Key Biodiversity Area Special Series
Key
Biodiversity Areas identification in the Upper Guinea forest biodiversity
hotspot
O.M.L. Kouame 1,
N. Jengre 2, M. Kobele3, D. Knox 4, D.B. Ahon 5,
J. Gbondo 6, J. Gamys7, W. Egnankou 8, D. Siaffa 9, A. Okoni-Williams10 & M. Saliou 11
1 4744 Kenmore ave # 202, Alexandria,
VA, 22304, USA
2 Hse No. 36 AbotsiStreet, East Legon P. O. Box KA 9714, Airport Accra
3,11 Guinee Ecologie, 210 DI 501 Dixinn, PoB:3266 Conakry, Guinea
4 The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3730 Walnut
Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
5 22 BP 918 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
6 150 Princeton Arms South II, East Windsor, N.J 08512, USA
7 Conservation
International-Liberia, Back Road, Congo Town, Monrovia, Liberia
8 SOS-FORETS, 22 BP 918 Abidjan 22 Côte d’Ivoire
9 11B Becklyn Drive, Off Main Motor
Road, Congo Cross, Freetown, Sierra Leone
10 Fourah Bay College, University of
Sierra Leone PMB Freetown, Sierra Leone
Email: 1 marie_ode@hotmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 nbreslyn@yahoo.com, 3 kobele@gmail.com, 4davidhknox@gmail.com, 5 bahon2002@yahoo.fr,6 gbondojohnb@yahoo.co.uk, 7 j.gamys@conservation.org, 8wadjaegnankou@hotmail.com, 9 ddsiaffa@yahoo.co.uk, 10 aokoni2001@yahoo.com,11 madousalioupop@yahoo.com
Date of publication (online): 06 August 2012
Date of publication (print): 06 August 2012
ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Manuscript details:
Ms # o2717
Received 23 February 2011
Final revised received 23 May 2012
Finally accepted 05 June 2012
Citation: Kouame, O.M.L., N. Jengre, M. Kobele, D. Knox, D.B. Ahon, J. Gbondo, J. Gamys, W. Egnankou, D. Siaffa, A. Okoni-Williams &
M. Saliou (2012). Key Biodiversity Areas
identification in the Upper Guinea forest biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(8): 2745–2752.
Copyright: © O.M.L. Kouame, N. Jengre, M. Kobele, D. Knox, D.B. Ahon, J. Gbondo, J. Gamys, W. Egnankou, D. Siaffa, A. Okoni-Williams &
M. Saliou 2012. Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium
for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate
credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements: The KBAs process in West
Africa was made possible with the support of a number of environmental NGOs,
government institutions and agencies as well as individual experts. In Ghana,
they include the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency, Ghana Ministry of
Environment Science and Technology, Ghana Forestry Commission, Forestry
Research Institute of Ghana, Ghana Wildlife Division, and the Resource
Management Support Centre of the Ghana Forestry Commission. Others are the
Ghana Wildlife Society, BirdLife International-Ghana,
Friends of the Earth - Ghana, West African Primate Conservation Action - Ghana,
Centre for African Wetlands - Ghana, Butterfly Conservation of Ghana,
University of Ghana, University for Development
Studies - Ghana and University of Cape Coast – Ghana. Beyond Ghana, key
institutions include the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone, SOS-FORETS of
Côte d’Ivoire, Guinee-Ecologie, University of
Conakry, University of Cocody - Abidjan, Centre
National de Floristique -Abidjan, Sociétéde Développement des Forêts- Côte d’Ivoire, Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves - Côte
d’Ivoire, Direction des Parcs Nationaux- Côte d’Ivoire, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques - Côte d’Ivoire, Wild Chimpanzee Foundation -
Côte d’Ivoire, Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Environnement(Guinea), Ministry of Environment of Guinea, Centre National de Recherche Halieutique of Boussoura - Guinea, Ministry of Agriculture of Sierra
Leone, Forestry and Food Security, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources
of Sierra Leone, Bumbuna Hydroelectric Project,
Institute of Marine Biology and Oceanography, University of Sierra Leone
(Department of Biological Sciences, Fourah Bay
College) and Department of Biological Sciences- Njala,
Forestry Development Authority of Liberia, Society for Conservation of Nature
of Liberia, Fauna and Flora International-Liberia.
Author Details: Ode Marie-Louise Kouame is currently working as an independent
consultant. She was previously the West Africa Coordinator with Conservation
International to coordinate the identification of KBA in the upper guinea
forest. She worked on several CEPF and BirdLifeInternational projects on the inventory of IBA in Cote d’Ivoire. She finalized
her PhD on wetland Ecology and it’s expected to be defended in September.
Nicholas Jengre holds an MPhil
degree in environmental science, with strong background in forestry, natural
resources management and biodiversity conservation. He is currently the
Regional Research and Evaluation Coordinator for Rainforest Alliance West
African Office in Ghana. Nicholas has deep experience in carbon stocks sampling
in both terrestrial and aquatic landscapes.
Mamady Kobele specializes in environmental management and climate
change. He was a Chevening Scholar at the World
Conservation Monitoring Centre. In Guinea he served as a team leader at the
environmental NGO Guinee Ecologiewhere he is currently the Executive Director.
David Knox is currently a management consultant
with the Boston Consulting Group. Prior to BCG, he spent 7 years with Conservation
International in South Africa. David holds a MBA from The Wharton School, a MSc in Conservation Biology from the University of Cape
Town and a BS from the University of North Carolina.
Dr. Dibié Bernard Ahon is Ornithologist and Animal Biological Lecturer at the
University of Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire_WestAfrica. He also collaborate with the NGO SOS Forêts (BirdLife International’s affiliate of Côte d’Ivoire) as the
IBA’s Officer .
John Gbondo has recently
relocated in the USA. He served as Botanist at the Department of Biological
Sciences FBC- USL (Fourah Bay College, University of
Sierra Leone). He was also an Executive Secretary at Conservation Society of
Sierra Leone (CSSL) and collaborated on IBA and KBA projects. John hold a B.Sc Honsin Botany.
Joel Gamys is Conservation
Manager for Conservation International Liberia. In addition to his role to
contribute to local partners’ capacity strengthening in conservation project
planning and implementation, he is involved in biodiversity field research
activities in Liberia. He is also leading land use planning activities in
Northern Nimba Conservation Area.
Dr. Egnankou Wadja Mathieu is a botanist, wetland expert and lecturer at the
University of Cocody, Cote d’Ivoire. He is also the
founder and president of the NGO SOS-FORETS. He is a Goldman Environmental prize winner.
Daniel Siaffa was the former
executive director of the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone (CSSL)
Arnold Okoni-Williams is currently a
conservation ecologist and a lecturer of the Biological Sciences Department of
the University of Sierra Leone. For several years, he worked as a biodiversity
conservation officer for the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone (CSSL). He is
currently undertaking a PhD study on vegetation, carbon and nutrient cycling in
the bush fallow systems and the potential benefits to farming communities and
the environment in Sierra Leone.
Mamadou Saliou is the President of the NGO Guinee-Ecologie.
He coordinated a number of rapid assessment program with Conservation International
as well as conservation activities on IBA in Guinea with BirdLifeInternational.
Author Contribuion: All the authors have contributed to both
the study and the current paper.
Abstract: Priority-setting approaches and tools are commons ways to
support the rapid extinction of species and their habitats and the effective
allocation of resources for their conservation. The Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) approach
is a method for the identification of fine-scale priority areas for
conservation. This process led
bottom-up has been used in the Upper Guinea Forest Ecosystem of West Africa
where human-induced changes have increased the extinction risk of several
endemic and threatened species. The
irreplaceability and vulnerability criteria commonly used in conservation
planning have been used to identify key biodiversity areas in Ghana, Cote
d’Ivoire, Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone. Point locality data were compiled from
scientific reports, papers published in scientific journals and museum records.
The delineation was conducted following a series of decision rules. In most
cases existing IBA polygons and protected areas boundaries were used. For the new sites, temporary boundaries
have been drawn and will be confirmed with land-use data. Preliminary
KBA data were reviewed by specialists during formal workshops. One hundred and fifty four KBA have been
identified in the five countries with 202 globally threatened species. Currently 63% of the KBA are
protected. Two AZE sites still
exist in the region. This
assessment is a first step and is driven from the best available data at the
time. There is a need to refine it
with recent biodiversity surveys to assist decision-makers in achieving their
conservation management goals.
Keywords: AZE, biodiversity,
conservation planning, IUCN, Key Biodiversity Area, Upper Guinea Forest, West
Africa.
The Key Biodiversity Area series documents the application of
the concept and showcases the results from various parts of the
world. The series is edited under the auspices of the IUCN World
Commission on Protected Areas/Species Survival Commission Joint Task Force on
‘Biodiversity and Protected Areas’, with the editors supported by BirdLife International, Conservation International, IUCN,
National Fish & Wildlife Foundation, NatureServe,
Parks Canada, and Plantlife International.
For images, tables -- click here
Introduction
The Upper Guinea Forest Ecosystem of West Africa extends from
Guinea into eastern Sierra Leone, and eastward through Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire and
Ghana into western Togo. The
overall forest ecosystem of the region historically covered approximately
420,000km2 but estimates of existing forest suggest a loss of nearly
80% (CEPF 2000). It contains
exceptionally diverse ecological communities of forest habitat, providing
refuge to numerous endemic species.
The region has been the subject of several conservation
assessments and priority-setting initiatives. At the global level, the Upper Guinea
forest ecosystem region is considered one of the world’s top priority regions
for conservation because of its high endemism of flora and fauna (Bakarr et al. 2004). Another global analysis conducted on centers of plant diversity and
endemism has identified 14 centers of plant endemism within the Guinean Forest
Hotspot. Those coarse-scale
conservation priorities do not give information on the precise locations where
conservation resources should be focused. In this biologically rich and highly
fragmented landscape, conservation planning and implementation stand to benefit
greatly from high resolution biodiversity data (Brooks
et al. 2004).
The key biodiversity areas (KBAs) approach is a method for the
identification of fine-scale priority areas for conservation. KBAs are sites of global significance
for biodiversity conservation that are large enough or sufficiently
interconnected to support populations of the globally threatened species for
which they are important (Eken et al. 2004). Conservation International and several
partners in the Upper Guinea region have undertaken the identification and
delineation of KBAs in five countries (Guinea, Ghana, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire
and Sierra Leone). This paper summarizes the results of applying the KBA
process in the region.
Methods
KBAs identification in Upper Guinea forest builds upon the
Important Bird Areas (IBAs) identified for those five countries by the BirdLife International partnership (Fishpool& Evans 2001). In this
assessment, we have documented the presence of species of mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, fish, crustaceans, butterflies and plants that trigger KBA criteria
in the existing IBAs, and identify new sites triggered by species in these
taxa.
KBAs are generally identified based on the confirmed presence of:
(i) globally threatened species, classified as
Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), or Vulnerable (VU) according to
IUCN Red List (IUCN 2007); and (ii) restricted-range species, using a threshold
population of 5% or more of the population of species with range-sizes of
50,000km2 or less (Eken et al. 2004).
In addition, for IBAs, criteria had been used to identify sites based on; (iii)
congregations of species that concentrate at particular sites during some stage
in their life cycle; and (iv) biome-restricted species assemblages (Eken et al. 2004). The first of these four criteria
addresses vulnerability, while the latter three cover different components of
irreplaceability (Margules & Pressey2000). Although a threshold of 10
pairs or 30 individuals is suggested when applying the vulnerability criteria
for vertebrate species classified as VU (Langhammeret al. 2007), due to the lack of information on species abundance, we
considered the confirmed occurrence of a threatened species as sufficient to
trigger KBA identification.
Species occurrence data were compiled from scientific reports,
papers published in scientific journals and museum records. Mammal data were obtained from primary
surveys and Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) reports. The majority of
amphibian data were provided by Rödel et al.
(2005) and by the IUCN Global Amphibian Assessment (Stuart et al.
2008). Most of the plant data came
from the Oxford University Herbaria online database (OUH 2011). Butterfly data
came from Larsen (2006). For the
reptiles, occurrence data were extracted mainly from Okoni-Williams
et al. (2005). Fish data were
compiled from Dankwa et al. (1999), Ofori-Danson et al. (2003) and Ofori-Danson& Kumi (2006). Additional sources are listed in
Appendix I.
Spatial data used to delineate the KBAs boundaries included
available point localities and distribution information for species, IBA
polygons, and protected areas (PA) boundaries. In some cases, existing IBA or PA
boundaries were modified as needed to incorporate nearby habitat for target
species. For the new sites,
temporary boundaries have been drawn and will be confirmed with land-use
data. The KBAs
were reviewed by specialists during formal workshops during October 2008
in Ghana, Sierra Leone and Ghana.
Results
We identified 154 KBAs representing between
5% and 54% of the land surface of each country (Table 1, Fig. 1), and 13% of
the region overall. In total, 1,032 species trigger the KBA criteria with 202
(132 VU, 52 EN, 18 CR) globally threatened species and 663 restricted-range
species (Table 2 and Table 3). For
IBAs, three sites were also identified for 27 species based on the
congregations/aggregations criteria, and 33 sites using the biome-restricted
assemblage criterion, for 217 species.
A total of 97 KBAs are currently protected
(63%), while 57 are not covered by the existing protected areas system (Table
1). Protected area coverage is
particularly low in Liberia, with only two of the country’s 25 KBAs protected
(8%).
With regards to the number of species that
trigger site identification, only nine sites (6%) were identified for a single
species, while 92 (60%) were triggered by more than 20 species (Table 4).
Within the region, 273 species occur in one KBA only, while one species occurs
in no fewer than 68 KBAs (Table 4).
Two KBAs that hold the only record of at
least one highly threatened species, and which hold six such species in total
(Table 5), were identified as triggering the criteria for Alliance for Zero
Extinction sites (Ricketts et al. 2005; AZE 2010).
Discussion
The KBAs identified in the five countries of the Upper Guinea
forest appear to provide a valuable update more than a decade after the Elmina
Conservation Priority-Setting Workshop held in 1999 in Ghana (Conservation
International 2001). They give a
better idea of the current remaining priorities for species and site-scale
conservation in the region.
The absence of recent biodiversity surveys and the shortfall in
collaboration between conservationists and scientists in the universities and
research centers require that the analysis draws from
historical records, available in open access online databases. As a result, we have identified several
“provisional” KBAs, sites that are suspected to be important, but for which
only historical data have been collected (we excluded these candidate sites
from the analysis above). We also need to delineate new KBAs to ensure that all
threatened species are represented in the network of important sites because
some species still fall outside the delineated sites.
Another limitation is that marine and freshwater species are
poorly documented. In this initial
application of the KBA approach, the criteria for biomes restricted and congregatory species have been assessed only for birds, for
which Birdlife International has conducted and tested their applicability in
IBA identification.
Changes in knowledge have driven some changes to AZE site
identification over the last five years. BobiriForest Reserve, in Ghana, is no longer considered an AZE site because the frog Hyperolius bobirensis(EN), previously considered endemic, has now been recorded in Ankasa and Atewa forest reserves
in Ghana (Rödel et al. 2005; McCullough et al.
2007). Similarly Adiopodoumé, in Côte d’Ivoire, is now no longer considered
an AZE site because Crocidura wimmeri is now tagged as a ‘Possibly Extinct’
Critically Endangered species (IUCN 2010).
The majority of KBAs are legally protected as
national parks, forest reserves and classified forest. It is important to emphasize that most
of them are not managed effectively and they are under severe threats such as forest loss and
fragmentation due to agricultural expansion, exploitative logging, rapid
population growth, and bushmeat hunting. Mining is having a growing impact
particularly in the Nimba Mountains KBAs. According to Bongerset al. (2004), all Upper Guinea sites except for National Parks are considered
to have shortage of effective protection. Chatelainet al. (2004) show that in the large majority of classified forest in Côte
d’Ivoire, 40–50% of these forests have been replaced by
planted crops and trees. By
contrast, in Ghana, some KBAs are labeled as “Globally Significant Biodiversity
Areas” to focus effort to protect the remaining priority sites. In Liberia, Cape Mount, Lofa-Gola-Mano
Complex and Wonegizi mountains are in the process of being protected. The
governments of Liberia and Sierra Leone have also started the formal processes
of designating the Gola Rainforest as a shared
National Park and Protected Area.
Considerable
conservation opportunities still exist in the region due to the presence of
internationally recognised sites such as Ramsarsites, UNESCO World Heritage sites and Biosphere Reserve sites. The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
investment in the Upper Guinea Forest, initiated in 2000, has been crucial in
mobilizing local and international conservation organizations. This investment has also catalyzed
further resources from bilateral donors and the private sector (CEPF 2006). For example, Conservation International
and local partners are now implementing conservation activities in the Greater Nimba Highlands in Guinea with support from the U.S. Agency
for International Development and Rio Tinto.
The current challenge is to secure sustainable financing for the
known priority areas of the region. The growing market for climate mitigation and other payment for
environmental services mechanisms appear to be opportunities to leverage
conservation for human benefit. Several countries in the hotspot – Ghana and Liberia in particular – are emerging as leaders
in the development of green economic pilots and policies for Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD). Conservation International, through CEPF consolidation investments, is
playing a leading role in promoting and supporting learning between
emerging REDD and payments for ecosystem services pilots in each of the
countries which are demonstrating innovative approaches to biodiversity
conservation and human well-being in the known priority areas.
References
AZE (2010). 2010 AZE
Data available at http://www.zeroextinction.org. Accessed on 22 December
2010.
Bakarr, M., J.F. Oates, J. Fahr, M.P.F. Parren, M.-O. Rödel & R. Demey (2004). Guinean forests of West Africa, pp. 123-130.In: Mittermeier, R.A., P.R. Gil, M. Hoffman, J.
Pilgrim, T. Brooks, C.G. Mittermeier, J. Lamoreux & G.A.B. Da Fonseca (eds.). Hotspots
Revisited: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. CEMEX & Conservation International, Mexico City &
Washington, D.C., 392pp.
Bongers, F., L. Poorter,
V. Beligné, W.D. Hawthorne F.N. Kouame,
M.P.E. Parren & D. Traoré (2004). Implications for conservation and management, pp. 87–98. In: Bongers, L.F., F.N.G. Kouamé & W.D. Hawthorne (eds.). Biodiversity
of West African Forest: An Ecological Atlas of Woody Plants Species. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 521pp.
Brooks, T., G.A.B. Fonseca
& A.S.L. Rodrigues (2004). Species, data, and conservation planning. Conservation Biology 18: 1682–1688.
Chatelain, C., H. Dao, L. Gautier & R. Spichiger (2004). Forest cover changes in Cote
d’Ivoire and Upper Guinea, pp 15–32. In: Poorter, L., F. Bongers, F.N.G. Kouamé & W.D. Hawthorne (eds.). Biodiversity of West
African Forest: An Ecological Atlas of Woody Plant Species. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, 521pp.
Conservation International
(2001).From the Forest to the Sea: Biodiversity Connections from Guinea to Togo.
Conservation Priority-Setting Workshop, December 1999. Washington D.C.
CEPF (2006). Assessing
Five Years of CEPF Investment: Guinean Forests of West Africa Biodiversity
Hotspot Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem; A Special Report, 71pp.
CEPF (2000). Ecosystem Profile: Upper
Guinean Forest, Guinean Forests of West Africa.
Dankwa, H.R., E.K. Abban & G.G. Teugels (1999). Freshwater Fishes of Ghana:
Identification, distribution, ecological and economic status. Annales Science Zoologiques283: 53pp
Eken, G., L. Bennun,
T.M. Brooks, W. Darwall, L.D.C. Fishpool,
M. Foster, D. Knox, P. Langhammer, P. Matiku, E. Radford, P. Salaman,
W. Sechrest, M.L. Smith, S. Spector & A. Tordoff (2004). Key biodiversityareas as site conservation targets. BioScience 54: 1110–1118.
Fishpool, L.D.C.
& M.I. Evans (2001). Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands:
Priority Sites for Conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLifeInternational.
IUCN (2007). IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species. Version 2007. Accessed on 19 December 2007.
IUCN (2010). IUCN Red
List of Threatened Species. Version 2010ab. Accessed
on 28 November 2010.
Langhammer, P.F., M.I. Bakarr, L.A. Bennun, T.M. Brooks,
R.P. Clay, W. Darwall, N. De Silva, G.J. Edgar, G. Eken, L.D.C. Fishpool, G.A.B.
Fonseca, M.N. Foster da, D.H. Knox, P. Matiku, E.A.
Radford, A.S.L. Rodrigues, P. Salaman, W. Sechrest & A.W. Tordoff(2007).Identification and Gap Analysis of Key Biodiversity Areas: Targets for
Comprehensive Protected Area Systems. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 116pp.
Larsen, T.B. (2006). The Ghana Butterfly Fauna
and its Contribution to the Objectives of the Protected Areas System. WDSP
Report no. 63. Wildlife Division (Forestry Commision) and IUCN (World Conservation Union) 207pp.
Margules, C.R.
& R.L. Pressey (2000). Systematic
conservation planning. Nature 405: 243–253
McCullough, J., L.E. Alonso, P. Naskrecki, H.E. Wright & Y. Osei-Owusu(eds.). (2007). A Rapid
Biological Assessment of the Atewa Range Forest
Reserve, Eastern Ghana. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment Vol. 47. Conservation International,
Arlington, VA.
Ofori-Danson, P.K.
& G.N. Kumi (2006). Food and feeding habits of Sarotherodon melanotheron, Rüppell,
1852 (Pisces: Cichlidae) in SakumoLagoon, Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology 10: 21–32.
Ofori-Danson,
P.K., K.V. Waerebeek & S. Debrah(2003). A survey for the conservation of dolphins in Ghanaian coastal
waters. Journal of the Ghana Science Association5(2): 45–54.
Okoni-Williams,
A., H.S. Thompson, A.P. Koroma & P. Wood (2005). Important Bird Areas in
Sierra Leone: priorities for biodiversity conservation. Conservation
Society of Sierra Leone and Forestry Division, GOSL.
OUH (2011) Oxford University Herbaria. Available online at:
http://dps.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/oxford.
Ricketts, T.H., E. Dinerstein,
T. Boucher, T.M. Brooks, S.H.M. Butchart, M.
Hoffmann, J.F. Lamoreux, J. Morrison, M. Parr, J.D. Pilgrim,
A.S.L. Rodrigues, W. Sechrest, G.E. Wallace, K.
Berlin, J. Bielby, N.D. Burgess, D.R. Church, N. Cox,
D. Knox, C. Loucks, G.W. Luck, L.L. Master, R. Moore,
R. Naidoo, R. Ridgely, G.E.
Schatz, G. Shire, H. Strand, W. Wettengel & E. Wikramanayake (2005). Pinpointing and preventing
imminent extinctions. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 102: 18497–18501.
Rödel, M.-O,
M. Gil, A.C. Agyei, A.D. Leaché,
R.E. Diaz, M.K. Fujita & R. Ernst (2005). The amphibians of the forested parts of south-western Ghana. Salamandra 41(3): 107–127
Stuart, S., M. Hoffmann, J. Chanson, N. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani & B.
Young (eds.) (2008). Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, IUCN, and Conservation International, Barcelona, Spain;
Gland, Switzerland; and Arlington, Virginia, USA, xv+758pp.
Appendix I. Additional data sources
Adou,
Y.C.Y., E.C. Blom, K.T.S. Dengueadhé,
R.S.A.R. Van Rompaey, E.K. N’ Guessan,
G. Wittebolle & F. Bongers(2005). Diversité floristique et végétation dans le Parc National
de Taï, Côte d’Ivoire.- Tropenbos-Côte d’Ivoire, série 5, 92pp.
Ahon, D.B.
& B. Kadjo (2008). Inventaire
préliminaire de la faune avifaunique et mammalienne
de la Forêt Classée de Besso. Rapport d’étude,
Abidjan, 32pp.
Ahon, D.B. (2008).Inventaire préliminaire de la faune aviaire de la Forêt des marais Tanoé. Rapport d’étude, Abidjan, 16 p.
Ahon, D.B., Assé, A.F.
& K.P. Kouadio (2005). Liste préliminaire des oiseaux de la Forêt
Classée de Dassioko. Rapport d’étude, Abidjan, 10pp.
Alonso,
L.E., F. Lauginie & G. Rondeau (eds.) (2005). Une évaluation
biologique de deux forêts classées du sud-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire.
Bulletin RAP d’Evaluation Rapide Vol. 34, Conservation International.
Washington, D.C., 168pp.
Bangoura,
F. (1977). Etude systématique de la
flore de Kaback, 99pp.
Barnett, A.A. & M.L. Prangley (1997). Mammalogy in the Republic of Guinea:
an overview of research from 1946 to 1996, a preliminary check-listand a summary of research recommendations for the future. Mammal
Review 27(3): 115–164.
BirdLifeInternational (2004). Threatened Birds of the World 2004. CD-ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
Cole, N.H.A. (1993). Floristic association in theGola rain forests: a proposed biosphere reserve. Journal of Pure and Applied Science 2: 35–50.
Dankwa, H.R., E.K. Abban & G.G. Teugels (1999). Freshwater Fishes of
Ghana: Identification, Distribution, Ecological and Economic Status. Annales Science Zoologiques, Vol. 283, 53pp.
Dantily, D. (2002). Plan d’aménagement : Forêt classée de Balayan Souroumba. Winrock International,
91pp.
Dantily, D. (2002). Plan
d’aménagement forêt classée de Sincery-Oursa. Winrock International 2002, 89pp.
Demey, R.
& L.D.C. Fishpool (1991). Additions
and annotations to the avifauna of Côte d’Ivoire. Malimbus 12: 61–86.
Demey, R. (2003). Rapport de mission: formation en ornithologie de terrain. BirdLife International.
Egnankou, W.M., Kadjo,
B. & D.B. Ahon (2005). Inventaire
de la faune et de la flore de Dahlia fleur. Rapport, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 38pp.
Fishpool, L.D.C & M.I. Evans
(eds.) (2001). Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands: Priority Sites for
Conservation. Newbury: PiscesPublications & Cambridge, UK: BirdLifeInternational.
Gartshore, M.E., P.D. Taylor &
I.S. Francis (1995). Forest Birds in Côte d’Ivoire. A survey of Taï National Park and other forests and forestry
plantations, 1989-1991. Birdlife International, Cambridge, UK, 55pp.
Hoke, P., R. Demey& A. Peal (eds.) (2007). A rapid biological assessment of North Lorma, Gola and Grebo National Forests,
Liberia. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 44. Conservation International, Arlington,
VA, USA.
Kéita,
K. (2000). Projet Biodiversité Kankan
II «Promotion des organismes de mise en œuvre en vue de la sauvegarde de la
biodiversité de la réserve de Kankan», V2, 79pp.
Klop, E., Lindsell,
J. & A. Siaka (2008). Biodiversity
of Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Internal report to RSPB, CSSL and the Government of Sierra Leone.
Koné, I., Béné,
K., N’guessan, A.K., Bitty, A.E., Koffi,
D.A., Akpatou, K.B. & S. Gonedele(2008). Conservation des primates en Afrique de l’Ouest: la Forêt des Marais Tanoé (Sud-est de la Côte d’Ivoire) identifiée comme étant
un site à Haute Valeur de Conservation en péril.- Abidjan; argumentaire, 17pp.
Kormos, R., C. Boesch,
M.I. Bakarr & T. Butynski(eds.) (2003). West
African Chimpanzees. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist
Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 219pp.
Lachenaud, O. (2006). Les oiseaux du Parc National du Banco et de la Forêt Classée de l’Anguédédou. Malimbus 28:
107–132.
Lamotte,
M. (eds.) (1998). Le
Mont Nimba. Réserve Biosphère et Site du Patrimoine Mondial (Guinée et Côte
d’Ivoire). UNESCO, Paris, 153pp.
Larsen, T.B. (2005). Butterflies
of West Africa. 2 volumes. Apollo Books,
596pp+125pls.
Lauginie, F. (2007). Conservation
de la nature et aires protégées en Côte d’Ivoire. NEI/Hachette et Afrique
Nature, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 668pp.
Mabinty, D. (2003). Impacts socio économiques du classement de la forêt de Kakiyirédans la CRD de Kanfarandé.
McCullough, J. (2004). A Rapid
Biological Assessment of Forêt Classéedu Pic de Fon, SimandouRange, South-eastern Republic of Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological
Assessment, Vol. 35. Conservation International, Washington,
D.C., 248pp.
McCullough, J., J. Decher& D.G. Kpelle (eds.) (2005). A biological assessment
of the terrestrial ecosystems of the Draw River, Boi-Tano,Tano Nimiri and Krokosua Hills forest reserves, southwestern Ghana. RAP
Bulletin of Biological Assessment, Vol. 36. Conservation
International, Washington, D.C.
McCullough, J., J.P. Hoke& P. Naskrecki (eds.) (2006). Rapid Biological
Assessment of the Ajenjua Bepoand Mamang River Forest Reserves, Eastern Region,
Ghana, Vol 50. Rap Bulletin of Biological
Assessment.
Rödel, M.-O.
& R. Ernst (2000). Bufo taiensis n.sp., eine neue Kröte aus dem Taï-Nationalpark,Elfenbeinküste. Herpetofauna 22(125): 9–16.
Rödel, M.-O.
& R. Ernst (2003). The amphibians of Marahouéand Mont Péko National Parks, Ivory Coast. Herpetozoa 16: 23–39.
Rödel, M.-O.
& W.R. Branch (2002). Herpetological survey of the Haute Dodo and Cavallyforests, western Ivory Coast, Part I: Amphibians. Salamandra 38:
245–268.
SOS-Forêts,
(2004). Inventaire de l’avifaune du Parc National
des Iles Ehotilés. Rapport non publié; Abidjan, Côte
d’Ivoire, 15pp.
Thiollay, J.M. (1985). The birds of Ivory Coast:
status and distribution. Malimbus 7: 1–59.
Wright, H.E., J. McCullough & M.S.A. Diallo (eds.) (2006). Rapid biological assessment of Boke prefecture, Northwestern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological
Assessment, Conservation International, Washington, D.C., 192pp.
Wright, H.E., J. McCullough, L.E. Alonso & M.S.A. Diallo (eds.) (2003). Rapid Biological Assessment of Three Classified
Forests in Southeastern Guinea. RAP Bulletin of Biological
Assessment, Vol. 40. Conservation International, Washington,
D.C., 248pp.