The first report of the widow spider Latrodectus elegans (Araneae: Theridiidae) from India

A.Kananbala ¹, K. Manoj², M. Bhubaneshwari ³, A. Binarani ⁴ & Manju Siliwal ⁵

^1,2.3.4 Entomology Research Laboratory, P.G. Block, Department of Zoology, D.M. College of Science Imphal, Manipur 795001, India

⁵ Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, 96, Kumudham Nagar, VilankurichiRoad, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641035, India

Email: ¹ akhamkanan@gmail.com, ²naitu_konthou@yahoo.com, ³ mbhubaneshwari@yahoo.com, ⁴ bina3athokpam@gmail.com,⁵ manju@zooreach.org (corresponding author)

Date of publication (online): 26 July 2012

Date of publication (print): 26 July 2012

ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)

Editor: Barbara Knoflach-Thaler

Manuscript details:

Ms # o3152

Received 09 April 2012

Final received 28 May 2012

Finally accepted 04 July 2012

Citation: Kananbala, A., K. Manoj, M. Bhubaneshwari, A. Binarani & M. Siliwal(2012). The first report of the widow spider Latrodectus elegans(Araneae: Theridiidae) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(7): 2718–2722.

Copyright: © A. Kananbala, K. Manoj, M. Bhubaneshwari,A. Binarani & Manju Siliwal 2012. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 UnportedLicense. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Acknowledgements: AK would like to thanks UGC grant No. MRPF. No.-39-589/2010(SR) for financial support, during which the spider was found.

For figures, images, tables -- click here

The comb-footed spider family Theridiidae is popular for the widow spider genus Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805, which has clinical significance (Daniel & Soman 1961; Siliwal& Kumar 2001; Kumar & Siliwal 2005). So far, 31 species of Latrodectus have been reported from the world (Platnick 2012). Of these, three species L. erythromelasSchmidt & Klaas 1991, L. geometricusCL. Koch, 1841 and L. hasselti Thorell, 1870 have been reported from India (Siliwal & Kumar 2001; Kumar & Siliwal2005; Shukla & Broome 2007; Javedet al. 2010). L. hasselti is reported from Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (Simon 1897; Pocock 1900; Daniel & Soman 1961; Kumar & Siliwal2005; Shukla & Broome 2007), whereas L. geometricuswas recently reported from Pune (Shukla & Broome 2007) and L. erythromelas from Andhra Pradesh (Javed et al. 2010). While carrying out spider surveys in Manipur, we collected three female specimens of Latrodectus sp. On scanning the literature, it was found that morphologically the specimens from Manipur resembled Latrodectus elegans Thorell, 1898. Further, the species was confirmed by examining the epigynum structure of the female under a stereomicroscope. Prior to this report, L. elegans was reported from China, Myanmar and Japan.

The type locality of L. elegans is Carin Cheba mountains in Burma (=Myanmar). Geographically, Manipur shares a border with Myanmar, therefore, many Indo-Malayan species have been reported from northeastern India especially states which border with Myanmar (Hora 1944; Koopman1989; Corbet & Hill 1992; Choudhury2001; Slowinski et al. 2001; Dattaet al. 2003; Athreya 2006; Devi & Yadava 2006; Ningombam & Bordoloi 2007; Mahony & Zug 2008). In the past, there have been no proper surveys for spiders carried out in Manipur and nearby states, therefore, this species remained unreported. Here, we report the occurrence of L. elegans from Manipur, which is a first record for India. We provide a description of L. elegans along with natural history notes based on fresh specimens collected from Manipur.

Methods: The specimens were studied in the Entomology Research Laboratory, P.G. Block of Zoology Department, Dhanamanjuri College of Science, Imphal. Photographs were taken after anaesthetizing the spider with carbon tetrachloride. Morphometryof the spider was taken with vernier caliper and ocular meter. All measurements are in mm. One specimen of Latrodectus elegansis deposited in the Zoology Department P.G. Block, DhanamanjuriCollege of Science, Imphal, Manipur and another two specimens are deposited at the Wildlife Information LiasionDevelopment Society, Coimbatore. All measurements are in mm.

Latrodectus elegans Thorell, 1898

(Figs. 1–5; Image 1–5)

Material Examined:Two females, 5–8.v.2011, elevation 930m, (24⁰55’08.85”N & 94⁰09’13.59”E), ThawaiVillage, Ukhrul District, Manipur, India, coll. K. Manoj, A. Kananbala & M. Bhubaneshwari (WILD, WILD-11-ARA-1113, WILD-11-ARA-1114).

Description of female (WILD-11-ARA-1113): Total length 9.53. Cephalothorax 5.8 long, 5.73 wide. Abdomen 3.73 long, 3.36 wide and 6.01 high. Morphometry of legs and palp given in Table 1. Leg formula 1423.

Colourin life (Images. 1–3):Carapace, abdomen, spinnerets and legs black. Metatarsi and tarsi of all legs slightly lighter than the rest of the legs. Abdomen black with bright blood-red pattern on dorsum, posterior half chevron shape extending laterally and on anterior half two curved bands (Image 1); ventrally an hour-glassmark, blood red between epigastric area and spinnerets (Image 3); a vertical black-line in the middle of the hour-glass mark. Book lung light brown, epigynum reddish-brown. The book lungs, epigynum,epigastric furrow are surrounded by a light yellowish border, the extension of the red hour-glass. In alcohol, red colourpattern on abdomen fades and is yellowish-red dorsally but large patch on ventral side disappeared reducing to a yellowish-cream patch of lower lip shape below the epigastric furrow and an irregular patch above the spinnerets, in between connecting red patch is not visible, but it is replaced with blackish colour as the rest of the abdomen.

Carapace (Fig. 1; Images 1,3): black, fovea as wide depression in the centre, striae radiating on sides. Slightly longer than wide, thoracic area broader than cephalic area, ocular area high gradually sloping posteriorly. Spines absent, covered with small hairs. Eyes (Fig. 1): eight, transparent eyes except PME, opaque, on low tubercles, two rows anterior row recurved, posterior rows slightly recurved; PME distinctly large, PLE, ALE subequal and AME-PME equal. Diameter of PME=AME, 0.20, PLE=ALE, 0.3; Distance between AME-AME, 0.20, PME-PME, 0.27, PME-PLE 0.27, AME-ALE, 1.30, ALE-PLE, 0.33; MOQ, square, 0.67 wide, 0.73 long; Ocular group 1.00 long and 1.87 wide. Clypeus: yellowish, glabrous with long posterior end as seen in the genus steotoda. Chelicerae: 1.27 long, 0.47 wide, yellowish-orange with light brown fangs, two black dots at base on either side of fangs. Labium (Fig. 2): wider (1.00) than long (0.73), yellowish with 8–9 black hairs. Maxillae (Fig. 2): 1.0 long anteriorly, 1.47 long posteriorly, 0.6 wide, yellowish-orange with 12–15 widely spaced black hair. Leg: formula 1423, coxal base seen from dorsal side, yellowish-orange except distal ends of femora, patella, tibia, metatarsi and tarsi with brown annulets; paired claws without dentitions/teeth, inferior claw present leg I-IV. Palp: yellowish-orange with black annulets on tarsi, single curve claw without teeth.

Abdomen (Figs. 1–3; Images 1–3): globular, slightly longer than wide, overlapping carapace, covered uniformly with small black hairs. Spinnerets, three pairs, conical, situated towards posterior end (Fig. 2). Colulus large.

Epigynum(Figs. 4–5):Ventrally, opening of epigynum lip shape, anterior lip with a notch in the centre and posterior lip gently curved and not extending on each side beyond opening of epigynum (Fig. 4). Dorsally, seminal receptacles dumbbell-shaped, constriction in the middle; short, curved fertilization duct on the prolateralside of the posterior receptacles; copulatory ducts coiled four times around the seminal receptacles and opens externally; median parts of copulatory ducts loop back near anterior seminal receptacles as seen in L. mactans(Fig. 5).

Remarks

The ventral red hour-glass marking was very evident and bright in all the spiders in life (Images. 2, 4). But on preserving them in 70% alcohol, in one of the specimens, the ventral red hour-glassmarking disappeared except for two small patches (Image 2), one below epigastral furrow and another above spinnerets, the connecting red patch disappeared. The only difference between Sri Lanka L. erythromelasand Australian Red-back Spider L. hasselti is the absence of hour glass marking on ventral side of abdomen. With the present finding, the ventral abdomen hour-glass marking becoming invisible in alcohol raises questions about L. erythromelas as the spider would have been described based on preserved specimens and it is likely that the hour-glass marking disappeared in the preserved specimen. Moreover, Latrodectusshows high variability within the species and also different stages of growth (Levi 1959; Knoflach & van Harten2002; Garb et al. 2004) therefore, it is also possible that absence of hour-glass marking could be a variable character as observed in some Latrodectus spp. (Knoflach& van Harten 2002) rather than being a species character (Garb et al. 2004). It needs to be further investigated with the help of molecular techniques carried out on fresh collections from India and Sri Lanka.

Distribution

China, Myanmar, Japan and present record of the species from Manipur, India.

Natural History

Manipur gets high rainfall throughout the year, with an annual average rainfall of 1600 to 2100 mm and temperature varies between -3 to 35 ⁰C, 2010 (Metrological Department, A.A.I., Changangei, Imphal). Dominant vegetation consists of Tectona grandis, Pinus spp., Quercus delbata, some shrubs like Lantana camara and local wild flora.

The habitat from where L. elegans specimens were collected was a moist evergreen forest with red soil. Spiders were found inside holes on roadside bunds near a degraded forest. The hole was covered with tangle web and at the bottom of the web there was a pile of dry leaves and insects exuvia (majority of it was cricket exuvia), which the spider would have eaten. Two egg-sacswere collected along with the spider (WILD-11-ARA-1113) from its web. The diameter of each egg-sacwas about 12mm and creamish in colour.

The collected egg-sacs were kept in a jar in the lab and monitored. Out of curiosity, one of the egg-sacs was torn after two weeks of collection and about 49 spiderlings emerged from it. None of them survived more than 47 days. Whereas, from the second egg-sac, after nearly three weeks of collection, about 180-190spiderlings emerged. The hourglass mark first started appearing on the spiderlings after 12–13 days, whereas the red mark on the dorsal side of the abdomen appeared after 59 days of emergence from the egg-sac. Moulting was observed in spiderlings three times, after the 14^th , 62^nd and 110^th day of their emergence from the egg-sac. Only one spiderlingsurvived for 113 days and was later released into the place it was collected from as feeding it live food was a problem.

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