive zone. This zone covers a total area of 262.43 sq. km. around the sanctuary. Apart from this, the Forest department has undertaken periodical removal of invasive species such as Lantana camara. This should be also expanded to eradication of other major species like Ageratina adenophora and Chromolaena odorata. Training of local communities, forest department and coffee plantation staff and personnel should be given to identify endemic species for recovery and rehabilitation.

 

 

CONCLUSION

 

The BRT TR is a home to diverse endemic flora that are predominantly Western Ghats elements and confined to the evergreen forests. Presence of 28% of the endemic flora common to Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats elements supports the identification of a unique biogeographical zone which acts as a bridge between the Western and Eastern Ghats. Orchidaceae is the dominant family among the endemic flora of BRT TR, and one of the dominant families of endemic flora of the Western Ghats. The evergreen forests, while comprising only 10% of the total area of BRT TR, shelters a maximum diversity of endemic flora which are vulnerable due to the rapid spread of invasive species. Hence additional focused conservation measures are required for conservation of evergreen forests within BRT TR.

 

 

Table 1. List of endemic taxa in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve.

 

Family

Plant Name

Habit

Flowers

Forest type

Voucher no.

1

Acanthaceae

Andrographis affinis Nees

US

September–December

MDF

R.S. Rao 73646

2

Acanthaceae

Andrographis lineata Nees

H

June–December

MDF-EGF

Barnes 1944

3

Acanthaceae

Andrographis neesiana Wight

H

June

MDF-EGF

Barnes 1944

4

Acanthaceae

Andrographis serpyllifolia (Rottler ex Vahl) Wight

H

July

SF-DDF

JJ 194419

5

Acanthaceae

Asystasia crispata Benth.

H

March, June–July

MDF-EGF

JJ 194622, JJ 195745

6

Acanthaceae

Asystasia dalzelliana Santapau

H

March

MDF

JJ 207003

7

Acanthaceae

Barleria cuspidata F.Heyne ex Nees

US

November

SF

JJ 197207

8

Acanthaceae

Barleria gibsonii Dalzell

US

September–October

MDF

R.S. Rao 73639

9

Acanthaceae

Barleria involucrata var. elata (Dalzell) C.B.Clarke

S

September–December

SHEG

Barnes 1944

10

Acanthaceae

Barleria lawii T.Anderson

US

September

DDF

JJ 202928

11

Acanthaceae

Barleria montana Herb.Madr. ex Nees

US

September

DDF

JJ 194659, JJ 195774, JJ 202863, JJ 202866, JJ 203434

12

Acanthaceae

Barleria morrisiana E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch.

US

September

DDF

JJ 195731, JJ 203435

13

Acanthaceae

Barleria prattensis Santapau

US

October–December

DDF

JJ 194685, JJ 206516

14

Acanthaceae

Dicliptera cuneata Nees

US

December

MDF

JJ 203533

15

Acanthaceae

Justicia micrantha Wall. ex C.B.Clarke

(Justicia neesii Ramamoorthy)

H

July–September–December

SF,MDF,EGF

JJ 194417, JJ 203534, JJ 203419

16

Acanthaceae

Lepidagathis cristata Willd.

H

November

DDF

JJ 195794

17

Acanthaceae

Nicoteba nilgherrensis (Nees) Lindau

[Justicia nilgherrensis (Nees) Wight ex C.B.Clarke]

H

May–June

 

SHG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

18

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes barbata Nees

[Nilgirianthus barbatus (Nees) Bremek.]

S

October

EGF

JJ 194715

19

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes foliosa (Wight) T.Anderson

[Nilgirianthus foliosus (Wight) Bremek.]

S

September–October

SHEG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

20

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes lurida Wight

S

December–April

SHEG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

21

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes meeboldii Craib

[Nilgirianthus meeboldii (Craib) Bremek.]

S

March

MDF

JJ 207002

22

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes neilgherrensis Bedd.

[Nilgirianthus neilgherrensis (Bedd.) Bremek.]

S

September–March

EGF

JJ 197459, JJ 203431

23

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes pulneyensis C.B.Clarke

[Xenacanthus pulneyensis (C.B.Clarke) Bremek.]

S

September

SHEG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

24

Amaranthaceae

Indobanalia thyrsiflora (Moq.) A.N.Henry & B.Roy.

[Banalia thyrsiflora Moq.]

H

May

MDF-EGF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

25

Amaryllidaceae

Pancratium parvum Dalzell

H

May–June

SHG

A.S. Rao 79911

26

Annonaceae

Miliusa nilagirica Bedd.

T

December–January

EGF

JJ 207025

27

Annonaceae

Miliusa wightiana Hook.f. & Thomson

T

December

EGF

JJ 206504

28

Apiaceae

Pimpinella candolleana Wight & Arn.

H

September

MDF

R.S.Rao 73537

29

Apiaceae

Pimpinella wallichiana (Miq.) Gandhi

 

H

September–October

MDF-EGF

JJ 194714

30

Apiaceae

Tetrataenium rigens (Wall. ex DC.) Manden.

[Heracleum candolleanum (Wight & Arn.) Gamble]

H

September

MDF

Kammathy 1967

31

Apocynaceae

Ceropegia hirsuta Wight & Arn.

C

September

MDF

JJ 203441

32

Apocynaceae

Ceropegia attenuata Hook.

C

September

SHG

R.S.Rao 73808

33

Apocynaceae

Ceropegia fimbriifera Bedd.

H

June

MDF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

34

Apocynaceae

Ceropegia pusilla Wight &Arn.

H

May–September

SHG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

35

Apocynaceae

Decalepis hamiltonii Wight &Arn.

WC

December–March

SF-DDF

JJ 207046

36

Apocynaceae

Heterostemma beddomei (Hook.f.) Swarupan. & Mangaly

(Oianthus beddomei Hook.f.)

WC

February–March

MDF

R.S. Rao 73745

 

37

Apocynaceae

Hoya wightii Hook.f.

E

May

EGF-SHEG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

38

Apocynaceae

Vincetoxicum capparidifolium (Wight & Arn.) Kuntze

(Tylophora capparidifolia Wight & Arn.)

CS

 

May

EGF

Barnes 1944

39

Araceae

Amorphophallus mysorensis E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. var. mysorensis

H

June

MDF

R.H.Beddome No.2159A

40

Araceae

Arisaema peltatum C.E.C.Fisch.

H

May–October

SHEG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

41

Araliaceae

Heptapleurum capitatum (Wight &Arn.) Seem.

[Schefflera capitata (Wight & Arn.) Harms]

S

May–June

EGF

JJ 195717

42

Arecaceae

Calamus gamblei Becc.

CS

December–January

EGF

JJ 207060

43

Asparagaceae

Chlorophytum indicum (Willd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Dress

H

September

DDF

JJ 202877

44

Asparagaceae

Chlorophytum malabaricum Baker

H

September

MDF

R.S. Rao 73618

45

Asteraceae

Anaphalis lawii Gamble

H

September

SHG

JJ 202970

46

Asteraceae

Blumea belangeriana DC.

H

June, December

SHG

JJ 195759, JJ 203547

47

Asteraceae

Cyanthillium albicans (DC.) H.Rob.

(Vernonia albicans DC.)

H

December

DDF

JJ 203566

48

Asteraceae

Cyanthillium conyzoides (DC.) H.Rob.

(Vernonia conyzoides DC.)

H

August–September

SF-DDF

JJ 202872

49

Asteraceae

Emilia ramulosa Gamble

H

May–September

DDF

R.S. 73810

50

Asteraceae

Leucoblepharis subsessilis Arn.

(Blepharispermum subsessile DC.)

H

June

MDF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

51

Asteraceae

Senecio edgeworthii Hook.f.

H

August–September

SHG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

52

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens balsamina var. micrantha Hook.f.

H

September

SHEG

JJ 202983

53

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens cuspidata Wight & Arn. subsp. cuspidata

H

May

SHEG

Kammathy 79925

54

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens fruticosa Lesch. ex DC.

H

September

SHEG

Barnes 1971

55

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens goughii Wight

H

September

SHEG

Barnes 1969

56

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens scapiflora B.Heyne ex Wall.

H

September

SHEG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

57

Bignoniaceae

Radermachera xylocarpa (Roxb.) Roxb. ex K.Schum.

T

May–June

MDF

JJ 195990

58

Boraginaceae

Cordia domestica Roth

T

May

MDF

JJ 195998

59

Boraginaceae

Cordia macleodii (Griff.) Hook.f. & Thomson

T

July

DDF

JJ 194603

60

Boraginaceae

Cynoglossum meeboldii Brand

H

April–September

MDF

A.S. Rao 79816

61

Burseraceae

Boswellia serrata Roxb.

T

September–March

DDF

A.S. Rao 80115

62

Capparaceae

Capparis grandiflora Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson

SS

March, July– October

SF

JJ 194509, JJ 195935, JJ 197420

63

Combretaceae

Terminalia paniculata B.Heyne ex Roth

T

July

SF,DDF, MDF

JJ 194463, JJ 194552

64

Commelinaceae

Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. &Schult.f.

H

July–October

SF-SHG

JJ 194443, JJ 194575, JJ 194735, JJ 202918

65

Convolvulaceae

Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl.

S

July

SF,DDF, SHG

JJ 194429, JJ 194506

66

Convolvulaceae

Argyreia sericea Dalzell & A.Gibson

CS

July–October

SF-EGF

JJ 194466, JJ 195936, JJ 202881, JJ 202936

67

Convolvulaceae

Argyreia nellygherya Choisy

C

June

DDF

Barnes 1944

68

Convolvulaceae

Argyreia pilosa Wight &Arn.

CS

September–October

DDF

R.S. Rao 73652

69

Crassulaceae

Kalanchoe bhidei T.Cooke

H

December

DDF

JJ 203561

70

Crassulaceae

Kalanchoe olivacea Dalzell

H

March

SHG

JJ 207042

71

Cyperaceae

Cyperus diaphanus var. gracilescens (Kük.) H.O.Saxena

[Pycreus diaphanus var. gracilescens (Kük.) S.S.Hooper]

H

October

SHG

JJ 194784

72

Dilleniaceae

Dillenia bracteata Wight

T

April–August

EGF

JJ 207032

73

Elaeocarpaceae

Elaeocarpus munroi (Wight) Mast.

T

February–March

EGF

JJ 197456

74

Eriocaulaceae

Eriocaulon leucomelas Steud.

H

December

SHG

JJ 206546

75

Eriocaulaceae

Eriocaulon margaretae Fyson

H

April

SHG

A.S. Rao 80401

76

Euphorbiaceae

Epiprinus mallotiformis (Müll.Arg.) Croizat

T

October–December

EGF

B.R. Ramesh 1320

77

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia notoptera Boiss.

H

December

DDF

JJ 203562

78

Fabaceae

Alysicarpus hamosus Edgew.

H

December

SHG

JJ 203548

79

Fabaceae

Alysicarpus racemosus Benth.

[Desmodiastrum racemosum var. rotundifolium A.Pramanik & Thoth.]

H

December

MDF

JJ 206522

80

Fabaceae

Alysicarpus roxburghianus Thoth. & Pramanik 

H

December

DDF

JJ 203558

81

Fabaceae

Crotalaria paniculata Willd.

US

September–November

SF-DDF

JJ 195770, JJ 202933

82

Fabaceae

Crotalaria pusilla Roxb. ex Roth

H

October

SF

JJ 195927

83

Fabaceae

Dalbergia malabarica Prain

CS

March

EG

JJ 207069

84

Fabaceae

Flemingia nilgheriensis (Benth. ex Baker f.) Wight ex T.Cooke

H

September

SHG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

85

Fabaceae

Smithia gracilis Benth.

H

December

SHG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

86

Fabaceae

Vigna vexillata var. wightii (Benth. ex Bedd.) Babu & S.K.Sharma

(Vigna wightii Benth. ex Bedd.)

C

April

MDF

A.S. Rao 79776, A.S.Rao 80157

87

Fabaceae

Senna montana (B.Heyne ex Roth) V.Singh

S

September

SF

JJ 203495

88

Fabaceae

Tephrosia calophylla Bedd.

US

June–July

SF

JJ 194636

89

Gentianaceae

Lomatogonium minus (Griseb.) Fernald

[Swertia minor (Griseb.) Knobl.]

H

September

SHG

JJ 203480

90

Gentianaceae

Swertia corymbosa (Griseb.) Fielding & Gardner

H

December

SHG

JJ 206508

91

Gentianaceae

Swertia trichotoma Wight ex C.B.Clarke

H

October–December

SHG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

92

Gesneriaceae

Aeschynanthus perrottetii A.DC.

E

September–October

SHEG

JJ 194721, JJ 203417

93

Gesneriaceae

Henckelia incana (Vahl) Spreng.

(Didymocarpus tomentosus Wight)

H

October–December

SHEG

R.S. Rao 73794

94

Haloragaceae

Myriophyllum intermedium DC.

H

February–March

MDF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

95

Lamiaceae

Coleus dysophylloides (Benth.) A.J.Paton

(Anisochilus dysophylloides Benth.)

US

September–December

EF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

96

Lamiaceae

Isodon nilgherricus (Benth.) H.Hara

(Plectranthus nilgherricus Benth.)

H

December

EF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

97

Lamiaceae

Leucas eriostoma Hook.f.

US

March

SHG

JJ 207072

98

Lamiaceae

Leucas hirta (B.Heyne ex Roth) Spreng.

H

July

SF

JJ 194407

99

Lamiaceae

Leucas montana (Roth) Spreng.

 

US

April–September

DDF-EGF

R.S. Rao 73783, A.S. Rao 79938

100

Lamiaceae

Leucas prostrata (Hook.f.) Gamble

H

April

EGF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

101

Lamiaceae

Leucas pubescens Benth.

H

April–June

MDF

A.S. Rao 79774

102

Lamiaceae

Pogostemon mollis Benth.

H

October–December

SHEG

JJ 194727, 203550

103

Lamiaceae

Scutellaria colebrookeana Wall. ex Benth.

H

December

SHEG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

104

Lamiaceae

Scutellaria wightiana Benth.

H

March

EGF

JJ 197445

105

Lauraceae

Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble

T

December

EGF

JJ 206538

106

Lauraceae

Actinodaphne lawsonii Gamble

T

December

EGF

B.R. Ramesh 1434A

107

Lauraceae

Beilschmiedia wightii (Nees) Benth. ex Hook.f.

T

December–March

SHEG

JJ 206544

108

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum travancoricum Gamble

T

January–June

EGF

A.S. Rao, 79935

109

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum wightii Meisn.

T

March

EGF

JJ 207024

110

Lauraceae

Cryptocarya beddomei Gamble

T

March

EGF

JJ 207028

111

Lauraceae

Litsea floribunda (Blume) Gamble

T

March–October

SHEG

JJ 207097

112

Lauraceae

Litsea stocksii (Meisn.) Hook.f.

T

March

SHEG

JJ 207099

113

Lauraceae

Litsea wightiana (Nees) Wall. ex Hook.f.

T

March–September

SHEG

JJ 203407, JJ 207100

114

Lauraceae

Phoebe wightii Meisn.

T

March

EGF

JJ 197458, JJ 207029

115

Loranthaceae

Dendrophthoe memecylifolia (Wight & Arn.) Danser

PS

October

EGF

JJ 194746

116

Loranthaceae

Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser

PS

December–March

MDF-EGF

JJ 203532, JJ 207071

117

Loranthaceae

Helixanthera intermedia (Wight) Danser

PS

July

EGF

JJ 194540

118

Loranthaceae

Helixanthera obtusata (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Danser

PS

March–May

EGF

JJ 195716, JJ 207027

119

Loranthaceae

Helixanthera wallichiana (Schult. &Schult.f.) Danser

PS

September

EGF

JJ 203452

120

Loranthaceae

Macrosolen trigonus (Wight & Arn.) Tiegh.

[Dendrophthoe trigona (Wight & Arn.) Danser ex Santapau]

PS

October

SF-DDF

JJ 195940

121

Loranthaceae

Taxillus heyneanus (Schult. &Schult.f.) Danser

PS

July

DDF

JJ 194578

122

Loranthaceae

Taxillus recurvus (Wall. ex DC.) Tiegh.

PS

April–May, December

MDF-EGF

JJ 195988, JJ 206593

123

Malvaceae

Grewia orbiculata Rottler

T

June–July

DDF

JJ 195732, JJ 194639

124

Malvaceae

Microcos heterotricha (Mast.) Burret

(Grewia heterotricha Mast.)

SS

October

DDF

JJ 195929

125

Melastomataceae

Memecylon lushingtonii Gamble

S

May–June

SF

JJ 195723

126

Melastomataceae

Memecylon talbotianum D.Brandis

T

March

EGF

JJ 207015, JJ 207076

127

Melastomataceae

Osbeckia brachystemon Naudin

(Osbeckia cupularis D.Don ex Wight & Arn.)

H

September

SHG

JJ 203420

128

Melastomataceae

Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC.

H

September

SHG

Saldanha 1996

129

Meliaceae

Naregamia alata Wight &Arn.

US

March

EGF

JJ 207094

130

Musaceae

Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman

H

June–September

EGF

Barnes 1944

131

Myrtaceae

Syzygium densiflorum Wall. ex Wight &Arn.

T

December–March

SHEG

JJ 206543, JJ 207041

132

Myrtaceae

Syzygium malabaricum (Bedd.) Gamble

T

April

MDF

JJ 202852

133

Oleaceae

Ligustrum gamblei Ramamoorthy

(Ligustrum minii Raizada)

T

May–June

MDF-EGF

JJ 195753

134

Orchidaceae

Anoectochilus elatus Lindl.

H

October

EGF

JJ 195959

135

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum fimbriatum (Lindl.) Rchb.f.

(Cirrhopetalum fimbriatum Lindl.)

E

March–April

EGF

JJ 197448

136

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum fusco-purpureum Wight

E

March–April

EGF-SHEG

JJ 197450

137

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum kaitiense Rchb.f.

E

June–October

EGF

R.R. Rao 1039

138

Orchidaceae

Bulbophyllum proudlockii (King & Pantl.) J.J.Sm.

(Cirrhopetalum proudlockii King & Pantl.)

E

April

EGF

A.S. Rao 79899

139

Orchidaceae

Coelogyne nervosa A.Rich.

E

August

SHEG

JJ 195769

140

Orchidaceae

Crepidium intermedium (A. Rich.) Sushil K. Singh, Agrawala & Jalal 

(Microstylis stocksii Hook.f.)

[Malaxis intermedia (A.Rich.) Seidenf.]

H

June–September

SHG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

141

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium aqueum Lindl.

E

September–October

SHEG

JJ 207149

142

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium nanum Hook.f.

E

September–October

SHEG

JJ 207139

143

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium nodosum Dalzell

[Flickingeria nodosa (Dalzell) Seidenf.]

E

September

SHEG

JJ 202978

144

Orchidaceae

Eria exilis Hook.f.

E

August–September

SHEG

JJ 202964

145

Orchidaceae

Eria filiformis (Wight) Rchb.f.

[Porpax filiformis (Wight) Schuit., Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen]

[Eria dalzellii (Hook. ex Dalzell) Lindl.]

E

July

EGF

JJ 207130

146

Orchidaceae

Eria microchilos (Dalzell) Lindl.

E

October

SHEG

JJ 194739

147

Orchidaceae

Eria mysorensis Lindl.

E

August–September

EGF

JJ 202976

148

Orchidaceae

Eria nana A.Rich.

[Porpax nana (A.Rich.) Schuit., Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen]

E

September

SHEG

R.S. Rao 73721, R.S. Rao 73770

149

Orchidaceae

Eria pauciflora Wight

[Cylindrolobus pauciflorus (Wight) Schuit., Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen]

E

September

EGF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

150

Orchidaceae

Eria polystachya A.Rich

[Pinalia polystachya (A.Rich.) Kuntze]

E

September

EGF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

151

Orchidaceae

Eria pseudocalvicaulis Blatt.

E

August–September

EGF

JJ 203499

152

Orchidaceae

Eria reticosa Wight

E

June–July

SHEG

B.R.Ramesh 1490

153

Orchidaceae

Eulophia pratensis Lindl.

(Eulophia ramentacea Wight)

H

December

SHG

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

154

Orchidaceae

Gastrochilus flabelliformis (Blatt. & McCann) C.J.Saldanha

E

March

EGF-SHEG

JJ 207138

155

Orchidaceae

Habenaria brachyphylla (Lindl.) Aitch.

H

August–September

MDF

JJ 207148

156

Orchidaceae

Habenaria elliptica Wight

H

September

 

R.S. Rao, 73789

157

Orchidaceae

Habenaria elwesii Hook.f.

H

August–September

SHG

JJ 207140

158

Orchidaceae

Habenaria foliosa A.Rich.

H

September

EGF

JJ 203500

159

Orchidaceae

Habenaria heyneana Lindl.

H

September

SHG

JJ 203482

160

Orchidaceae

Habenaria hollandiana Santapau

H

September

MDF

R.S. Rao, 73746

161

Orchidaceae

Habenaria longicornu Lindl.

H

September

MDF

JJ 203440

162

Orchidaceae

Habenaria multicaudata Sedgw.

H

September-October

EGF

JJ 207135

163

Orchidaceae

Habenaria ovalifolia Wight

H

September-October

MDF

JJ 195934

164

Orchidaceae

Habenaria rariflora A.Rich.

H

September

SHG

R.S. Rao 73788

165

Orchidaceae

Habenaria sahyadrica K.M.P.Kumar, Nirmesh, V.B.Sreek. & Kumar

H

December

EGF

JJ 206559

166

Orchidaceae

Liparis platyphylla Ridl.

H

September

MDF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

167

Orchidaceae

Oberonia chandrasekharanii V.J.Nair, V.S.Ramach. & R.Ansari

E

September–December

EGF

JJ 202977

168

Orchidaceae

Oberonia verticillata Wight

E

September

EGF

Barnes 1944

169

Orchidaceae

Peristylus stocksii (Hook.f.) Kraenzl.

E

September

SHG

Barnes 1944

170

Orchidaceae

Plectoglossa perrottetiana (A. Rich.) K.Prasad & Venu

(Habenaria perrottetiana A.Rich.)

H

September

SHG

R.S. Rao, 73786,

R.R. Rao 3402

171

Orchidaceae

Schoenorchis jerdoniana (Wight) Garay

E

September–June

EGF

Barnes 1944

172

Orchidaceae

Schoenorchis smeeana (Rchb.f.) Jalal, Jayanthi & Schuit.

[Schoenorchis latifolia (C.E.C.Fisch.) C.J.Saldanha]

(Rhynchostylis latifoliaC.E.C.Fisch.)

[Xenikophyton smeeanum (Rchb.f.) Garay]

E

October–June

EGF-SHEG

JJ 195738, JJ 195943

173

Phyllanthaceae

Glochidion hohenackeri (Müll.Arg.) Bedd. var. hohenackeri

[Glochidion fagifolium (Müll.Arg.) Miq. ex Bedd.]

T

April

EGF

A.S.Rao, 79969

174

Phyllanthaceae

Glochidion hohenackeri var. johnstonei (Hook.f.) Chakrab. & M.Gangop.

T

July

EGF

JJ 194536

175

Phyllanthaceae

Meineckia longipes (Wight) G.L.Webster

S

September–December

EGF

JJ 203456, JJ 206525

176

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet

T

March–April

DDF

JJ 197484

177

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus narayanswamyii Gamble

US

December

SHEG

JJ 206540

178

Piperaceae

Piper hookeri Miq.

CS

July

EGF

JJ 194542

179

Piperaceae

Piper schmidtii Hook.f.

 

CS

April

SHEG

A.S. Rao 79970, A.S. Rao 79977

180

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq.

T

May–June

EGF

JJ 196000

181

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum neelgherrense Wight & Arn.

T

December–February

EGF

R.R. Rao 1805

182

Poaceae

Aristida stocksii (Hook.f.) Domin

H

October

SF

JJ 195906

183

Poaceae

Arthraxon villosus C.E.C.Fisch.

H

December

EGF

JJ 206567

184

Poaceae

Capillipedium filiculme (Hook.f.) Stapf

H

December

SHG

JJ 203556

185

Poaceae

Isachne setosa C.E.C.Fisch.

H

October

SHG

JJ 194771

186

Poaceae

Oropetium roxburghianum (Schult.) S.M.Phillips

H

December

SHG

JJ 206570

187

Ranunculaceae

Clematis wightiana Wall. ex Wight &Arn.

WC

December–February

EGF-SHEG

Kammathy 1967

188

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus subpinnatus Wight &Arn.

H

May

SHG

Blatter 1908

189

Ranunculaceae

Thalictrum dalzellii Hook.

H

July–September

SHG

Barnes 1944

190

Rosaceae

Rubus kasthuriae Gandhi

CS

May–June

SHEG

Kammathy 1967

191

Rubiaceae

Gardenia gummifera L.f.

T

March

DDF

JJ 197403

192

Rubiaceae

Ixora elongata B.Heyne ex G.Don

T

May–October

EGF

JJ 194741, JJ 195962

193

Rubiaceae

Lasianthus coffeoides Fyson

 

S

May

EGF

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

194

Rubiaceae

Mussaenda glabrata (Hook.f.) Hutch. ex Gamble

S

September

MDF

R.S.Rao, 32944

195

Rubiaceae

Ophiorrhiza hirsutula Wight ex Hook.f.

 

April

EGF

A.S.Rao, 79851

196

Rubiaceae

Pavetta breviflora DC.

S

April

SHEG

JJ 202844

197

Rubiaceae

Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek.

S

April

EGF

A.S.Rao, 79853

198

Rubiaceae

Psychotria bisulcata Wight & Arn.

S

June

SHEG

Barnes 1944

199

Rubiaceae

Psychotria flavida Talbot

S

December

SHEG

JJ 206514

200

Rubiaceae

Psychotria octosulcata Talbot

S

March

EGF

JJ 207034

201

Rubiaceae

Psychotria truncata Wall.

S

March

EGF

JJ 207073

202

Rubiaceae

Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roth) Steud.

T

March

MDF-SHEG

JJ 197279

203

Rutaceae

Atalantia wightii Yu.Tanaka

S

March

EGF

JJ 207078

204

Salicaceae

Flacourtia montana J.Graham

T

March

MDF-EGF

JJ 197276

205

Santalaceae

Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC.

PS

October

SF

JJ 194656

206

Santalaceae

Viscum subracemosum Sanjai & N.P.Balakr.

PS

December

SF

JJ 206518

207

Sapindaceae

Allophylus rheedei (Wight) Radlk.

T

April

MDF

A.S. Rao 79777

208

Sapotaceae

Isonandra perrottetiana A.DC.

T

March

SHEG

JJ 207040, JJ 207077

209

Vitaceae

Tetrastigma sulcatum (M.A.Lawson) Gamble

CS

March

MDF

JJ 207005

210

Zingiberaceae

Curcuma pseudomontana J.Graham

H

May

EGF

JJ 195953

211

Zingiberaceae

Zingiber cernuum Dalzell

H

September

MDF

JJ 202952

C—Climbers | E—Epiphytes | H—Herbs | PS—Parasitic shrubs | S—Shrubs | SS—Scandent shrubs | T—Trees | US—Undershrubs | WC—Woody climbers | SF—Scrub forest | DDF—Dry deciduous forest | MDF—Moist deciduous forest | EGF—Evergreen forest | SHEG—Shola evergreen forest | SHG—Shola grassland.

 

 

Table 2. List of near endemic species in the study area Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve.

 

Family

Plant Name

Habit

Flowering

Voucher no.

Distribution

1

Acanthaceae

Andrographis alata (Vahl) Nees

H

March–April

JJ 197483

India, Sri Lanka

2

Acanthaceae

Asystasia chelonoides Nees

H

August–September

JJ 202935

India, Sri Lanka

3

Acanthaceae

Barleria buxifolia L.

US

December

JJ 206526

India, Sri Lanka

4

Acanthaceae

Barleria courtallica Nees

US

March

JJ 197468

India, Sri Lanka

5

Acanthaceae

Barleria mysorensis Roth

US

July

JJ 194481

India, Sri Lanka

6

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes heyneana Nees [Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Bremek.]

S

October–December

JJ 206588, JJ 194693

India, Sri Lanka

7

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes kunthiana (Nees) T.Anderson ex Benth.

(Phlebophyllum kunthianum Nees)

S

December

JJ 203476

India, Myanmar

8

Acanthaceae

Strobilanthes cordifolia (Vahl) J.R.I.Wood

[Phlebophyllum spicatum (Roth) Bremek.]

S

December

JJ 206587

India, Sri Lanka

9

Acanthaceae

Barleria involucrata Nees var. involucrata

S

September–December

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

10

Acanthaceae

Justicia vahliana Schult.

(Justicia vahlii Roth)

H

October–December

R.S. Rao 73539

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan

11

Acanthaceae

Ruellia beddomei C.B.Clarke

H

September

Barnes 1944

India, Nepal

12

Amaryllidaceae

Pancratium triflorum Roxb.

H

October

JJ 207129

India, Bangladesh

13

Anacardiaceae

Buchanania axillaris (Desr.) Ramamoorthy

T

November–December

JJ 206597

India, Sri Lanka

14

Annonaceae

Uvaria narum (Dunal) Blume

CS

May

JJ 195964

India, Sri Lanka

15

Apiaceae

Bupleurum ramosissimum Wight &Arn.

(Bupleurum virgatum Wight & Arn.)

H

May

Barnes 1944, Kammathy1967

India, Sri Lanka

16

Apocynaceae

Ceropegia candelabrum L.

C

September–October

JJ 195933, JJ 202993

India, Sri Lanka

17

Apocynaceae

Secamone emetica (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm.

CS

December–February–March

JJ 202811, JJ 203505, JJ 203510, JJ 207064

India, Sri Lanka

18

Apocynaceae

Hoya pauciflora Wight

E

May–June

JJ 195739

India, Sri Lanka

19

Apocynaceae

Cynanchum tunicatum (Retz.) Alston

C

December

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

20

Araceae

Arisaema barnesii C.E.C.Fisch.

H

May–October

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

21

Araceae

Lagenandra ovata (L.) Thwaites

H

June

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

22

Araliaceae

Heptapleurum stellatum Gaertn.

[Schefflera stellata (Gaertn.) Baill.]

CS

May–June

JJ 195987

India, Sri Lanka

23

Arecaceae

Phoenix loureiroi var. pedunculata (Griff.) Govaerts

(Phoenix humilis Royle ex Becc. var. pedunculata Becc.)

T

May

JJ 195968

 

India, Pakistan, Nepal Bangladesh

24

Asparagaceae

Asparagus gonoclados Baker

H

May

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

25

Asteraceae

Anaphalis subdecurrens Gamble

H

October

JJ 194704

India, Sri Lanka

26

Begoniaceae

Begonia malabarica Lam.

H

May–June

R.S. 73708

India, Sri Lanka

27

Burseraceae

Commiphora caudata (Wight & Arn.) Engl.

T

December

JJ 206596

India, Sri Lanka

28

Capparaceae

Capparis divaricata Lam.

S

October–March

JJ 194650, JJ 197419

India, Sri Lanka

29

Celastraceae

Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers.

[Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze]

T

September–December

JJ 194630, JJ 197413, JJ 206580

India, Sri Lanka

30

Celastraceae

Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers.

T

March, July, December

JJ 194630, JJ 197413, JJ 206580

India, Sri Lanka

31

Celastraceae

Elaeodendron paniculatum Wight & Arn.

T

March

JJ 207091

India, Sri Lanka

32

Celastraceae

Euonymus dichotomus B.Heyne ex Wall.

T

March–May

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

India, Sri Lanka

33

Combretaceae

Combretum albidum G.Don [Combretum ovalifolium Roxb. ex G.Don]

SS

March–May

JJ 195971, JJ 197281, JJ 207044

India, Sri Lanka

34

Combretaceae

Terminalia anogeissiana Gere & Boatwr.

T

March–September

JJ 194404

Indian subcontinent

35

Commelinaceae

Cyanotis villosa (Spreng.) Schult. & Schult.f.

H

September–December, March

JJ 197469, JJ 203489, JJ 203581

India, Sri Lanka

36

Commelinaceae

Commelina indehiscens E.Barnes

H

September

R.S. 73556

India, Sri Lanka

37

Commelinaceae

Cyanotis fasciculata (B.Heyne ex Roth) Schult. & Schult.f.

H

September

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

38

Commelinaceae

Cyanotis pilosa Schult. & Schult.f.

H

September

R.S. 73589

India, Sri Lanka

39

Commelinaceae

Murdannia esculenta (Wall. ex C.B.Clarke) Abeyw.

H

September

R.S. 73775

India, Sri Lanka

40

Convolvulaceae

Argyreia elliptica (Roth) Choisy

CS

September–October

JJ 194681, JJ 202943, JJ 203560

India, Nepal, Sri Lanka

41

Daphniphyllaceae

Daphniphyllum neilgherrense (Wight) K.Rosenthal

T

October–December

B.R. Ramesh 1571

India, Sri Lanka

42

Dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea tomentosa J.Koenig ex Spreng.

C

August–September

JJ 202927

 

India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

43

Ebenaceae

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

T

December–March

JJ 206577, JJ 207090

India, Sri Lanka

44

Eriocaulaceae

Eriocaulon thwaitesii Körn.

H

September

JJ 203447

 

India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka

45

Euphorbiaceae

Givotia moluccana (L.) Sreem.

(Givotia rottleriformis Griff. ex Wight)

T

May–June, September

JJ 195734, JJ 202992

India, Sri Lanka

46

Euphorbiaceae

Glochidion candolleanum (Wight &Arn.) Chakrab. & M.Gangop.

(Glochidion arboreum Wight)

T

September

R.S. 73829

India, Sri Lanka

47

Fabaceae

Cajanus rugosus (Wight &Arn.) Maesen

(Atylosia rugosa Wight &Arn.)

CS

December

JJ 206510

India, Sri Lanka

48

Fabaceae

Cajanus albicans (Wight &Arn.) Maesen

C

November

JJ 195775, JJ 197242

India, Sri Lanka

49

Fabaceae

Crotalaria scabrella Wight &Arn.

H

March

JJ 207057

India, Sri Lanka

50

Fabaceae

Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. subsp. cinerea

S

March

JJ 202807

India, Sri Lanka

51

Fabaceae

Hardwickia binata Roxb.

T

December

JJ 203504

India, Bangladesh

52

Fabaceae

Smithia bigemina Dalzell

H

September–December

JJ 206511, JJ 206554

India, Pakistan

53

Fabaceae

Tephrosia tinctoria (L.) Pers.

US

October

JJ 194753

India, Sri Lanka

54

Fabaceae

Dalbergia sissoides Graham ex Wight & Arn.

T

March–April

JJ 197270, JJ 207085

India, Java

55

Gesneriaceae

Rhynchoglossum notonianum (Wall.) B.L.Burtt

H

May & December

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

56

Hypericaceae

Hypericum mysurense Wall. ex Wight & Arn.

S

May–October

JJ 194749, JJ 195984

India, Sri Lanka

57

Lamiaceae

Endostemon viscosus (Roth) M.R.Ashby

US

July–October

JJ 194516, JJ 194571, JJ 195911, JJ 202958

India, Sri Lanka

58

Lamiaceae

Gomphostemma heyneanum Wall. ex Benth.

US

August–September

JJ 202920

India, Vietnam

59

Lamiaceae

Coleus divaricatus A.J.Paton

(Anisochilus paniculatus Benth.)

H

April

A.S. Rao 80069

India, Sri Lanka

60

Lamiaceae

Coleus malabaricus Benth.

H

December

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

61

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees

T

March–June

JJ 195707, JJ 207061

India, Myanmar

62

Liliaceae

Lilium wallichianum 

var. neilgherrense (Wight) H.Hara

H

October

JJ 194747, JJ 202979

India, Nepal

63

Loranthaceae

Helixanthera hookeriana (Wight &Arn.) Danser

PS

March

JJ 207108

India, Sri Lanka

64

Loranthaceae

Taxillus courtallensis (Gamble) Danser

PS

December

JJ 203507

India, Sri Lanka

65

Loranthaceae

Dendrophthoe neelgherrensis (Wight &Arn.) Tiegh.

PS

September

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

66

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia nilagirica (Zenker) Figlar

T

March

JJ 197466

India, Sri Lanka

67

Malvaceae

Byttneria herbacea Roxb.

H

July–September

JJ 194570, JJ 202867

India, Bangladesh

68

Malvaceae

Eriolaena hookeriana Wight &Arn.

T

September

JJ 203438

India, Sri Lanka

69

Molluginaceae

Trigastrotheca pentaphylla (L.) Thulin

(Mollugo pentaphylla L.)

H

July

JJ 194628

India, Sri Lanka

70

Moraceae

Dorstenia indica Wight

H

September

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

71

Myristicaceae

Myristica dactyloides Gaertn.

T

May–June, December

JJ 195718, JJ 206502

India, Bangladesh

72

Oleaceae

Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd.

CS

July

JJ 194484, JJ 194515

India, Sri Lanka

73

Oleaceae

Jasminum ritchiei C.B.Clarke

CS

December

JJ 203506

India, Bhutan

74

Oleaceae

Ligustrum robustum 

subsp. perrottetii (A.DC.) de Juana

T

May–June

JJ 195973

India, Laccadive islands

75

Oleaceae

Jasminum brevilobum DC.

CS

September

Barnes 1944

India, Vietnam

76

Orchidaceae

Aerides ringens (Lindl.) C.E.C.Fisch.

E

July

JJ 194449, JJ 194547

India, Sri Lanka

77

Orchidaceae

Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl.

E

March–April

JJ 197478

India, Sri Lanka

78

Orchidaceae

Coelogyne odoratissima Lindl.

E

March–April

JJ 197479

India, Sri Lanka

79

Orchidaceae

Crepidium versicolor (Lindl.) Sushil K.Singh, Agrawala & Jalal

[Malaxis versicolor (Lindl.) Sant. & Kapadia]

H

October

JJ 194748

India, Sri Lanka

80

Orchidaceae

Diplocentrum recurvum Lindl.

E

May–June

JJ 195767, JJ 195952

India, Sri Lanka

81

Orchidaceae

Gastrochilus acaulis (Lindl.) Kuntze

[Saccolabium pulchellum (Wight) C.E.C.Fisch.]

E

March

JJ 207105

India, Sri Lanka

82

Orchidaceae

Habenaria longicorniculata J.Graham

H

September–October

JJ 194732, JJ 202967

India, Sri Lanka

83

Orchidaceae

Habenaria roxburghii Nicolson

H

July–September

JJ 194441, JJ 202957

India, Sri Lanka

84

Orchidaceae

Luisia tenuifolia Blume

E

July

JJ 194546

India, Sri Lanka

85

Orchidaceae

Oberonia brunoniana Wight

E

December

JJ 206598

India, Bangladesh

86

Orchidaceae

Papilionanthe cylindrica (Lindl.) Seidenf.

(Aerides cylindrica Lindl.)

E

March–June

JJ 195706, JJ 197449

India, Sri Lanka

87

Orchidaceae

Trichoglottis tenera (Lindl.) Rchb.f.

E

March

JJ 197480

India, Sri Lanka

88

Orchidaceae

Vanilla walkerae Wight

C

March–December

JJ 207115

India, Sri Lanka

89

Orchidaceae

Dendrobium jerdonianum Wight

(Dendrobium nutans Lindl.)

E

April–May

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

90

Orchidaceae

Habenaria barbata Wight ex Hook.f.

H

September

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

91

Orchidaceae

Liparis atropurpurea Lindl.

H

September

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

92

Orchidaceae

Peristylus spiralis A.Rich.

H

September

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

93

Orobanchaceae

Parasopubia delphiniifolia (L.) H.-P.Hofm. & Eb.Fisch.

H

October

JJ 195928

India, Sri Lanka

94

Orobanchaceae

Pedicularis zeylanica Benth.

H

September

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

95

Phyllanthaceae

Glochidion bourdillonii Gamble

T

February–March

A.S. Rao 80036

India, Bhutan

96

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus rheedei Wight

H

July–September

JJ 194430

India, Sri Lanka

97

Poaceae

Cyrtococcum deccanense Bor

H

August–September

JJ 202908

India, Sri Lanka

98

Poaceae

Pseudanthistiria umbellata (Hack.) Hook.f.

H

December

JJ 206557

India, Sri Lanka

99

Poaceae

Themeda cymbaria Hack.

H

March–April

JJ 202846

India, Sri Lanka

100

Poaceae

Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf

H

December

JJ 206551

India, Bangladesh

101

Poaceae

Themeda cymbaria Hack.

H

September

R.S. Rao 73572

India, Sri Lanka

102

Poaceae

Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf

H

April–May

A.S. Rao 80409

India, Bangladesh

103

Primulaceae

Myrsine wightiana Wall. ex A.DC.

[Rapanea wightiana (Wall. ex A.DC.) Mez]

T

May-June

JJ 195710

India, Sri Lanka

104

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus wallichianus Wight & Arn.

H

May

Barnes 1944, Kammathy 1967

India, Sri Lanka

105

Rosaceae

Rubus fairholmianus Gardner

CS

March

JJ 207070

India, Sri Lanka

106

Rubiaceae

Benkara malabarica (Lam.) Tirveng.

S

March–September

JJ 194510, JJ 195724, JJ 202808, JJ 202810, JJ 202812, JJ 202937

India, Sri Lanka

107

Rubiaceae

Gardenia latifolia Aiton

T

March

JJ 197485

India, Bangladesh

108

Rubiaceae

Meyna laxiflora Robyns

T

May–July

JJ 194476, JJ 195945, JJ 197287

India, Bangladesh

109

Rubiaceae

Mussaenda glabrata (Hook.f.) Hutch. ex Gamble

S

July

JJ 194548

India, Bangladesh

110

Rubiaceae

Neanotis monosperma (Wight & Arn.) W.H.Lewis

H

September

JJ 203457

India, Sri Lanka

111

Rubiaceae

Psychotria nilgherensis (Kuntze) Govaerts & Chakrab.

[Psychotria elongata (Wight) Hook.f.]

S

May–June, September

JJ 195741

India, Sri Lanka

112

Rubiaceae

Psychotria nigra (Gaertn.) Alston

S

March

JJ 207038

India, Sri Lanka

113

Rubiaceae

Ixora pavetta Andrews

S

July

JJ 194633

 

India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

114

Rubiaceae

Ixora notoniana Wall. ex G.Don

S

May

Barnes 1944

India, Sri Lanka

115

Rutaceae

Chloroxylon swietenia DC.

T

March–June

JJ 195764, JJ 197404

India, Sri Lanka

116

Rutaceae

Clausena indica (Dalzell) Oliv.

T

March–July, December

JJ 194625, JJ 206568, JJ 207079

India, Sri Lanka

117

Rutaceae

Pleiospermium alatum (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Swingle

T

March–April

JJ 197422

India, Sri Lanka

118

Rutaceae

Pamburus missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Swingle

T

March–July

A.S. Rao 80398

India, Sri Lanka

119

Salicaceae

Casearia thwaitesii Briq.

T

May

JJ 195712

India, Sri Lanka

120

Salicaceae

Scolopia crenata (Wight &Arn.) Clos

T

July

JJ 194522

India, Sri Lanka

121

Santalaceae

Viscum capitellatum Sm.

PS

September

R.S. Rao 73760

India, Sri Lanka

122

Sapotaceae

Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia (Roxb.) A.Chev.

T

March

JJ 203513, JJ 207043

India, Bangladesh

123

Tiliaceae

Grewia bracteata B.Heyne ex Roth

(Grewia wightiana J.R. Drumm.)

T

May

Kammathy 1967

India, Sri Lanka

124

Vitaceae

Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch.

CS

December

JJ 206562

India, Sri Lanka

125

Vitaceae

Ampelocissus araneosa (Dalzell) Gamble

CS

July–September

Kammathy 1967

India, Thailand

126

Zingiberaceae

Meistera acuminata (Thwaites) Skornick. &M.F.Newman

(Amomum muricatum Bedd.)

H

May

A.S. Rao 79979

India, Sri Lanka

C—Climbers | E—Epiphytes | H—Herbs | PS—Parasitic shrubs | S—Shrubs | SS—Scandent shrubs | T—Trees | US—Undershrubs | WC—Woody climbers.

 

Table 3. Representation of life-form of endemic flora in Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve.

Life form

No. of endemic taxa

Percentage

Trees

35

17%

Shrubs & Under shrubs

39

20%

Herbaceous climbers/ Woody climbers/ Liane/ Scandent shrubs

17

9%

Herbs

85

40%

Epiphytes

25

12%

Parasitic shrubs

10

5%

Total

211

100%

 

For figures & images - - click here for full PDF

 

 

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