Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2024 | 16(3): 24916–24922
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7965.16.3.24916-24922
#7965 | Received 10
April 2022 | Final received 13 February 2024 | Finally accepted 28 February
2024
Stypopodium Kütz. - a new generic record for India from the Bay
of Bengal
Y. Aron Santhosh Kumar 1,
M. Palanisamy 2 & S. Vivek 3
1,3 Botanical Survey of India,
Southern Regional Centre, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003, India.
2 Botanical Survey of India,
Central National Herbarium, Howrah 711103, India.
1 santhosharon@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 samy_bsi@yahoo.co.in, 3 vivekprasanthnss@gmail.com
Editor: O.N. Tiwari, ICAR-Indian Agricultural
Research Institute (PUSA), New Delhi, India. Date
of publication: 26 March 2024 (online & print)
Citation: Kumar, Y.A.S., M. Palanisamy & S. Vivek (2024). Stypopodium
Kütz. - a new generic record for India
from the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Threatened Taxa 16(3): 24916–24922. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7965.16.3.24916-24922
Copyright: © Kumar et al. 2024. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of
India, New Delhi under the AICOPTAX Scheme [Sanctioned order No. 22018/22/2015-RE (Tax) Dt. 05.12.2016]
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr. Y. Aron Santhosh Kumar is the project fellow-cum-researcher of the Southern Regional Centre
(SRC) of Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Coimbatore under AICOPTAX project
sponsored by MoEF & CC. His research interest is subjected to the taxonomy,
diversity, ecology, cultivation, and bio-prospecting of seaweeds in
India. Dr. M. Palanisamy is
positioned as scientist ‘E’ at Central National Herbarium, BSI, MoEF & CC,
Howrah, West Bengal. He has 26 years of research experience in the field of
taxonomy, biology, ecology and prospects of Marine Macroalgae (Seaweeds) and
Seagrass. He has surveyed the maritime states (West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Gujrat) of India and the Andaman &
Nicobar Islands for the survey, collection, and establishment of seaweed repository. Dr. S. Vivek is the researcher at the SRC, BSI and focuses on the application of
seaweeds in the field of Agricultural Science.
Author contributions: YASK—contribution towards the field survey, collection, preservation,
identification of the specimens and consultation of
herbaria; development of research concept and manuscript preparation.
MP—contribution towards the field survey; supervision of research,
identification of the specimen, supervision of research, and finalization of
the manuscript. SV—assisted with the survey and
collection of the specimens.
Acknowledgements: Authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr.
A.A. Mao, Director, BSI, Kolkata and Dr. M.U. Sharief, Scientist ‘F’ & Head
of Office, BSI, SRC, Coimbatore, for providing facilities and support. They are
thankful to MoEF & CC, New Delhi for financial assistance under the
AICOPTAX Scheme (Sanctioned order No. 22018/22/2015-RE (Tax) Dt. 05.12.2016).
Further, they are grateful to the Curators/Directors/Scientific In-charge of CNH,
Kolkata, MH, Coimbatore, NFMAH, Ramanathapuram and Digital Herbaria of Paris
Museum (P); British Museum (BM); Kew (K), National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL)
and New York Botanical Garden (NY) for aid towards the consultations.
Abstract: The study highlights the first-ever
documentation of the genus Stypopodium along the Indian coastline,
specifically in Andhra Pradesh. Previously reported in various Indian Ocean
regions but not in India, this discovery fills a significant gap in
understanding its distribution. The species Stypopodium zonale is
thoroughly examined, including its physical characteristics, microscopic
features, habitats, distribution, and taxonomic notes, complemented by
accompanying photo plates. Additionally, the proposal of a lectotype for
heterotypic synonyms, namely Fucus zonalis, Zonaria lobata, and Zonaria
fuliginosa is presented.
Keywords: Andhra Pradesh, Dictyotaceae,
generic report, phaeoplast, Stypopodium zonale, taxonomic conflicts,
typification.
Introduction
Dictyotales is a unique group
characterized by their exclusive morphological characters such as erect or
prostrate, flattened, dichotomously branched, or flabby thallus with numerous
phaeoplasts, without pyrenoids and exhibit isomorphic diplohaplophase life
cycle. Presently, this order embraces a single family Dictyotaceae
with 349 taxa belonging to 27 genera (Guiry & Guiry 2022). Dictyopteris,
Dictyota, Lobophora, Stoechospermum, Stypopodium, and Zonaria of
this family are referred to be the dominant components of the phytobenthos. In
view of the generic composition of the family Dictyotaceae, Lobophora, Padina,
Stoechospermum, Stypopodium and Zonaria are the
analogous genera that possess strong morphological similarity (De
Clerck et al. 2006).
The genus Stypopodium is a
pervasive group of algae spread over tropical and temperate regions. This genus
is characterized by strongly lacerated or clefted flabellate thallus, bands of
hyaline filaments (pheophytic hairs), cells on the margins of the thallus;
parenchymal structure with abundant phaeoplasts in cortical cells with several
epidermal cells; sporangia with four spores and lack of paraphyses on sporangia
sori (Misra 1996; Abbas & Shameel 2014). This genus was established by
Kützing (1843) with 3 species viz., Stypopodium fuliginosum, S.
flavum and S. atomaria. The species constitution of this genus had
many controversies regarding their identity with other similar genera (Mayhoub
& Billard 1991). The distinctness of this genus was initially not accepted
by Borgesen (1914), Howe (1918), Taylor (1985), Allender
and Kraft (1983), and this genus was placed under the genera Padina and Zonaria.
Later, the exclusive characters of this genus were examined and taxonomically
validated by Weber-van (1913), Papenfuss (1940, 1977); Nizamuddin & Aisha
(1991).
A sum of 19 infraspecific binomials
was proposed and 8 taxa were accepted taxonomically (Guiry &
Guiry 2022). The occurrence of this genus in the Indian Ocean was reported from
Kenya, Madagascar, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania,
except for the coastline of India (Abbas & Shameel 2014). The existence of
this genus was not reported from the shoreline of India. But, Misra (1996) has
included Stypopodium zonale in his Phaeophyceae in India without
referring to any specimen. Later, Silva et al. (1996); Oza & Zaidi (2001);
Krishnamurthy & Ezhili (2013) included this species in the algae
flora of India based on Misra’s report. Thorough literature indicates that
earlier workers specified this genus without proper details on the type,
occurrence, taxonomic treatments, specimen examinations, etc.
Stypopodium zonale was
collected for the first time from the coastline of India, during the field
explorations of the Appughar coastline, Andhra Pradesh (Image 1). The collected
samples exhibit unique characteristics resembling known genera such as Padina,
Lobophora, Stoechospermum, Stypopodium, and Zonaria within the
family Dictyotaceae. Preservation followed standard methodologies of Wet
Preservation (Liquid preservation) and Dry Preservation (Herbarium), as
outlined by Srinivasan (1969). To ensure accurate species identification, both
external and internal morphology of specimens were examined using optical
microscopes (Nikon Eclipse 50i; Carl Zeiss. Axio Lab.A1) equipped with a
computer-attached DSLR camera. Selected herborized specimens underwent Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis following standard protocols of Carl Zeiss
(Model No: Evo 18). Reference sources consulted include contributions by Agardh
(1824), Martius (1828), Kützing (1843), Howe (1918), Mayhoub & Billard
(1991), Lamouroux (1805, 1809), Papenfuss (1940, 1977), Nizamuddin and Aisha
(1996). Additionally, herbarium specimens housed at CAL, BSIS, Kolkata; MH,
Coimbatore; and NFMAH, Mandapam, Ramanathapuram were consulted, along with
specimen images from Digital Herbaria of Paris Museum (P); British Museum (BM);
Kew (K); Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN); The National Herbarium of
Victoria (MEL); and New York Botanical Garden (NY). Further systematic details
on Stypopodium zonale are enumerated as follows:
Taxonomic Treatment: Stypopodium
zonale (J.V.Lamour.) Papenf.,
Bot. Not.205. 1940. Zonaria zonalis (J.V.Lamour.) Howe, Fl. Bermuda. 507. Fucus
zonalis J.V.Lamour., Diss. Fucus., 38. 1805.
Type: Haiti, Saint Domingue (in
Sancti-Dominici insulæ oris habitat), Lamouroux (1805: pl. 25, fig.1!) Lectotype
is designated here.
Stypopodium lobatum (C.Agardh) Kütz. Tab. Phyc. 25.
1859.
Zonaria lobata C.Agardh, Syst. Alg. 265.1824.
Type: Mari Atlantico, Teneriffam, s.d., s.col.,
48220, (NY [02136680, digital image!]); Residual syntype: Mari
Atlantico, Teneriffam, s.d., s.col., 48222 (n.v.) Lectotype is
designated here.
Stypopodium fuliginosum (C.Martius) Kütz. Phycol.
General.341. 1843.
Zonaria fuliginosa C.Martius, Icon. Pl. Crypt.16.
1828.
Type: Brazil, In litore
Brasiliae, Cabo Frio s.d., C.F.P.Martius, s.n. (MEL [MEL537302, digital
image!]); Residual syntype: Brasilia, s.d., s.cl. s.n. (MEL
[MEL537303, digital image!] Lectotype is designated here
Habit: Thalli erect or prostrate, tawny to
dark brown, fine to membranous or slightly coriaceous, flabellate with broad
blades. Solitary or clustered patches forming groups of 3–10 individual blades,
4–11 cm in height, 8–5 cm in broad, lacerated or clefted with cuneate bases.
Thallus differentiated into rhizoidal-shaped holdfast, compressed or flattened
stipe (sometimes reduced), and flabellate blades (Image 2. a–d); The thallus is
transversely zoned with concentric rows of hairs on both surfaces in regular
intervals of 2.5–16 mm (Image 2. f & g). Holdfast rhizoidal or disc-shaped,
firmly attached on the substratum, 5–8 mm in diameter. Stipe flatted or
reduced, erect, 10–18 mm long. Blades flabellate, broadly obtuse at apex,
attenuate at base, 3–9 x 3.5–4.3 cm, entire to undulate at the margin (Image 2.
e). Generative assemblies are scattered throughout the dorsal surface of the
thalli (Image 2. k).
Microscopic observation: The surface view of the cells
variously sized, slightly squarish or rectangular, elongated in vertical rows,
dark brown, 15–28 x 5–12 μm (Image 2. l). Hair bands present on both surfaces,
hairs filamentous, uniseriate, 2–4 celled, subcylindrical to cylindrical, 14–17
x 80–120 µm (Image 2. j & m). The upper apical zone consists of 3–6 layers
of cells, outer and inner peripheral cells squarish, thin-walled with dense
phaeoplasts (Image 2. o), 6–13 x 8–14 μm; cortical cells 2–3 layers,
thick-walled, quite larger, elongated with intercellular spaces arranged in
regular tiers, 18–37 x 18–26 μm (Image 2. n). The middle portion contains 2–7
layers, cells in a peripheral region are small, thin-walled cubical to quadrate
or squarish, 12–19 μm x 13–21 μm; the cortical region consists of 2–4 layers,
cells large, thick-walled with intercellular spaces (Image 2. i). The basal
zone consists of 4–9 layers; cells in upper and lower peripheral regions,
small, thin-walled, squarish, 13–23 x 12–26 μm; the cortical cells
thick-walled, slightly elongated, intercellular spaces, 31–35 x 25–29 μm (Image
2. h & o). Numerous groups of dark brown sporangia were observed on both
surfaces of the thallus, sessile, lightly rounded or oval, 40–54 μm in
diameter; each sporangia has four spores.
Habitat: Moderately growing at intertidal
and shallow water zones of Appughar on the rocky substrate at depths of 0.8–1 m
during pre-monsoon seasons. This species has a communal association with Amphiroa
fragilissima (L.) J.V.Lamour., and Jania rubens (L.) J.V.Lamour.
Distribution: Africa, Caribbean Islands, China,
Ghana, Indonesia, Islands of Australia & and New Zealand, Islands of
the Atlantic Ocean, Japan, Pacific Islands, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka,
Spain, South America, Western Atlantic, and India (Andhra Pradesh).
Specimen Examined: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh,
Visakhapatnam, Appughar, 17°44’26.8»N 83°20’42.1»E, 23 March 2017, Palanisamy
M & Aron Santhosh Kumar Y 137233 (MH).
Note: The epithets Fucus zonalis
J.V.Lamour., Dictyota zonata Lamour., Zonaria zonalis
(J.V.Lamour.) Howe (1918), Zonaria lobata C.Agardh, Stypopodium
lobatum (C.Agardh) Kütz., Zonaria fuliginosa C.Martius and Stypopodium
fuliginosum (C.Martius) Kütz. are currently regarded as a synonym of Stypopodium
zonale (J.V.Lamour.) Papenfuss (1977) due to the morphological
orientation. In the protologue of Fucus zonalis, it is stated that the
specimen was collected from the coastline of Saint Domingue and did not specify
the type details of this species (Lamouroux, 1805). Later, this
transferred as Dityota zonata and mentioned the collection locality from
Antillis by Lamoroux (1809) which was the heterotypic locality of F. zonalis.
The collections of the D. zonata from Caen (CN) herbarium were examined
by Mayhoub and Billard (1991) and they denoted D. zonata as the type
specimen of the epithet F. zonalis. But their proposal was ambiguous
since both the specimens were collected from different localities as per the
protologues of Lamouroux. Hence, the illustration (1805: pl. 25, fig.1!)
mentioned in the protologue of F. zonalis is designated here as
lectotype based on articles, 9.3 of the International Code of
Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland et al. 2018).
Syntypes of Zonaria lobata (Nos.
48220 and 48222) from Teneriffam of Mari Atlantico were deposited in LD
(Herbarium Agardh). Now, the photograph of Z. lobata (Nos. 48220) is
maintained in NY (02136680, digital image!) detailed with habitat (Teneriffam).
On the other hand, the specimen Nos. 4822.20 was not spotted or traceable in
any of the herbaria anywhere. Therefore, No. 48220 (02136680, digital image!)
could be the type specimen of Z. lobata as per the protologue furnished
by Agardh (1824). Likewise, Zonaria fuliginosa was proposed
by Martius (1828) typified from the coastline of Brazil (In litore Brasiliae);
later, it was placed under the genus Stypopodium and synonymised to S.
fuliginosum by Kützing (1843). The type of the species epithet Z.
fuliginosa was indistinct. The collection deposited in MEL contains two
specimens (MEL537302 & MEL537303, digital image!) collected from Brazil.
The specimen MEL537302 was annotated with the proper details of Z.
fuliginosa with collector’s name (Martius), Habitat (In litore Brasiliae),
and without collection number pencilled by Sonder. But the specimen MEL537303
was not specified in detail except on habitat. Therefore, specimen MEL537302
could be the type specimen of Z. fuliginosa as per the prologue proposed
by Martius (1828). Hence, the lectotype of Z. fuliginosa and Z.
lobata is designated here based on articles, 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3
of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
(Turland et al. 2018).
Significance: The lipophilic extract of this
species produces an atomaric acid with anti-Leishmania amazonensis activities
(Soares et al. 2016). Also, the compound Stypoldione inhibits microtubule
polymerization and sperm motility (Pal et al. 2014).
Discussion
The species Stypopodium zonale
of Dictyotaceae (Dictyotales) under the class Phaeophyceae has morphological
affinities among the other species of this same genus and with other genera of
this same family (Shameel 2012). The distribution of this species has been
documented worldwide, covering the Indian Ocean from Pakistan to South Africa
(Abbas & Shameel 2014). However, the occurrence of S. zonale from
the Indian Ocean has a lacuna on the species’ identity and needs to be
inspected in view of Verlaque & Boudouresque (1991) and Silva et al (1996).
In this present study, the gross morphological characters (Image 2. a–q), such
as the surface view of the cells (squarish or rectangular), hair bands
(filamentous and uniseriate), cortical cells (2–3 layers), with intercellular
space (18–37 x 18–26 μm), cells in middle portion (cubical to quadrate or
squarish) and sporangia (sessile with 4 spores) were observed to limelight the
presence of this species from India.
The thallus of the species is erect
or prostrate thalli with strong laceration and transversely zoned by bands of
pheophytic hairs on both sides of the thallus. Also, concentric rows were found
on both thallus surfaces in regular intervals. Blades flabellate, broadly
obtuse at the apex, attenuate at the base with undulate. The layers of cells in
the thallus show great variation in their position; the upper apical zone with
3–6 layers of cells (squarish), the middle portion with 2–7 layers (cubical to
quadrate or squarish), the basal zone with 4–9 layers (squarish) with
intercellular spaces. Also, it contains groups of dark brown rounded or
oval-shaped sessile sporangia (four spores) on both thallus surfaces. The
observation from this study shows minor variations from the specimens of
Nizamuddin & Perveen (1986) and Nizamuddin & Aisha (1996) from
Pakistan. However, the morphological characteristics found in the specimens
from India agree with those previously carried out in Atlantic localities
(Taylor 1960; Verlaque & Boudouresque 1991; Dawes & Mathieson 2008) and
Pakistan specimens (Abbas & Shameel 2014). Also, the observation of the
present study is confined to the protologue of the type species (Lamouroux
1805).
Conclusion
In India, the occurrence of Stypopodium
zonale was not validated with the collection of this specimen. Its
occurrence on the Indian coastline has been considered for a long time due to
the report of Misra (1996). But in the present study, the ascertaining features
of this species were clarified and discussed in detail by obtaining the gross
morphology and anatomy of the species. The present study deals with the
taxonomically significant features to resolve the uncertainty regarding the
identity of S. zonale distributed in India. The outcomes of the present
attempt furnished the type details, habit, habitat, and specimens examined and
significant notes on the erroneous reference cited by various authors. Also,
the lectotypification of 3 binomials (Zonaria zonalis, Z. lobate, and Z.
fuliginosa) was designated here in favor of articles 9.3 of the
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland et al.
2018). For many species of the genus Stypopodium no data are available
on recent morphological studies towards the difficulties on the distinctive
characteristics of each species. Hence, it is necessary to attempt
morphological and molecular phases to establish the boundaries between species.
Additionally, our present study highlights the morphological and microscopic
features that provide more precise credentials and clarification to the
taxonomic conflicts of Stypopodium zonale from India.
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