Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2022 | 14(8): 21529–21552
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7592.14.8.21529-21552
#7592 | Received 27 July 2021 | Final
received 07 August 2022 | Finally accepted 17 August 2022
Alien flora of Uttarakhand, western Himalaya: a comprehensive review
Shikha Arora 1 ,
Amit Kumar 2, Khima Nand Balodi 3 & Kusum Arunachalam
4
1,3,4 School of Environment
and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248012, India.
2 Wildlife Institute of
India, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India.
1 arorashikha13@gmail.com,
2 amit@wii.gov.in (corresponding author), 3 knbalodidoon@gmail.com,
4 kusumdoon@gmail.com
Editor: Afroz Alam,
Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India. Date
of publication: 26 August 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Arora, S., A. Kumar,
K.N. Balodi & K. Arunachalam (2022). Alien flora of Uttarakhand, western
Himalaya: a comprehensive review. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(8): 21529–21552. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7592.14.8.21529-21552
Copyright: © Arora et al. 2022. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this
article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the
source of publication.
Funding: (i) National Mission on
Himalayan Studies (NMHS) – MoEFCC (GBPI/NMHS 2015-16/HF07/07); (ii) DST-SERB
(CRG/2019/001077).
Competing interests: The authors declare no
competing interests.
Author details: Shikha Arora has worked as a researcher
at School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun. Her
area of research includes phyto-chemical characterization of plants,
effectiveness of phytochemical constituents on wood preservation and plant
invasion ecology. Dr. Amit Kumar is a faculty at the
Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. He has been exploring Himalayan regions
in terms of eco-floristics since 10 years. His current research involves
understanding vegetation patterns, plant associations and plant invasion
ecology. Dr.
Khima Nand Balodi currently works as freelance conservation ecologist.
He has been working on high altitude wetlands, characterization of forest
ecosystems, mitigation of human-wildlife conflict and community-based
biodiversity conservation in the Himalayan region since 10 years. His current
research involves assessment of vegetation structure, human-nature interaction
and raptor conservation. Prof. Kusum Arunachalam is Head and
Professor at School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University,
Dehradun. Her area of research includes forest ecosystem and management,
biodiversity conservation, climate change, soil microbial ecology,
socio-ecological studies on Himalayan communities and traditional knowledge
systems.
Author contributions:
SA conceived the idea, collected and analysed the
data, wrote the manuscript; AK provided constructive suggestions in analysis
and reviewed the manuscript; KNB and KA reviewed the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to
acknowledge Doon University, Dehradun and Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun
for institutional support. The authors are also grateful to National Mission on
Himalayan Studies (NMHS) and DST-SERB (CRG/2019/001077) for funding support.
Abstract: Alien plant species
have captured attention of the scientific community, ecologists, and
environmentalists throughout the world. Like other regions, the Himalayan
region is also grappling with the disrupting impacts of plant invasions. Based on
an extensive review of studies conducted on alien plant species in the Indian
Himalayan region, we report 728 alien plant species belonging to 450 genera
under 108 families in the state of Uttarakhand, which represents 15% of the
state’s flora. Fabaceae (89 species under 49 genera) followed by Asteraceae (63
species under 43 genera) and Poaceae (50 species under 35 genera) were the most
diverse families amid alien species. Eucalyptus (15 species) followed by
Ipomoea and Euphorbia (12 species each) and Pinus (11
species) were the most diverse genera. The maximum numbers of aliens (mostly
herbs) in the state were introduced from America, followed by Europe. Owing to
relatively high number of alien plant species in Uttarakhand, it is submitted
that serious ecological and socio-economic consequences are likely to escalate
in the future.
Keywords: Alien plants,
biological invasion, Himalayan region, invasive species, plant invasion.
Introduction
Non-native species or
alien species have captured attention of the scientific community, ecologists,
and environmentalists. It was once considered that alien plants will not spread
in high mountains, but ongoing processes of economic development such as trans-boundary
trade and migration have altered the situation (Khuroo et al. 2007). Recent
studies have reported that increasing global trade and climate change will
drastically affect the spread of non-native species (Khuroo et al. 2007;
Bellard et al. 2018; Panda & Behera 2019; Tripathi et al. 2019) outside
their native habitats. Several studies have attempted to investigate the impact
of climate change on the spread of invasive alien species (IAs) using
predictive modelling (Wasowicz et al. 2013; Chakraborty et al. 2018; Wan &
Wang 2018; Mungi et al. 2020). According to Ahmad et al. (2019), approximately
65% of the total geographical area of India is prone to invasion by Parthenium
hysterophorus, one of the world’s worst weeds, with the western Himalaya
being highly vulnerable under changing climate scenarios. Adhikari et al.
(2015) identified invasion hotspots of alien species in India, and reported
that most of the biodiversity hotspots, coastal regions and forest reserves are
prone to plant invasion. Half of the total geographical area of India is
vulnerable to invasion by alien plant species owing to favorable climatic
conditions. Mungi et al. (2018) and Thapa et al. (2018) predicted that global
climate change in the future will lead to expansion of invasive species in the
western Himalaya. Weber & Li (2008) suggested that economic development is
directly proportional to the rate of biological invasion. Also, it is observed
that higher levels of imports and human development were responsible for the increase
in the number of invasive species (Nunez & Pauchard 2009). Invasive species
have high capacity to tolerate wide environmental conditions, high growth and
dispersal rates along with short generation time, which resulted in their
successful establishment (Lamsal 2018). Besides having aesthetic costs, such as
change in land-use patterns, reduced crop production (Born et al. 2004), loss
of native species, degradation of resources (Everard 2018), these invasive
alien species incur huge economic costs. Further, the annual costs due to
invasive alien species have been estimated to about US$137 billion in USA,
US$14.5 billion in China (Weber & Li 2008), €12 billion in Europe, and £1.7
billion in Great Britain (Reshi & Khuroo 2012). Considering this in view,
the documentation, identification, and economic evaluation of invasive alien
species at the national level in general and at regional levels, specifically
would be required.
The spread of IAs has
raised significant concerns around the world; studies aimed at tracking and
understanding the impact of alien flora have been undertaken in China (Liu et
al. 2005; Weber & Li 2008; Qin et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2018b; Zhu et al.
2018), Japan (Enomoto 1999), Korea (Koh et al. 2000), Taiwan (Wu et al. 2004),
and Singapore (Corlett 1988). India is also facing problems of alien plant
invasion that are expected to exacerbate further. Once known for their harsh
climate, diverse habitats, varied environmental conditions and limited
accessibility, the Indian Himalayan region (IHR) is now at high risk due to
human interventions, climate change and economic development (Yang et al.
2018a). Despite of rich floral diversity and vulnerability to changing
scenario, minuscule efforts have been attempted to inventorize, predict and map
the alien flora of IHR. Thus, documentation of the alien flora of the region is
called for to develop management strategies. Although a handful of workers such
as Pathak et al. (2019) have highlighted the need and importance of studies
relating to alien plant invasion in IHR. Further, comprehensive studies on the
alien floras exists for some parts of the IHR such as the Kashmir Himalaya
(Khuroo et al. 2007; Dar et al. 2018; Haq et al. 2018; Mehraj et al. 2018a,b;
Muzafar et al. 2019; Shaheen et al. 2019), Himachal Pradesh (Jaryan et al.
2013; Ahmad et al. 2018), Arunachal Pradesh (Kosaka et al. 2010), and its
adjoining hilly regions of Assam (Barua et al. 2013), West Bengal (Maiti &
Bakshi 1981), Manipur (Khomdram et al. 2011) and Tripura (Debnath et al. 2017;
Debnath & Debnath 2017). Unfortunately, a detailed inventory of alien
plants is still lacking for the state of Uttarakhand. As a Himalayan
biodiversity hotspot, the mountainous state has been invaded by several alien
plant species. Noteably, a few studies at regional level have been conducted
such as Negi & Hajra (2007) listed 436 alien plant species of Doon valley,
and Sekar et al. (2012) documented a total of 163 invasive alien plant species
in Uttarakhand. In spite of the fact that only a small percentage of alien
plants have the potential to become invasive, the damage they incur is
irreparable. Thus, a detailed inventory documenting alien plants, including
naturalized as well as invasives, for the entire Indian Himalayan region in
general and the state of Uttarakhand specifically is not yet available. The
objective of this communication is to present a checklist of alien plants for
Uttarakhand, and highlight the significance of studies carried out on alien
plant species in the Indian Himalayan region.
Material and Methods
Study area
The state of
Uttarakhand is largely mountainous and shares international boundaries with
China in the north and Nepal in the east. With an area of 53,483 km2,
the state lies between 30.06680N & 79.01930E. Nested
in the western Himalaya, Uttarakhand varies greatly in terms of altitude,
climate and topography. This variation has resulted in the successful
establishment of diverse flora that comprises approximately 5,000 vascular
plant species in the state (Rana & Rawat 2017) including alien plant
species. According to Champion & Seth (1968) and India State of Forest
Report (2019), the state comprises of eight forest types, viz., tropical moist
deciduous, tropical dry deciduous, sub-tropical Himalayan pine forests, Himalayan
moist temperate, Himalayan dry temperate, sub-alpine forests, moist alpine
scrub, and dry alpine scrub. The elevation ranges between 210–7,817m with
glaciers at the highest elevation to tropical forests at the lower elevations.
The average annual precipitation ranges 1,000–2,500 mm (Kala 2014) and
temperature ranges from sub-zero to 43 °C (India State of Forest Report 2009).
Data collection
An extensive review
of existing information in the form of scientific research articles, online
database, books, reports, and thesis dealing with alien plant research and
inventories were examined. Indian herbaria such as the Botanical Survey of
India (BSD), Dehradun, Forest Research Institute (DD), Dehradun and Wildlife
Institute of India (WII), Dehradun were consulted to validate the species. The
listing of alien plant species was enriched by collating information from
existing flora and relevant scientific literature on the state, such as Hajra
& Balodi (1995), Gaur (1999), Singh & Prakash (2002), Uniyal et al.
(2007), Negi & Hajra (2007), Reddy (2008), Sekar et al. (2012), Jaryan et
al. (2013), Sankaran & Suresh (2013), Rana & Rawat (2017), Inderjit et
al. (2018), and Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018) to name a few. Thus, the
extensive review of these studies resulted in a master list comprising of the
plant species which are alien to the state of Uttarakhand along with
information on their nativity and life form. The authenticity of the plants
occurring in the state and their growth form was also determined using regional
floras or checklists such as Kanjilal (1928), Babu (1977), Osmaston (1994),
Hajra & Balodi (1995), Gaur (1999), Singh & Prakash (2002), Uniyal et
al. (2007), and Pusalkar & Srivastava (2018). Further, the plant names and
family were rechecked using ‘Plants of the World online (POWO)’
(www.theplantsoftheworldonline.org.), the Plant List (www.theplantlist.org),
and Tropicos (www.tropicos.org). Elimination of the synonyms was done to avoid
the taxonomic inflation. The nativity of the plant species was established
following POWO; International Plant Names Index (www.ipni.org), Khuroo et al.
(2007), Negi & Hajra (2007), and Jaryan et al. (2012). The nativity of the
species was further categorized at the continent level or geographical regions
such as Africa, America (includes plant species occurring in Central or
Tropical North and South America), North America (NAM), South America (SAM),
Asia (excluding the Indian sub-continent, i.e., countries such as Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka), Australia, Europe,
and Oceania. This resulted in the generation of a complete and updated list of
the alien plant species that are reported in the state of Uttarakhand, located
in the western Himalaya (Table 1).
Results
A total of 728 alien
plant species belonging to 450 genera under 108 families were noted in
Uttarakhand (Table 1), representing 15% of total floral species. The most
diverse families contributing to alien flora are Fabaceae (89 species),
Asteraceae (63 species), Poaceae (50 species), Solanaceae (31 species),
Malvaceae (29 species), Amaranthaceae (28 species), Myrtaceae (25 species),
Euphorbiaceae (24 species), Brassicaceae (22 species), Cupressaceae (21
species), Rosaceae (19 Species), Convolvulaceae (16 species), Lamiaceae (15 species)
Apocynaceae (14 species), Bignoniaceae (13 species), Pinaceae, & Rubiaceae
(11 species each), Arecaceae & Cyperaceae (10 species each), which accounts
68% of the total alien flora of the Uttarakhand (Table 2). Seventeen genera
account for majority of alien plant species, viz., Eucalyptus (15
species), Ipomoea and Euphorbia (12 species each), Pinus
(11 species), Acacia, Hibiscus, Solanum, & Juniperus (08
species each), Amaranthus & Senna (07 species each), Brassica
& Indigofera (06 species each), Alternanthera, Cupressus,
Bauhinia, Rosa, Trifolium, & Prunus (05 species
each). Herbs (338 species) account for 46% of alien taxa of Uttarakhand,
followed by trees (197 species; 27%), shrubs (91 species; 12%), grasses (50
species; 7%), climbers (42 species; 6%), and sedge (10 species; 1%) (Figure 1).
The highest number of species (62) among herbs belonged to Asteraceae, trees in
Fabaceae (41), shrubs in Solanaceae (11 species), grasses in Poaceae (50),
climbers in Convolvulaceae (9), and sedges in Cyperaceae (10 species) (Table
2).
With respect to
nativity, America (plant species occurring in central or tropical, North, and
South America) contributed the maximum (146 species), i.e., 20% of alien
introductions in Uttarakhand, followed by Europe 104 species (14%), South
America 91 species (13%), Asia (excluding the Indian sub-continent) 80 species
(11%), North America 79 species (11%), and Africa 76 species (10%) (Table 3).
The remaining 20% of the alien plant species were contributed by other
continents or geographical regions. Noteably, majority of the herbs were
introduced from America (Table 3). Interestingly, a few workers have provided
an account on the status of naturalized and invasive alien plants in different
regions of IHR, the details are provided in Table 4.
Discussion
Uttarakhand harbours
a rich diversity of natural resources. Several workers (Kala & Rawat 2004;
Uniyal et al. 2007; Mathur & Joshi 2013; Rai et al. 2017) have explored the
rich floral diversity of this Himalayan state. Several studies have estimated
aliens in different regions of India, for instance, Nayar (1977) reported that
18% of the Indian flora comprise of alien plant species. Khuroo et al. (2007)
reported a total of 571 alien plant species (29%) from the Kashmir Himalaya.
Jaryan et al. (2013) estimated that almost 14% of the flora of Himachal Pradesh
comprises of alien plant species. Inderjit et al. (2018) documented naturalized
alien plant species in the Indian states and found 181 alien species that have
naturalized in Uttarakhand. According to Dutta (2018), climate change
accelerates alien species invasion whereby a number of non-invasive species may
become invasive. Negi et al. (2019) reported that increased level of
demographic transitions and climate change will further exaggerate the
situation in IHR, thus enabling suitable conditions for the spread of invasive
alien species.
Of 108 plant families
reported, 20 families comprise more than 68% of the alien flora of the state.
Sekar et al. (2012) also reported Fabaceae as the largest family in terms of
IAs in Uttarakhand. Reddy (2008) reported that Asteraceae also contributed a
major portion of exotics in India. Khuroo et al. (2007) and Jaryan et al.
(2013) also reported the dominance of Asteraceae and Poaceae from the Himachal
Pradesh and Kashmir Himalaya, respectively. Subsequently, Baard & Kraaij
(2014) in South Africa and Shen et al. (2017) in Yunnan province of China
reported dominance of Asteraceae followed by Fabaceae and Poaceae that accounts
for majority of the alien flora. Categorization of the growth form showed the
preponderance of herbs (46%) which may be associated with its short generation
time, greater viability and the ability to tolerate wide environmental
fluctuations. Interestingly, this is in agreement with the other studies (Khuroo
et al. 2007; Reddy 2008; Sekar et al. 2012; Adhikhari et al. 2015; Rastogi et
al. 2015; Inderjit et al. 2018) carried out in India as well as in the world
(Baard & Kraaij 2014; Shen et al. 2017; Lee et al. 2018; Vinogradova et al.
2018).
A large number of
aliens in Uttarakhand are reported from America, accounting for the majority of
herbs. A majority of alien introductions in China (Weber et al. 2008) and India
(35%) (Khuroo et al. 2012), specifically in Himachal Pradesh (23%) (Jaryan et
al. 2013) are from South America, while Europe contributes the highest
percentage (38%) of alien species in Kashmir (Khuroo et al. 2007). The
prevalence of genera such as Eucalyptus, Ipomoea, Euphorbia, Pinus,
Acacia, Juniperus, Amaranthus, Hibiscus, and Solanum
is observed in Uttarakhand, which is in accordance with the studies carried out
in India (Khuroo et al. 2012), Himachal Pradesh (Jaryan et al. 2013). A report
of comparatively higher number of alien plant species (728) in Uttarakhand
could be attributed due to higher species richness (ca. 5,000) and lack of
persuaded literature exclusively on alien plant species in other Himalayan
states.
Conclusion
Biological invasions
have been considered as the second largest threat to global biodiversity after
habitat loss, and undoubtedly a huge number of species extinctions are
associated with such invasions. Recognising the array of impacts that invasive
alien species can have, one needs to reconsider the strategies that have been
developed to deal with invasions. Although, several international and regional
programmes such as Global Invasive Species Programme, European Network of
Invasive Species, Invasive Species Information Network and regional Eurasian
networks have been initiated, little has been achieved in understanding and
controlling plant invasions. Regional inventorization of alien flora is now
considered a pre-requisite for gaining a better understanding and undertaking
appropriate management practices. Also, modelling studies can predict the
concurrence of invasion hotspots with biodiversity hotspots. Despite a large number of studies undertaken
to assess the alien flora of the country, it is submitted that correct
identification and authentication of names of several unresolved or
illegitimate species, for instance, names of alien plant species such as Adenostemma
houstonianum, Anethum scandicina, Bignonia anguis-cati, Caesulia officinalis,
Dombeya cayuseii, Hibiscus hawaii, Lagerstroemia floribunda, Luchea endopogon,
Manihot tweediana, Oxalis dehradunensis, Oxalis richardiana, Peltophorum
vogetianu, Persia owdenii, Phoenix senegalensis, Pterospermum semisagittatum,
Roylea coccinea, Siegesbeckia marianum, Terminalia calamansanai, Terminalia
oliveri, and Vigna faba reported by various workers need to be
carried out. There is an urgent need to rectify such information gaps to pave
the way forward for the correct compilation of regional databases that will in
turn strengthen the scientific pool of knowledge and management practices.
Uttarakhand is vulnerable to alien plants, and unfortunately the intensity of
introductions is expected to escalate rapidly due to climate change and
economic developments.
Table 1. List of
alien plant species reported in Uttarakhand, western Himalaya.
|
|
Name of the
species |
Family |
Nativity |
Life form |
Reference |
|
1 |
Abelmoschus
esculentus (L.) Moench |
Malvaceae |
AS/AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
2 |
Acacia
auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. |
Fabaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
3 |
Acacia confusa Merr. |
Fabaceae |
AS (Philippines) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
4 |
Acacia dealbata Link |
Fabaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
5 |
Acacia decurrens Willd. |
Fabaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
6 |
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Tree |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
7 |
Acacia karroo Hayne |
Fabaceae |
AF (South Africa) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
8 |
Acacia robusta Burch. |
Fabaceae |
AF (South Africa) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
9 |
Acacia
willdenowiana Wendl. |
Fabaceae |
AF (South Africa) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
10 |
Acalypha australis L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
AS (China, Japan) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
11 |
Acanthospermum
hispidum DC. |
Asteraceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
12 |
Acer negundo L. |
Sapindaceae |
NAM |
Tree |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
13 |
Achillea
millefolium L. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
14 |
Acmella radicans (Jacq.) R.K.
Jansen |
Asteraceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Rana & Rastogi
(2017) |
|
15 |
Aconitum laeve Royle |
Ranunculaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
16 |
Adonis aestivalis L. |
Ranunculaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
17 |
Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume |
Amaranthaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Singh & Prakash
(2002) |
|
18 |
Aeschynomene
brasiliana (Poir.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
19 |
Afrocarpus
gracilior (Pilg.) C.N. Page |
Podocarpaceae |
AF (Kenya) |
Tree |
Tiwari et al.
(2010) |
|
20 |
Afzelia martabanica (Prain) J. Leonard |
Fabaceae |
AS (Burma) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
21 |
Agathis robusta (C. Moore ex F.
Muell.) F.M. Bailey |
Araucariaceae |
AU/SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
22 |
Agave americana L. |
Asparagaceae |
America |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
23 |
Ageratina
adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King &H. Rob. |
Asteraceae |
SAM/NAM (Mexico) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
24 |
Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M. King
& H. Rob. |
Asteraceae |
NAM (Mexico, West
Indies) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
25 |
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
26 |
Ageratum
houstonianum Mill. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
27 |
Agrostis canina L. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
28 |
Agrostis
stolonifera L. |
Poaceae |
NAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
29 |
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle |
Simaroubaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) Negi & Hajra (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
30 |
Alcea rosea L. |
Malvaceae |
AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
31 |
Alisma lanceolatum With. |
Alismataceae |
AF/NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
32 |
Allamanda
cathartica L. |
Apocynaceae |
Trop. America/SAM
(Brazil) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
33 |
Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara
& Grande |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Sankaran &
Suresh (2013) |
|
34 |
Allium ampeloprasum L. |
Amaryllidaceae |
AS/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
35 |
Allium cepa L. |
Amaryllidaceae |
AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
36 |
Allium sativum L. |
Amaryllidaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
37 |
Allocasuarina
littoralis (Salisb.) L.A.S. Johnson |
Casuarinaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
38 |
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. |
Xanthorrhoeaceae |
Mediteranean/AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007) |
|
39 |
Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. |
Poaceae |
NAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
40 |
Alopecurus
arundinaceus Poir. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
41 |
Alternanthera
ficoidea (L.) Sm. |
Amaranthaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
42 |
Alternanthera
paronychioides A. St.-Hil. |
Amaranthaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
43 |
Alternanthera
philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. |
Amaranthaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
44 |
Alternanthera
pungens Kunth |
Amaranthaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
45 |
Alternanthera
sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. |
Amaranthaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
46 |
Amaranthus blitum subsp. oleraceus
(L.) Costea |
Amaranthaceae |
AS/AF/SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
47 |
Amaranthus caudatus L. |
Amaranthaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
48 |
Amaranthus cruentus L. |
Amaranthaceae |
NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
49 |
Amaranthus
graecizans L. |
Amaranthaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
50 |
Amaranthus hybridus L. |
Amaranthaceae |
NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
51 |
Amaranthus spinosus L. |
Amaranthaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
52 |
Amaranthus viridis L. |
Amaranthaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Singh & Prakash
(2002) |
|
53 |
Anagallis arvensis L. |
Primulaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
54 |
Anethum graveolens L. |
Apiaceae |
AS/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
55 |
Annona reticulata L. |
Annonaceae |
Trop. America |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
56 |
Annona squamosa L. |
Annonaceae |
EU/SAM |
Tree |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
57 |
Anthemis cotula L. |
Asteraceae |
EU/AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
58 |
Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. |
Polygonaceae |
Trop. America |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
59 |
Antirrhinum majus L. |
Plantaginaceae |
EU/AS (Syria)/America |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) ;Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
60 |
Apium graveolens L. |
Apiaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
61 |
Arabidopsis
thaliana (L.) Heynh. |
Brassicaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
62 |
Arachis hypogaea L. |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
63 |
Araucaria
angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze |
Araucariaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
64 |
Araucaria bidwillii Hook. |
Araucariaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
65 |
Araucaria
columnaris (G. Forst.) Hook. |
Araucariaceae |
Oceania (New
Caledonia) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
66 |
Araucaria
cunninghamii Mudie |
Araucariaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
67 |
Arctium lappa L. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
68 |
Argemone mexicana L. |
Papaveraceae |
SAM/NAM (West
Indies) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
69 |
Argemone ochroleuca Sweet |
Papaveraceae |
SAM/NAM (Mexico) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
70 |
Aristolochia
littoralis Parodi |
Aristolochiaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
71 |
Artemisia
absinthium L. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
72 |
Artemisia
dracunculus L. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
73 |
Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
74 |
Arthraxon
lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. |
Poaceae |
AF |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
75 |
Arundo donax L. |
Poaceae |
Eurasia/AF/EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Sankaran & Suresh (2013) |
|
76 |
Asclepias
curassavica L. |
Apocynaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
77 |
Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. |
Xanthorrhoeaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
78 |
Atriplex hortensis L. |
Amaranthaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
79 |
Avena barbata Pott ex Link |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
80 |
Avena fatua L. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
81 |
Avena sativa L. |
Poaceae |
AS/EU |
Grass |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
82 |
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. |
Poaceae |
NA |
Grass |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
83 |
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scoot |
Amaranthaceae |
EU/AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
84 |
Bauhinia carronii F.Muell. |
Fabaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
85 |
Bauhinia corymbosa Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
AS (China) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
86 |
Bauhinia galpinii N.E.Br. |
Fabaceae |
AF (South Africa) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
87 |
Bauhinia hookeri F. Muell. |
Fabaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
88 |
Bauhinia picta (Kunth) DC. |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Colombia) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
89 |
Beaucarnea stricta Lem. |
Asparagaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
90 |
Bellis perennis L. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
91 |
Beta vulgaris L. |
Amaranthaceae |
EU/SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
92 |
Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr.
& Sherff |
Asteraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
93 |
Bidens cernua L. |
Asteraceae |
EU/NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
94 |
Bidens pilosa L. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
95 |
Bidens tripartita L. |
Asteraceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
96 |
Bixa orellana L. |
Bixaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
97 |
Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
98 |
Blumea eriantha DC. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
99 |
Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
100 |
Blumea obliqua (L.) Druce |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
101 |
Boerhavia erecta L. |
Nyctaginaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
102 |
Bolusanthus
speciosus (Bolus) Harms |
Fabaceae |
AF (South Africa) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
103 |
Borassus
flabellifer L. |
Arecaceae |
AF |
Tree |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
104 |
Bothriochloa
ischaemum (L.) Keng |
Poaceae |
AF |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
105 |
Bougainvillea
glabra Choisy |
Nyctaginaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
106 |
Bougainvillea
spectabilis Willd. |
Nyctaginaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
107 |
Brachychiton
acerifolius (A. Cunn. ex G. Don) F. Muell. |
Malvaceae |
Oceania |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
108 |
Brachychiton
rupestris (T. Mitch. ex Lindl.) K. Schum. |
Malvaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
109 |
Brassica cretica Lam. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
110 |
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. |
Brassicaceae |
AS |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
111 |
Brassica napus L. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
112 |
Brassica nigra (L.) K. Koch |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
113 |
Brassica oleracea L. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
114 |
Brassica rapa L. |
Brassicaceae |
EU/Mediterranean
region |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
115 |
Breynia vitis-
idaea (Burm.f.) C.E.C. Fisch. |
Phyllanthaceae |
NAM (West Indies) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
116 |
Briza media L. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
117 |
Bromus catharticus Vahl |
Poaceae |
SAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
118 |
Bromus inermis Leyss. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Sankaran & Suresh (2013) |
|
119 |
Bromus japonicus Thunb. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
120 |
Bromus tectorum L. |
Poaceae |
Mediterranean
region |
Grass |
Sankaran &
Suresh (2013) |
|
121 |
Brugmansia
suaveolens (Humb. &Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & J.
Presl |
Solanaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); |
|
122 |
Brunfelsia
americana L. |
Solanaceae |
NAM (West Indies) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
123 |
Brunfelsia
densifolia Krug & Urb.
|
Solanaceae |
Trop. America |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
124 |
Brunfelsia
latifolia (Pohl) Benth. |
Solanaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
125 |
Brunfelsia
pauciflora (Cham. & Schltdl.) Benth. |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
126 |
Buddleja davidii Franch. |
Scrophulariaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Sankaran & Suresh (2013) |
|
127 |
Buddleja
madagascariensis Lam. |
Scrophulariaceae |
AS |
Shrub |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
128 |
Buxus sempervirens L. |
Buxaceae |
AS/AF/EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
129 |
Byrsonima
crassifolia (L.) Kunth |
Malpighiaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
130 |
Caesalpinia ferrea C.Mart. |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
131 |
Caesalpinia
pulcherrima (L.) Sw. |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
132 |
Calendula
officinalis L. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
133 |
Calliandra brevipes Benth. |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
134 |
Calliandra
haematocephala Hassk. |
Mimosaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
135 |
Calliandra
houstoniana (Mill.) Standl. |
Fabaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
136 |
Callistemon
citrinus (Curtis) Skeels |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
137 |
Callistemon
viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Don ex Loudon |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); |
|
138 |
Callitris
columellaris F. Muell. |
Cupressaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
139 |
Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. |
Apocynaceae |
AF |
Shrub |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
140 |
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. |
Apocynaceae |
AF |
Shrub |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
141 |
Camellia japonica L. |
Theaceae |
AS (Japan) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
142 |
Campsis grandiflora (Thunb.) K. Schum. |
Bignoniaceae |
AS |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
143 |
Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. |
Bignoniaceae |
NAM |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
144 |
Canna indica L. |
Cannaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sankaran &
Suresh (2013) |
|
145 |
Capsella
bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
146 |
Capsicum annuum L. |
Solanaceae |
EU/NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
147 |
Cardamine flexuosa With. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
148 |
Cardamine hirsuta L. |
Brassicaceae |
Trop. America/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
149 |
Carduus edelbergii Rech.f. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
150 |
Carduus nutans L. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Sankaran &
Suresh (2013) |
|
151 |
Carica papaya L. |
Caricaceae |
SAM/Trop. America |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
152 |
Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold |
Apocynaceae |
SAM |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
153 |
Casimiroa edulis La Llave |
Rutaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
154 |
Castanea sativa Mill. |
Fagaceae |
AF/EU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
155 |
Castanospermum
australe A.Cunn. & C.Fraser |
Fabaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
156 |
Casuarina
cunninghamiana Miq. |
Casuarinaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
157 |
Catharanthus
pusillus (Murray) G. Don |
Apocynaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
158 |
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don |
Apocynaceae |
AF (Madagascar)/NAM
(West Indies) |
Herb |
Singh & Prakash
(2002); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
159 |
Ceiba speciosa (A.St.-Hil.)
Ravenna |
Malvaceae |
NAM/SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
160 |
Celosia argentea L. |
Amaranthaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
161 |
Celtis sinensis Pers. |
Cannabaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
162 |
Cephalotaxus
harringtonii (Knight ex J. Forbes) K. Koch |
Taxaceae |
AS (Japan) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
163 |
Cerastium
glomeratum Thuill. |
Caryophyllaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); |
|
164 |
Ceratophyllum
demersum L. |
Ceratophyllaceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
165 |
Cestrum nocturnum L. |
Solanaceae |
NAM (West Indies) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
166 |
Cestrum parqui (Lam.) L'Hér. |
Solanaceae |
Central and SAM |
Shrub |
Sankaran &
Suresh (2013) |
|
167 |
Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S. Irwin
& Barneby |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
168 |
Chamaecrista pumila (Lam.) K. Larsen |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
169 |
Chamaerops humilis L. |
Arecaceae |
EU |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
170 |
Chenopodium album L. |
Amaranthaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
171 |
Chenopodium
hybridum L. |
Amaranthaceae |
AS/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
172 |
Chenopodium murale L. |
Amaranthaceae |
Trop. America/AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
173 |
Chenopodium
opulifolium Schrad. ex W.D.J. Koch & Ziz |
Amaranthaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
174 |
Chloris barbata Sw. |
Poaceae |
Trop. America |
Grass |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
175 |
Chloris gayana Kunth. |
Poaceae |
AF |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
176 |
Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King
& H. Rob. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
177 |
Chrysophyllum
oliviforme L. |
Sapotaceae |
Trop. America |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
178 |
Cicer arietinum L. |
Fabaceae |
AS/EU |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
179 |
Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl |
Lauraceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
180 |
Cissampelos pareira L. |
Menispermaceae |
SAM |
Climber |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
181 |
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. &
Nakai |
Cucurbitaceae |
SAM |
Climber |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
182 |
Citrus reticulata Blanco |
Rutaceae |
AS |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
183 |
Cleome gynandra L. |
Cleomaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
184 |
Cleome viscosa L. |
Cleomaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
185 |
Clerodendrum
splendens G.Don |
Lamiaceae |
AF (Angola) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
186 |
Clitoria ternatea L. |
Fabaceae |
EU/SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
187 |
Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur |
Ranunculaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
188 |
Convolvulus
arvensis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
189 |
Corchorus aestuans L. |
Malvaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
190 |
Corchorus olitorius L. |
Malvaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
191 |
Corchorus tridens L. |
Malvaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
192 |
Corchorus
trilocularis L. |
Malvaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
193 |
Cordia africana Lam. |
Boraginaceae |
AF (Sudan) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
194 |
Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roem.
& Schult. |
Boraginaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
195 |
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. |
Asteraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
196 |
Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill
& L.A.S. Johnson |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
197 |
Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D. Hill
& L.A.S. Johnson |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
198 |
Corymbia torelliana (F.Muell.) K.D.
Hill & L.A.S. Johnson |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
199 |
Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. |
Asteraceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
200 |
Crassocephalum
crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
201 |
Crotalaria pallida Aiton |
Fabaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
202 |
Crotalaria retusa L. |
Fabaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
203 |
Croton
bonplandianus Baill. |
Euphorbiaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
204 |
Cryptomeria
japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don |
Cupressaceae |
AS (Japan, China) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Tiwari et al. (2010); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
205 |
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne |
Cucurbitaceae |
SAM |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
206 |
Cucurbita pepo L. |
Cucurbitaceae |
AF/SAM/NAM |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
207 |
Cunninghamia
lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. |
Cupressaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
208 |
Cupressus arizonica Greene |
Cupressaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
209 |
Cupressus funebris Endl. |
Cupressaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
210 |
Cupressus goveniana Gordon |
Cupressaceae |
NAM (California) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
211 |
Cupressus
lusitanica Mill. |
Cupressaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
212 |
Cupressus
sempervirens L. |
Cupressaceae |
EU (Cyprus) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
213 |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Convolvulaceae |
Mediterranean
region |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
214 |
Cyanus segetum Hill |
Asteraceae |
Mediterranean
region |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
215 |
Cycas revoluta Thunb. |
Cycadaceae |
AS (South Japan) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
216 |
Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad. |
Cucurbitaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
217 |
Cyclospermum
leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague |
Apiaceae |
America/AU |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
218 |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. |
Poaceae |
AF |
Grass |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
219 |
Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze |
Cyperaceae |
Trop. America |
Sedge |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
220 |
Cyperus difformis L. |
Cyperaceae |
Trop. America/AF/EU |
Sedge |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
221 |
Cyperus
involucratus Rottb. |
Cyperaceae |
AF |
Sedge |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
222 |
Cyperus rotundus L. |
Cyperaceae |
EU |
Sedge |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
223 |
Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
224 |
Dalbergia
melanoxylon Guill. & Pers. |
Fabaceae |
AF (Sudan) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
225 |
Datura innoxia Mill. |
Solanaceae |
Trop.
America/NAM/SAM |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
226 |
Datura metel L. |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
227 |
Datura stramonium L. |
Solanaceae |
Trop.
America/NAM/SAM |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
228 |
Daucus carota L. |
Apiaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
229 |
Deeringia
amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. |
Amaranthaceae |
AU |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
230 |
Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. |
Fabaceae |
AF (Madagascar) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
231 |
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex
Prantl |
Brassicaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
232 |
Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
233 |
Dichrostachys
cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Fabaceae |
AF (Congo) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
234 |
Dicliptera
paniculata (Forssk.) I.Darbysh. |
Acanthaceae |
AF/Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
235 |
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. |
Plantaginaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
236 |
Digitalis purpurea L. |
Plantaginaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
237 |
Digitaria
longiflora (Retz.) Pers. |
Poaceae |
AF |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
238 |
Digitaria
sanguinalis (L.) Scop. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
239 |
Dolichandra
unguis-cati (L.) L.G. Lohmann |
Bignoniaceae |
Trop. America |
Climber |
Sankaran &
Suresh (2013) |
|
240 |
Dombeya burgessiae Gerrard ex Harv. |
Malvaceae |
AF |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
241 |
Duboisia
myoporoides R.Br. |
Solanaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
242 |
Duranta erecta L. |
Verbenaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Srivastava et al. (2014); |
|
243 |
Dysphania
ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants |
Amaranthaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
244 |
Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin
& Clemants |
Amaranthaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
245 |
Echinochloa colona (L.) Link |
Poaceae |
SAM/EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
246 |
Echitesum bellatus Jacq. |
Apocynaceae |
NAM (Florida) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
247 |
Eclipta prostrata L. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013); Rana & Rastogi (2017) |
|
248 |
Eichhornia
crassipes (Mart.) Solms |
Pontederiaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
249 |
Eleocharis
atropurpurea (Retz.) J. Presl & C. Presl |
Cyperaceae |
SAM |
Sedge |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
250 |
Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
251 |
Enterolobium
contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
252 |
Epilobium hirsutum L. |
Onagraceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
253 |
Epilobium
parviflorum Schreb. |
Onagraceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
254 |
Epilobium
tetragonum L. |
Onagraceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
255 |
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. |
Poaceae |
AF |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
256 |
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. |
Asteraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
257 |
Erigeron
bonariensis L. |
Asteraceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
258 |
Erigeron canadensis L. |
Asteraceae |
SAM/NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
259 |
Erigeron
karvinskianus DC. |
Asteraceae |
SAM/Central America |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
260 |
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. |
Rosaceae |
AS (Japan, China) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
261 |
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. |
Geraniaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
262 |
Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
263 |
Eryngium foetidum L. |
Apiaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
264 |
Erysimum
hieraciifolium L.f. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Kumar et al. (2013) |
|
265 |
Eschscholzia
californica Cham. |
Papaveraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
266 |
Eucalyptus alba Reinw. ex Blume |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
267 |
Eucalyptus
camaldulensis Dehnh. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
268 |
Eucalyptus deglupta Blume |
Myrtaceae |
AS (Indonesia) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
269 |
Eucalyptus
drepanophylla F.Muell. ex Benth. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
270 |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
271 |
Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
272 |
Eucalyptus
microcorys F.Muell. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
273 |
Eucalyptus
paniculata Sm. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
274 |
Eucalyptus
propinqua H.Deane & Maiden |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
275 |
Eucalyptus punctata A.Cunn. ex DC. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
276 |
Eucalyptus
resinifera Sm. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
277 |
Eucalyptus robusta Sm. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
278 |
Eucalyptus saligna Sm. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Jaryan et al.
(2013); |
|
279 |
Eucalyptus
sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
280 |
Eucalyptus
tereticornis Sm. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
281 |
Eugenia uniflora L. |
Myrtaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
282 |
Euphorbia
chamaesyce L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
AF (Mauritius) |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
283 |
Euphorbia
cotinifolia L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
NAM (Mexico)/SAM |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
284 |
Euphorbia
cyathophora Murray |
Euphorbiaceae |
Trop.America |
Herb |
Rana & Rastogi
(2017) |
|
285 |
Euphorbia
heterophylla L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Trop.
America/SAM/NAM (Mexico) |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
286 |
Euphorbia hirta L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
287 |
Euphorbia
leucocephala Lotsy |
Euphorbiaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
288 |
Euphorbia milii Des Moul. |
Euphorbiaceae |
AF (Madagascar) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
289 |
Euphorbia peplus L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
290 |
Euphorbia prostrata Aiton |
Euphorbiaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
291 |
Euphorbia
pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch |
Euphorbiaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
292 |
Euphorbia
thymifolia L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
293 |
Euphorbia tirucalli L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
AF (Kenya) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
294 |
Evolvulus
nummularius (L.) L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
295 |
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench |
Polygonaceae |
AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
296 |
Ficus carica L. |
Moraceae |
EU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
297 |
Ficus pumila L. |
Moraceae |
AS |
Climber |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
298 |
Ficus religiosa L. |
Moraceae |
EU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
299 |
Flindersia
australis R.Br. |
Rutaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
300 |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. |
Apiaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
301 |
Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex
Hook.f.) Lacaita |
Rosaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
302 |
Fragaria vesca L. |
Rosaceae |
EU/NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013); |
|
303 |
Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh. |
Oleaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
304 |
Freesia refracta (Jacq.) Klatt |
Iridaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
305 |
Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. |
Cyperaceae |
Trop. America |
Sedge |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
306 |
Galinsoga
parviflora Cav. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et
al. (2013) |
|
307 |
Galinsoga
quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. |
Asteraceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
308 |
Galium aparine L. |
Rubiaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
309 |
Galium asperifolium Wall. |
Rubiaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007);
Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
310 |
Galium elegans Wall. ex Roxb. |
Rubiaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
311 |
Galphimia gracilis Bartl. |
Malpighiaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
312 |
Gardenia volkensii subsp. spathulifolia
(Stapf & Hutch.) Verdc. |
Rubiaceae |
AF (Uganda) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
313 |
Geijera parviflora Lindl. |
Rutaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
314 |
Gigantochloa
albociliata (Munro) Kurz |
Poaceae |
central America |
Grass |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
315 |
Gigantochloa atter (Hassk.) Kurz |
Poaceae |
AS (Malaysia) |
Grass |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
316 |
Gigantochloa
verticillata (Willd.) Munro |
Poaceae |
AS (Malaysia) |
Grass |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
317 |
Ginkgo biloba L. |
Ginkgoaceae |
AS (China, Japan) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
318 |
Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex
Spach |
Asteraceae |
AF/EU/Mediterranean
region |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
319 |
Gleditsia
macracantha Desf. |
Fabaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
320 |
Gleditsia sinensis Lam. |
Fabaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
321 |
Gleditsia
triacanthos L. |
Fabaceae |
USA |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
322 |
Glycine max (L.) Merr. |
Fabaceae |
AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
323 |
Gnaphalium
pensylvanicum Willd. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
324 |
Gnaphalium
polycaulon Pers. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
325 |
Gomphocarpus
physocarpus E. Mey. |
Apocynaceae |
AF |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
326 |
Gomphrena celosioides Mart. |
Amaranthaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013); |
|
327 |
Gomphrena globosa L. |
Amaranthaceae |
SAM/Trop. America |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
328 |
Gomphrena serrata L. |
Amaranthaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
329 |
Gossypium hirsutum L. |
Malvaceae |
Central America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
330 |
Grangea
maderaspatana (L.) Poir. |
Asteraceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
331 |
Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br. |
Proteaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
332 |
Guadua angustifolia Kunth |
Poaceae |
USA |
Grass |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
333 |
Haematoxylum
campechianum L. |
Fabaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
334 |
Hamelia patens Jacq. |
Rubiaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
335 |
Hedera helix L. |
Araliaceae |
EU |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sankaran & Suresh (2013) |
|
336 |
Helianthus annuus L. |
Asteraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
337 |
Helianthus debilis subsp. cucumerifolius
(Torr. & A.Gray) Heiser |
Asteraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
338 |
Helianthus
tuberosus L. |
Asteraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
339 |
Helictotrichon
pratense (L.) Pilg. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
340 |
Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. |
Xanthorrhoeaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
341 |
Hibiscus
arnottianus A.Gray |
Malvaceae |
NAM (Hawaii) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
342 |
Hibiscus cannabinus L. |
Malvaceae |
SAM/Trop. America |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
343 |
Hibiscus mutabilis L. |
Malvaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
344 |
Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis L. |
Malvaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
345 |
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. |
Malvaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
346 |
Hibiscus
schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook.f. |
Malvaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
347 |
Hibiscus syriacus L. |
Malvaceae |
AS (Syria)
(Uncertain) |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al. (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
348 |
Hibiscus trionum L. |
Malvaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
349 |
Holosteum
umbellatum L. |
Caryophyllaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
350 |
Hordeum vulgare L. |
Poaceae |
EU/NAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
351 |
Hydrangea
macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. |
Hydrangeaceae |
AS (China, Japan) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
352 |
Hyoscyamus niger L. |
Solanaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
353 |
Hypericum
perforatum L. |
Hypericaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Sankaran & Suresh (2013); |
|
354 |
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. |
Lamiaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); |
|
355 |
Iberis amara L. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
356 |
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. |
Poaceae |
Trop. America/AS/EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
357 |
Indigofera
astragalina DC. |
Fabaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
358 |
Indigofera
glandulosa Wendl. |
Fabaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
359 |
Indigofera hirsuta L. |
Fabaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
360 |
Indigofera
linifolia (L.f.) Retz. |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
361 |
Indigofera linnaei Ali |
Fabaceae |
AF |
Shrub |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
362 |
Indigofera trita L.f. |
Fabaceae |
AF |
Shrub |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
363 |
Ipomoea arborescens (Humb. &
Bonpl. ex Willd.) G.Don |
Convolvulaceae |
USA |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
364 |
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet |
Convolvulaceae |
AF |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
365 |
Ipomoea carnea Jacq. |
Convolvulaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Shrub |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
366 |
Ipomoea hederifolia L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
367 |
Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. |
Convolvulaceae |
EU/SAM |
Climber |
Jaryan et al.
(2013); |
|
368 |
Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq. |
Convolvulaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
369 |
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth |
Convolvulaceae |
NAM/SAM |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
370 |
Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. |
Convolvulaceae |
AF |
Climber |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
371 |
Ipomoea
pes-tigridis L. |
Convolvulaceae |
AF |
Climber |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
372 |
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth |
Convolvulaceae |
SAM |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
373 |
Ipomoea quamoclit L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et
al. (2013) |
|
374 |
Ipomoea triloba L. |
Convolvulaceae |
Trop. America |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
375 |
Iris germanica L. |
Iridaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
376 |
Iris spuria L. |
Iridaceae |
AS/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
377 |
Ixora macrothyrsa (Teijsm. &
Binn.) T. Moore |
Rubiaceae |
AS (Indonesia) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
378 |
Jacaranda
mimosifolia D.Don |
Bignoniaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi &Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
379 |
Jasminum mesnyi Hance. |
Oleaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
380 |
Jatropha curcas L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
381 |
Jatropha
gossypifolia L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
SAM (Brazil)/Trop.
America |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
382 |
Jatropha
integerrima Jacq. |
Euphorbiaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
383 |
Joannesia princeps Vell. |
Euphorbiaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
384 |
Juncus inflexus L. |
Juncaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
385 |
Juniperus
bermudiana L. |
Cupressaceae |
NAM (Bermuda) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
386 |
Juniperus chinensis L. |
Cupressaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
387 |
Juniperus communis L. |
Cupressaceae |
EU (Yugoslavia) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
388 |
Juniperus deppeana Steud. |
Cupressaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
389 |
Juniperus oxycedrus L. |
Cupressaceae |
AS (Syria) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
390 |
Juniperus phoenicea L. |
Cupressaceae |
AF (Algeria) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
391 |
Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl. |
Cupressaceae |
AF (Kenya) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
392 |
Juniperus
scopulorum Sarg. |
Cupressaceae |
USA |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
393 |
Justicia
procumbents L. |
Acanthaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Hajra & Balodi
(1995); Singh & Prakash, (2002) |
|
394 |
Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A.Juss. |
Meliaceae |
AF (Mozambique) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
395 |
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. |
Bignoniaceae |
AF (Rhodesia) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
396 |
Koelreuteria
paniculata Laxm. |
Sapindaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
397 |
Lactuca dissecta D.Don |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
398 |
Lactuca sativa L. |
Asteraceae |
AS/EU |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
399 |
Lagascea mollis Cav. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. Central
America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
400 |
Lagerstroemia
speciosa (L.) Pers. |
Lythraceae |
NAM |
Tree |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
401 |
Lagerstroemia
turbinata Koehne |
Lythraceae |
AS (Vietnam) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
402 |
Lantana camara L. |
Verbenaceae |
Trop.
America/SAM/NAM (West Indies) |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et
al. (2013) |
|
403 |
Laphangium affine (D.Don) Tzvelev |
Asteraceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
404 |
Lathyrus aphaca L. |
Fabaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
405 |
Lathyrus odoratus L. |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
406 |
Lathyrus sativus L. |
Fabaceae |
AS/AF |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
407 |
Lens culinaris Medik. |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
408 |
Leonotis
nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. |
Lamiaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
409 |
Lepidium didymium L. |
Brassicaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
410 |
Lepidium virginicum
L. |
Brassicaceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
411 |
Leucaena
leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit |
Fabaceae |
Trop.
America/SAM/NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
412 |
Ligustrum lucidum W.T. Aiton |
Oleaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Sankaran &Suresh
(2013) |
|
413 |
Linum usitatissimum
L. |
Linaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
414 |
Liquidambar
formosana Hance |
Altingiaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
415 |
Liriodendron
tulipifera L. |
Magnoliaceae |
USA |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
416 |
Livistona australis
(R.Br.) Mart. |
Arecaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
417 |
Livistona chinensis
(Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart. |
Arecaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
418 |
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. |
Brassicaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
419 |
Lolium temulentum L. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
420 |
Lonchocarpus
guillemineanus (Tul.) Malme |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
421 |
Lonicera japonica Thunb. |
Caprifoliaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
422 |
Lophostemon
confertus (R.Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterh. |
Myrtaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
423 |
Ludwigia adscendens
(L.) H.Hara |
Onagraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
424 |
Ludwigia octovalvis
(Jacq.) P.H. Raven |
Onagraceae |
AF |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
425 |
Ludwigia perennis L. |
Onagraceae |
AF |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013); Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
426 |
Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill. |
Solanaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
427 |
Lysiloma
latisiliquum (L.) Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Trop. America |
Tree |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
428 |
Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C.K.
Schneid. |
Moraceae |
USA |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
429 |
Magnolia
soulangeana Soul. -Bod. |
Magnoliaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
430 |
Magnolia figo (Lour.) DC. |
Magnoliaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
431 |
Magnolia
grandiflora L. |
Magnoliaceae |
NAM |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
432 |
Magnolia wilsonii (Finet & Gagnep.)
Rehder |
Magnoliaceae |
AS (Japan) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
433 |
Malachra capitata (L.) L. |
Malvaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
434 |
Malva parviflora L. |
Malvaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
435 |
Malvastrum
coromandelianum (L.) Garcke |
Malvaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
436 |
Malvaviscus
arboreus Cav. |
Malvaceae |
Trop. America |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
437 |
Manihot dichotoma Ule |
Euphorbiaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
438 |
Manihot esculenta Crantz |
Euphorbiaceae |
Trop. America |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
439 |
Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A.H. Gentry |
Bignoniaceae |
SAM |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
440 |
Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. |
Bignoniaceae |
AF (Uganda) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
441 |
Martynia annua L. |
Martyniaceae |
Trop. America/NAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
442 |
Mecardonia
procumbens (Mill.) Small |
Plantaginaceae |
Trop. NAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
443 |
Medicago lupulina L. |
Fabaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
444 |
Medicago polymorpha
L. |
Fabaceae |
EU/AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
445 |
Medicago sativa L. |
Fabaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
446 |
Melaleuca
styphelioides Sm. |
Myrtaceae |
AF (Uganda) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
447 |
Melilotus albus Medik. |
Fabaceae |
Europe |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
448 |
Melinis repens (Willd.) Zizka |
Poaceae |
Trop. America |
Grass |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
449 |
Melochia
corchorifolia L. |
Malvaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
450 |
Mentha piperita L. |
Lamiaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
451 |
Mentha arvensis L. |
Lamiaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
452 |
Mentha longifolia (L.) L. |
Lamiaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
453 |
Mentha spicata L. |
Lamiaceae |
EU/NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
454 |
Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) Hallier f. |
Convolvulaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
455 |
Millingtonia
hortensis L.f. |
Bignoniaceae |
AS (Myanmar,
Malaya) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
456 |
Mimosa pudica L. |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
457 |
Mirabilis jalapa L. |
Nyctaginaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
458 |
Monochoria
vaginalis (Burm. f.) C. Presl. |
Pontederiaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
459 |
Montanoa
grandiflora (DC.) Sch. Bip. ex Hemsl. |
Compositae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
460 |
Morus alba L. |
Moraceae |
AS |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
461 |
Muehlenbeckia
platyclados (F. Muell.) Meisn. |
Polygonaceae |
Solomon Isles |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
462 |
Mussaenda
erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. |
Rubiaceae |
Trop.AF |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
463 |
Mussaenda
philippica A. Rich. |
Rubiaceae |
AS (Philippines) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
464 |
Najas graminea Delile |
Hydrocharitaceae |
NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
465 |
Nandina domestica Thunb. |
Berberidaceae |
AS (China, Japan) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
466 |
Narcissus tazetta L. |
Amaryllidaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
467 |
Nicandra physalodes
(L.) Gaertn. |
Solanaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
468 |
Nicotiana
plumbaginifolia Viv. |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
469 |
Nicotiana rustica L. |
Solanaceae |
Central and SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
470 |
Nicotiana tabacum L. |
Solanaceae |
NAM/Central and SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
471 |
Nigella sativa L. |
Ranunculaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
472 |
Nymphaea alba L. |
Nympheaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
473 |
Nymphaea lotus L. |
Nympheaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
474 |
Ochrosia elliptica Labill. |
Apocynaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
475 |
Ocimum americanum L. |
Lamiaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
476 |
Oenothera biennis L. |
Onagraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
477 |
Oenothera rosea L’Hér. ex Aiton |
Onagraceae |
SAM/ NAM (Mexico) |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
478 |
Olea europaea L. |
Oleaceae |
Mediterranean
region |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
479 |
Ononis spinosa subsp. hircina (Jacq.)
Gams |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
480 |
Opuntia elatior Mill. |
Cactaceae |
SAM |
Shrub |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
481 |
Opuntia
ficus-indica (L.) Mill. |
Cactaceae |
SAM |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
482 |
Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. |
Cactaceae |
Trop. America |
Shrub |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
483 |
Origanum vulgare L. |
Lamiaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
484 |
Oryza sativa L. |
Poaceae |
AS |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
485 |
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Oxalidaceae |
EU/AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
486 |
Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa (DC.)
Lourteig |
Oxalidaceae |
SAM/Trop.America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
487 |
Oxytenanthera
abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro |
Poaceae |
AF (Zambia) |
Grass |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
488 |
Papaver dubium L. |
Papaveraceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
489 |
Papaver rhoeas L. |
Papaveraceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
490 |
Papaver somniferum L. |
Papaveraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
491 |
Parapiptadenia
rigida (Benth.) Brenan |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
492 |
Parkinsonia
aculeata L. |
Fabaceae |
NAM (Mexico)/SAM |
Tree |
Khuroo et al. (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
493 |
Parthenium
hysterophorus L. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et
al. (2013) |
|
494 |
Paspalum dilatatum Poir. |
Poaceae |
SAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
495 |
Paspalum distichum L. |
Poaceae |
NAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
496 |
Passiflora caerulea
L. |
Passifloraceae |
SAM |
Climber |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
497 |
Passiflora edulis Sims |
Passifloraceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
498 |
Passiflora foetida L. |
Passifloraceae |
Trop. SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
499 |
Passiflora suberosa
L. |
Passifloraceae |
NAM (West Indies) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
500 |
Peltophorum
africanum Sond. |
Fabaceae |
AF (Uganda) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
501 |
Peltophorum
pterocarpum (DC.) K. Heyne |
Fabaceae |
AS (Sri Lanka) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
502 |
Pennisetum
purpureum Schumach. |
Poaceae |
Trop. America |
Grass |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
503 |
Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers |
Rubiaceae |
AF (Kenya, Egypt) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
504 |
Peperomia pellucida
(L.) Kunth |
Piperaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
505 |
Pereskia aculeata Mill. |
Cactaceae |
Trop. America |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
506 |
Pereskia
grandiflora Pfeiff. |
Cactaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
507 |
Persia americana Mill. |
Lauraceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
508 |
Persicaria amphibia
(L.) Delarbre |
Polygonaceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
509 |
Persicaria
hydropiper (L.) Delarbre |
Polygonaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
510 |
Petrea volubilis L. |
Verbenaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
511 |
Petunia hybrida Vilm. |
Solanaceae |
NA |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
512 |
Phaseolus vulgaris L. |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
513 |
Phleum pratense L. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
514 |
Phlox drummondii Hook. |
Polemoniaceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
515 |
Phoenix canariensis
Chabaud |
Arecaceae |
AF (Canary Isles) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
516 |
Phoenix reclinata Jacq. |
Arecaceae |
Trop. AF |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
517 |
Phragmites
australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. |
Poaceae |
SAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
518 |
Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene |
Verbenaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
519 |
Physalis angulata L. |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America/NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
520 |
Physalis
heterophylla Nees |
Solanaceae |
SAM (Peru)/NAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
521 |
Physalis minima L. |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
522 |
Physalis peruviana L. |
Solanaceae |
SAM (Peru) |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013); |
|
523 |
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. |
Urticaceae |
Trop. SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
524 |
Pilea serpyllifolia
(Poir.) Wedd. |
Urticaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
525 |
Pinus canariensis C.Sm. |
Pinaceae |
AF (Canary Island) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
526 |
Pinus caribaea Morelet |
Pinaceae |
NAM (Cuba) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
527 |
Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. |
Pinaceae |
AS (Japan) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
528 |
Pinus echinata Mill. |
Pinaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Tiwari et al.
(2010) |
|
529 |
Pinus elliottii Engelm. |
Pinaceae |
USA |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
530 |
Pinus halepensis Mill. |
Pinaceae |
EU (Cyprus) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
531 |
Pinus hartwegii Lindl. |
Pinaceae |
Mediterranean |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
532 |
Pinus merkusii Jungh. &
deVriese |
Pinaceae |
AS (Myanmar) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
533 |
Pinus oocarpa Schiede |
Pinaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
534 |
Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl.
& Cham. |
Pinaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
535 |
Pinus radiata D.Don |
Pinaceae |
USA |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
536 |
Pistia stratiotes L. |
Araceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
537 |
Pisum sativum L. |
Fabaceae |
AS/EU |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
538 |
Pithecellobium
dulce (Roxb.) Benth. |
Fabaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
539 |
Plantago lanceolata
L. |
Plantaginaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
540 |
Plantago major L. |
Plantaginaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
541 |
Platanus
occidentalis L. |
Platanaceae |
America |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
542 |
Platanus orientalis
L. |
Platanaceae |
AS/EU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
543 |
Platycladus
orientalis (L.) Franco |
Cupressaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
544 |
Plumbago auriculata
Lam. |
Plumbaginaceae |
S.AF |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
545 |
Plumeria alba L. |
Apocynaceae |
America |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
546 |
Plumeria rubra L. |
Apocynaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
547 |
Poa annua L. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
548 |
Poa pratensis L. |
Poaceae |
EU/NAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
549 |
Podocarpus
latifolius (Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb. |
Podocarpaceae |
AF (Kenya) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
550 |
Podocarpus
macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet |
Podocarpaceae |
AS (China, Japan) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
551 |
Polemonium
caeruleum L. |
Polemoniaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
552 |
Polygonum aviculare
L. |
Polygonaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
553 |
Polypogon
monspeliensis (L.) Desf. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
554 |
Populus deltoides Marshall |
Salicaceae |
USA |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
555 |
Populus nigra var. italica Münchh. |
Salicaceae |
EU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
556 |
Portulaca
grandiflora Hook. |
Portulacaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
557 |
Portulaca oleracea L. |
Portulacaceae |
AF/NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007); Sekar et al. (2012);
Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
558 |
Portulaca pilosa L. |
Portulacaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
559 |
Portulaca
quadrifida L. |
Portulacaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
560 |
Potamogeton crispus
L. |
Potamogetonaceae |
EU/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
561 |
Potamogeton lucens L. |
Potamogetonaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
562 |
Potamogeton nodosus
Poir. |
Potamogetonaceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
563 |
Potentilla supina L. |
Rosaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
564 |
Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz |
Fabaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
565 |
Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. |
Fabaceae |
NAM (Mexico)/SAM |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
566 |
Prunella vulgaris L. |
Lamiaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
567 |
Prunus yedoensis Matsum. |
Rosaceae |
AS (Japan) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
568 |
Prunus armeniaca L. |
Rosaceae |
AS |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
569 |
Prunus cerasus L. |
Rosaceae |
AS/EU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
570 |
Prunus domestica L. |
Rosaceae |
AS |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
571 |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch |
Rosaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
572 |
Psidium cattleianum
Afzel. ex Sabine |
Myrtaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
573 |
Psidium guajava L. |
Myrtaceae |
SAM |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Sankaran
& Suresh (2013) |
|
574 |
Pterocarya
stenoptera C. DC. |
Juglandaceae |
AS(China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
575 |
Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama |
Cyperaceae |
AF/EU |
Sedge |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
576 |
Pycreus
sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees |
Cyperaceae |
NAM/SAM |
Sedge |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
577 |
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers |
Bignoniaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
578 |
Pyrus communis L. |
Rosaceae |
AS/EU |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
579 |
Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai |
Rosaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
580 |
Ranunculus arvensis
L. |
Ranunculaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
581 |
Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Hook. f.
& J.W. Thomson |
Ranunculaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
582 |
Ranunculus
muricatus L. |
Ranunculaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
583 |
Ranunculus
sceleratus L. |
Ranunculaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
584 |
Raphanus
raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin |
Brassicaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
585 |
Rauvolfia
tetraphylla L. |
Apocynaceae |
NAM (West Indies) |
Herb |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
586 |
Ribes alpestre Wall. ex Decne. |
Grossulariaceae |
AF/EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
587 |
Richardia scabra L. |
Rubiaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
588 |
Ricinus communis L. |
Euphorbiaceae |
AF |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al. (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
589 |
Rivina humilis L. |
Phytolaccaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
590 |
Robinia
pseudoacacia L. |
Fabaceae |
NAM |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Sankaran
& Suresh (2013) |
|
591 |
Rorippa dubia (Pers.) H.Hara |
Brassicaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
592 |
Rosa banksiae R.Br. |
Rosaceae |
AS |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
593 |
Rosa cathayensis (Rehder & E.H.
Wilson) L.H. Bailey |
Rosaceae |
AS (China) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
594 |
Rosa laevigata Michx. |
Rosaceae |
AS (China,
Japan)/America |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
595 |
Rosa moschata Herrm. |
Rosaceae |
AF/EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
596 |
Rosa multiflora Thunb. |
Rosaceae |
AS |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
597 |
Rosmarinus
officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae |
EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
598 |
Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane
& Mabb. |
Lamiaceae |
AF |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
599 |
Roystonea regia (Kunth) O.F. Cook |
Arecaceae |
NAM (Cuba) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
600 |
Rubus ellipticus Sm. |
Rosaceae |
Trop. America |
Shrub |
Sekar (2012) |
|
601 |
Ruellia tuberosa L. |
Acanthaceae |
Trop. America/NAM
(West Indies) |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
602 |
Rumex dentatus L. |
Polygonaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
603 |
Rumex nepalensis Spreng. |
Polygonaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
604 |
Russelia
equisetiformis Schltdl. & Cham. |
Plantaginaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
605 |
Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex
Schult. & Schult.f. |
Arecaceae |
NAM (Bermuda
Island) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
606 |
Saccharum ravennae (L.) L. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
607 |
Sagina procumbens L. |
Caryophyllaceae |
EU/NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
608 |
Sagina saginoides (L.) H. Karst. |
Caryophyllaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
609 |
Sagittaria
sagittifolia L. |
Alismataceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
610 |
Salix babylonica L. |
Salicaceae |
AS (China, Babylon) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al. (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
611 |
Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl. |
Lamiaceae |
NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
612 |
Salvia officinalis L. |
Lamiaceae |
EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
613 |
Sambucus nigra L. |
Adoxaceae |
EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
614 |
Sanicula elata Buch. -Ham. ex
D.Don |
Apiaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
615 |
Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. |
Euphorbiaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
616 |
Schefflera
actinophylla (Endl.) Harms |
Araliaceae |
AU |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
617 |
Schefflera
arboricola (Hayata) Merr. |
Araliaceae |
AS (Taiwan) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
618 |
Schizolobium
parahyba (Vell.) S.F. Blake |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
619 |
Schoenoplectiella
juncoides (Roxb.) Lye |
Cyperaceae |
NAM |
Sedge |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
620 |
Schoenoplectus
triqueter (L.) Palla |
Cyperaceae |
AF |
Sedge |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
621 |
Scoparia dulcis L. |
Plantaginaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
622 |
Searsia lancea (L.f.) F.A. Barkley |
Anacardiaceae |
Trop. AF |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
623 |
Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. |
Cucurbitaceae |
SAM |
Climber |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
624 |
Selenicereus
grandiflorus (L.) Britton & Rose |
Cactaceae |
NAM (Jamaica, Cuba) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
625 |
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Trop. America |
Shrub |
Rana & Rastogi
(2017) |
|
626 |
Senna multijuga (Rich.) H.S. Irwin
& Barneby |
Fabaceae |
America/ AS
(Malaysia) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
627 |
Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. Irwin
& Barneby |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
628 |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link |
Fabaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
629 |
Senna spectabilis (DC.) H.S. Irwin
& Barneby |
Fabaceae |
Trop. America |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
630 |
Senna splendida (Vogel) H.S. Irwin
& Barneby |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
631 |
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Trop. SAM/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
632 |
Sesamum indicum L. |
Pedaliaceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007);
Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
633 |
Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight |
Fabaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
634 |
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. |
Fabaceae |
S.AF |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
635 |
Setaria palmifolia (J. Koenig) Stapf |
Poaceae |
Trop. America |
Grass |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
636 |
Setaria parviflora (Poir.) M.Kerguelen |
Poaceae |
Trop. America |
Grass |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
637 |
Sida acuta Burm.f. |
Malvaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
638 |
Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss. Waalk.
|
Malvaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
639 |
Silene latifolia subsp. alba (Mill.)
Greuter & Burdet |
Caryophyllaceae |
EU/AF/AS |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
640 |
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. |
Asteraceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007);
Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
641 |
Sinapis alba L. |
Brassicaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
642 |
Solanum
aculeatissimum Jacq. |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
643 |
Solanum americanum Mill. |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
644 |
Solanum
asperolanatum Ruiz & Pav. |
Solanaceae |
SAM (Peru)/Trop.
America |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
645 |
Solanum
pseudocapsicum L. |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America/AS/AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
646 |
Solanum
seaforthianum Andrews |
Solanaceae |
SAM (Brazil) |
Climber |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
647 |
Solanum torvum Sw. |
Solanaceae |
NAM (West
Indies)/SAM |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
648 |
Solanum tuberosum L. |
Solanaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
649 |
Solanum viarum Dunal |
Solanaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
650 |
Solidago canadensis
L. |
Asteraceae |
NAM |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra (2007) |
|
651 |
Soliva anthemifolia
(Juss.) Sweet |
Asteraceae |
America/AU |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013); Srivastava et al. (2014); |
|
652 |
Sonchus arvensis L. |
Asteraceae |
AS/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
653 |
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
Mediterranean/AS |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
654 |
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench |
Poaceae |
AF |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
655 |
Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
656 |
Spartium junceum L. |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
657 |
Spathodea
campanulata P. Beauv. |
Bignoniaceae |
AF (Uganda) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
658 |
Spermacoce hispida L. |
Rubiaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
659 |
Spinacia oleracea L. |
Amaranthaceae |
AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
660 |
Spiraea
cantoniensis Lour. |
Rosaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Khuroo et al. (2007) |
|
661 |
Spiraea prunifolia Siebold & Zucc. |
Rosaceae |
AS (China) |
Shrub |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
662 |
Stachytarpheta
urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims |
Verbenaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
663 |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. |
Caryophyllaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
664 |
Swietenia
macrophylla King |
Meliaceae |
NAM (Honduras-part
of central america) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
665 |
Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. |
Meliaceae |
NAM (West Indies) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
666 |
Tabebuia
heterophylla (DC.) Britton |
Bignoniaceae |
NAM (West Indies) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
667 |
Tagetes erecta L. |
Asteraceae |
SAM/NAM (Mexico) |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
668 |
Tagetes minuta L. |
Asteraceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
669 |
Talinum paniculatum
(Jacq.) Gaertn. |
Talinaceae |
America |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
670 |
Tamarindus indica L. |
Fabaceae |
AF (Ethiopia) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
671 |
Tanacetum
cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip. |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
672 |
Taraxacum
campylodes G.E. Haglund |
Asteraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007);
Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
673 |
Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. |
Cupressaceae |
NAM (Florida) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
674 |
Taxodium huegelii C. Lawson |
Cupressaceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
675 |
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. |
Taxaceae |
EU/AS
(Afghanistan)/AF |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Tiwari et al. (2010) |
|
676 |
Tecoma castanifolia
(D.Don) Melch. |
Bignoniaceae |
SAM (Colombia) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
677 |
Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth |
Bignoniaceae |
NAM (South Florida,
West Indies)/SAM |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
678 |
Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. |
Combretaceae |
S. AF |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
679 |
Tetraclinis
articulata (Vahl) Mast. |
Cupressaceae |
AF (Algeria) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
680 |
Tetrapanax
papyrifer (Hook.) K.
Koch |
Araliaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi &Hajra
(2007) |
|
681 |
Thalictrum minus L. |
Ranunculaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
682 |
Thuja occidentalis L. |
Cupressaceae |
NAM (Canada) |
Tree |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
683 |
Thymus serpyllum L. |
Lamiaceae |
EU |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
684 |
Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze |
Fabaceae |
SAM (Argentina) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
685 |
Tithonia
diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray |
Asteraceae |
NAM (Mexico) |
Shrub |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
686 |
Trachycarpus
fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl. |
Arecaceae |
AS (China, Japan) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
687 |
Trapa natans L. |
Lythraceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
688 |
Trema orientalis (L.) Blume |
Cannabaceae |
AF |
Tree |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
689 |
Triadica sebifera (L.) Small |
Euphorbiaceae |
AS |
Tree |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
690 |
Tridax procumbens (L.) L. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
691 |
Trifolium dubium Sibth. |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
692 |
Trifolium
fragiferum L. |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
693 |
Trifolium hybridum L. |
Fabaceae |
EU/AS |
Herb |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
694 |
Trifolium pratense L. |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
695 |
Trifolium repens L. |
Fabaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
696 |
Triticum aestivum L. |
Poaceae |
NA |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
697 |
Triumfetta
rhomboidea Jacq. |
Malvaceae |
Trop. America/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
698 |
Tropaeolum majus L. |
Tropaeolaceae |
EU/SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
699 |
Turritis glabra L. |
Brassicaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Kumar et al. (2013) |
|
700 |
Typha angustifolia L. |
Typhaceae |
Trop.
America/EU/NAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
701 |
Urena lobata L. |
Malvaceae |
AF |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
702 |
Urtica dioica L. |
Urticaceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
703 |
Vallisneria
spiralis L. |
Hydrocharitaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
704 |
Verbascum thapsus L. |
Scrophulariaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
705 |
Verbena bonariensis
L. |
Verbenaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
706 |
Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw |
Euphorbiaceae |
AS (China) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
707 |
Veronica persica Poir. |
Plantaginaceae |
AS |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
708 |
Vicia faba L. |
Fabaceae |
AS/AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
709 |
Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray |
Fabaceae |
EU/NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
710 |
Vinca major L. |
Apocynaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
711 |
Viola tricolor L. |
Violaceae |
EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
712 |
Vitis vinifera L. |
Vitaceae |
AS/EU |
Climber |
Khuroo et al. (2007);
Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
713 |
Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel. |
Poaceae |
EU |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
714 |
Waltheria indica L. |
Malvaceae |
Trop. America |
Herb |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
715 |
Washingtonia
filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl. ex de Bary |
Arecaceae |
NAM (Arizona,
California) |
Tree |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
716 |
Wigandia urens (Ruiz & Pav.)
Kunth |
Boraginaceae |
Central America |
Shrub |
efloraofindia |
|
717 |
Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet |
Fabaceae |
AS (China) |
Climber |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
718 |
Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex
Wimm. |
Araceae |
AF/EU |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
719 |
Xanthium strumarium
L. |
Asteraceae |
Trop.
America/SAM/AF/EU |
Herb |
BSI; Khuroo et al.
(2007); Negi & Hajra (2007); Sekar et al. (2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
720 |
Youngia japonica (L.) DC. |
Asteraceae |
Trop. SAM/SAM |
Herb |
Sekar et al.
(2012); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
721 |
Yucca aloifolia L. |
Asparagaceae |
NAM |
Shrub |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
722 |
Yucca gloriosa L. |
Asparagaceae |
EU/NAM |
Shrub |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
723 |
Zannichellia
palustris L. |
Potamogetonaceae |
NAM/SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
724 |
Zantedeschia
aethiopica (L.) Spreng. |
Araceae |
AF |
Herb |
Khuroo et al. (2007) |
|
725 |
Zea mays L. |
Poaceae |
SAM |
Grass |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013) |
|
726 |
Zephyranthes
candida (Lindl.) Herb. |
Amaryllidaceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007); Jaryan et al. (2013); Srivastava et al. (2014) |
|
727 |
Zephyranthes
citrina Baker |
Amaryllidaceae |
AU |
Herb |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
728 |
Zinnia elegans L. |
Asteraceae |
SAM |
Herb |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
NA—information not
available; Nativity | NAM—North America | SAM—South America | AS—Asia |
EU—Europe | AF—Africa | AU—Australia.
Table 2. Dominant
families and life forms in the alien flora of Uttarakhand, western Himalaya.
|
|
Family |
Climber |
Grass |
Herb |
Sedge |
Shrub |
Tree |
Grand total |
|
1 |
Fabaceae |
3 |
|
|
|
10 |
41 |
89 |
|
2 |
Asteraceae |
|
|
62 |
|
1 |
|
63 |
|
3 |
Poaceae |
|
50 |
|
|
|
|
50 |
|
4 |
Solanaceae |
1 |
|
17 |
|
11 |
2 |
31 |
|
5 |
Malvaceae |
|
|
19 |
|
7 |
3 |
29 |
|
6 |
Amaranthaceae |
1 |
|
27 |
|
|
|
28 |
|
7 |
Myrtaceae |
|
|
|
|
1 |
24 |
25 |
|
8 |
Euphorbiaceae |
|
|
9 |
|
10 |
5 |
24 |
|
9 |
Brassicaceae |
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
10 |
Cupressaceae |
|
|
|
|
2 |
19 |
21 |
|
11 |
Rosaceae |
3 |
|
3 |
|
5 |
8 |
19 |
|
12 |
Convolvulaceae |
9 |
|
5 |
|
1 |
1 |
16 |
|
13 |
Lamiaceae |
2 |
|
10 |
|
3 |
|
15 |
|
14 |
Apocynaceae |
2 |
|
5 |
|
3 |
4 |
14 |
|
15 |
Bignoniaceae |
5 |
|
|
|
|
8 |
13 |
|
16 |
Pinaceae |
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
11 |
|
17 |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
5 |
|
6 |
|
11 |
|
18 |
Arecaceae |
|
|
|
|
1 |
9 |
10 |
|
19 |
Cyperaceae |
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
10 |
|
20 |
Plantaginaceae |
|
|
8 |
|
1 |
|
9 |
Table 3. Life form
categorization of alien plant species in different continents or geographical
regions.
|
|
Continents |
Climber |
Grass |
Herb |
Sedge |
Shrub |
Tree |
Total Species |
|
1 |
NAM/SAM (Trop. A) |
8 |
7 |
89 |
3 |
17 |
21 |
145 |
|
2 |
EU |
2 |
16 |
72 |
1 |
8 |
5 |
104 |
|
3 |
SAM |
13 |
4 |
47 |
1 |
9 |
17 |
91 |
|
4 |
AS |
7 |
3 |
8 |
- |
20 |
42 |
80 |
|
5 |
NAM |
3 |
5 |
22 |
1 |
15 |
33 |
79 |
|
6 |
AF |
5 |
8 |
18 |
2 |
16 |
27 |
76 |
|
7 |
AU |
1 |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
39 |
41 |
|
8 |
AF/EU |
- |
- |
35 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
39 |
|
9 |
AS/EU |
1 |
1 |
8 |
- |
- |
3 |
13 |
Abbreviations used:
Trop. A—Tropical America | NAM—North America | SAM—South America | AS—Asia |
EU—Europe | AF—Africa | AU—Australia.
Table 4. Details of
the alien plant species reported in the India, Uttarakhand and its adjoining
states/regions.
|
|
Topic |
Area |
Family |
Genera |
Species |
Reference |
|
1 |
Naturalized alien
flora |
India |
- |
271 |
471 |
Inderjit et al.
(2018) |
|
2 |
Invasive alien
plants |
Pantnagar,
Uttarakhand |
30 |
70 |
91 |
Rana & Rastogi (2017) |
|
3 |
Invasive alien
plants |
Uttar Pradesh |
41 |
100 |
149 |
Srivastava et al.
(2014) |
|
4 |
Alien flora |
Himachal Pradesh |
85 |
- |
497 |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
5 |
Invasive alien
plants |
Uttarakhand |
46 |
105 |
163 |
Sekar et al. (2012) |
|
6 |
Wild and exotic
gymnosperms |
Uttarakhand |
10 |
- |
63 |
Tewari et al.
(2010) |
|
7 |
Exotic tree species |
Doon Valley |
14 |
- |
18 |
Jaryan et al.
(2013) |
|
8 |
Alien flora |
Kashmir |
104 |
352 |
571 |
Khuroo et al.
(2007) |
|
9 |
Alien flora |
Doon Valley,
Uttarakhand |
- |
- |
436 |
Negi & Hajra
(2007) |
|
10 |
Alien flora |
Uttarakhand |
108 |
450 |
728 |
Present study |
For figure - - click here for full PDF
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