Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2023 | 15(4): 22968–22989
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7901.15.4.22968-22989
#7901 | Received 28
February 2022 | Final received 23 February 2023 | Finally accepted 29 March
2023
Diversity of bracket fungi
(Basidiomycota: Agaricomycetes: Polyporaceae) in Jammu
Division, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Brij Bala
School of Bio-Sciences, Rimt University, M82H+998,
Delhi-Jalandhar GT Road (NH1), Gobindgarh, Punjab 147301, India.
mattoobalabrij777@gmail.com
Editor: M. Krishnappa, Kuvempu University, Shimoga,
India Date of publication: 26
April 2023 (online & print)
Citation: Bala, B. (2023). Diversity of bracket fungi (Basidiomycota:
Agaricomycetes: Polyporaceae) in Jammu Division, Jammu & Kashmir, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 15(4): 22968–22989. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7901.15.4.22968-22989
Copyright: © Bala 2023.
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction,
and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to
the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The author declares no competing
interests.
Author details: Dr.
Brij Bala, M.Sc Botany and Ph.D. in mycology and plant
pathology from Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala. Currently
working as assistant professor of Botany, in School of Bio-Sciences. RIMT
University, Gobindgarh Punjab. Fungal taxonomist, area of specialization includes molecuar biology, plant patholgy, forest ecology and plant
bio-diversity.
Acknowledgements: The author is thankful to the
head, Department of Botany, Punjabi University Patiala, for providing necessary
laboratory facilities and University Grants Commission, New Delhi for financial
assistance under UGC DRS DSA-I programme.
Abstract: The 24 taxa comprising of 13
genera belonging to Polyporaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes) are described
and illustrated on the basis of basidiome collected during the rainy season in
the years from 2014–2019 in Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Kishtwar, Ramban, and Udhampur
districts of Jammu division of the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir. Of
these, five (Dichomitus campestris, Perenniporia adnata, Pilatoporus
bondartsevae, Polyporus efibulatus, and Tyromyces amazonicus)
are new records for India, 14 (Abortiporus biennis, Cerrena
zonata, Favolus glaber, Fuscopostia leucomallella,
Hexagonia nitida, Lenzites elegans, Lenzites
warnieri, Perreniporia fraxniea,
P. ochroleuca, Poriella subacida, Polyporus alveolaris,
Pycnoporus sanguineus, Tyromyces chioneus, and Trichaptum biforme),
are new records for the Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir, two (Pycnoporus
cinnabarinus and Polyporus squamosus), and the remaining
three (Fomes fomentarius, Lenzites betulina, and Trichaptum
abietinum) are re-recorded from the study area.
Keywords: Brown rot, northwestern
Himalaya, poroid fungi, white rot.
Introduction
Polyporaceae (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota)
is featured by annual to perennial, resupinate to effused-reflexed to pileate,
sessile to stipitate basidiomes, having unilateral hymenium which forms the
fertile layer surrounding the tubes that open on the hymenial surface in the
variable shapes (circular, angular, daedaleoid, lamellate or irregular) of
pores. Polypores act as decomposers and play an important role in the forest
ecosystem (recycling the carbon and other nutrients) because of the secretion
of lignolytic and cellulase enzymes causing white rot and brown rot,
respectively. Along with this, some of these fungi show medicinal properties
(Stavinoha 1991; Galor et al. 2011; Badalyan & Gharibyan 2016; Ján et al.
2016).
The Jammu division shows a wide
spectrum of variation in altitude and climate. The forests
in the Jammu division are categroised into six types, according to
Champion & Seth (1968) they range
from subtropical dry evergreen forests (Acacia catechu, Eucalyptus
spp., Olea ferruginea, Quercus baloot, Albizzia spp., and Nerium
indicum) to subtropical pine forests (dominated by Pinus roxburghii),
other plant species also predominate (Albizzia spp., Murraya indica,
Olea cuspidata, Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo,
Emblica officinalis, and Rosa moschata) to
Himalayan dry temperate forests (Acer spp., Abies pindrow, Aesculus
indicus, Juglans regia, Cedrus deodara, Emblica
officinalis, and Rosa moschata) to Himalayan moist
temperate forests (Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow, Pinus
wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Fraxinus floribunda,
Quercus leucotrichophora, and Q. dilata) to subalpine
forests (Abies pindrow, Betula utilis, Rhododendron
spp., Populus ciliata, and Quercus spp.), and alpine vegetation (Lonicera,
Berberis spp., and Geranium spp.).
Material
and Methods
The polypore basidiomes were
collected during excursions carried out in Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Kishtwar,
Ramban, and Udhampur districts of Jammu Division in the rainy months
(July–September) in the years 2014–2019. These basidiomes were detached from their
substratum using a hammer and chisel. The macromorphological details, i.e.,
nature of the basidiome, mode of attachment, hymenial and abhymenial surface,
and margins, were recorded. A piece of the fertile portion of the basidiome was
used for getting the spore print on a micro slide. After drying (sun or
electric drier), the collected basidiome were packed in zip-lock airtight bags.
The micro morphological characters were studied by making preparations in
water, 3%/5%/10% KOH, 1% phloxine, 1% Congo red, and 1% cotton blue (in
distilled water/lactophenol). The cyanophilous and amyloid reaction of
different microscopic structures were studied in 1% cotton blue and Melzer’s
reagent (Iodine 0.5 g, Potassium Iodide 1.5 g, Chloral hydrate 20.0 g, and
distilled water 20.0 ml) respectively. The line diagrams of the microscopic
structures were drawn with the help of a Camera Lucida mounted on a compound
microscope at 100x, 400x, and 1,000x magnification. Finally, the specimens were
identified on the basis of comparison of the description with the literature
and online repository (Bakshi 1971; Dhanda 1977; Rattan 1977; Thind &
Dhanda 1979, 1980a,b; Roy & De 1996; Leelavathy & Ganesh 2000; Sharma
2012; Kaur 2013; Ryavrden & Melo 2014; Kaur et al. 2017; Mycobank 2022).
The identified specimens were finally submitted to the Herbarium, Department of
Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala (PUN) using standard packing protocol.
Results
The 24 described species are
classified under 13 genera of family Polyporaceae; the key to the all genera
pertaining the described species is given here.
Abortiporus biennis (Bull.: Fr) Singer, Mycologia
36: 68, 1944.
≡ Boletu biennis Bull.,
Herbier de la France 10: t. 449:1 (1790). (Image 1–7)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
solitary, laterally stipitate; pilei flabelliform, up to 4×3×1.5 cm.
Abhymenial surface azonate,
tomentose, dark brown to light brown when fresh, not changing much on drying;
margin acute, concolorus, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid, pale
buff to brown when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin concolorus,
sterile up to 3 mm.
Pores angular to daedeloid, 3–4
per mm; dissepiments entire/lacerate, up to 75 µm in thickness.
Tube layer greyish-brown, up to
0.5 cm deep.
Context duplex; outer zone soft
and fibrous, greyish-brown; inner zone corky and firm, lighter than outer zone;
each zone up to 0.5 cm in thickness.
Stipe dorso-lateral, cylindrical,
solid, tomentose, up to 2 × 0.7 cm.
Hyphal system monomitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline, thin- to thick-walled, clamped, branched, up to 5 µm
in width.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
dominated by thin-walled, irregularly branched, loosely arranged generative
hyphae. Trama composed of thick-walled, loosely to moderately compact
generative hyphae. Context formed of thick-walled, rarely clamped, rarely
branched, compactlypacked generative hyphae.
Gloeocystidia cylindrical to
irregular, clamped at the base, smooth, originate in the hymenium, 50–85 ×7–10
µm; projecting up to 30 µm from hymenial surface,.
Basidia clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 25–40× 7–10 µm; sterigmata up to 3 µm in
length.
Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid
to ovoid, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and
cotton blue, 5–7.5 × 3.5–5 µm.
Material examined: 11222(PUN),
10.ix.2016, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu, Patnitop on gymnospermous wood, coll.
Brij Bala.
Notes: Abortiporus bieenis
is characertized by laterally stipitate pilei, duplex context, monomitic hyphal
system, cylindrical gloeocystidia, and broadly ellipsoid to ovoid
basidiospores. It is being reported for the first time from Jammu &
Kashmir. The only earlier record is from Himachal Pradesh (Thind & Rattan
1971; Sharma 2012).
Cerrena zonata (Berk.) Ryvarden, Boletín de la
Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 28: 228 (1992).
≡ Irpex zonatus Berk.,
Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany 6: 168 (1854). (Image
8–14)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
imbricate, sessile, narrowly attached; pileidimidiate, applanate, up to 5 × 4 ×
0.6 cm.
Abhymenial surface glabrous,
smooth, faintly zonate, pale orange to greyish-orange when fresh, not changing
much on drying; margin concolorus, acute, entire, curved inside on drying.
Hymenial surface poroid, becoming
irpicoid with age, yellowish-white when fresh, not changing much on drying;
marginwavy, entire, concolorus, curved inside after drying.
Pores round to angular, 2–3 per
mm; dissepiments lacerate, up to 50 µm thickness.
Tube layer orange white, up to
0.3 cm deep.
Context homogenous,
yellowish-white, up to 0.3 cm deep.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, clamped, thin-walled, branched, up to 3.5 µm in width. Skeletal
hyphae pale-yellowish, thick-walled, unbranched, aseptate, up to 5.5 µm in
width.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
composed of thin-walled, loosely arranged, irregularly branched generative
hyphae. Trama contains loosely to moderately compact, generative hyphae and
skeletal hyphae. Context dominated by moderately to compactly arranged
generative and skeletal hyphae.
Cystidia subventricose to
ventricose, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, clamped at the base, originate in the
hymenium and subhymenium, 35–60 × 5–7.8 µm; embedded in hymenium.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 15.5–24 × 5.5–10.5 µm; sterigmata up to 2
µm in length.
Basidiospores ellipsoid, hyaline,
smooth, thin-walled, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue, 5–6.7 ×
2.7–3.5 µm.
Material examined: 11201 (PUN),
27.ix.2017 Jammu & Kashmir, Kathua, Billawar, Mandli, on angiospermous
stump, Brij Bala; 11202 (PUN), 3.x.2017, Kathua, Billawar, Sukrala, on
angiospermous stump, Brij Bala; 11203 (PUN), 26.ix.2015, Kathua, on
angiospermous stump, Brij Bala.
Notes: It is unique in having
adimitic hyphal system, subventricose to ventricose cystidia and oblong
ellipsoid basidiospores. It is being reported for the first time from Jammu
& Kashmir.
Dichomitus campestris (Quél.) Domanski & Orlicz,
Acta Soc. Bot. Pol.: 627 (1966).
≡Trametes campestris
Quél., Mémoires de la Société d’Émulation de Montbéliard ser. 2, 5: 286 (1872).
(Image 15–19)
Basidiome annual, resupinate,
adnate, effused, cushion shaped, soft when fresh, becomes coriaceous on drying,
easily separable from the substrate; up to 4 mm thick in cross-section.
Hymenial surface poroid,
yellowish-white when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin concolorus,
adnate, entire, sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores round to angular to
elongated, 2–3 per mm; dissepiments entire, up to 50 µm in thickness.
Tube layer orange white, up to 2
mm deep.
Subiculum homogenous,
yellowish-white, up to 2 mm thick.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, branched, clamped, up to 3 µm in width. Skeletal
hyphae pale yellowish, thick-walled, aseptate, unbranched, up to 4.5 µm in
width.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
dominated by loosely arranged, branched generative hyphae. Trama formed of
loosely to moderately compact, branched generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae.
Subiculum composed of moderately compact, branched generative hyphae and
skeletal hyphae.
Basidia sub-clavate to clavate,
thin-walled, with oil contents, tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 25–28 ×
4–9 µm; sterigmata up to 3 µm in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, with oil droplets, no reaction in Melzer’s
reagent and cotton blue, 8.8–11.6 × 4.4–5.8 µm.
Material examined: 11361 (PUN),
16.ix.2015, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Attalgarh, on Cedrus deodara
branch, Brij Bala.
Notes: Dichomitus campestris
differs in having a cushion like resupinate basidiome with cylindrical
basidiospores. It is being reported for the first time from India. Earlier it
was reported from Norway, Arizona, New Mexico, and Idhao (Ryvarden & Melo
2014; Mycobank 2022).
Favolus glaber (P. Brauv.) Ryvaden, Mycotaxon
72: 216, 1999.
≡Favolus glaber P. Beauv.,
Fl. Oware et Benin 2:76, 1819. (Image 20–26)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
sessile, broadly attached, solitary, coriaceous, thin; pilei semicircular,
dimidiate, up to 4.2 × 2 × 0.2 cm.
Abhymenial surface glabrous,
smooth, concentrically zonate, reddish brown to dark brown when fresh, not
changing much on drying; margin light brown when fresh, not changing much on drying,
acute, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid,
brownish-grey to greyish-brown when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin
light brown when fresh, not changing much on drying, sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores polygonal, 1–2 per mm;
dissepiments entire, up to 20 mm in thickness.
Tube layer greyish-brown, up to 1
mm deep.
Context homogenous, light brown,
up to 1 mm in thickness.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline to sub hyaline, thin-walled, branched, clamped, up to
3.7 µm in width. Binding hyphae subhyaline, irregularly branched, thick-walled,
aseptate, up to 4 µm in width. Skeletal hyphae dark brown, thick-walled,
aseptate, unbranched, up to 5 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
contains, thin-walled, moderately compact, branched generative hyphae. Trama
composed of comparatively compactly arranged generative hyphae, binding hyphae
and skeletal hyphae. Context formed of compactly arranged generative and
skeletal hyphae.
Basidia clavate to sub-clavate,
hyaline, thin-walled, tetrasterimate, clamped at the base, 32.5–40 × 8.5–10 µm;
sterigmata up to 2.5 µm in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
subhyaline, thin-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton
blue, 10.5–14 × 3.8–5.4 µm.
Material examined: 11232 (PUN),
16.ix.2015 Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu, Roop nagar, on an angiospermous stump,
Brij Bala .
Notes: Favolus glaber is
distinct in having coriaceous, comparatively thinner glabour basidiome with
larger polygonal pores and cylindrical basidiospores. Previously, Kaur (2013)
reported it as Hexagonia glaber from Himachal Pradesh. It is a new
addition to the list of polypores of Jammu & Kashmir.
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., Summa vegetabilium
Scandinaviae: 321, 1849.
≡Boletus fomentarius L.,
Species Plantarum: 1176, 1753. (Image 27–36)
Basidiome perennial, pileate,
sessile, solitary, broadly attached; pilei ungulate, up to 10 × 8 × 8 cm.
Abhymenial surface concentrically
zonate, sulcate, tomentose, crustose, yellowish-grey when fresh, changing to
brownish grey on drying; margin, slightly lighter, obtuse, entire.
Pilear crust up to 2 mm in
thickness, dominated equally with generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae.
Hymenial surface poroid, grey
when fresh, changing to brownish-orange on drying; margin slightly lighter, sterile up to 1 mm.
Pores round to angular, 4–5 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 95 µm in
thickness.
Tube layer stratified,
greyish-brown, two layered, each layer up to 3 cm deep.
Context duplex; outer zone
greyish brown, corky, up to 0.8 cm thick; inner zone brown, fibrous, up to 1.2
cm thick.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline to pale yellowish, thinto thick-walled clamped,
branched, up to 4 µm in width. Binding hyphae hyaline to subhyaline, arboriform
thick-walled, up to 5 µm in width. Skeletal hyphae rusty brown to pale
yellowish, thick-walled, unbranched, up to 6 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
formed of loosely arranged irregularly branched generative hyphae and binding
hyphae. Trama composed of somewhat compactly arranged generative, binding and
skeletal hyphae. Context consitituted compactly arranged generative, binding
and skeletal hyphae.
Cystidioles fusoid, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 18–24.5 × 5–7 µm, originate in the
subhymenium; projecting slightly outward from the hymenium.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 16–25 × 6–7; sterigmata up to 3 µm in
length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue,
8–14 × 3–4µm
Material examined: 11319 (PUN),
12.ix.2016, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Bhaderwah, Attalgarh, on angiospermous
wood, Brij Bala; 11363 (PUN), 13.ix.2016 Attalgarh, on angiospermous wood, Brij
Bala.
Notes: Fomes fomentarius
is peculiar in having ungulate pilei with a hard glabrous, sulcate crust,
trimitic hyphal system and cylindrical larger basidiospores. It is recorded
from the study area.
Fuscopostia leucomallella (Murrill) B.K. Cui, L.L. Shen
& Y.C. Dai, Persoonia 42: 119 (2018).
≡ Tyromyces leucomallellus
Murrill, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 67(1): 63 (1940). (Image 37–43)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
solitary, sessile, broadly attached, soft and fleshy when fresh, becoming hard
and brittle on drying; pilei dimidiate, applantae, up to 5 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm.
Abhymenial surface sulcate,
faintly zonate, glabrous, light brown to brownish-orange when fresh, not
changing much on drying; margin concolorus, acute, wavy, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid, greyish
white when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying, margin concolorus,
sterile up to 1 mm.
Pores angular to round, 4–6 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 45 µm in thickness.
Tube layer yellowish-white, up to
0.2 mm deep.
Context homogenous, orange white,
up to 0.3 cm thick.
Hyphal system monomitic.
Generative hypahe hyaline, thin-to thick-walled, clamped, richly branched, up
to 4.5 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
consists of loose to moderately compactly arranged, generative hyphae. Trama
formed of moderately compact generative hyphae. Context formed of compactly
arranged generative hyphae.
Basidia clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 12–25 × 4–6 µm; sterigmata up to 2 µm in
length.
Basidiospores cylindrical to
suballantoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, with oily contents, no reaction in
Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue, 3.5–6.5 × 1.4–2.4 µm.
Material examined: 11273 (PUN),
21.viii.2017, Jammu and Kashmir, Doda, Shunushir, on Cedrus deodara
stump, Brij Bala, 21.viii. 2017.
Notes: Fuscopostia
leucomallella is unique in having soft and fleshy basidiome, monomitic
hyphal system and cylindrical to suballantoid basidiospores. Earlier it was
reported from Himachal Pradesh by Kaur (2013) as Tyromyces leucomallus.
It is a new record for Jammu & Kashmir.
Hexagonia nitida Durieu & Mont., Exploration
scientifique de l’Algérie 1–5: t.33: 1 (1846). (Image 44–49)
Basidiome annual, resupinate to
rarely effused-reflexed, soft and corky when fresh, not changing much on
drying; up to 2 mm thick in cross-section.
Hymenial surface poroid, light
brown when fresh, not changing much on drying, margin sterile up to 3 mm.
Pores polygonal, 2–3 per mm;
dissepiments entire, up to 85 µm in thickness.
Tube layer light brown, up to 1
mm deep.
Subiculum homogenous,
greyish-brown, up to 1 mm in thickness.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae subhyaline, thin-to thick-walled, clamped, branched, up to
3.5 µm in width. Binding hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, aseptate, strongly
branched, tortuous in context and with sword like side branches in the trama,
never projecting in the hymenium, up to 4 µm in width. Skeletal hyphae
subhyaline, thick-walled to solid, aseptate, unbranched, up to 5.5 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
formed of thin-walled, moderately compact, irregularly branched generative
hyphae. Trama composed of loosely arranged, generative hyphae, strongly
branched binding hphae with sword like branchessand skeletal hyphae. Context
dominated with compactly arranged generative hyphae, tortuous binding hyphae,
and skeletal hyphae.
Basidiaclavate to sub-clavate,
hyaline, thin-walled, tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 16–28 × 5–9.5 µm;
sterigmata up to 3 µm in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue,
7–14 × 3.2–4.6 µm.
Material examined: Jammu &
Kashmir, Jammu, Roop Nagar, on an angiospermous stump, Brij Bala 11227(PUN),
16.ix.2015; Doda, Bhaderwah, Nalthi, on angiospermous stump, Brij Bala 11235
(PUN), 12.ix.2016.
Notes: Hexagonia nitida is
characterized by resupinate to effused-reflexed basidiome with trimitic hyphal
system and cylindrical basidiospores. It is reported for the first time from
Jammu & Kashmir.
Lenzites betulina (L.) Fr., Epicrisis Systematis
Mycologici: 405 (1838).
≡ Agaricus betulinus L.,
Species Plantarum: 1176 (1753). (Image 50–58)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
solitary, sessile, broadly attached; pilei applanate, dimidiate, up to 3 × 2 ×
0.8 cm.
Abhymenial surface tomentose,
concentrically zonate, greyish when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin
white when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying, acute, entire.
Hymenial surface lamellate, white
when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying; margin concolorus, sterile up
to 1 mm.
Pores lamellate, 1–1.5 per mm;
dissepiments entire, up to 200 µm in thickness.
Tube layer orange white, up to 2
mm deep.
Context homogenous,
yellowish-white, azonate, up to 4 mm thick.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline to pale yellowish, thin- to thick-walled, clamped, up
to 4 µm in width. Binding hyphae
subhyaline, sword like, thick-walled, asepatate, branched up to 4.5 µm in
width. Skeletal hyphae rusty brown to pale yellowish, thick walled, aseptate,
unbranchedup to 5 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
consists of branched generative and binding hyphae. Trama formed of moderately
compactly arranged generative hyphae, sword like bindinghyphae and skeletal
hyphae. Context composed of compactly arranged binding and skeletal hyphae.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 33.5–41 × 6–8; sterigmata up to 3 µm in
length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue,
5–8.5 × 2–3.5 µm.
Material examined: 11338 (PUN),
21.ix.2015, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu, Doda, Chinta, on gymnospermous wood,
Brij Bala; 11339 (PUN), 21.viii.2017, Kishtwar, on way to Sinthon top, on
gymnospermous wood, Brij Bala.
Notes: Lenzites betulina
is peculiar in having lamellate pores, binding hyphae with sword like branches
and comparatively smaller basidiospores. It is being re-reported from Jammu
division as Dhanda (1977) described it from Ramban District.
Lenzites elegans (Spreng.) Pat., Essai
taxonomique surles familles et les genres des Hyménomycètes: 89 (1900).
≡ Daedalea elegans
Spreng., Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlinger Ser. 3, 8: 51 (1820).
(Image 59–68)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
sessile, solitary, narrowly attached, somewhat flexible when fresh, becomes
harder on drying; pilei ungulate, up to 7 × 3.5 × 3.5 cm.
Abhymenial surface glabrous,
tuberculate, concentrically zonate, sulcate, white when fresh, changing to pale
yellowish on drying; margin paler concolorus, acute, entire.
Hymenial surface deadeloid to
sinuous to lamellate, white when fresh, changing to brownish-orange to
greyish-brown on drying; margin paler concolorus, sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores daedeloid to sinuous to
lamellate, 0.5 to 1 per mm; dissepiments entire, up to 250 µm in thickness.
Tube layer yellowish-white, up to
1 cm deep.
Context homogenous, yellowish
white, fibrous, azonate, up to 1.5 cm in thickness.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, branched, up to 2.5 µm in
width. Binding hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, aseptate, branched up to 5 µm
in width. Skeletal hyphae light brown, thick-walled, aseptate, unbranched, up
to 8.3 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
contains loosely arranged, irregularly branched generative hyphae and projecting
binding hyphae. Trama formed of loosely arranged, generative, binding and
skeletal hyphae. Context mainly composed of compactly arranged binding and
skeletal hyphae.
Basidia clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 21.5–43.5 × 3.5–7 µm; sterigmata up to 3
µm in length.
Basidiospores ellipsoid to
cylindrical, thin-walled, guttulate, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent
and cotton blue, 6–9.5 × 2.5–4.4 µm.
Material examined: 11368 (PUN),
22.ix.2016, Jammu & Kashmir, Udhampur, on way from Patnitop to Sanasar, on Abies
pindrow stump, Brij Bala
Notes: Lenzites elegans is
characterized by daedeloid to sinuous to lamellate pores and ellipsoid to
cylindrical basidiospores. It is described for the first time from Jammu &
Kashmir.
Lenzites warnieri Durieu & Mont., Annales des
Sciences Naturelles Botanique 14: 182 (1860). (Image 69–77)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
sessile, broadly attached, soft and flexible when fresh, becomes hard and stiff
on drying; pileidimidiate, applanate, semicircular, up to 5 × 2 × 0.7 cm.
Abhymenial surface tomentose,
sulcate, concentrically zonate, tuberculate, orangish brown (towards proximal
end) to yellowish white (towards distal end) when fresh, changing to brownish
orange towards (proximal end) to pale yellowish (towards distal end) on drying;
margin concolorus, acute, entire.
Hymenial surface lamellate,
yellowish white when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin concolorus,
sterile up to 1 mm.
Pores lamellate, lamellae
bifurcating, 1–1.5 per mm, dissepiments entire, up to 150 µm in thickness.
Tube layer yellowish-white, up to
2 mm deep.
Context homogenous, light brown,
up to 5 mm in thickness.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline, thinto thick-walled, clamped, branched, up to 4.2 µm
in width. Binding hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, aseptate, branched,
arboriform, up to 6 µm in width. Skeletal hyphae rusty brown to pale yellowish,
thick walled, aseptate, unbranched, up to 5.6 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
composed of irregularly branched generative and binding hyphae. Trama
constituted of loosely to compactly arranged generative, binding and skeletal
hyphae. Context mainly formed loosely arranged binding and skeletal
hyphae.Basidia sub-clavate to subcylindrical, thin-walled, tetrasterigmate,
clamped at the base, 23.5–35 × 5.5–7.1; sterigmata up to 3 µm in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical to
subcylindrical, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, no more reaction in Melzer’s
reagent and cotton blue, 5.5–8.5 × 3-–4.2 µm.
Material examined: 11267 (PUN),
27.ix.2014, Jammu and Kashmir, Doda, Bhaderwah, Duggi, on angiospermous wood,
Brij Bala.
Notes: Lenzites warnieri
is characteristic in having tomentose, tuberculate abhymenial surface and
frequently bifurcating lamellae. It is
being described as new to Jammu & Kashmir.
Perenniporia adnata Corner, Beiheftezur Nova
Hedwigia 96: 101 (1989). (Image 78–82)
Basidiome annual, resupinate,
adnate, effused, soft when fresh, becomes coriaceous after drying, easily
separable from the substrate; up to 3 mm thick in cross-section.
Hymenial surface poroid,
whitish-grey when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin concolorus,
adnate, sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores round to angular, 8–10 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 65 µm in thickness.
Tube layer whitish grey, up to 2
mm deep.
Subiculum homogenous, concolorus
to tube layer, up to 1mm thick.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, branched, up to 4 µm in width. Skeletal
hyphae pale-yellowish, thick-walled, aseptate, unbranched, up to 6.5 µm in
width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
mainly composed of loosely arranged, irregularly branched generative hyphae.
Trama formed by moderately compact generative and skeletal hyphae. Subiculum
composed of compactly packed generative and skeletal hyphae.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 14–21.5 × 4.5–6 µm, sterigmata up to 3 µm
in length.
Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid,
hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue,
4.5–6.5 × 2.5–4 µm.
Material examined: 11241(PUN),
12.ix.2016, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu, Doda, Bhaderwah, Nalthi, on
angiospermous wood, Brij Bala; 11341(PUN), 5.x.2017, Kathua, Dyalchak, on
angiospermous wood, Brij Bala .
Notes: Perreniporia adnata
is characterized by resupinate basidiome, dimitic hyphal system and broadly
ellipsoid, thick-walled basidiospores. It is recorded as new to India and was
earlier described from Singapore (Mycobank 2022).
Perreniporia fraxniea (Bull.) Ryvarden, Nova Hedwigia
27: 158 (1976).
≡Boletus fraxineus Bull.,
Herbier de la France 10: t. 433: 2 (1790). (Image 83–89)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
imbricate, sessile, broadly attached, corky when fresh, becoming woody on
drynig; pilei ungulate, triquetrous, up to 8 × 4.6 × 4.5 cm.
Abhymenial surface azonate,
sulcate, velutinate to smooth, white when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on
drying; margin concolorous, obtuse, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid, white
when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying, margin concolorous, sterile
up to 2 mm.
Pores round to angular, 4–5 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 54 µm in thickness.
Tube layer yellowish-white,
separated by thin gelatanious layer from context, up to 2 cm deep.
Context homogenous, pale
yellowish, tough, fibrous, up to 2.5 cm thick.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, branched, up to 4.5 µm in width. Skeletal
hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, aseptate, unbranched, strongly dextrinoid, up
to 5 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
chiefly formed of loose to somewhat compact generative hyphae. Trama consists
of moderately compact generative and skeletal hyphae. Context usually formed of
comparatively narrower, compactly arranged generative and skeletal hyphae.
Basidia not seen.
Basidiospores subglobose, pale
yellowish, thick-walled, smooth, spore wall slightly stained in Melzer’s
reagent, no reaction in cotton blue, 5.4–8.4 × 3.5– 4.0 µm.
Material examined: 11370 (PUN),
21.ix.2016, Jammu and Kashmir, Doda, Sanasar on Abies pindrow stump, Brij Bala.
Notes: Perreniporia fraxinea
is distinct in having hard basidiome, strongly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae and
subglobose, thick-walled basidiospores. It is a new record for Jammu &
Kashmir.
Perenniporia ochroleuca (Berk.) Ryvarden, Norwegian
Journal of Botany 19: 143 (1972).
≡ Polyporus ochroleucus
Berk., London Journal of Botany 4: 53 (1845). (Image 91–98)
Basidiome perennial, pileate,
solitary, sessile, narrowly attached; pilei applantae, ungulate, up to 4 × 3 ×
1 cm.
Abhymenial surface azonate,
glabrous, sulcate, white when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying;
margin concolorous, obtuse, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid, white
when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying; margin concolorous, sterile
up to 2 mm.
Pores round to angular, 2–4 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 60 µm in thickness.
Tube layer yellowish-white, two
layered, each layer up to 2 mm deep separated by a thin layer of 1 mm thick
context.
Context homogenous, orange white,
weakly zonate, with a thin cuticle, up to 0.5 cm thick.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, branched, up to 5 µm in width.
Binding hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, aseptate, branched, up to 4.5 µm in
width. Skeletal hyphae golden brown, thick-walled, aseptate, unbranched, up to
6 µm in width. Hyphal wall slightly stained in Melzer’s reagent.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
composed of loosely to moderately compact, irregularly branched generative
hyphae. Trama consists of loose to moderately compact generative, binding and
skeletal hyphae. Context formed of moderately to compactly arranged binding and
skeletal hyphae.
Cystidioles fusoid, thin-walled,
smooth, clamped at the base, originate in the subhymenium, 14–28 × 7.2–8.8 µm;
projecting slightly from the hymenium.
Basidia clavate, thin-walled,
with oily contents, clamped at the base, tetrasterigmate, 17.5–27 × 5–8.8 µm;
sterigmata up to 3 µm in length.
Basidiospores ellipsoid, truncate
at the apex, hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, spore wall slightly stained in
Melzer’s reagent,no reaction in cotton blue, 7.5–15 × 4–7 µm.
Material examined: 9099 (PUN),
21.ix.2016, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Sanasar on Abies pindrow stump,
Brij Bala.
Notes: Perreniporia ochroleuca
differs from P. fraxinea in having smaller basidiomes, trimitic hyphal
system and larger truncate, dextrinoid basidiospores. It is a new record for
Jammu & Kashmir.
Pilatoporus bondartsevae (Spirin) Spirin, Mycotaxon 97:
78 (2006).
≡Antrodia bondartsevae
Spirin, Mikol.Fitopatol.: 33 (2002). (Image 99–105)
Basidiome annual, resupinate,
effused, soft when fresh, becomes coriaceous after drying, easily separable
from the substrate; up to 3 mm thick in cross-section.
Hymenial surface poroid, white
when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin adnate, sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores round to angular, 2–3 per
mm, dissepiments entire, up to 75 µm in thickness.
Tube layer yellowish-white, up to
2 mm deep.
Subiculum homogenous,
greyish-white, up to 1 mm deep.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, branched up to 4 µm in width.
Binding hyphae subhyaline, branched, thick-walled, up to 5 µm in width. Skeletal
hyphae pale yellowish, thick-walled, unbranched aseptate, up to 6 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement subhymenium
consitituted of moderately compact, irregularly branched generative hyphae.
Trama composed of loose to moderately compact generative, binding and skeletal
hyphae. Context dominated with compactly arranged binding and skeletal hyphae.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
wih oily contents, clamped at the base, tetrasterigmate, 21–35 × 6–10 µm;
sterigmata up to 3 µm in length.
Basidiospores subcylindrical,
thin-walled, guttulate, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue
8.5–14.5 × 5–7 µm.
Material examined: 11224 (PUN),
21.viii.2017, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Attalgarh, on Cedrus deodara branch,
Brij Bala.
Notes: Pilatoporus
bondartsevae is peculiar in having annual, resupinate basidiome, round to
angular pores, trimitic hyphal system and larger, cylindrical basidiospores. It
is being reported for the first time from India. The previous reports are from
Russia and China (Mycobank 2022).
Poriella subacida (Peck) Donk, Persoonia 5(1): 76
(1967).
≡ Polyporus subacidus
Peck, Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History 38: 92
(1885). (Image 106–114)
Basidiome perennial, resupinate,
effused-reflexed, difficult to separate from the substrate; up to 2 mm thick in
cross-section.
Hymenial surface poroid, white
when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying; margin concolorus, adnate,
fimbriate, sterile up to 1 mm.
Pores round to angular,
3–4 per mm; dissepiments lacerate, up to 100 µm in thickness.
Tube layer distinctly
stratified, greyish-white, two layered, each layer up to 1 mm deep.
Hyphal system trimtic.
Generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, branched, dextrinoid, up to 4
µm in width. Binding hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, aseptate, branched, up to
4 µm in width. Skeletal hyphae golden brown, thick-walled, aseptate,
unbranched, dextrinoid, up to 5 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
composed of loose to compactly arranged generative hyphae. Tramal zone consists
of moderately compact generative and skeletal hyphae. Context consists of
usually formed of compactly arranged generative and skeletal hyphae.
Subiculum homogenous, greyish-white,
azonate, soft, up to 2 mm thick.
Cystidioles fusoid, thin-walled, smooth,
clamped at the base, originate in the subhymenium, 14–28 × 4.5–5.5 µm; slightly
projecting from the hymnenium.
Basidia clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 23–32 × 11–14 µm; sterigmata up to 3 µm
in length.
Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid
to subglobose, hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, with oily droplets, no reaction
in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue, 6–7 ×4–6 µm.
Material examined: 11365 (PUN),
26.ix.2014. Jammu & Kashmir, Kathua, Dyalchak, on angiospermous wood, Brij
Bala.
Notes: The diagnostic features of
Poriella subacida are resupinate, perennial basidiome, strongly
dextrinoid hyphae, fusoid cystidioles and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose
basidiospores. It is reported for the first time from Jammu & Kashmir.
Polyporus alveolaris (DC.) Bondartsev & Singer,
Annales Mycologici 39(1): 58 (1941).
≡ Merulius alveolaris DC.,
Flore française 6: 43 (1815) (Image 115–120)
Basidiome annual, pileate, substipitate, solitary;
pilei circular to dimidiate, flabelliform, up to 4 × 3 × 0.3 cm.
Abhymenial surface tomentose,
faintly concentrically zonate, white when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on
drying; margin concolorus, acute, wavy, entire.
Hymenial suface reddish-grey
to brownish-grey when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin concolorus,
sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores angular to hexagonal, 2–3
per mm; dissepiments entire, up to 150 µm in thickness.
Tube layer brownish-orange, up to
1 mm deep.
Context homogenous, greyish-red,
up to 2 mm in thickness.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, branched, up to 4.4 µm in width.
Skeleto-binding hyphae, golden brown to dark brown, thick-walled, aseptate,
unbranched, up to 5.5 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
formed of branched generative hyphae only. Trama formed of loosely arranged
generative and skeleto-binding hyphae. Context consists of compact generative
and skeleto-binding hyphae.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 22–42 × 6.6–9.9; sterigmata up to 2 µm in
length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue,
6.8–8.7 × 2.6–3.2 µm.
Material examined: 9103 (PUN),
26.viii.2016, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Dacchin, on Cedrus deodara
stump, Brij Bala.
Notes: Polyporus alveolaris
characterized bycircular to dimidiate, substipitate pilei, and cylindrical
basidiospores. It is being reported for the first time from Jammu &
Kashmir.
Polyporus efibulatus (A.M. Ainsw. & Ryvarden) Melo
& Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 37: 335 (2017)
≡ Dichomitus efibulatus
A.M. Ainsworth & Ryvarden, Synopsis Fungorum 25: 48 (2008). (Image 121–127)
Basidiome annual, resupinate,
effused, soft when fresh, becomes coriaceous after drying, easy to separate from
the substrate; up to 3 mm thick in cross-section.
Hymenial surface poroid, white
when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying; margin concolorus, adnate,
sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores round to angular, 2–3 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 50 µm in thickness.
Tube layer orange white, up to 2
mm deep.
Subiculum homogenous, yellowish
white, up to 1 mm thick.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, simple-septate, branched up to 4 µm in width.
Skeletal hyphae pale yellowish, thick-walled, unbranched, up to 6 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement subhymenium
formed of loosely arranged, regularly to irregularly branched generative
hyphae. Trama dominated with loose to moderately compact generative and
skeletal hyphae. Context composed of moderately arranged generative and
skeletal hyphae.
Cystidioles fusoid, thin-walled,
smooth, simple-septate at the base, originate in the hymenium, 15–17 × 5–6 µm;
projecting up to 10 µm from the
hymenium.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, simple-septate at the base, 22–35 × 5–8 µm; sterigmata up to 2
µm in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, 7–11 × 2.8–4.5 µm, no reaction in Melzer’s
reagent and cotton blue.
Material examined: 11235(PUN),
21.ix.2015, Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu, Doda, Chinta, on angiospermous wood,
Brij Bala.
Notes: Polyporus efibulatus
differs in having resupinate basidiome, fusoid cystidioles and thin-walled
cylindrical basidiospores. It is reported for the first time from India.
Earlier it has been reported from southern and western England (Ryvarden &
Melo 2014).
Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr., Systema Mycologicum
1: 343–1821.
≡ Boletus squamosus Huds.,
Flora anglica: 626 (1778).(Image 128–136)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
solitary, laterally stipitate, soft and fleshy when fresh, changing to corky
after drying; pilei reniform, dimidiate, up to 8 × 5 × 0.5 cm.
Abhymenial surface glabrous,
azonate, with blackish-brown scales, white when fresh, changing to pale
yellowish on drying; margin concolorus, acute, curved inside after drying.
Hymenial surface poroid, pale
yellowish when fresh, changing to light brownish on drying; margin concolorus,
sterile up to 1 mm.
Pores round to angular, 0.5–1 per
mm; dissepiments lacerate, up to 150 µm in thickness.
Tube layer brownish-orange, up to
0.2 cm deep.
Context homogenous, greyish-red,
up to 0.3 cm in thickness.
Stipe lateral, cylindrical,
solid, greyish-black, tomentose at the base, up to 3 cm and 2 cm.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, thin- to thick-walled, clamped, branched, up to 3 µm in width.
Skeletal hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, aseptate, unbranched, up to 6 µm in
width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
consists mainly of branched generative hyphae. Trama composed of moderately
compact generative and skeletal hyphae. Context formed of compactly packed
generative and skeletal hyphae.
Basidia clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 17–23 × 7–9.5 µm; sterigmata up to 3 µm
in length.
Basidiospores ellipsoid to
cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, with oil droplets, no reaction in
Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue, 7–10.5 × 4–5 µm.
Material examined: 11362 (PUN),
22.ix.2018, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Attalgarh, on Morus alba branch,
Brij Bala .
Notes: Polyporus squamosus
is characterized by reniform pilei with greyish black stipe, blackish-brown
scales on abhymneial surface and ellipsoid to cylindric basidiospores. Bakshi
(1971) described it from Srinagar District of Kashmir division. This is the
first report of P. squamosus from Jammu division.
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P. Karst., Revue
Mycologique Toulouse 3(9): 18 (1881).
≡Boletus cinnabarinus
Jacq., Flora Austriaca 4: 2, tab. 304 (1776). (Image 137–145)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
solitary, sessile, broadly attached; pilei elongated, applanate, dimidiate,
somewhat leathery when fresh, up to 3 × 3 × 1 cm.
Abhymenial surface smooth,
azonate to faintly zonate, reddish-orange when fresh, not changing much on
drying; margin acute, entire, wavy, light orange when fresh, not changing much
on drying.
Hymenial surface poroid,
greyish-red when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin light orange when
fresh, not changing much on drying, sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores round to angular, 4–5 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 45 µm in thickness.
Tube layer orange red, up to 0.5
cm deep.
Context homogenous, greyish-red,
up to 0.5 cm in thickness.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline to subhyaline, thin-walled, branched, clamped, up to
4 µm in width. Binding hyphae subhyaline to yellowish-brown, thick-walled,
aseptate, branched, up to 4.5 µm in width. Skeletal hyphae yellowish-brown,
thick-walled, aesptate, unbranched, up to 5.2 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
contains thin-walled, moderately compact, irregularly branched generative and
binding hyphae. Trama formed of loosely to moderately compact, generative,
binding and skeletal hyphae. Context consists of compactly arranged binding and
skeletal hyphae.
Cystidia absent.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 15–28 × 4–5.5; sterigmata up to 3 µm in
length.
Basidiospores ellipsoid to
cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent and
cotton blue, 5.5– 6.5 × 2.3–2.8 µm.
Material examined: 11263 (PUN),
17.viii.2017, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Bhaderwah, Shunushir, on Cedrus
deodara log, Brij Bala; 11327 (PUN), 21.viii.2017, Kishtwar, Dacchin, on C.
deodara log, Brij Bala.
Notes: Pycnoporus cinnabarinus
is characterized by reddish-orange basidiome with thin-walled, ellipsoid to
cylindrical basidiospores. It is reported for the first time from the study
area. Earlier Murril (1924) and Roy & De (1996) reported it from the
Gulmarg District of Kashmir.
Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.) Murrill, Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club 31(8): 421(1904).
≡ Boletus sanguineus L.,
Species Plantarum: 1646 (1763). (Image 146–154)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
solitary, sessile, broadlyattached; pilei dimidiate, applanate, up to 5 × 4 ×
0.4 cm.
Abhymenial surface glabrous,
azonate, smooth, reddish-orange when fresh, brownish-red to reddish brown on
drying; margin acute, entire, wavy, light orange when fresh, not changing much
on drying.
Hymenial surface poroid, light
orange when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin concolorus, sterile up
to 2 mm.
Poresround to angular, 5–6 pores
per mm; dissepiments entire, up to 45 µm in thickness.
Tube layer orangish-white to
orange grey, up to 0.2 cm deep.
Context homogenous, orange grey,
up to 0.2 cm in thickness.
Hyphal system trimitic.
Generative hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, branched, clamped, up to 3.5 µm in
width. Binding hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, branched, aseptate, up to 3.5
µm in width. Skeletal hyphae subhyaline, thick-walled, unbranched, aseptate, up
to 5 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
formed thin-walled, loosely arranged, irregularly branched generative hyphae.
Trama dominated with loosely arranged, generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae.
Context composed of compactly arranged generative and skeletal hyphae.
Cystidia absent.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 11–19 × 4–3.6 µm; sterigmata up to 3 µm
in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical to
slightly bent, hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent
and cotton blue, 4–7.5 × 2.5–3.5 µm.
Material examined: 11263 (PUN),
17.viii.2017, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Bhaderwah, Shunushir, on Cedrus
deodara log, Brij Bala; 11327(PUN), 21.viii.2017, Kishtwar, Dacchin, on C.
deodara log, Brij Bala,.
Notes: Pycnoporus sanguineus
is unique in having reddish basidiome with comparatively smaller pores and
cylindrical to slightly bent basidiospores. It is a new record for Jammu &
Kashmir.
Tyromyces amazonicus A.M.S. Soares & Ryvarden,
Fungal Diversity 87: 195 (2017). (Image 155–164)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
solitary, sessile, broadly attached; pilei dimidiate, applanate; up to 2 × 0.05
× 0.5 cm.
Abhymenial surface sulcate,
azonate, white when fresh, changing to pale yellow to orange white on drying;
margin acute, concolorus, wavy, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid, brownish
white to orange white when fresh, changing to reddish-white to greyish-red on
drying; margin concolorus, sterile up to 1 mm.
Pores angular to round, 3–4 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 45 µm in thickness.
Tube layer orange white, up to
0.2 mm deep.
Context homogenous,
yellowish-white, azonate, up to 0.3 cm thick.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hypahe hyaline, thin- to thick-walled, clamped, branched up to 3 µm in width.
Skeletal hyphae golden brown, thick-walled, aseptate, unbranched, up to 5.5 µm
in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
composed of loosely arranged irregularly branched generative hyphae. Trama
composed of loosely to moderately compact generative and skeletal hyphae.
Context formed of compactly arranged generative and skeletal hyphae.
Cystidioles fusoid, thin-walled,
clamped at the base, 19–25 × 3–5 µm; originate in the hymenium; projecting 10
µm from hymenium.
Basidia clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 15–18.6 × 5–6.2 µm; sterigmata up to 2 µm
in length.
Basidiospores ellipsoid to
broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, with oily contents, no
reaction in Melzer’s reagent and cotton blue, 3–5.7 × 2–3 µm.
Material examined: Jammu &
Kashmir, Kishtwar, Dacchin, on Cedrus deodara stump, Brij Bala 11330 (PUN),
21.ix.2017.
Notes: Tyromyces amazonicus
is characterized by applanate, basidiome, fusoid cystidioles and ellipsoid to
broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. It is reported for the first time from India.
Earlier it has been recorded from Brazil by Hyde at al. (2017).
Tyromyces chioneus (Fr.) P. Karst., Revue
Mycologique Toulouse 3(9): 17 (1881).
≡ Polyporus chioneus Fr.,
Observationes mycologicae 1: 125 (1815). (Image 165–170)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
solitary, subsessile, soft and fleshy when fresh, becoming hard and brittle on
drying, somewhat aromatic when fresh; pilei dimidiate, up to 4 × 3.2 × 0.6 cm.
Abhymenial surface sulcate,
faintly concentrically zonate, finely tomentose to glabrous, scrupose, white
when fresh, changing to pale yellowish on drying; margin concolorus, obtuse,
wavy, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid, brownish
white to orange white when fresh, changing to reddish white to greyish red on
drying; margin concolorus, sterile up to 2 mm.
Pores angular to round, 5–6 per
mm; dissepiments entire, up to 350 µm in thickness.
Tube layer yellowish-white, up to
0.3 mm deep.
Context homogenous,
greyish-white, azonate, up to 0.3 cm thick.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hypahe hyaline, branched, thin- to thick-walled, clamped, branched, up to 5.5
µm in width. Skeletal hyphae pale-yellowish, thick-walled, aseptate,
unbranched, up to 6.6 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
dominated by generative hyphae. Trama formed of loosely arranged to moderately
compact generative and skeletal hyphae. Context consists of moderately compact
generative and skeletal hyphae.
Cystidioles fusoid, clamped at
the base, originate in the subhymenium, 20.5–33.5 × 2.5–4.5 µm; projecting slightly
from the hymenium.
Basidia clavate, thin-walled,
clamped at the base, tetrasterigmate, 24–33 × 7.5–8 µm; sterigmata up to 2 µm
in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical to
slightly bent, thin-walled, smooth, 4.4–6.6 × 2–3.5 µm, no reaction in Melzer’s
reagent and cotton blue.
Material examined: 9103 (PUN),
26.viii.2016, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Bhaderwah, on Cedrus deodara
stump, Brij Bala; 11276 (PUN), 17.viii.2017, Bhaderwah, on C. deodara
stump, Brij Bala.
Notes: Tyromyces chioneus
differs in having subsessile basidiome, which are somewhat aromatic in the
field, finely tomentose to glabrous abhymenial surface and cylindrical to
slightly bent basidiospores. Earlier it has been reported by Lloyd (1922) from
southern India, Sharma (2012) and Kaur (2013) from Himachal Pradesh. This is
the first record of T. chioneus from Jammu & Kashmir.
Trichaptum abietinum (Pers. ex J.F. Gmel.) Ryvarden,
Norwegian Journal of Botany 19: 237 (1972).
≡ Boletus abietinus Pers.
ex J.F. Gmel., Systema Naturae 2(2): 1437 (1792). (Image 171–176)
Basidiome annual,
effused-reflexed to pileate, imbricate, sessile, narrowly attached; pilei
applanate, up to 2.2 × 0.4 × 0.4 cm.
Abhymenial surface faintly
concentrically zonate, hirsute, greyish white when fresh, not changing much on
drying; margin concolorus, acute, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid,
purplish-grey when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin concolorus,
sterile up to 4 mm.
Pores angular to elongated, 4–6
per mm; dissepiments lacerate, up to 90 µm in thickness.
Tube layer purplish-grey,
separated by thin gelatinous layer from context; up to 1 mm deep.
Context duplex; outer zone
whitish-grey, soft, up to 1 mm thick; inner zone orange white, fibrous, up to 2
mm thick.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, thin- to thick-walled, clamped, branched, up to 5.5 µm in
width. Skeletal hyphae subhyaline, thick- walled, aseptate, unbranched, up to 6
µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: Subhymenium
dominated by branched generative hyphae. Trama constituted of loosely arranged
generative and skeletal hyphae. Context mainly composed of somewhat loose to
compactly arranged generative and skeletal hyphae.
Cystidia sub-clavate,
thick-walled, apically encrusted, clamped at the base, originate in the
subhymenium, 27.5–33 × 4.6–6.6 µm; projecting
up to 10 µm from the hymenium.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
clamped at the base, tetrasterigmate, 19.8–24.2 × 5–6.6 µm; sterigmata up to 3
µm in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
slightly bent, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent
and cotton blue, 6–8 × 2.5–4 µm.
Material examined: 9102 (PUN),
26.ix.2016, Jammu & Kashmir, Doda, Bhaderwah, Attalgarh, on pinus stump,
Brij Bala.
Notes: Trichaptum abietinum
is amongst the early colonizers of fallen twigs, logs, and stumpsIt is unique
in having effused-reflexed to pileate basidiome with somewhat narrower base. It
is reported for the second time from the study area. Previously, Dhanda (1977)
described it from Ramban District of Jammu Division.
Trichaptum biforme (Fr.) Ryvarden, Norwegian
Journal of Botany 19: 237,1972.
≡Polyporus biformis Fr., Linnaea 8: 486, 1833.
(Image 177–186)
Basidiome annual, pileate,
imbricate, sessile, broadly attached; pilei dimidiate, flabelliform, up to 4 ×
0.3 × 0.2 cm.
Abhymenial surface faintly
concentrically zonate, hirsute, greyish-white when fresh, not changing much on
drying; margin concolorus, acute, entire.
Hymenial surface poroid,
purplish-grey to reddish-grey when fresh, not changing much on drying; margin
concolorus, sterile up to 4 mm.
Pores round to angular to
elongated, 3–5 per mm; dissepiments lacerate, up to 45 µm in thickness.
Tube layer brownish-orange, up to
1 mm deep.
Context homogeneous, azonate,
fibrous, greyish red, up to 1 mm in thickness.
Hyphal system dimitic. Generative
hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, clamped, branched, up to 5 µm in width. Skeletal
hyphae subhyaline, thick- walled, aseptate, unbranched, up to 8.4 µm in width.
Hyphal arrangement: subhymenium
formed of moderately compact, regularly branched generative hyphae. Trama
dominated with generative and skeletal hyphae. Context constituted of compactly
arranged generative and skeletal hyphae.
Cystidia fusoid, thick-walled,
apically encrusted, clamped at the base, originate in the hymenium, 40–80 ×
5–10 µm; projecting up to 20 µm from the hymenium.
Basidia sub-clavate, thin-walled,
tetrasterigmate, clamped at the base, 18–35 × 5.5–11.5 µm; sterigmata up to 3
µm in length.
Basidiospores cylindrical,
somewhat curved, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, no reaction in Melzer’s reagent
and cotton blue, 5–10 × 2.5–5 µm.
Material examined: 11254 (PUN),
21.ix.2017, Jammu & Kashmir, Kishtwar, Chatroo, on Cedrus deodara
branch, Brij Bala; 11275 (PUN), 21.ix.2017, Dacchin, on C. deodara log,
Brij Bala .
Notes: Trichaptum biforme
is diffentitated from T. abietinum by the absence of a gelatinous layer
separating context from tube layer. It is being reported for the first time
from Jammu & Kashmir.
Discussion
About 54 species of polyporoid
fungi are reported from the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir by earlier
workers (Dhanda 1977; Rattan 1977; Thind & Dhanda 1979, 1980a,b; Bala
2022a,b) which are categorised under 24 genera, eight families and four orders
of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota). The present contribution adds five
new records for India, 14 new to the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir,
two new records for Jammu division, thus increasing the number of polypores in
Jammu & Kashmir from 54 to 71.
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