Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2022 | 14(5): 21084–21090
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7606.14.5.21084-21090
#7606 | Received 04
August 2021 | Final received 15 May 2022 | Finally accepted 18 May 2022
New additions to the lichen biota
of Assam from Dhubri district, northeastern
India
Suparna Biswas 1, Rebecca Daimari 2, Pungbili Islary 3, Sanjeeva
Nayaka 4, Siljo Joseph 5, Dalip Kumar Upreti 6 & Pranjit
Kumar Sarma 7
1,2,3 Department of Botany, Bodoland
University, Kokrajhar, Assam 783370, India.
4,5,6 Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-
National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
226001, India.
5 Present address: Forest Botany
Department, Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation Division,
KSCSTE- Kerala Forest Research
Institute, Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala 680653, India.
7 Department of Geography, Mangaldai College, Upahupara,
Assam 784125, India.
1 suparnabiswas886@gmail.com, 2
publicationBU@gmail.com (corresponding author), 3 pungbilii@gmail.com,
4 nayaka.sanjeeva@gmail.com, 5
siljokl@gmail.com, 6 upretidknbri@gmail.com, 7 prangis@gmail.com
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of publication:
26 May 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Biswas, S., R. Daimari, P. Islary, S. Nayaka, S.
Joseph, D.K. Upreti & P.K. Sarma
(2022). New additions to the lichen biota
of Assam from Dhubri district, northeastern
India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(5): 21084–21090. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7606.14.5.21084-21090
Copyright: © Biswas et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Suparna Biswas is a researcher in the department of Botany,
Bodoland University, Assam, India. Dr.
Rebecca Daimari is an assistant professor in the department
of Botany, Bodoland University, Assam, India. She works on the field of lichen
taxonomy. Pungbili Islary is a researcher in the
department of Botany, Bodoland University, Assam, India. Dr. Sanjeeva Nayaka is a Senior Principal Scientist at
CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India. His expertise
includes taxonomy of lichens and their bio-prospection for air pollution
monitoring and various biological activities. Dr. Siljo Joseph,
a Scientist of Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India is an expert of
lichen taxonomy. Dr. Dalip Kumar Upreti
is an emeritus Scientist at CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow, India. His expertise includes lichenology, bio-systematics,
environmental and climate change. Pranjit Kumar Sarma is an assistant professor in the department of
Geography, Mangaldai College, Upahupara,
Assam , India. He is an expert on remote sensing, GIS, natural resource
management and natural resource conservation.
Author contributions: Biswas, S., R. Daimari & P. Islary—concept
and documentation of manuscript. S.
Nayaka, S. Joseph & D.K. Upreti—identification of
specimens. P.K. Sarma—mapping.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the Department
of Botany, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam for
providing the facility to carry out the research works and director of
CSIR-NBRI, Lucknow for permitting access to LWG herbarium and library. Rebecca
Damari is thankful to DST-SERB, New Delhi for financial assistance under EMEQ
scheme (EEQ/2019/000547).One of the author Siljo
Joseph would like to thank financial assistance under DST-INSPIRE Faculty
scheme (IFA 18- LSPA 124).
Abstract: The present study deals with the
exploration of lichen diversity in Dhubri district of
Assam state. A total of 42 lichen species belonging to 10 families and 16
genera were recorded, the majority of which were crustose (93%) with Graphidaceae as the dominant family. Eleven of the lichen
species under eight genera are new additions to the lichen biota of Assam.
Keywords: Biodiversity, Brahmaputra River,
Corticolous, crustose, Graphidaceae,
Indo-Bangladesh border.
Introduction
Lichens are highly cosmopolitan
in nature. Licheno-geographically, India is divided
into eight regions (Nayaka & Asthana 2014). Among these, the Western Ghats,
the eastern Himalaya and northeastern India are
regarded as biodiversity hotspots both for higher plants and lower cryptogams.
The physical structures as well as the climatic conditions of the region
support the luxuriant growth of lichens. From the state of Assam, there is a
report on lichen which covers 20 out of 34 districts (Behera et al. 2021; Gupta
& Sinha 2018). However, extensive exploration of most of the districts for
lichen diversity study is indispensable. Literature on lichenology from Dhubri district is very limited. Recently Gupta & Sinha
(2018) reported six lichen species—Graphis subasahinae Nagarkar & Patw., Lecanora
alba Lumbsch, Lecanora
helva Stizenb., Parmotrema saccatilobum
(Taylor) Hale, Protoparmelia hesperia (Kantvilas & Elix) Kantvilas, Papong & Lumbsch, and Letrouitia flavocrocea
(Nyl.) Hafellner & Bellem—from various parts of the district. Therefore, the
present study was undertaken to explore and enumerate the lichen diversity
of Dhubri
district. The district is situated in the extreme western part of Assam in the
Indo-Bangladesh border and on the northern bank of the river Brahmaputra.
Materials
& Methods
For the present study, about 700
lichen specimens were collected from January to December 2020 from 13 different
localities of Dhubri district of Assam (Figure 1).
All the specimens were collected from the bark of trees, air-dried and stored
in paper packets. The lichen specimens were identified morphologically,
anatomically and chemically. The morphological characters were studied under stereozoom microscope Leica EZ4W. For anatomical details,
thin sections of the apothecia or perithecia were mounted in water and observed
under the compound microscope Leica DM 750. The presence of chemical substances
was analysed by performing colour tests using K, P, and C solutions and thin
layer chromatography (Orange et al. 2001). The lichen thallus was also observed
under the UV cabinet. The specimens were identified following relevant
literature (Nayaka 2004; Awasthi 2007; Lücking et al.
2009; Ram et al. 2009; Aptroot 2012; Sharma et al.
2012). The families of the identified species were assigned as per the
literature of Lücking et al. (2016). Specimens were
identified up to the species following relevant literature and updated as per
the databases available for lichen taxonomy.
The identified specimens are
housed in the Bodoland University Botanical Herbarium (BUBH), Department of
Botany, Bodoland University. A set of voucher specimens is deposited in the
herbarium of CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (LWG), Uttar
Pradesh, India.
Results
The present study identified 42
lichen species under 10 families and 16 genera (Table 1). The majority of the
lichen species are crustose (93%) followed by 7% foliose. Among the lichen
families Graphidaceae emerged as the dominant family
with 15 species, followed by Caliciaceae with nine
species.
Discussion
Based on Joseph et al. (2020),
the annotated checklist by Singh & Sinha (2010) and literature available on
lichens for Assam state (Awasthi 1961; Rout et al. 2005, 2010, 2012; Das et al.
2013; Gupta et al. 2013; Daimari et al. 2014; Gogoi et al. 2019; Gupta & Sinha 2018; Behera et al.
2021), 11 species under eight genera and seven families are listed as new
records to Assam and brief descriptions of these species are provided.
A comparative study of the six
lichen species reported by Gupta & Sinha (2018) from Dhubri
district with the present study reveals that only two of the species are found
to be common and therefore, till date the district records a total of 46
species. However, the list may further go up with the exploration of more
locations for the lichen study.
Enumeration of the
newly recorded lichen species
Family: Arthoniaceae
Herpothallon himalayanum
Jagadeesh Ram
& G.P. Sinha (Image 1D)
Distribution: India (West Bengal,
Darjeeling district), Endemic.
Specimen examined: 2020-0169
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Khajurbari part 1, on the bark of Lannea
coromandelica, 24.xii.2020, 39 m, 26.262 N,
90.179 E, coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Family: Caliceaceae
Pyxine isidiophora (Müll.
Arg.) Imshaug (Image 2H)
Distribution: India (West
Bengal), Sri Lanka, Columbia.
Specimen examined: 2020-0170
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Debotar hasdaha part 4, on the
bark of Lannea coromandelica,
22.xi.2020, 27.73 m, 26.050 N, 89.893 E, coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Family: Graphidaceae
Allographa stictilabiata
(Patw. & C.R. Kulk.) J. Kalb & Kalb (Image 1C)
Distribution: India (Karnataka
and Maharashtra), Endemic
Specimen examined: 2020-0171
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Alokjhari, on the bark of Shorea
robusta, 12.i.2020, 52.82 m, 26.253 N, 89.860 E,
coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Graphis asahinae
Patw. & C.R. Kulk. (Image 1A)
Distribution: India (Kerala and
Tamil Nadu), Brazil.
Specimen examined: 2020-0172
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Gopigoan part 3, on the bark of Lannea
coromandelica, 26.Xii.2020, 44.14 m, 26.257 N,
90.232 E, coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Graphis modesta
Zahlbr. (Image 1B)
Distribution: India
(Maharashtra), Brazil, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles.
Specimen examined: 2020-0173
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Rangamati part
3, on the bark of Artocarpus heterophyllus, 27.Xi.2020, 28.84 m, 26.161 N, 90.059 E,
coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Family: Lecanoraceae
Lecanora leproplaca
Zahlbr. (Image 1E)
Distribution: India (Madhya
Pradesh), Australia, Brazil, Central and South America, Dominica, El Salvador,
Fiji, Hawaiian Islands, Jamaica, Seychelles, South Africa, Thailand.
Specimen examined: 2020-0174
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Gauripur Matiabag Hawakhana, on the bark of Michelia
champaca, 8.ii.2020, 44.82 m, 26.097 N, 89.975 E,
coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Family: Parmeliaceae
Parmotrema mesotropum (Müll.
Arg.) Hale. (Image 1F)
Distribution: India (Arunachal
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur,
Uttarakhand), Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Central & South America, China,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, Venezuela.
Specimen examined: 2020-0175
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Alomganj part 9, on the bark of Lannea
sp., 27.xii.2020, 43.48 m, 26.135 N, 90.036 E, coll. S. Biswas & P.
Biswas.
Family: Physciaceae
Physcia abuensis
D.D. Awasthi
& S.R. Singh (Image 2G)
Distribution: India (Rajasthan),
Endemic
Specimen examined: 2020-0176
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Dhubri town, on the bark of Litchi chinensis,
10.i.2020, 41.43 m, 26.022 N, 89.959 E, coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Family: Pyrenulaceae
Pyrenula mastophora
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. (Image 2K)
Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu),
Philippines
Specimen examined: 2020-0177
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Bhasani goan, on the bark of Lannea coromandelica,
26.xii.2020, 36.22 m, 26.301 N, 90.224 E, coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Pyrenula minor Fée (Image 2I)
Distribution: India (Andaman and
Nicobar Islands), Brazil, El Salvador, French Guiana, USA
Specimen examined: 2020-0178
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Satrasal, on the bark of Lannea
coromandelica, 4.i.2020, 36.89 m, 26.131 N,
89.734 E, coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Pyrenula welwitschii (Upreti
& Ajay Singh) Aptroot (Image 2J)
Distribution: India
(Uttarakhand), Angola
Specimen examined: 2020-0179
(BUBH), India, Assam, Dhubri district, Kismat hasdaha part 2, on the
bark of Lannea coromandelica,
22.xi.2020, 37.07 m, 26.050 N, 89.893 E, coll. S. Biswas & P. Biswas.
Table 1. Distribution of lichen
species in the study site along with their growth form.
|
Species |
GF |
Locations |
||||||||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
|||
Arthoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Coniocarpon cinnabarinum DC. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
Cryptothecia lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makhija & Patw. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
3 |
* Herpothallon
himalayanum Jagad. Ram & G.P.
Sinha |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
Caliciaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Cratiria lauri-cassiae (Fée)
Marbach |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
5 |
Dirinaria applanata (Fée) D.D. Awasthi |
F |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
6 |
D. consimilis
(Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi |
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
7 |
D. papillulifera
(Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi |
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
8 |
D. picta
(Sw.) Clem.
& Shear. |
F |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
9 |
Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. |
F |
- |
+ |
+ |
+ |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
+ |
- |
10 |
P. coralligera
Malme. |
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
11 |
* P. isidiophora
(Müll. Arg.) Imshaug |
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
12 |
P. reticulata (Vain.) Vain. |
F |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Graphidaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
*Allographa
stictilabiata (Patw.
& C.R. Kulk.) J. Kalb
& Kalb. |
C |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
14 |
Diorygma junghuhnii (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elix |
C |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
15 |
D. soozanum
(Zahlbr.) M. Nakan. & Kashiw. |
C |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
16 |
Graphis analoga Nyl. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
17 |
G. arecae Vain. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
18 |
* G. asahinae
Patw. &
C.R. Kulk. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
19 |
G. furcata
Fée |
C |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
20 |
G. glaucescens
Fée |
C |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
21 |
* G. modesta
Zahlbr. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
22 |
G. pyrrhocheiloides
Zahlbr. |
C |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
23 |
G. sayeri
Müll. Arg. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
24 |
G. scripta
(L.) Ach. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
25 |
G. sulphurella
(Zahlbr.) Lücking |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
26 |
G. sundarbanensis
Jagad. Ram &
G.P. Sinha |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
27 |
G. xanthospora
Müll. Arg. |
C |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lecanoraceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
Lecanora helva Stizenb. |
C |
˗ |
+ |
+ |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
+ |
˗ |
29 |
* L. leproplaca
Zahlbr. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Parmeliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
* Parmotrema
mesotropum (Müll.
Arg.) Hale |
F |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
31 |
P. saccatilobum
(Taylor)
Hale |
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
Physciaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
* Physcia
abuensis D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh |
F |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Porinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33 |
Porina suhibernica Upreti |
C |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Pyrenulaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
34 |
Pyrenula aggregata (Fée) Fée |
C |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
35 |
P. aspistea
(Afzel. Ex Ach.) Ach. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
36 |
* P. mastophora
(Nyl.) Müll. Arg. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
37 |
* P. minor Fée |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
38 |
P. thelomorpha Tuck. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
39 |
* P. welwitschii
(Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
Ramalinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
Bacidia medialis (Tuck.) Zahlbr. |
C |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
41 |
B. rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
Trypetheliaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
Trypethelium eluteriae Spreng. |
C |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
+ |
- |
- |
- |
GF—Growth form | C—Crustose | F—Foliose
| 1—Alokjhari | 2—Alomganj
part 9 | 3—Barobalurchar | 4—Bhasani
goan | 5—Bidyadabri part 5
| 6—Debotar hasdaha part 4
| 7—Dhubri town | 8—Gauripur
Matiabag Hawakhana | 9—Gopigoan part 3 | 10—Kismat hasdaha part 2 | 11—Khajurbari
part 1 | 12—Rangamati part 3 | 13—Satrasal. (*) denotes new records to Assam, (+)
present and (−) absent.
For figure & images - - click here
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