Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2021 | 13(14): 20174–20189
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7515.13.14.20174-20189
#7515 | Received 08 April 2021 | Final
received 01 June 2021 | Finally accepted 18 December 2021
Diversity of moths from the urban
set-up of Valmiki Nagar, Chennai, India
Vikas Madhav Nagarajan 1,
Rohith Srinivasan 2 & Mahathi Narayanaswamy 3
1–3 The Madras Naturalists’ Society
(MNS), No. 8, Janaki Avenue, Abhiramapuram, Chennai,
Tamil Nadu 600018, India.
1 madhavvikas@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 rohithsrinivasan1124@gmail.com, 3 mahathi.narayanaswamy99@gmail.com
Editor: Anonymity
requested. Date of publication:
26 December 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Nagarajan, V.M., R. Srinivasan
& M. Narayanaswamy (2021). Diversity of moths from the urban
set-up of Valmiki Nagar, Chennai, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(14): 20174–20189. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7515.13.14.20174-20189
Copyright: © Nagarajan et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Self-funded.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Vikas Madhav Nagarajan is a graduate student at the School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute
of Technology. He is particularly interested in butterflies, birds, moths and
coastal life, doing extensive work from the Chennai region. He is a reviewer
for eBird India, www.Ifoundbutterflies.org and has published several scientific papers. Rohith
Srinivasan is a undergraduate student at the School of Arts and
Sciences, Biological and Life Science Division, Ahmedabad University, Gujarat.
He has been deeply interested in birds, butterflies, moths and most recently
coastal life and has been working on various wildlife projects particularly
from the Chennai region. Mahathi Narayanaswamy
is a 2nd year BSc physics student at Azim Premji
University, Bangalore. She is actively involved in wildlife work particularly
around Chennai, with most of her present work being on birds, butterflies and
moths. She is the founder of the Chennai Young Naturalists Network and is also
on the editorial team of Nature Trail, an e-magazine published by the network.
Author contributions: VMN—conceived and designed the
study, conducted a survey, prepared the checklists and photographed the
moths. RS—helped in literature and
comparison of specimens, results and discussion of the paper, helped compile the
picture collage and map. MN—contributed
to results and discussion and literature review also helped preparing charts.
All three authors approve the final version.
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank
Dr. Geetha Iyer for guiding us in the preparation of
the manuscript and the confirmation of the moth species recorded in the study.
Her inputs during the analysis of data were also extremely vital to eliminate
any confirmation bias in the study. The authors would also like to thank M.
Yuvan for his help in identifying the plants seen during the study and for his
valuable companionship.
Abstract: A study was conducted at Valmiki
Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India to explore its moth diversity from December 2018 to May 2021. This
manuscript presents a partial checklist of moths from Valmiki Nagar. Four
locations around the colony were studied to record the moth fauna. The study
sites were surveyed twice a month using a mercury vapour
lamp along with a white sheet, along with over 100 visits at night. Diurnal
surveys were conducted bimonthly to observe larval host plants and day flying
moths. A total of 135 species were recorded from the study area, belonging to
nine superfamilies. The most diverse family of moths
recorded was family Erebidae, with 39% of moths
recorded in the study belonging to this family, followed by Crambidae
(30%), Geometridae (8%), and other families
constituting the rest. The moth diversity in the month of July was seen to be
the highest. Along with this study, future studies on similar lines will help
in documenting the moth diversity of Chennai.
Keywords: Ecology, Endemic, Lepidoptera,
nocturnal, pollinators, seasonality, species richness.
Introduction
Moths are predominantly nocturnal
and complement butterflies, their daytime counterparts, as important
pollinators of flowers especially the night blooming ones (Anil &
Parthasarathy 2017).
Moths play an important role in
the food chain as prey for diverse organisms such as bats, birds, insects, and
reptiles (Raju & Ramana 2020).
Several species of moths are important ecological indicators of the
ecosystem’s health (Warren & Bourn
2011) due to their sensitivity to the changes in the environment and are model
organisms for habitat quality and climate change. Moths are often considered as
pests in agroecosystems due to the large-scale crop damage caused predominantly
in their larval stages (Sinu et al. 2013) and by some species in their adult
stages, like the fruit piercing moths (Eudocima
spp.).
India has recorded over 12,000
species of moths across 40 families
(Chandra & Nema 2007). Several studies
have been conducted across various locations in southern India. A large section
of the studies that were conducted in Tamil Nadu are from the ghat regions with none from urban residential set-ups.
Several studies from Tamil Nadu recorded varying moth diversity, including 188
species of Noctuoidea from four families (Sivasankaran et
al. 2017), five species of fruit piercing moths of the genus Eudocima
(Ramkumar et al. 2010a) and 27 species of moths belonging to the family Sphingidae from Kanyakumari (Iyer
& Kitching 2019). The most recently published moth diversity study at
Chennai is from the Adyar Eco-Park, where 90 species of moths (Nagarajan et al. 2021) were recorded. Another
study dealt with the coast of Chennai recorded 42 species (Nagarajan et al.
2022).
The current study aims at
documenting the species diversity of Valmiki Nagar (Chennai), thereby giving an
insight into the urban moth diversity of Chennai.
Study area
Chennai is the capital city of
the state of Tamil Nadu, situated along the Coromandel coast. The mean
temperature of Chennai is around 28.6 °C and it receives an annual mean
rainfall of 140 cm. However, most of the rain Chennai receives is in bulk
during the north-east monsoon. It also houses tropical dry evergreen forest,
scrub forests, grasslands, mangroves, and sand dune habitats. This wide range
of habitats is favourable for Chennai to host a
variety of fauna. A total of 1,039 species of plants have been recorded in
Chennai, 322 species of birds (eBird India 2020), and 18 species of mammals have also been
reported from Chennai. So far, no study on the moths recorded in the whole of
Chennai has been published, though several works are being pursued by the
authors to shed light on the same.
Valmiki Nagar is a residential
colony located in Thiruvanmiyur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India. Several private gardens and avenue trees growing in the neighbourhood encompass the natural vegetation of the study
area. The most predominant trees (mostly non-native) in the locality are Copperpod Tree Peltophorum
pterocarpum, Rain Tree Albizia
saman, Neem Tree Azadirachta
indica, Indian Ash Tree Lannea
coromandelica, Portia Tree Thespesia
populnea, Gulmohar Delonix regia, Pongame Tree Millettia pinnata, and Peepal Tree Ficus religiosa. It
is a coastal colony, located along the Bay of Bengal. Thickets growing in the
fringes of the beach account for species normally found in grasslands and open
country. This vegetation consists of Calotropis,
Devil’s Grass Cynodon dactylon,
and Acalypha indica.
To the north lies Kalakshetra, a thickly vegetated
campus that is known to house several forest fauna, including the Slender
Loris (Kumara
et al. 2017). Thiruvanmiyur is known to house 72
species of butterflies, with a majority of species recorded from Valmiki Nagar.
Valmiki Nagar alone has 98 species of birds recorded (eBird India 2021).
With such data publicly availed, the authors aim to shed light on the moth
diversity of the locality.
Methods
A preliminary survey was
conducted to find suitable light trapping sites. Four sites where substantial
moth diversity was observed were selected as survey sites. The locations have
been marked in Figure 1. From December 2018, regular and periodic moth
observations were made by setting up a moth sheet and surveying the walls of
apartments in the locality.
The moth sheet has been described
in the sentences that follow. A single white cloth (134 x 130 cm) was spread
out between two vertical poles. Above this cloth, a 150 W power mercury vapour lamp was placed and connected to the nearest power
supply. This screen was set up from 1930 h till 0030 h once every 15 days. This
was done to record changes in diversity due to changes in the lunar phase, if
any. Apart from the moth sheet, species visiting tube lights in common areas of
the community that were easily accessible moths were also recorded. These were
recorded in various staircases of apartment complexes in the community. These
surveys were conducted at least twice a week to generate significant data to
assess the seasonality of species and moth abundance throughout the year. To
maintain uniformity in data collection, the survey was conducted individually
along a transect and observations were made around the same time (2030–2200 h).
There are a few studies in India on the moth diversity in urban spaces. Thus, this was conducted to show the
cohabitation of moths in urban landscapes. Opportunistic nocturnal walks and
day walks were also carried out. Day walks were conducted to record species
that were active pollinators and to find moths that might have been otherwise
missed.
No live moths were collected
during the study attributing to the ethical beliefs of the authors. Moths were
recorded using visual observation and photographs. A Canon 5D Mark IV camera
along with a 100 mm macro lens was used to photograph the moths. No external
flash was used. However, in some cases, a flashlight was used to provide
illumination. Identification of the various species of moths was done by
comparing the external morphology of the observed moths to the descriptions
provided by Hampson (1892). Consultation with experts wherever possible,
references from citizen science initiatives like www.mothsofindia.org and www.inaturalist.org,
and the field guide by Shubhalaxmi (2018) were made
uses for identifying moths. Difficult to confirm species were left at genus
level.
Results
and Discussion
During the defined period of
observation, a total of 135 species of moths were recorded from the locality.
These include 11 species belonging to the superfamily Bombycoidea,
one species of Gelechioidea, 11 species of Geometroidea, one species of Hyblaeoidea,
66 species of Noctuoidea, 42 species of Pyraloidea, one species of Thyridoidea,
one species of Yponomeutoidea, and one species of Tortricidae. A complete annotated checklist of moths
recorded in the study can be found in Table 1. Out of these listed species, 97 of them
were photographed and have been represented in Image 1–98.
Out of the 135 species of moths,
100 species were seen in Site 1, 84 species were seen in Site 2, and 36 species
were seen in Site 3. Twenty-three species of moths were seen opportunistically
and not during the moth screen sessions.
Moth studies on the moth
diversity from Tamil Nadu are family- or subfamily-specific. The current study
attempts to understand the moth diversity from various families found in the
study area.
A study on Sphingid
moths from Kanyakumari (Iyer & Kitching 2019), the first of its kind from the
state, records 27 species of moths, of which six were recorded in the current
study. Cephonodes
picus was not recorded in the study at
Kanyakumari, while being observed regularly at Valmiki Nagar. Both Cephonodes spp. were observed in the day. During
this time, they were observed on flowers such as Alexandrian Laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum).
Neolamarckia kadamba
was the observed host plant for Cephonodes sp.
They were seen visiting walls in hot afternoons. They were only seen in June
and July in the study. In the current study, an interesting striped Hippotion moth was observed. Iyer & Kitching
(2019) described Hippotion boerhavia as a difficult species to confirm based on
morphology and is said to only be confirmable with genitalia examination of a
male specimen; but they do mention that H. boerhavia
has a more striped appearance and elongated forewing, as seen in the specimen
that was recorded in our current study, eliminating it from H. rosetta, which was also seen during the study. Another
similar species, H. rafflesii is known to
occur in southern India, but this species is known to have a rich brown ground colour and poses a pink shaded hind wing upper side tornus
(pale in the specimen dealt with in our study).
This leaves us with the only other option, H. echeclus,
a species known to occur in drier parts of southern India. However, this was
also eliminated due to the absence of a black upper margined under wing in the
specimen seen in our study. However, without a proper examination of the genitilia, it was decided to leave the specimen encountered
as a Hippotion sp. Hippotion
were seen nectaring and resting in the mornings on Sensieveria zylanica. Caterpillars of Hippotion
sp. were seen feeding on the Pongame Tree, which also
served as the host plant for Psilogramma vates. They were
best seen from June till October, most commonly in the months of July and
August. Caterpillars of Daphnis nerii were
observed feeding on Nerium oleander.
Superfamily Noctuoidea
was the most diverse superfamily in the study area, with moths belonging to the
family Erebidae being the most common and diverse in
the study area. Subfamily Erebinae was the most
diverse in this family. The most common species from the subfamily include Parallelia stuposa, Gramodes geometrica, Achaea janata, Pandesma sp., Trigonodes hyppasia, Mocis undata, Pericyma
glaucinans, and Lacera
noctilo. Subfamily Artcinae
were infrequently observed in the study area, except Amata passalis, which was seen commonly throughout the year,
especially after heavy rains. Amata passalis caterpillars were observed eating dead wood on
several occasions, as well as on Millettia pinnata. Amyna axis,
Helicoverpa armigera,
Spodoptera litura, Pseudozarba opella, and
Chrysodeixis sp. were the most commonly
seen members of the family Noctuidae. Spodoptera litura catterpillars were seen on a wide variety of garden plants
and weeds. The moth is known to have a wide variety of host plants according to
(Jian-Xiang et al. 2011).
A detailed diversity and seasonality
study on fruit piercing moths (genus Eudocima)
from the state describes the presence of five species, which are usually seen
from September to January (Ramkumar et
al. 2010b). The current study was able to find three out of these five, with
the seasonality of the species matching the trends observed by Ramkumar. In our
study, E. materna had a longer on wing period
among the fruit piercing moths, for almost eight months of the year, followed
by E. phalonia, as was the case in Ramkumar’s
study. It is also noteworthy that the present study and Ramkumar’s record the
same relative abundance between the species, E. materna
> E. phalonia > E. homaena.
These moths were found mainly in the second and third floors of apartments,
at a height of 20 and 30 feet from the ground, respectively. E. phalonia was
often seen hovering near pomegranate plants, while E. materna
was seen laying its eggs on a Citrus sp., both known host plants
for the respective species (Shubhalaxmi 2018).
A study by Rathikannu
in 2018 recorded 188 species of moths from this family from various locations
in Tamil Nadu (Rathikannu
et al. 2018), which lists most of the species seen in the current study. The
most diverse subfamily recorded in the study was subfamily Spilomelinae.
The most common species observed were Euclasta
sp., Paliga sp., Antigastra catalaunalis,
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis,
Sameodes cancellalis,
Spoladea recurvalis,
and Pygospila
tyres. During the observations made in this
study, crambid moths were most common in the second floor of apartments, at an
height of 6.1m (20 ft) from the ground. The most preferred season for
moths from this family was from June till October. Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis in particular was seen in swarms of up
to 200 individuals during the month of October.
Cydalima laticostalis
was the only observed exception, only seen in the study area from November to
March. Among the rare species, Agrotera basinotata,
Cnaphalocrocis patnalis,
and Pygospila costiflexalis
were only seen once during the study. Ipomea
pes-caprae and Canavalia
rosea grow in abundance along the beaches of
Valmiki Nagar, which attracted moths like Maruca
vitrata, Hellula undalis, Spoladea recurvalis, and Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis. The plants also served as diurnal
roosting spots for these moths, along with Plutella
xylostella, Scopula sp.,
Spodoptera spp., and Achyra sp.
Spoladea recurvalis
was also observed nectaring on Ixora sp., Wedelia tribobata
and Madagascar Periwinkle Catharanthus
roseus in apartment complexes during the day. From Chennai, it would be
important to survey moths from forested set-ups such as the Indian Institute of
Technology, Guindy National Park, Madras Christian College, and Theosophical
Society to ascertain the diversity of crambid moths in the area. Crambid moths
have been used in the field of environmental monitoring of genetically modified
crops (Lang et al. 2011).
Two species of micromoths were
commonly recorded in the study, namely, Plutella
xylostella and Loboschiza
koenigiana. Both species were seen throughout the
year, though more often in June and July. The known host plant for Loboschiza koenigiana,
Hibiscus rosa sinensis (Shubhalaxmi 2018),
is abundant in the study area, accounting for its common presence.
Moth diversity was not constant
through the various months of the year. The data collected by the authors
suggests that moth diversity peaked from June till October, with the month of
July recording the greatest number of species of moths. The rise and fall in the diversity of months
were very drastic as seen in Figure 2.
The sudden peak in May to June may be due to occasional showers and
possible local movement of moths due to the south-west monsoon. The second peak
was seen during the month of October that dropped post November. A similar
trend was observed during the survey carried out at Adyar Eco-Park, Chennai in
2019 (Nagarajan et al. 2021). A conjecture that may be derived based on the
observations from the current study, is that the north-east monsoon, which is
known to arrive in Tamil Nadu during that time, may facilitate moth emergence
in that period. These are conjectures that need a continuous study to confirm.
However, moth diversity was seen to drop post November at the study site.
Further study on the effect of temperature on moth diversity must be conducted.
The most diverse family of moths
recorded was the family Erebidae, with 39% of moths
recorded in the study belonging to this family, followed by Crambidae
(30%), Geometridae (8%) and other families. This
order in species diversity among the various moth families was similar to the
diversity of moths from a study recently conducted from Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, India (Nayak &
Ghosh 2020). The study highlights that the polyphagous nature of moths
belonging to the superfamily Noctuoidea might account
for their higher species richness in the urban localities like Banaras. The
results of the current study were compared to the findings of other moth
diversity studies (Singh et al. 2021)
recorded 19 species of moths from the urban landscape of Jodhpur. However, this
lower species diversity can be attributed to the difference the in the natural
vegetation between Jodhpur and Chennai. Since there is a deficit in published
urban moth studies from India, the authors of the current study have chosen to
highlight our results with any published report from an urban environment.
Figure 3 shows the species distribution among the various families of moths
recorded.
Conclusion
Moths are as abundant as
butterflies in urban spaces. A total of 135 species of moths were recorded from
Valmiki Nagar over a span of two years. Of these, 97 species were photographed
and have been presented in the current work. The most diverse family in the
study area was the family Erebidae. Nectaring plants that were often used by moths in the study
area were observed and reported in the current work. The current work would
hopefully serve to bring more urbanites to watch moths, thereby contributing to
a greater understanding of the role of moths in urban ecosystems.
Table 1. Checklist of moths
observed at Valmiki Nagar during the study.
|
|
Super-Family |
Family |
Sub-Family |
Species |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Eupterotidae |
Eupterotinae |
Eupterote sp. Hübner, 1820 |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Saturniidae |
Saturniinae |
Actias selene (Hübner, [1807]) |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Cephonodes hylas (Linnaeus, 1771) |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Cephonodes picus (Cramer, [1777]) |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Daphnis nerii (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Hippotion sp. Hübner, 1819 |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus, 1758) |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe, 1892) |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Macroglossum gyrans Walker, 1856 |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Psilogramma vates (Butler, 1875) |
|
|
Bombycoidea |
Sphingidae |
Sphinginae |
Theretra nessus (Drury, 1773) |
|
|
Gelechioidea |
Gelechiidae |
Dichomeridinae |
Dichomeris sp. Hübner, 1818 |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Achrosis sp. Guenée, 1857 |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Chiasmia eleonora (Cramer, [1780]) |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Chiasmia emersariaa (Walker, 1861) |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Chiasmia sp. Hübner, 1823 |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Cleora sp. Curtis, 1825 |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Ennominae |
Hyperythra lutea (Stoll, [1781]) |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Chrysocraspeda faganaria Guenée, [1858] |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Idaea sp. Treitschke,
1825 |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Scopula caesaria (Walker, 1861) |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Scopula sp. Schrank, 1802 |
|
|
Geometroidea |
Geometridae |
Sterrhinae |
Traminda mundissima (Walker, 1861) |
|
|
Hyblaeoidea |
Hyblaeidae |
|
Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Aganainae |
Asota caricae (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Aganainae |
Asota producta (Butler, 1875) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Aganainae |
Diagama hearseyana Moore, 1859 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Anobinae |
Plecoptera sp Gueén, 1852 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Anobinae |
Tephriopis sp. Walker, 1865 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Arctinae |
Amata passalis
(Fabricius, 1781) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Arctinae |
Ceryx sp Wallengren, 1863 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Arctinae |
Cyana bhatejai Singh & Kirti 2015 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Arctinae |
Creatonotos gangis (complex) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Arctinae |
Mangina syringa (Cramer, [1775]) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Boletobiinae |
Ataboruza divisa (Walker, 1862) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Calpinae |
Eudocima homaena (Hübner, [1823]) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Calpinae |
Eudocima materna (Linnaeus, 1767) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Calpinae |
Eudocima phalonia (Linnaeus, 1763) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Eulepidotinae |
Anticarsia irrorata (Fabricius, 1781) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Acantholipes sp. (Lederer, 1857) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Achaea janata
(Linnaeus,
1758) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Achaea serva
(Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Artena dotata (Fabricius, 1794) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Bastilla crameri (Moore, [1885]) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Bastilla simillima (Guenée, 1852) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Chalciope mygdon (Cramer, [1777]) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Parallelia stuposa (Fabricius, 1794) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Dysgonia cf torrida (Guenee, 1852) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Ericeia pertendens (Walker, 1858) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Ericeia inangulata (Guenée, 1852) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Erebus hieroglyphica
(Drury,
1773) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Erebus macrops (Linnaeus, 1768) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Fodina cuneigera (Butler, 1889) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Grammodes geometrica (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Grammodes stolida (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Hypocala subsatura Guenée, 1852 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Hypocala cf deflorta (Fabricius, 1794) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Ischyja sp. Hübner, [1823] |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Lacera noctilio (Fabricius, 1794) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Macaldenia palumba (Guenée,1852) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Mocis frugalis (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Mocis undata (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Ophiusa cf triphaenoides (Walker, 1858) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Pandesma sp Guenée, 1852 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Pericyma glaucinans (Guenée, 1852) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Polydesma boarmoide Guenée, 1852 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Rhesala sp. Walker, 1858 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Serrodes campana (Guenée, 1852) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Serrodes partita (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Sphingomorpha chlorea (Cramer, 1777) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Spirama sp. Guenée, 1852 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Erebinae |
Trigonodes hyppasia Cramer, [1779] |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Herminiinae |
Hydrillodes sp. Guenée, 1854 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Herminiinae |
Herminiinae sp. Leach, 1815 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Hypeninae |
Dichromia sagitta (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Hypeninae |
Hypena laceratalis Walker, [1859] |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Hypeninae |
Hypena cf obacerralis Walker, 1859 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Olene mendosa Hübner, 182 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Lymantriinae |
Somena scintillans Walker, 1856 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Erebidae |
Scoliopteryginae |
Anomis flava (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Acontiinae |
Acontia sp. Ochsenheimer, 1816 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Eustrotiinae |
Amyna axis Guenée, 1852 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Eustrotiinae |
Maliattha signifera (Walker, [1858]) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Eustrotiinae |
Pseudozarba opella (Swinehoe, 1855) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Heliothinae |
Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, [1809] |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Noctuinae |
Spodoptera exigua (Hübner, 1808) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Noctuinae |
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Noctuinae |
Leucania sp. Ochsenheimer, 1816 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Noctuidae |
Plusiinae |
Chrysodeixis spp Hübner, 1821 |
|
|
Noctuoidea |
Nolidae |
Risobinae |
Risoba obstructa Moore, 1881 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Acentropinae |
Parapoynx affinialis Guenée, 1854 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Acentropinae |
Parapoynx diminutalis Snellen, 1880 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Acentropinae |
Parapoynx stagnalis (Zeller, 1852) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Acentropinae |
Nymphicula blandialis (Walker, 1859) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Glaphyriinae |
Crocidolomia sp Zeller, 1852 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Glaphyriinae |
Hellula undalis (Fabricius, 1781) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Glaphyriinae |
Noorda blitealis Walker, 1859 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Pyraustinae |
Euclasta sp. Lederer, 1855 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Pyraustinae |
Paliga sp. Moore,
1886 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Pyraustinae |
Pyrausta phoenicealis (Hübner, 1818) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Pyraustinae |
Isocentris filalis (Guenée, 1854) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Schoenobiinae |
Scirpophaga sp. Treitschke,
1832 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Schoenobiinae |
Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker, 1863) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Agrotera basinotata Hampson, 1891 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Antigastra catalaunalis (Duponchel, 1833) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Chabula acamasalis (Walker, 1859) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée, 1854) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Cnaphalocrocis patnalis (Bradley, 1981) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Cnaphalocrocis rutilalis (Walker, [1859]) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Cydalima laticostalis (Guenée, 1854) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Diaphania indica (Saunders, 1851) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Herpetogramma licarsisalis (Walker, 1859) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Haritalodes derogate (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Hodebertia testalis (Fabricius, 1794) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Hydriris ornatalis (Duponchel, 1832) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Maruca vitrata Fabricius, 1787 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Nausinoe geometralis (Guenée, 1854) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Nausinoe pueritia (Cramer, [1780]) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Notarcha aurolinealis (Walker, 1859) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Omiodes sp. Guenée, 1854 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Pagyda salvalis Walker, 1859 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Palpita annulifer (complex) Inoue, 1996 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Parotis sp. Hübner, 1831 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Poliobotys ablactalis (Walker, 1859) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Pycnarmon cribata (Fabricius, 1794) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Pygospila costiflexalis Guenée,
1854 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Pygospila tyres (Cramer, [1780]) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Sameodes cancellalis (Zeller, 1852) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Crambidae |
Spilomelinae |
Syngamia latimarginalis (Walker, 1859) |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Pyralidae |
Galleriinae |
Lamoria sp. Walker,
1863 |
|
|
Pyraloidea |
Pyralidae |
Pyralinae |
Endotricha cf repandalis Fabricius, 1794 |
|
|
Thyridoidea |
Thyrididae |
Striglininae |
Banisia sp. Walker, 1863 |
|
|
Yponomeutoidea |
Plutellidae |
Pyralinae |
Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, [1758]) |
|
|
Tortricoidea |
Tortricidae |
Olethreutinae |
Loboschiza koenigiana (Fabricius, 1775) |
For
figures & images - - click here
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