Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2021 | 13(13): 19930–19936
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7595.13.13.19930-19936
#7595 | Received 29 July 2021 | Final
received 08 October 2021 | Finally accepted 17 November 2021
Scientific contributions and
learning experiences of citizen volunteers with a small cat project in Sanjay
Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, India
Shomita Mukherjee 1, R.
Nandini 2, P.V. Karunakaran 3 & Nayan Khanolkar 4
1,3 Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and
Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, TamilNadu 641108, India.
2 Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India.
4 Pitrusmruti, Near R.B.I. Colony, Shastri
Nagar, Dombivli West, Mumbai, Maharashtra 421202,
India.
1 shomitam@gmail.com (corresponding
author), 2 nandinirajamani@gmail.com, 3 karunakaran.pv@gmail.com,
4 nayankhanolkar@gmail.com
Editor: Angie Appel, Wild Cat Network,
Bad Marienberg, Germany. Date
of publication: 26 November 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Mukherjee, S., R. Nandini, P.V. Karunakaran & N. Khanokar (2021). Scientific contributions and
learning experiences of citizen volunteers with a small cat project in Sanjay
Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(13): 19930–19936. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7595.13.13.19930-19936
Copyright: © Mukherjee et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Maharashtra Forest Department (Ref: जा.क्र. कक्ष-३/योजना/2229/सन २०१६-१७; जा.क्र. कक्ष-८/व.प्रा./संशोघन/प्रक ०१-B/२५९६/सन २०१७-१८; जा.क्र. कक्ष-८/व.प्रा./संशोघन/प्रक ०१-B/२४७९/सन २०१८-१९)
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Shomita Mukherjee is a Senior Principal Scientist
at the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural
History at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu in the Division of Conservation Biology. Her
current work focusses on the ecology of small cats and the Forest Owlet. R.
Nandini is an Assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Her current work explores
adaptations in species to environmental (including climate change) and
anthropogenic factors. P.V. Karunakaran
is a landscape ecologist working as a Senior Principal Scientist at Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History
(SACON). His current areas of research include conservation and management of
natural resources, protected area management, community participation in
biodiversity conservation, plant taxonomy and GIS and Remote Sensing. Nayan Khanolkar is an Educator, Naturalist and Wildlife
photographer. His current assignments include documenting urban leopards,
participating in citizen science programs and teaching photography at various
colleges across Maharashtra.
Author contributions: SM—conceptualization, execution,
discussions and manuscript writing; RN—analysis, discussions, manuscript
writing; PVK— conceptualization, execution, discussions; NK—conceptualization,
execution, discussions.
Acknowledgements: We thank the Maharashtra Forest
Department and the entire staff of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, for
funding the project and for the support extended throughout the study period.
Abstract: We conducted a project on small
wild cats in Sanjay Gandhi National Park near Mumbai during 2017–2019 with the
participation of 35 citizen volunteers. Volunteers underwent a training period
after which they collected scat samples, placed camera traps and participated
in data analysis. Volunteers answered a questionnaire to gauge the impact the
program had in furthering their interests and knowledge. Nineteen participants
responded to the feedback survey. Most indicated an increase in their knowledge
of wildlife research, conservation issues and small wild cats. We discuss the
value of research projects where citizens can actively participate and learn
semi-technical skills.
Keywords: Citizen science, conservation,
feedback survey, Rusty-spotted Cat.
Introduction
Planning conservation for rare
and cryptic species is contingent upon reliable and adequate data, which
requires considerable funding and labour over long periods (Buxton et al.
2020). Moreover, especially in human-dominated and privately owned landscapes,
ownership of issues related to conservation are crucial for successful outcomes
(Cooper et al. 2007). In urban landscapes, although most citizens are aware of
the general impacts of human spaces on wild habitats, they are perhaps not
aware of how they can contribute towards conservation and generating
information (Miller 2005; Bhardwaj & Kumar 2021). Involving citizens in
collecting information for scientific endeavours in the field of biodiversity
conservation is gaining popularity across the globe (Frigerio
et al. 2018), including in India (Surve et al. 2015;
Singh 2018; Mukherjee 2019; Srivathsa et al. 2020),
especially as climate change and changing land regimes become major
issues of concern.
Citizen science with respect to
carnivore conservation in India has been conducted in various ways, from using
citizen science based web portals and social media for accessing information (Srivathsa et al. 2020) to actively engaging citizens as
volunteers on projects to collect primary data (Director & Chief
Conservator of Forests et al. 2012; Surve et al. 2015).
Several models of citizen science
exist, ranging from simple contributions by citizens to a total involvement by
contributing, learning and collaborating (Wiggins & Crowston
2011; Shirk et al. 2012). Some authors stress on the importance of training
citizen volunteers in science prior to field collection of data to increase
reliability of data collected (Bonney et al. 2014; Frigerio
et al. 2018). We employed both the investigative and educational approaches to
citizen science (Wiggins & Crowston 2011) during
our study.
Study area
The project was conducted in
Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP), a protected area of 103.68 km2,
situated between 19.14–19.35 N and 72.98–72.86 E across Thane and Mumbai
districts of Maharashtra. It is a popular recreation site among the citizens of
Mumbai and experiences a high volume of approximately two million visitors per
year (Surve et al. 2015).
Situated at the centre of a
bustling and burgeoning metropolis, it is often referred to as the ‘green
lungs’ of the city and figures as a major spot of conflict for space (Munde & Limaye 2013; Surve et al. 2015; Phadke 2019).
This protected area faces several threats, the major ones being encroachment due
to urbanisation and Leopard Panthera pardus incursions into residential complexes located
close to the Park, perhaps in search of food (Director & Chief Conservator
of Forests et al. 2012; Surve et al. 2015; Anthony
2020). This led to the formation of a popular citizen-based project ‘Mumbaikars
for SGNP’ by the Maharashtra Forest Department, in which citizens together with
ecologists and sociologists assist the forest department to gather information
on the Leopard (Director & Chief Conservator of Forests et al. 2012; Surve et al. 2015). However, there are several small
carnivores which co-exist with the Leopard, and very little is known about
their distribution and status within the Park and surrounding areas. Among
these is the Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus
rubiginosus, the smallest cat in the world, with
a geographical distribution restricted to India, Sri Lanka and Nepal (Mukherjee
et al. 2016). It is listed under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection
Act (1972), categorised as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List (Mukherjee et
al. 2016) and included as a species of conservation importance in the SGNP
Management Plan for 2013–2023 (Munde & Limaye 2013). Most citizens of Mumbai are perhaps not aware
of the species, of its presence in the Park and how science can contribute to
its conservation.
We aimed to bridge the gap in
information and awareness through a citizen science participatory project by
training citizen volunteers in various aspects of small cat biology, techniques
in researching them and issues related to the conservation of small wild cats.
The project spanned a period of two years and five months, from March 2017 to
September 2019, during which volunteers collected samples and generated data.
We conducted a questionnaire survey to gauge the response of the volunteers to
their experience in participating in the project. This paper discusses the
results of the questionnaire survey.
Materials and methods
A call for volunteer participation on the project
was advertised informally over social network platforms and through existing
volunteer groups in SGNP. Those interested were inducted into the training
program. In March and April 2017, four classroom and three practical training
workshops, each lasting four to five hours, were held for volunteers in forest
range offices and in the field in SGNP. Classroom training included basic
lectures and discussions on cat behaviour, physiology and morphology, the
importance of scat samples in studying carnivore ecology, protocols for
collecting scat and the rationale behind it, basics of molecular analysis of
scat for species assignments, basics of geographic information system (GIS)
applications and their importance in conservation and research, basics of study
design for scat collection and camera trapping, habitat monitoring and the
importance of collecting information on habitat variables. During practical
field sessions, volunteers were taught how to locate scat with explanations
related to carnivore behaviour, identify tracks and signs of various species,
operate GPS units as well as Android applications of GPS on mobile phones, use
the mobile phone application CanopyApp (Version
0.0.2, University of New Hampshire 2015) for monitoring canopy cover, operate
and place camera traps, label samples and camera traps with explanations on the
importance of good practices.
Volunteers were divided into three groups based on
the location of their residence and proximity to each of the three forest
ranges, which they later visited for collecting data. Each group had a team
leader who monitored progress and report to the principal investigator (PI).
Necessary permits were obtained from the forest department for each volunteer
to enter the Park and access areas that are prohibited to tourists. These
permits were always carried by the volunteers when they entered the Park for
sampling. The groups self-organised into sub-groups and went on scat collection
trips every weekend, either on one or both days, for seven months excluding the
monsoon months from June to September. Volunteers uploaded all information on
field work including date, time, name of the forest range visited, grid cell
number, geo-coordinates, photographs of scat samples collected with their
identity number and details to the Android based software EpiCollect5 (Aanensen 2009) in a
format provided by the PIs. This enabled the PIs to access, download, monitor
and check data online at any point of time.
A subset of the scat collecting
team volunteered for camera trapping exercises. These consisted mainly of
students who were interested in wildlife careers and received additional
training. Volunteers interested in participating in further analysis of samples
travelled to Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and
Natural History, where they received training in genetic analysis for assigning
scat to predator species, diet estimation through scat analysis, relevant
statistics using the statistical package R (R Development Core Team 2014)
and basic GIS tools for mapping.
At the end of the project, a
feedback survey was conducted through an online questionnaire with options for
picking a score as well as descriptive comments sent to volunteers to seek
their opinion on the training imparted, their expectations and if they were met
through this project, and their overall experience during this duration
(Appendix 1). The feedback was analysed through chi-square and paired Wilcoxon
signed-rank tests.
Results
A total of 35 citizens from various professions
volunteered for the training sessions and project work of the SGNP Small Cat
Project. While most volunteered for the scat collection trips, only three
volunteered for camera trapping and two for further analysis in the laboratory.
Volunteers collected 126 scat samples from the three Ranges of SGNP and set up
camera traps in 39 locations for a total of 1,056 camera trap days.
One of the volunteers completed her Master’s
dissertation on the diet of the Rusty-spotted Cat based on scat collected (Gawari 2018). This was perhaps the first systematic
analysis of the diet of the species. Another volunteer completed his internship
with data collected on the project and participated in analysing camera trap
data. The camera trapping exercise revealed the presence of 20 taxa, including
domestic species such as goats, cattle, dogs and cats along with considerable
movement of humans throughout the Park. It also generated information on the
distribution of other wild carnivores, e.g., Ruddy Mongoose Urva smithii, Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica
and Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus within SGNP, which are often neglected
in conservation schemes across the country, largely due to the lack of
information on them.
A total of 19 participants from
the SGNP Small Cat Project responded to the survey. Most participants (47%)
were in the age group 20–25 years, followed by the age group 25–30 years (21%),
and 16% of respondents being younger (15–20 years) or older (30–40 years). Most
were students at the undergraduate level (58%) or postgraduate level (16%).
Twenty-one percent of the participants defined themselves as persons whose
primary occupations were in wildlife, environment or science-related
professions. Only one participant was employed in a profession different from
the above.
The most significant motivation
for participating in the SGNP Small Cat Project was to learn more about
wildlife science (90%), followed by the desire to broaden personal horizons and
learn a new skill (74%) (Chi-square value= 18.15, df=
5, p value <0.05) (Figure 1). Sixty-three percent of the participants stated
that they were motivated by the need to understand conservation issues better.
Many participants simultaneously expressed an interest in the three motivations
listed above, while 47% of the participants also declared that a motivation was
to obtain training and certification of wildlife research. Participants were
least motivated by the access this project gave them to otherwise inaccessible
parts of the National Park.
Most participants believed that
there was a significant increase in their knowledge of wildlife research and
science because of the program (paired Wilcoxon test, V= 153, p-value=
0.0002244), with most stating that their knowledge of wildlife was very low
prior to the program (Figures 2, 3). They stated that through the project they
gained information on the process of conducting research on small cats and
other small carnivores and were made aware of modern techniques used in the
field and laboratory as well as the ethics involved in data collection for
research (Table 1).
When asked to rate their
knowledge of conservation issues pertaining to Mumbai city, both before and
after the program, participants stated that they felt significantly more aware
after the program (paired Wilcoxon test, V= 136, p-value= 0.0002804). While
almost all participants were moderately aware of conservation issues around
Mumbai, their knowledge of the nuances and complexities involved in science and
conservation increased after their participation in the project (Table 1).
Participants stated that their
knowledge of small cats and conservation issues pertaining to small cats was
significantly greater after the project (paired Wilcoxon test, V= 190, p-value=
0.0001044). Prior to the project, most participants rated themselves as knowing
nothing or little about small wild cats. Participants stated that they learnt
about how small wild cats coexist with larger predators and how they also live
in proximity to human settlements (Table 1).
Discussion
During this project, we established that citizens
in Mumbai were interested in exploring how wildlife research is conducted and
that they wanted a stake in the process of doing research and conservation. In
the past, the Mumbaikars for SGNP project
involved citizen volunteers on some aspects of a study focussed on the Leopard
and its prey species (Director & Chief Conservator of Forests et al. 2012; Surve et al. 2015). In the current project, we took this
approach a step further by involving citizen volunteers in most aspects of the
project and, providing them with some training in semi-technical skills.
Moreover, this project was related to a small and little known carnivore, which
could induce varied levels of interest among citizen volunteers. We were
interested in knowing what motivated them to join the project and if and how
the project helped them enhance their knowledge and meet their goals.
Understanding motivations of
citizen participants to join science projects can help in refining the way in
which citizen science projects are conducted to tailor them to specific needs
and make them more popular (Schuttler et al. 2018).
Our study had largely young, college going volunteers motivated to learn about
wildlife science and acquire new skills. Participants felt that the training
and involvement in the project significantly increased their knowledge of small
wild cats, techniques used to study them and conservation issues in Mumbai.
Prior knowledge on these issues varied considerably among participants but most
gave a high score of 4 for knowledge attained after participating in the
project (Figure 2).
Since the major focus of the
project was gathering information on small wild cats in SGNP, the training was
very specifically focussed on certain topics. Similar future projects involving
citizen volunteers could incorporate a survey before the training to gauge the
requirements of the group, and if possible, cater to different needs and offer
options for participating in the project. For example, some participants were
happy to volunteer for just the scat collection, and the training sessions for
them could be focused on that topic. Targeted communication and training as a
means of increasing motivation among volunteers was recognised elsewhere (Frigerio et al. 2018). As expected, fewer
volunteers were interested in being involved in the more advanced and time
intensive techniques such as molecular analysis of scat and GIS applications.
We observed that training using
mobile phone apps gained much interest among volunteers, especially the younger
ones, since these were more informal and less intimidating. Similarly, training
in Forest Rest Houses and on field as opposed to traditional classrooms was
also very popular with the younger age groups for the same reasons. Using a
mobile app such as Epicollect5 enabled the investigators to check activity and
data quality periodically and make course corrections through team leaders if
any errors were found. Initially, there were several errors in data entry and
recording, which were communicated to the volunteers, and necessary corrections
were made. For example, uploading good pictures of scat on Epicollect5
following the protocols that were set with a ruler, GPS reading and the vial
with date and id clearly visible enabled us to rectify errors made in recording
identification of scat. Without these, the scat samples would have to be
discarded, resulting in a waste of effort and samples, especially when studying
a rare species. The usefulness of Epicolelct5 as a user-friendly app for
citizen science projects are acknowledged by other studies as well (Frigerio et al. 2018).
Due to the relatively short
period of the study and a rapid enrolment of volunteers, we could not reach out
to a wider set of citizens with more varied backgrounds and age groups.
Further, a relatively small proportion of volunteers responded to our
questionnaire survey. Despite this, from the responses received, the
project provided a platform for a few
citizens to be trained in various aspects of small wild cat and small carnivore
research. The project also provided an opportunity to learn new skills,
especially for some volunteers who hope to build their careers in the field of
wildlife research and conservation. This group of volunteers can form a pool of
trained citizens who can be opted into various monitoring programs to aid Park
management whenever required. However, such programs should be continued not
just for additional information on rare species in and around the Park but also
for increasing the pool of volunteers from various backgrounds, with refresher
courses in training, to make a stronger impact on conservation.
Caveats
A major caveat in citizen science
based studies is the quality and reliability of data because citizens may not
be trained in collecting scientific information and would vary in their
interest, motivations and knowledge levels (Lukyanenko
et al. 2016). We tried to overcome this by using the Epicollect5 application to
check for errors in reporting details of samples collected. Nevertheless, other
probable issues such as failing to notice scat in the field when they were
present could not be addressed and which may have reduced the number of samples
obtained and hence data generated. Extending the duration of such projects to
include a rigorous training period with intermittent checks and refresher
sessions may produce better results.
Due to the nature of some of the
training courses which required a certain level of educational background, we
could not involve the locals who lived within the Park in the project. Future
projects could consider focussed training and partitioning the roles of
volunteers based on other issues such as interest, language of instruction and
education background to make the citizen science angle of the projects more
inclusive and holistic. This would be especially beneficial since locals would
have additional knowledge of the region and observation and detection abilities
that even experts may lack (Lukyanenko et
al. 2016; Tengö et al. 2021).
Table 1. Comments received from
volunteers on their overall experience of volunteering on the project.
Training Topic |
Comments |
Wildlife Research and Science |
“The small cat survey was a unique project and I got the opportunity
to learn certain nuances of camera trapping, reading animal tracks and signs
and conservation genetics.” |
“The entire process of mapping, finding out possible locations for
looking up for scats and learning about how genetics can help in identifying
species responsible for scat deposition was very much educational. This
project helped me in developing an understanding of how Ecosystem services
work.” |
|
“I learned about how the work happens from collecting samples to lab.
I hope someday I will be able to do it also and also the usage of different
apps for making our data collection work easier.” |
|
“Wildlife research is serious business. Zero tolerance for ethical
mistakes like data manipulation, etc as it may completely change the outcome
of a project.” |
|
“I got to learn about method of scat collection and mapping the
habitat and factors related to it.” |
|
“I joined for a short period of time but I learnt how to identify
basic mammal scats, spotting various animals not just small cats but other
animals/birds in the park. Got exposure to various, wildlife population
density measuring techniques, scat collection techniques, conducting
transects etc. It was overall a complete experience with some phenomenal
sights in the park.” |
|
“Systematic approach towards assessment of population dynamics with
supplementary behaviour study and optimum use of advanced technology.” |
|
“It requires a lot of patience, deep understanding of the subject and
that the efficient management of data and drawing conclusions forms the core
of any research” |
|
“I learned about how to locate and collect carnivore scat in wild and
upgraded my camera trapping techniques.” |
|
“I learned about data collection, diet analysis using scat samples,
mapping, data analysis, habitat and diet of small cats, interpretation and
execution of research work in scientific manner, conservation issues
regarding cats(both big and small).” |
|
“How to handle camera traps, what is meant by scat collection” |
|
Conservation issues |
“Through this program I learned about the proximity in which leopards,
small cats & other wildlife are living to humans. It showed me with
evidence as to how much we human are squeezing the forests of SGNP “. |
“I learnt the difficulty involved behind the scenes, the science of
conservation and how a non-invasive method works.” |
|
Small cats |
“I have learnt how small cats are co-existing with other larger
carnivores of SGNP. Also how human settlements are indirectly helping to
support the population of small cats.” |
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