Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 February 2023 | 15(2): 22661–22676

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7974.15.2.22661-22676

#7974 | Received 14 April 2022 | Final received 03 December 2022 | Finally accepted 10 February 2023

Butterflies of Silent Valley National Park and its environs, Western Ghats of Kerala, India

Kalesh Sadasivan¹, P.C. Sujitha², Toms Augustine³, Edayillam Kunhikrishnan⁴, Vinayan P. Nair⁵, M. Divin Murukesh⁶ & Baiju Kochunarayanan⁷

^1,2,5,7TNHS Lepidoptera Research Group (TLRG), Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), Mathrubhumi Road, Vanchiyoor, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695035, India.

¹Greeshmam, BN439, Bapuji Nagar, Medical College Post, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India.

²Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581, India.

³Pathippallil House, Poovarani P.O, Kottayam, Kerala 686577, India.

⁴TC1/2021, Jayamanju, Edassery Nagar, Kumarapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695011, India.

⁵XV/446 A1, Nethaji Housing Colony, Trichambaram, Taliparamba P.O, Kannur, Kerala 670141, India.

⁶Centre for Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, MES Mampad College, Mampad College, P.O. Malappuram, Kerala 676542, India.

⁷Sreerangam, Puravoorkonam, Karakulam Post, Kerala 695564, India.

¹kaleshs2002in@gmail.com (corresponding author), ²sujeespc@gmail.com, ³tomsaugustine@gmail.com, ⁴ekunhi@gmail.com,

⁵vinayanpnair@gmail.com, ⁶divinwrct@gmail.com, ⁷baijupaluvally@gmail.com

Abstract: The butterfly fauna of Silent Valley National Park (SVNP) and its buffer zone in Kerala is discussed. Of the 335 species listed from the Western Ghats (WG) and 326 from Kerala, 269 species were recorded from inside the boundaries of the core of SVNP, while an additional 21 species were confirmed from its buffer zone making a total of 290 species as an aggregate for SVNP and its environs. This included 19 species of Papilionidae, 26 Pieridae, 85 Nymphalidae, one Riodinidae, 82 Lycaenidae, and 77 Hesperiidae. Thirty-one species were strictly endemic to the Western Ghats and 63 species were listed in schedules of WPA 1972, and 19 species were in the IUCN Red Lists. The region harbours 89% of all butterflies of Kerala (326 species), and 87% of those seen in the Western Ghats (335 species). About 11% of butterfly fauna of SVNP is endemic to the Western Ghats. Silent Valley and adjoining regions have 86% of all IUCN Red listed species listed for Kerala and the WG. The region also holds 91% of the species listed under WPA known from Kerala and 90% of those listed from WG. Thus, SVNP and its environs are one of the richest regions with respect to butterflies.

Keywords: Lepidoptera, Checklist, endemics, grasslands, IUCN, Shola, WPA.

Editor: George Mathew, Kerala, India. Date of publication: 26 February 2023 (online & print)

Citation: Sadasivan, K., P.C. Sujitha, T. Augustine, E. Kunhikrishnan, V.P. Nair, M.D. Murukesh & B. Kochunarayanan (2023). Butterflies of Silent Valley National Park and its environs, Western Ghats of Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(2): 22661–22676. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7974.15.2.22661-22676

Copyright: © Sadasivan et al. 2023. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: The second author duly acknowledges the financial assistance received from the

University of Kerala as Post-Doctoral Fellowship.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Author details: Kalesh Sadasivan, research associate at Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), works on natural history of Western Ghats, and is primarily interested in the ecology, taxonomy and distribution of butterflies, odonates, cicadas and ants. Sujitha PC, research associate at Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), works on butterflies of Western Ghats and is currently working on lycaenid Myrmecophily. Toms Augustine is a naturalist interested in birds, butterflies and odonates of Western Ghats especially their distribution patterns. E. Kunhikrishnan is a retired faculty of zoology, who has worked extensively on Natural History and conservation of Western Ghats, and is a pioneer in butterfly research in Kerala. Vinayan P Nair, Zoology teacher at Government Vocational Higher Secondary School, Payyoli, Kozhikode and Research Associate at Travancore Nature History Society (TNHS), Trivandrum, Kerala. Currently involved in studying taxonomy of odonates of Western Ghats. Apart from odonates has specific interests in moths, butterflies, ants, mantids and wasps. M. Divin Murukesh works on bird communities of Silent Valley and adjoining landscapes. Baiju K is a research associate in TNHS working on butterflies of Kerala and their lifecycles.

Author contributions: KS and SPC conceived the idea and wrote the primary draft. KS, TA, EK, MDM, BK did field work and corrected the draft. SPC and VPN worked on the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department for the survey permits. We are thankful to Suresh Elamon, M. Jafer Palot, and George Mathew for providing references and constructive inputs on the manuscript. We are grateful to Jayakumar, Director, Manoj K, and other members of TNHS, Trivandrum for their field assistance.

Introduction

Silent Valley National Park (SVNP) is located just north of the Palghat gap, on the southwestern slopes of the Nilgiri Landscape of the Western Ghats. The major portion of the division is in the Mannarkkad Taluk of Palakkad District in Kerala. A portion of the buffer zone is in Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram District. The area lies within the latitudes 11.03–11.22 ⁰N and 76.40–76.53 ⁰E. The Silent Valley Forest Division now comprises Silent Valley Range (143.52 km²) and the buffer zone of Bhavani Range (94 km²), thus making a total area of 237.52 km² (Image 1). The National Park and its buffer zone are surrounded by the reserved and vested forests of Attapady Range of Mannarkkad Division towards the east, Mannarkkad Range of Mannarkkad Division towards south & west, and Kalikavu Range of Nilambur South Division towards the north-west, and the forests of Mukurthi National Park of Tamil Nadu border on eastern limits (Anonymous 2012).

The terrain is generally undulating with steep escarpments and many hillocks. The elevation of this region ranges from 95 m at Thatthengalam to 2,383 m at the Anginda peak. Both the south-west monsoon and the north-east monsoon cause rains in this area. The major share, however, comes from the south-west monsoon, which sets in during the first week of June. The heaviest rainfall is during June, July, and August. As per data from weather recorded from forest sections the rainfall varies from 7,500 mm per year in the northern side to 2,800 mm (southeastern dry zone). The main drainage basins are of the river Kunthipuzha (Bharatapuzha) for the core zone, and Bhavanipuzha for the buffer zone (Nair 1991).

The average minimum temperature ranges 8–14 ^oC and the average maximum temperature varies 23–29 ^oC. The forests and environs of Silent Valley Division can be categorized into the following types based on Champion & Seth (1968): Southern Hill Top Tropical Evergreen Forest, West Coast Tropical Evergreen Forests, Cane Brakes, Wet Bamboo Brakes, West Coast Semi Evergreen Forests, West Coast Secondary Evergreen Dipterocarp Forests, Southern Sub-tropical Hill Forests, Reed Brakes, South Indian Sub-tropical Hill Savannah, Southern Montane Wet Temperate Forests, Southern Montane Wet Scrub, and Southern Montane Wet Grasslands (Image 2) (Nair 1991; Anonymous 2012). About 75–80% of the protected area is covered with thick woody vegetation and about 20% of the area has grasslands. The regions on the northwestern slopes have rich wet evergreen forests, while the southeastern borders have drier Dry Deciduous Scrub vegetation (Image 2).

The region has excellent biodiversity as exemplified by 2,000 species of plants, 41 species of mammals, 97 species of birds, 42 reptiles, and 46 amphibians reported there (Manoharan et al. 1999). The management plan of SVNP mentions 92 species of butterflies (Anonymous 2012). British naturalists like G.F. Hampson, J.A. Yates, W.H. Evans, and M.A. Wynter-Blyth. occasionally visited the region as gathered from their works, but the finer details of the visits are still unknown (Hampson 1888; Evans 1927; Yates 1935; Wynter-Blyth 1957). Larsen (1987a,b,c; 1988) briefly visited Mukkali in the 1980s while working on the butterflies of the Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu. Yata & Gaonkar (1999) discovered and described new subspecies of Eurema andersoni shimai from Nilgiris, and mentioned the presence of this taxon as well as its host plants and flight periods. Mathew (1999) reported 96 species from SVNP during a study from 1987–1990. Mathew & Rahamathulla (1993) and Mathew (1994) surveyed butterflies and documented 100 species of butterflies. Reports of butterfly migrations were recorded from adjacent landscapes like Nilgiris by (Larsen 1978), and New Amarambalam Reserve Forest by Mathew & Binoy (2002).

No other published records are available on the butterfly fauna of this protected tract. There had not been any formally structured surveys for butterflies in the Silent Valley National Park and the first one was done by TNHS in association with SVNP in September 2016 with records of 180 species over a span of three days (Sadasivan & Jayakumar 2016). In this paper, we report 290 species of butterflies from SVNP, based on a review of past literature and our fieldwork in the region.

Materials and Methods

This paper is a compilation of the field data from the authors over the last two decades. The previous literature on butterflies of the region Hampson (1888), Larsen (1987a,b,c, 1988), Mathew & Rahamathulla (1993), Mathew (1994, 1999), and Mathew & Binoy (2002) were reviewed. The data logged in the management plan (Anonymous 2012) was also consulted, as well as the report on the first comprehensive invertebrate survey of SVNP done in 2016 submitted by TNHS to the Kerala Forest Department (Sadasivan & Jayakumar 2016). In addition, the field data of the authors from casual visits to the region and a 4-day expedition from Mukurthi to Mukkali was also added. The standard transect methodology (3 km in 3 hours) was employed in field surveys with strategically placed basecamps covering all habitats and elevational gradients of the National Park. The core region was assessed using Walakkad, Poochipara, Sispara, Punnamala, Havelock, Neelikkal, and Sairandry as the basecamps. The areas sampled in the buffer zone were Keerippara, Kottappuzha, Mukkali, Panthanthodu, Thudukki, and Thatthengalam. Occasional visits were done to Karuvarakundu in wetter evergreen Nilambur slopes on the northwest side and Mukkali side in the southeast dry zone. For all calculation purposes, the butterfly fauna of the core of SVNP and its buffer are considered together. The general taxonomic placement follows Evans (1927 & 1949), Larsen (1987–88), Gaonkar (1996), Kunte et al. (2021), and Sadasivan & Sengupta 2023 (in press). Geographical divisions and landscapes follow Sankar (2013) with necessary modifications. In this paper we have classified the occurrence data based on transect encounters with the status as Very Common (VC) if seen in >75% of transects, Common (C) if seen in 50-–75%, Not Rare (NR) if seen in 25–50% transects, Rare (R) in a case seen in 5–25%, and Very Rare (VR) if seen in <5% of the transects. Doubtful records are mentioned under the discussion part of each family. Species of the genera Mycalesis, Nacaduba, Pelopidas, and Potanthus were identified based on examination of male brands, observation & rearing of early stages, and examination of the male genitalia of specimens outside protected areas adjoining the study region. Detailed analysis of transects with biodiversity indices and conservation values shall be published elsewhere. The global conservation status data was derived from the IUCN site http://www.iucnredlist.org (IUCN 2021). Indian Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) 1972 and its amendments till 2022 as the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2002 has been consulted to arrive at the species listed under the schedules.

Results and Discussion

Western Ghats has 335 species and Kerala state has 326 species as per the latest estimates (Sadasivan & Sengupta 2023, in press; Sadasivan et al. 2023, in press). We found 290 species of butterflies from SVNP and its buffer zone. This included 19 species of Papilionidae, 26 species of Pieridae, 85 species of Nymphalidae, one species of Riodinidae, 82 Lycaenidae, and 77 species of Hesperiidae (Figure 1A). We found 269 species from inside the boundaries of the core of SVNP, while an additional 21 species were confirmed from its buffer zone. The records of 13 species need further confirmation.

Analysis of historical works in the SVNP and adjoining regions suggests the high diversity of butterflies. From the Nilgiri region, Hampson (1888) had 260 valid taxa, Yates (1935) included 282 species, Wynter-Blyth mentioned 290 species, and Larsen (1987–88) had 299 species. From the SVNP on the western slopes of the Nilgiris, we see that Mathew & Rahamathulla (1993), Mathew (1994, 1999), and Mathew & Binoy (2002) reported around 100 species. In this study, we report 290 species, a more realistic aggregate for a highly biodiverse region like SVNP. The reason for the lesser total compared to Nilgiris proper may be due to less land area and the absence of pure dry scrub vegetation in SVNP that harbours quite a few arid species in the northern slopes of Nilgiris.

All 19 species of Papilionidae seen in the Western Ghats and Kerala are recorded at SVNP. This includes the three strict Western Ghat endemics namely Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881), Papilio liomedon Moore, [1875] and Papilio buddha Westwood, 1872. All three species of peacocks Papilio paris tamilana Moore, 1881, P. buddha Westwood, 1872 and P. crino Fabricius, 1793 are seen in the region. Three species were not recorded in the core but were recorded from the buffer zone—Graphium antiphates naira (Moore, [1903]) from the northwestern wet zone and Graphium nomius nomius (Esper, 1799) and Papilio crino from the southeastern part of the dry zone.

In Pieridae only 26 species were documented in the core and buffer of SVNP. This includes the endemics Eurema (Terias) nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990), Colias nilagiriensis Felder & Felder, 1859 (Image 3A), and Appias wardii (Moore, 1884). Though absent inside SVNP, Colotis amata (Fabricius, 1775), C. aurora (Cramer, [1780]), C. danae danae (Fabricius, 1775), C. etrida etrida (Boisduval, 1836), and C. fausta fulvia (Wallace, 1867), were reported from the drier south-eastern border of the buffer zone. The presence of these straggler species in the SVNP needs further confirmation. These species are also listed in a paper on butterflies of Anaikatti, a region adjoining the south-eastern part of the SVNP (Selvaraj & Arun 2014). There are also reports of Appias lalage lalage (Doubleday, 1842), from Walakkad and Mukurthi.

Out of the 97 species of Nymphalidae in Kerala and the 100 in WG, SVNP and its environs have 85 species, including the following 12 Western Ghat endemics –Parantirrhoea marshalli Wood-Mason, 1881, Kallima horsfieldii Kollar, [1844], Idea malabarica (Moore, 1877), Zipaetis saitis Hewitson, 1863, Cethosia mahratta Moore, 1872 were from the wetter north-western Nilambur slopes; while Mycalesis igilia Fruhstorfer, 1911, Mycalesis orcha Evans, 1912, Ypthima tabella Marshall & de Nicéville, 1883 were from the grasslands; and Telinga adolphei (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) (Image 3E), Ypthima chenu (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) (Image 3C), Argynnis hybrida (Evans, 1912) (Image 3B), and Parantica nilgiriensis (Moore, 1877) (Image 3D), were recorded from Sispara region and adjoining Murkurthi border. Ypthima asterope mahratta Moore, 1884, and Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson, 1865 are included based on their records from the dry southeast. Three species from the dry southeast zone Byblia ilithyia (Drury, [1773]), Charaxes agraria Swinhoe, 1887, and Symphaedra nais (Forster, 1771), are needing further confirmation.

Of the two species of Riodinidae reported from the WG, only Abisara bifasciata suffusa Moore, 1882, was observed in the region. Abisara echerius prunosa Moore, 1879, is yet to be found here.

Lycaenidae was represented by 82 out of the 94 species in Kerala and 98 in the Western Ghats. Three strict endemic species reported were Celatoxia albidisca (Moore, [1884]), Arhopala alea (Hewitson, 1862), and Curetis siva Evans, 1954. Two species were included based on our records from the buffer zone, namely, Nacaduba calauria evansi Toxopeus, 1927, and Thaduka multicaudata kanara Evans, 1925: and three species from the south-west dry zone– Hypolycaena nilgirica Moore, [1884], Tajuria jehana jehana Moore, [1884], and Ancema sudica (Evans, 1926). However, Freyeria trochylus (Freyer, 1845), Arhopala bazaloides bazaloides (Hewitson, 1878), Tajuria maculatus (Hewitson, 1865), and Tajuria melastigma de Nicéville, 1887, known from the adjacent Nilgiris and Nilambur valley are still unrecorded inside SVNP. Udara akasa mavisa (Fruhstorfer, 1917) (Image 3F), was common in the shola-grasslands of the region.

Seventy-seven species of Hesperiidae out of 82 in Kerala and Western Ghats were observed in SVNP. Both the endemic grassland-dependent Hedgehoppers Baracus hampsoni Elwes & Edwards, 1897, and B. subditus Moore, [1884] were recorded. The grassland species Arnetta mercara Evans, 1932, was not uncommon. Quedara basiflava (de Nicéville, [1889]), Halpemorpha hyrtacus (de Nicéville, 1897), Halpe hindu Evans, 1937, Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe, 1890) (Image 3G), and Thoressa honorei (de Nicéville, 1887) were recorded in the wetter north-western slopes. Thoressa sitala (de Nicéville, 1885), Oriens concinna (Elwes & Edwards, 1897), and Caltoris canaraica (Moore, [1884]) (Image 3H), were found in the higher reaches >1200 m ASL. Sarangesa purendra hopkinsi Evans, 1921, Caprona alida vespa Evans, 1949 and Aeromachus dubius dubius Elwes & Edwards, 1897 were absent. While Gerosis bhagava bhagava (Moore, [1866]), and Gomalia elma albofasciata Moore, 1879, were found in the dry zone; Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793), Zographetus ogygia ogygia (Hewitson, [1866]), Cephrenes acalle oceanica (Mabille, 1904), Taractrocera maevius (Fabricius, 1793), Telicota colon colon (Fabricius, 1775), Baoris farri (Moore, 1878), Caltoris kumara kumara (Moore, 1878), Caltoris philippina philippina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869), and Pelopidas conjuncta narooa (Moore, 1878) were added from the northwest zone near the Nilambur slopes.

Endemicity

Sixty species out of the 290 species in SVNP and environs had some element of endemicity, of which 31 species were strictly endemic to the Western Ghats. Thus 11% of the butterflies in SVNP are WG endemics (Figure 3A). This is out of the 38 species that are currently considered strictly restricted to the Western Ghats. Thus, it hosts 82% of all the butterflies listed as strictly endemic to the Western Ghats. Of these, Telinga adolphei, Argynnis hybrida, Mycalesis igilia, Mycalesis orcha, and Thoressa sitala are montane endemics seen only in this Nilgiris-Coorg landscape of Western Ghats (Table 1). Since geographically restricted to a very small landscape inside the WG, they must be considered super-endemics.

IUCN Red List

SVNP and its environs had 19 species (6.55% of its butterfly fauna) listed in the IUCN Red List (Figure 1C, 2B). Seventeen species are listed under Least Concern and two species namely Idea malabarica and Parantica nilgiriensis are under the Near Threatened category. Except Gomalia elma albofasciata all others were listed inside the core zone (See Appendix I).

WPA 1972

Of the 69 species of butterflies protected under the WPA 1972 in Kerala, and 70 in WG, SVNP had 63 species under the schedules (Figure 1B). Thus 21.72% of all its butterfly fauna is under the WPA. The region also holds 91% of the species listed under WPA known from Kerala and 90% of those listed from WG. Under Schedule I there are four species, one species is under both Schedule I &II, 58 species are under Schedule II (See Appendix I).

Conclusions

With 269 species inside the core and with 290 species as an aggregate including the adjoining buffer zones (21 species), SVNP is one of the richest regions with respect to butterflies. The region harbours 89% of all butterflies of Kerala (326 species) and 87% of those in the Western Ghats (335 species). Eleven percent of its butterfly fauna is endemic to the Western Ghats. It hosts 82% of all butterflies listed as endemic to the Western Ghats. Around 96% of all the IUCN Red listed species in Kerala and WG and 90 % of species listed in WPA from WG and 91% of them from Kerala are also found in the region. The diversity of the region with 290 species is much more than that of states like Goa (267 species), Maharashtra (257) species and Gujarat (169 species) along the Western Ghats. SVNP and its environs have rich butterfly diversity. The buffer zone has good diversity and significantly adds to the butterfly fauna of the core of SVNP. More areas from the drier southeast and the wet evergreen region to the northwest may be incorporated into the National Park, thereby preserving the remaining tracts of benchmark evergreen forests of southern India.

Table 1. Family-wise list of endemic species and their known distribution.

	Family	Taxon	Endemicity^*
1	Papilionidae	Troides minos (Cramer, [1779])	WG & SI
2	Papilionidae	Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881)	WG
3	Papilionidae	Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758)	PI & SL
4	Papilionidae	Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865)	SI
5	Papilionidae	Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880	SI
6	Papilionidae	Papilio liomedon Moore, [1875]	WG
7	Papilionidae	Papilio buddha Westwood, 1872	WG
8	Papilionidae	Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793	PI
9	Pieridae	Eurema (Terias) nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990)	WG
10	Pieridae	Colias nilagiriensis Felder & Felder, 1859	WG
11	Pieridae	Prioneris sita (Felder & Felder, 1865)	SI & SL
12	Pieridae	Appias wardii (Moore, 1884)	WG
13	Pieridae	Pareronia ceylanica ceylanica (Felder & Felder, 1865)	WG & SL
14	Nymphalidae	Discophora lepida lepida (Moore, 1857)	SI & SL
15	Nymphalidae	Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871	SI & SL
16	Nymphalidae	Parantirrhoea marshalli Wood-Mason, 1881	WG
17	Nymphalidae	Lethe drypetis todara Moore, 1881	SI & SL
18	Nymphalidae	Mycalesis igilia Fruhstorfer, 1911	WG
19	Nymphalidae	Mycalesis junonia Butler, 1868	SI
20	Nymphalidae	Mycalesis orcha Evans, 1912	WG
21	Nymphalidae	Mycalesis subdita Moore, 1892	SI & SL
22	Nymphalidae	Telinga adolphei (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)	WG
23	Nymphalidae	Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson, 1865	PI & SL
24	Nymphalidae	Ypthima chenu (Guérin-Méneville, 1843)	WG
25	Nymphalidae	Ypthima striata Hampson, 1888	SI
26	Nymphalidae	Ypthima tabella Marshall & de Nicéville, 1883	WG
27	Nymphalidae	Zipaetis saitis Hewitson, 1863	WG
28	Nymphalidae	Cethosia mahratta Moore, 1872	WG
29	Nymphalidae	Argynnis hybrida (Evans, 1912)	WG
30	Nymphalidae	Cirrochroa thais thais (Fabricius, 1787)	SI & SL
31	Nymphalidae	Kallima horsfieldii Kollar, [1844]	WG
32	Nymphalidae	Idea malabarica (Moore, 1877)	WG
33	Nymphalidae	Parantica nilgiriensis (Moore, 1877)	WG
34	Lycaenidae	Celatoxia albidisca (Moore, [1884])	WG
35	Lycaenidae	Ionolyce helicon viola (Moore, 1877)	WG & SL
36	Lycaenidae	Nacaduba berenice plumbeomicans (Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1881)	WG & SL
37	Lycaenidae	Nacaduba calauria evansi Toxopeus, 1927	WG & SL
38	Lycaenidae	Cigaritis schistacea (Moore, [1881])	PI & SL
39	Lycaenidae	Arhopala alea (Hewitson, 1862)	WG
40	Lycaenidae	Rapala lankana (Moore, 1879)	WG & SL
41	Lycaenidae	Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775)	PI & SL
42	Lycaenidae	Hypolycaena nilgirica Moore, [1884]	WG & SL
43	Lycaenidae	Zeltus amasa amasa (Hewitson, 1865)	India & SL
44	Lycaenidae	Ancema sudica (Evans, 1926)	WG
45	Lycaenidae	Curetis siva Evans, 1954	WG
46	Hesperiidae	Celaenorrhinus ambareesa (Moore, [1866])	PI
47	Hesperiidae	Celaenorrhinus fusca (Hampson, 1888)	PI
48	Hesperiidae	Arnetta mercara Evans, 1932	WG
49	Hesperiidae	Arnetta vindhiana (Moore, [1884])	PI
50	Hesperiidae	Baracus hampsoni Elwes & Edwards, 1897	WG
51	Hesperiidae	Baracus subditus Moore, [1884]	WG
52	Hesperiidae	Quedara basiflava (de Nicéville, [1889])	WG
53	Hesperiidae	Halpemorpha hyrtacus (de Nicéville, 1897)	WG
54	Hesperiidae	Halpe hindu Evans, 1937	SI
55	Hesperiidae	Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe, 1890)	WG
56	Hesperiidae	Thoressa sitala (de Nicéville, 1885)	WG
57	Hesperiidae	Thoressa honorei (de Nicéville, 1887)	WG
58	Hesperiidae	Oriens concinna (Elwes & Edwards, 1897)	WG
59	Hesperiidae	Potanthus diana (Evans, 1932)	PI
60	Hesperiidae	Caltoris canaraica (Moore, [1884])	SI

*WG—Western Ghats | PI—Peninsular India | SL—Sri Lanka | SI—Southern India.

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Appendix 1. Checklist of butterflies of Silent Valley National Park and Its environs, Kerala.

	Common name-Subspecies scientific name	POP^*	END^**	IUCN⁺	WPA^#	Source^@
Papilionidae
1	Troides minos (Cramer, [1779]) — Sahyadri Birdwing	NR	WG & SI	LC	Sch II	H, C
2	Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881) — Malabar Rose	NR	WG	LC		H, C
3	Pachliopta aristolochiae aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) — Indian Common Rose	VC		LC		H, C
4	Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) — Crimson Rose	C	PI & SL	LC	Sch II	H, C
5	Graphium agamemnon menides (Fruhstorfer, 1904) — Dakhan Tailed Jay	C				H, C
6	Graphium antiphates naira (Moore, [1903]) — Sahyadri Five-bar Swordtail	NR				C
7	Graphium doson eleius (Felder & Felder, 1864) — Dakhan Common Jay	C				H, C
8	Graphium nomius nomius (Esper, 1799) – Indian Spot Swordtail	NR				C
9	Graphium teredon (Felder & Felder, 1865) — Narrow-banded Bluebottle	C	SI		(Sch II)	H, C
10	Papilio clytia clytia Linnaeus, 1758 — Oriental Common Mime	NR			(Sch II)	H, C
11	Papilio demoleus demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 — Northern Lime Swallowtail	VC				H, C
12	Papilio dravidarum Wood-Mason, 1880 — Malabar Raven	R	SI			C
13	Papilio helenus daksha Hampson, 1888 — Sahyadri Red Helen	NR				H, C
14	Papilio liomedon Moore, [1875] — Malabar Banded Swallowtail	R	WG		Sch I	H, C
15	Papilio polymnestor polymnestor Cramer, [1775] — Indian Blue Mormon	NR				H, C
16	Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, [1775] — Indian Common Mormon	VC				H, C
17	Papilio paris tamilana Moore, 1881 — Sahyadri Paris Peacock	NR				H, C
18	Papilio buddha Westwood, 1872 — Malabar Banded Peacock	R	WG		Sch II	H, C
19	Papilio crino Fabricius, 1793 — Common Banded Peacock	NR	PI		Sch II	C
Pieridae
20	Catopsilia pomona pomona (Fabricius, 1775) — Oriental Lemon Emigrant	VC				H, C
21	Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) — Oriental Mottled Emigrant	VC				H, C
22	Eurema (Terias) andersoni shimai Yata & Gaonkar, 1999 — Sahyadri One-spot Grass Yellow	R		LC	Sch II	C
23	Eurema (Terias) nilgiriensis (Yata, 1990) — Sahyadri Grass Yellow/Nilgiri grass yellow	R	WG			C
24	Eurema (Terias) blanda silhetana (Wallace, 1867) — Sylhet Three-spot Grass Yellow	C				H, C
25	Eurema (Terias) hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) — Oriental Common Grass Yellow	VC				H, C
26	Eurema laeta laeta (Boisduval, 1836) — Indian Spotless Grass Yellow	NR				C
27	Eurema brigitta rubella (Wallace, 1867) — Small Grass Yellow	NR		LC		H, C
28	Colias nilagiriensis Felder & Felder, 1859 — Nilgiri Clouded Yellow	NR	WG			C
29	Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) — Indian Jezebel	C				H, C
30	Prioneris sita (Felder & Felder, 1865) — Painted Sawtooth	R	SI & SL			C
31	Pieris canidia canis Evans, 1912 — Sahyadri Cabbage White	C				C
32	Cepora nadina remba (Moore, [1858]) — Sahyadri Lesser Gull	R			Sch II	H, C
33	Cepora nerissa phryne (Fabricius, 1775) — Dakhan Common Gull	C				H, C
34	Belenois aurota aurota (Fabricius, 1793) — Indian Pioneer	C		LC		C
35	Appias (Catophaga) albina swinhoei (Moore, 1905) — Sahyadri Common Albatross	C			Sch II	H, C
36	Appias (Hiposcritia) indra shiva (Swinhoe, 1885) — Sahyadri Plain Puffin	NR			Sch II	H, C
37	Appias lalage lalage (Doubleday, 1842) — Himalayan Spot Puffin	R				H, C
38	Appias libythea (Fabricius, 1775) — Western Striped Albatross	NR				H, C
39	Appias lyncida latifasciata Moore, 1881 — Sahyadri Chocolate Albatross	NR			Sch II	C
40	Appias wardii (Moore, 1884) — Sahyadri Albatross / Ward's Albatross	NR	WG		Sch II	C
41	Leptosia nina nina (Fabricius, 1793) — Oriental Psyche	C				H, C
42	Ixias pyrene sesia (Fabricius, 1777) — Dakhan Yellow Orange-tip	C				C
43	Pareronia ceylanica ceylanica (Felder & Felder, 1865) — Sri Lankan Dark Wanderer	NR	WG & SL			C
44	Pareronia hippia (Fabricius, 1787) — Common Wanderer	C				C
45	Hebomoia glaucippe australis Butler, 1898 — Sahyadri Great Orange-tip	C				C
Nymphalidae
46	Discophora lepida lepida (Moore, 1857) — Sahyadri Duffer	R	SI & SL			C
47	Elymnias caudata Butler, 1871 — Tailed Palmfly	C	SI & SL			H, C
48	Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758) — Oriental Common Evening Brown	VC		LC		H, C
49	Melanitis phedima varaha Moore, 1857 — Sahyadri Dark Evening Brown	C				H, C
50	Melanitis zitenius gokala Moore, 1857 — Sahyadri Great Evening Brown	NR			Sch II	C
51	Parantirrhoea marshalli Wood-Mason, 1881 — Travancore Evening Brown	R	WG		Sch II	C
52	Lethe drypetis todara Moore, 1881 — Dakhan Treebrown	NR	SI & SL			C
53	Lethe europa europa (Fabricius, 1775) — Dakhan Bamboo Treebrown	NR			Sch I & II	H, C
54	Lethe rohria neelgheriensis (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) — Common Treebrown	C				H, C
55	Mycalesis anaxias anaxias Hewitson, 1862 — Sahyadri White-bar Bushbrown	NR			Sch II	H, C
56	Mycalesis igilia Fruhstorfer, 1911 — Sahyadri Small Long-brand Bushbrown	NR	WG			H, C
57	Mycalesis junonia Butler, 1868 — Malabar Glad-eye Bushbrown	C	SI			H, C
58	Mycalesis mineus polydecta (Cramer, [1777]) — Dakhan Dark-branded Bushbrown	C				C
59	Mycalesis orcha Evans, 1912 — Pale-brand Bushbrown	NR	WG			C
60	Mycalesis perseus tabitha (Fabricius, 1793) — Dakhan Common Bushbrown	C				C
61	Mycalesis subdita Moore, 1892 — Tamil Bushbrown	NR	SI & SL			C
62	Mycalesis visala visala Moore, [1858] — Indian Long-branded Bushbrown	NR				C
63	Orsotriaena medus mandata (Moore, 1857) — Sahyadri Medus Brown	NR				C
64	Telinga adolphei (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) — Red-eye Bushbrown	NR	WG			C
65	Ypthima asterope mahratta Moore, 1884 — Indian Common Three-ring	R				C
66	Ypthima baldus baldus (Fabricius, 1775) — Common Five-ring	VC				H, C
67	Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson, 1865 — White Four-ring	C	PI & SL			C
68	Ypthima chenu (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) — Nilgiri Four-ring	NR	WG			C
69	Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871 — Common Four-ring	VC				H, C
70	Ypthima striata Hampson, 1888 — Nilgiri Jewel Four-ring	R	SI			C
71	Ypthima tabella Marshall & de Nicéville, 1883 — Sahyadri Baby Five-ring	NR	WG			C
72	Zipaetis saitis Hewitson, 1863 — Banded Catseye	NR	WG		Sch II	H, C
73	Euripus consimilis meridionalis Wood-Mason, 1881 — Sahyadri Painted Courtesan	R			Sch II	C
74	Rohana parisatis atacinus Fruhstorfer, 1913 — Sahyadri Black Prince	NR		LC		C
75	Ariadne ariadne indica (Moore, 1884) — Indian Angled Castor	VC				C
76	Ariadne merione merione (Cramer, [1777]) — Dakhan Common Castor	VC				H, C
77	Charaxes bharata Felder & Felder, [1867] — Indian Nawab	C			(Sch II)	C
78	Charaxes psaphon imna Butler, 1870 — Indian Plain Tawny Rajah	NR			(Sch II)	C
79	Charaxes schreiber wardii (Moore, 1896) — Sahyadri Blue Nawab	VR			Sch I	C
80	Charaxes solon solon (Fabricius, 1793) — Pale Black Rajah	C			Sch II	C
81	Cyrestis thyodamas indica Evans, 1924 — Common Map	C				H, C
82	Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) — Tawny Coster	C				C
83	Cethosia mahratta Moore, 1872 — Sahyadri Lacewing	NR	WG		(Sch II)	H, C
84	Argynnis hybrida (Evans, 1912) — Nilgiri Fritillary	NR	WG			C
85	Cirrochroa thais thais (Fabricius, 1787) — Sahyadri Yeoman	VC	SI & SL			H, C
86	Cupha erymanthis maja Fruhstorfer, 1898 — Sahyadri Rustic	VC				H, C
87	Phalanta phalantha phalantha (Drury, [1773]) — Oriental Common Leopard	VC				H, C
88	Vindula erota saloma de Nicéville, 1886 — Sahyadri Cruiser	C				H, C
89	Libythea laius lepitoides Moore, 1903 — Sahyadri Lobed Beak	NR			(Sch II)	C
90	Libythea myrrha rama Moore, 1872 — Sri Lankan Club Beak	C				C
91	Dophla evelina laudabilis Swinhoe, 1890 — Sahyadri Redspot Duke	NR			Sch II	C
92	Euthalia aconthea meridionalis Fruhstorfer, 1913 — Dakhan Baron	C			Sch II	H, C
93	Euthalia lubentina lubentina (Cramer, [1777]) — Sahyadri Gaudy Baron	NR				C
94	Tanaecia lepidea miyana (Fruhstorfer, 1913) — Peninsular Grey Count	NR			(Sch II)	C
95	Athyma inara Westwood, 1850 — Color Sergeant	NR				C
96	Athyma perius perius (Linnaeus, 1758) — Oriental Common Sergeant	NR				H, C
97	Athyma ranga karwara (Fruhstorfer, 1906) — Karwar Blackvein Sergeant	C			Sch II	C
98	Athyma selenophora kanara (Evans, 1924) — Staff Sergeant	NR				C
99	Moduza procris procris Fruhstorfer, 1906 — Sahyadri Commander	C				H, C
100	Lasippa viraja kanara (Evans, 1924) — Sahyadri Yellowjack Sailer	R			Sch II	C
101	Neptis clinia kallaura Moore, 1881 — Sahyadri Sullied Sailer	R			Sch II	C
102	Neptis hylas varmona Moore, 1872 — Indian Common Sailer	VC				C
103	Neptis jumbah nalanda Fruhstorfer, 1908 — Nalanda Chestnut-streaked Sailer	VC			Sch II	C
104	Neptis nata hampsoni Moore, 1899 — Sahyadri Clear Sailer	R				C
105	Pantoporia hordonia hordonia (Stoll, [1790]) — Oriental Common Lascar	NR				C
106	Phaedyma columella nilgirica (Moore, 1889) — Dakhan Short-banded Sailer	NR			Sch II	C
107	Parthenos sylvia virens Moore, 1877 — Sahyadri Clipper	C			Sch II	H, C
108	Hypolimnas bolina jacintha (Drury, 1773) — Oriental Great Eggfly	VC				H, C
109	Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) — Danaid Eggfly	NR			Sch II	H, C
110	Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758) — Oriental Peacock Pansy	C		LC		H, C
111	Junonia atlites atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) — Oriental Grey Pansy	C				H, C
112	Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) — Oriental Yellow Pansy	C		LC		H, C
113	Junonia iphita iphita (Cramer, [1779]) — Chocolate Pansy	VC
114	Junonia lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) — Chinese Lemon Pansy	VC				H, C
115	Junonia orithya Butler, 1885 — Pale Blue Pansy	C				C
116	Doleschallia bisaltide malabarica Fruhstorfer, 1899 — Malabar Autumn Leaf	NR			Sch II	C
117	Kallima horsfieldii Kollar, [1844] — Southern Blue Oakleaf	NR	WG		Sch II	C
118	Kaniska canace viridis Evans, 1924 — Sahyadri Blue Admiral	NR				H, C
119	Vanessa indica pholoe (Fruhstorfer, 1912) — Sahyadri Red Admiral	NR				H, C
120	Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) — Painted Lady	NR		LC		H, C
121	Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) — Oriental Plain Tiger	VC				C
122	Danaus genutia genutia (Cramer, [1779]) — Oriental Striped Tiger	C				H, C
123	Euploea core core (Cramer, [1780]) — Indian Common Crow	VC		LC		H, C
124	Euploea klugii kollari Felder & Felder, [1865] — Brown King Crow	R				C
125	Euploea sylvester coreta (Godart, 1819) — Double-branded Black Crow	C				C
126	Idea malabarica (Moore, 1877) — Malabar Tree-Nymph	NR	WG	NT	Sch II	H, C
127	Parantica aglea aglea (Stoll, [1782]) — Coromandel Glassy Tiger	C				H, C
128	Parantica nilgiriensis (Moore, 1877) — Nilgiri Tiger	NR	WG	NT		H, C
129	Tirumala limniace exoticus (Gmelin, 1790) — Oriental Blue Tiger	VC				H, C
130	Tirumala septentrionis dravidarum Fruhstorfer, 1899 — Dakhan Dark Blue Tiger	VC				C
Riodinidae
131	Abisara bifasciata suffusa Moore, 1882 — Suffused Double-banded Judy	NR				H, C
Lycaenidae
132	Spalgis epius epius (Westwood, 1852) — Oriental Apefly	C				C
133	Anthene emolus emolus (Godart, [1824]) — Bengal Common Ciliate Blue	NR				C
134	Anthene lycaenina lycaenina (Felder, 1868) — Dakhan Pointed Ciliate Blue	C			Sch II	C
135	Acytolepis lilacea lilacea (Hampson, 1889) — Sahyadri Lilac Hedge Blue	R			Sch II	C
136	Acytolepis puspa felderi Toxopeus, 1927 — Malabar Common Hedge Blue	VC				C
137	Caleta decidia (Hewitson, 1876) — Angled Pierrot	NR				H, C
138	Castalius rosimon rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) — Continental Common Pierrot	C				H, C
139	Catochrysops strabo strabo (Fabricius, 1793) — Oriental Forget-me-not	NR				C
140	Celatoxia albidisca (Moore, [1884]) — White-disc Hedge Blue	R	WG			C
141	Celastrina lavendularis lavenduris (Moore, 1877) — Sri Lankan Plain Hedge Blue	NR				H, C
142	Chilades lajus lajus (Stoll, [1780]) — Indian Lime Blue	C				C
143	Luthrodes pandava pandava (Horsfield, [1829]) — Oriental Plains Cupid	C				C
144	Discolampa ethion ethion Westwood, 1851 — Oriental Banded Blue Pierrot	NR				C
145	Euchrysops cnejus cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) — Oriental Gram Blue	C				C
146	Everes lacturnus syntala Cantlie, 1963 — Dakhan Cupid	C				C
147	Freyeria putli (Kollar, [1844]) — Oriental Grass Jewel	C				C
148	Ionolyce helicon viola (Moore, 1877) — Sri Lankan Pointed Lineblue	R	WG & SL		Sch II	C
149	Jamides alecto eurysaces (Fruhstorfer, 1916) — Himalayan Metallic Cerulean	NR			Sch II	H, C
150	Jamides bochus bochus (Stoll, [1782]) — Indian Dark Cerulean	C				H, C
151	Jamides celeno celeno (Cramer, [1775]) — Oriental Common Cerulean	VC				H, C
152	Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) — Pea Blue	NR				C
153	Leptotes plinius plinius (Fabricius, 1793) — Asian Zebra Blue	C				C
154	Megisba malaya thwaitesi (Moore, [1881]) — Tailless Malayan	NR			Sch II	C
155	Nacaduba beroe gythion Fruhstorfer, 1916 — Assam Opaque Six-Lineblue	NR				C
156	Nacaduba berenice plumbeomicans (Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1881) — Rounded Six-Lineblue	R	WG & SL			C
157	Nacaduba calauria evansi Toxopeus, 1927 — Dark Ceylon Six-Lineblue	VR	WG & SL			C
158	Nacaduba hermus sidoma Fruhstorfer, 1916 — Dakhan Pale Four-Lineblue	NR			Sch II	C
159	Nacaduba kurava canaraica Toxopeus, 1927 — Karwar Transparent Six-Lineblue	NR				C
160	Nacaduba pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1916 — Continental Large Four-Lineblue	R			Sch II	C
161	Neopithecops zalmora dharma (Moore, [1881]) — Sri Lankan Common Quaker	NR				C
162	Petrelaea dana (de Nicéville, [1884]) — Dingy Lineblue	NR				C
163	Prosotas dubiosa indica (Evans, [1925]) — Indian Tailless Lineblue	C			Sch II	C
164	Prosotas nora ardates (Moore, [1875]) — Indian Common Lineblue	VC				C
165	Prosotas noreia hampsonii (de Nicéville, 1885) — Indian White-tipped Lineblue	R			Sch II	C
166	Pseudozizeeria maha ossa (Swinhoe, 1885) — Dakhan Pale Grass Blue	C				C
167	Talicada nyseus nyseus (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) — Indian Red Pierrot	C				C
168	Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville, [1883]) — Dark Pierrot	R				C
169	Udara akasa mavisa (Fruhstorfer, 1917) — Sahyadri White Hedge Blue	NR				H, C
170	Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) — Dark Grass Blue	VC				C
171	Zizina otis indica (Murray, 1874) — Indian Lesser Grass Blue	C				C
172	Zizula hylax hylax (Fabricius, 1775) — Indian Tiny Grass Blue	VC		LC		C
173	Amblypodia anita dina Fruhstorfer, 1907 — Indian Purple Leaf Blue	NR				C
174	Iraota timoleon arsaces Fruhstorfer, 1907 — Dakhan Silverstreak Blue	R				C
175	Thaduka multicaudata kanara Evans, 1925 — Karwar Many-tailed Oakblue	NR			Sch II	C
176	Cigaritis elima elima (Moore, 1877) — Scare Shot Silverline	R			Sch II	C
177	Cigaritis ictis ictis (Hewitson, 1865) — Indian Common Shot Silverline	R				C
178	Cigaritis lohita lazularia (Moore, 1881) — Tamil Long-banded Silverline	NR			Sch II	C
179	Cigaritis schistacea (Moore, [1881]) — Plumbeous Silverline	NR				C
180	Cigaritis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) — Common Silverline	C	PI & SL			C
181	Arhopala abseus indicus Riley, 1923 — Indian Aberrant Oakblue	VR				C
182	Arhopala alea (Hewitson, 1862) — Sahyadri Rosy Oakblue	R	WG		Sch I	C
183	Arhopala amantes amantes (Hewitson, 1862) — Lankan Large Oakblue	C				H, C
184	Arhopala centaurus pirama (Moore, [1881]) — Tamil Centaur Oakblue	C				H, C
185	Surendra quercetorum biplagiata Butler, 1883 — Dakhan Common Acacia Blue	C				C
186	Zinaspa todara todara (Moore, [1884]) — Sahyadri Silver-streaked Acacia Blue	NR			Sch II	C
187	Catapaecilma major callone (Fruhstorfer, 1915) — Sahyadri Common Tinsel	R			Sch II	C
188	Cheritra freja butleri Cowan, 1965 — Sahyadri Common Imperial	C		LC		H, C
189	Bindahara moorei Fruhstorfer, 1904 — Blue-bordered Plane	R			(Sch II)	C
190	Deudorix epijarbas epijarbas (Moore, 1857) — Oriental Cornelian	NR				C
191	Rapala iarbus sorya (Kollar, [1844]) — Indian Red Flash	NR				C
192	Rapala lankana (Moore, 1879) — Malabar Flash	VR	WG & SL			C
193	Rapala manea schistacea (Moore, 1879) — Bengal Slate Flash	C				C
194	Rapala varuna lazulina (Moore, 1879) — Lazuli Flash	NR			Sch II	C
195	Virachola isocrates (Fabricius, 1793) — Common Guava Blue	NR				C
196	Virachola perse ghela Fruhstorfer, 1912 — Tamil Large Guava Blue	NR				C
197	Horaga onyx cingalensis Moore, [1884] — Bright Blue Common Onyx	R			Sch II	C
198	Horaga viola Moore, 1882 — Brown Onyx	VR				C
199	Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) — Monkey Puzzle	C	PI & SL			C
200	Hypolycaena othona othona (Hewitson, 1865) — Oriental Orchid Tit	R			Sch I	C
201	Hypolycaena nilgirica Moore, [1884] — Nilgiri Tit	VR	WG & SL		Sch II	C
202	Zeltus amasa amasa (Hewitson, 1865) — Indian Fluffy Tit	R	India & SL			C
203	Creon cleobis cleobis (Godart, [1824]) — Bengal Broad-tail Royal	NR				C
204	Pratapa deva deva (Moore, [1858]) — Indian White Tufted Royal	NR			Sch II	C
205	Rachana jalindra macanita (Fruhstorfer, 1912) — Sahyadri Banded Royal	R			Sch II	C
206	Tajuria cippus cippus (Fabricius, 1798) — Indian Peacock Royal	C			Sch II	C
207	Tajuria jehana jehana Moore, [1884] — Indian Plains Blue Royal	C				C
208	Loxura atymnus atymnus (Stoll, [1780]) — Yamfly	C				C
209	Ancema sudica (Evans, 1926) — Sahyadri Silver Royal	R	WG		(Sch II)	C
210	Zesius chrysomallus Hübner, 1819 — Redspot	NR				C
211	Curetis acuta dentata Moore, 1879 — Indian Acute Sunbeam	NR				C
212	Curetis siva Evans, 1954 — Shiva Sunbeam	R	WG			C
213	Curetis thetis (Drury, [1773]) — Indian Sunbeam	C				H, C
Hesperiidae
214	Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) — Brown Awl	C				C
215	Bibasis sena sena (Moore, [1866]) — Indian Orange-tail Awl	R			Sch II	C
216	Burara gomata kanara (Evans, 1926) — Sahyadri Pale Green Awlet	R				C
217	Burara jaina fergusonii (de Nicéville, [1893]) — Sahyadri Orange Awlet	NR				C
218	Choaspes benjaminii benjaminii (Guérin-Méneville, 1843) — Sahyadri Indian Awlking	R				C
219	Hasora badra badra (Moore, [1858]) — Oriental Common Awl	R				C
220	Hasora chromus chromus (Cramer, [1780]) — Oriental Common Banded Awl	VC				C
221	Hasora taminatus taminatus (Hübner, 1818) — Lankan White-banded Awl	R				C
222	Hasora vitta indica Evans, 1932 Indian — Plain Banded Awl	R				C
223	Celaenorrhinus ambareesa (Moore, [1866]) — Dakhan Spotted Flat	NR	PI			H, C
224	Celaenorrhinus fusca (Hampson, 1888) — Dusky Spotted Flat	NR	PI			C
225	Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar, [1844]) — Common Spotted Flat	C				H, C
226	Celaenorrhinus putra (Moore, [1866]) — Bengal Restricted Spotted Flat	C				C
227	Pseudocoladenia dan dan (Fabricius, 1787) — Sahyadri Fulvous Pied Flat	C				C
228	Sarangesa dasahara davidsoni Moore, [1866] — Indian Common Small Flat	C				C
229	Caprona agama agama (Moore, [1858]) — Oriental Spotted Angle	R				C
230	Caprona ransonnettii potiphera (Hewitson, 1873) — Dakhan Golden Angle	C				C
231	Coladenia indrani indra Evans, 1926 — Dakhan Tricolor Pied Flat	NR				C
232	Gerosis bhagava bhagava (Moore, [1866]) — Bengal Yellow-breasted Flat	R				C
233	Odontoptilum angulata angulata (Felder, 1862) — Oriental Chestnut Angle	NR				C
234	Tagiades gana silvia Evans, 1934 — Dakhan Suffused Snow Flat	C				C
235	Tagiades japetus obscurus Mabille, 1877 — Dravidian Common Snow Flat	NR				C
236	Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa Möschler, 1878 — Sylhet Water Snow Flat	C				H, C
237	Tapena thwaitesi Moore, [1881] — Black Angle	NR				C
238	Gomalia elma albofasciata Moore, 1879 — African Marbled Skipper	NR		LC		C
239	Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) — Indian Grizzled Skipper	C				C
240	Aeromachus pygmaeus (Fabricius, 1775) — Pygmy Scrub Hopper	C				C
241	Ampittia dioscorides dioscorides (Fabricius, 1793) — Indian Bush Hopper	C				C
242	Arnetta mercara Evans, 1932 — Coorg Forest Bob	R	WG			C
243	Arnetta vindhiana (Moore, [1884]) — Vindhyan Bob	NR	PI			C
244	Baracus hampsoni Elwes & Edwards, 1897 — Malabar Hedge Hopper	NR	WG			C
245	Baracus subditus Moore, [1884] — Yellow-striped Hedge Hopper	R	WG			C
246	Cupitha purreea (Moore, 1877) — Wax Dart	R				C
247	Erionota torus Evans, 1941 — Rounded Palm-Redeye	C				C
248	Gangara thyrsis thyrsis (Fabricius, 1775) — Oriental Giant Redeye	C				C
249	Hyarotis adrastus praba (Moore, [1866]) — Bengal Tree Flitter	NR				C
250	Iambrix salsala luteipalpis (Plötz, 1886) — Southern Chestnut Bob	C				C
251	Matapa aria (Moore, [1866]) — Common Branded Red-Eye	C				C
252	Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia (Felder & Felder, 1862) — Chinese Restricted Demon	NR				C
253	Notocrypta paralysos mangla Evans, 1949 — Sahyadri Common Banded Demon	NR				C
254	Psolos fuligo subfasciatus (Moore, 1878) — Indian Dusky Partwing	NR				C
255	Quedara basiflava (de Nicéville, [1889]) — Yellow-base Flitter	VR	WG			C
256	Salanoemia sala (Hewitson, [1866]) — Maculate Lancer	VR				C
257	Suastus gremius gremius (Fabricius, 1798) — Indian Palm Bob	C				C
258	Suastus minuta bipunctus Swinhoe, 1894 — Sahyadri Small Palm Bob	VR				C
259	Halpemorpha hyrtacus (de Nicéville, 1897) – White-branded Ace/Bicolor Ace	R	WG			C
260	Halpe hindu Evans, 1937 — Sahyadri Banded Ace	C	SI		Sch II	C
261	Halpe porus (Mabille, [1877]) — Bispot Banded Ace	C				C
262	Thoressa astigmata (Swinhoe, 1890) — Unbranded Ace	NR	WG			C
263	Thoressa sitala (de Nicéville, 1885) — Nilgiri Plain Ace	R	WG			C
264	Thoressa honorei (de Nicéville, 1887) — Sahyadri Orange Ace	NR	WG			C
265	Udaspes folus (Cramer, [1775]) — Grass Demon	C				C
266	Zographetus ogygia ogygia (Hewitson, [1866]) — Continental Purple-spotted Flitter	VR				C
267	Cephrenes acalle oceanica (Mabille, 1904) — Variable Plain Palm-Dart	NR				C
268	Oriens concinna (Elwes & Edwards, 1897) — Sahyadri Dartlet	R	WG			C
269	Oriens goloides (Moore, [1881]) — Smaller Dartlet	C				C
270	Potanthus diana (Evans, 1932) — Chinese Dart	R	PI			C
271	Potanthus pallidus (Evans, 1932) — Pale Dart	R				C
272	Potanthus palnia palnia (Evans, 1914) — Palni Dart	C				H, C
273	Potanthus pava pava (Fruhstorfer, 1911) — Yellow Dart	R				H, C
274	Potanthus pseudomaesa (Moore, [1881]) — Indian Dart	NR				C
275	Taractrocera ceramas (Hewitson, 1868) — Incomplete Tawny-spotted Grass Dart	NR				H, C
276	Taractrocera maevius (Fabricius, 1793) — Oriental Grass Dart	NR				C
277	Telicota bambusae bambusae (Moore, 1878) — Oriental Dark Palm-Dart	C				H, C
278	Telicota colon colon (Fabricius, 1775) — Indian Pale Palm-Dart	NR				C
279	Baoris farri (Moore, 1878) — Complete Paint-brush Swift	NR				C
280	Borbo bevani (Moore, 1878) — Lesser Rice Swift	R				C
281	Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) — Rice Swift	C				C
282	Caltoris canaraica (Moore, [1884]) — Karwar Swift	R	SI			H, C
283	Caltoris kumara kumara (Moore, 1878) — Sahyadri Blank Swift	NR				C
284	Caltoris philippina philippina (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) — Philippine Swift	NR				C
285	Parnara bada bada (Moore, 1878) — Oriental Variable Swift	C				C
286	Pelopidas agna agna (Moore, [1866]) — Bengal Obscure Branded Swift	NR				C
287	Pelopidas conjuncta narooa (Moore, 1878) — Sahyadri Conjoined Swift	NR				C
288	Pelopidas mathias mathias (Fabricius, 1798) — Dakhan Small Branded Swift	C		LC		C
289	Pelopidas subochracea subochracea (Moore, 1878) — Bengal Large Branded Swift	NR				C
290	Polytremis lubricans lubricans (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) — Oriental Contiguous Swift	NR				C