Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2022 | 14(6): 21155–21160
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7490.14.6.21155-21160
#7490 | Received 03 June 2021 | Final
received 11 May 2022 | Finally accepted 28 May 2022
Attitudes and perceptions of
people about the Capped Langur Trachypithecus
pileatus (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae):
a preliminary study in Barail Wildlife Sanctuary,
India
Rofik Ahmed Barbhuiya
1, Amir Sohail Choudhury 2, Nazimur Rahman Talukdar 3 &
Parthankar Choudhury 4
1–4 Wildlife Conservation Research
Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Assam University,
Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
1,3 Centre for Biodiversity and
Climate Change Research, Udhayan, Assam 788155, India.
1 rofik.ab91@gmail.com, 2 amirsohailhk@gmail.com,
3 talukdar.nr89@gmail.com 4 parthankar@rediffmail.com
(corresponding author)
Abstract: Conservation of any species needs
the support and cooperation of local people. In order to understand the
attitudes and perceptions of the locals about the Capped Langur, the present
study was carried out around Barail Wildlife
Sanctuary in Assam. The study was carried out through a questionnaire,
semi-structured interviews, and interaction with forest staff & local
experts to assess the perception of present threats and conservation problems.
A total of 400 respondents were interviewed during the study periods. The
results reveal that a majority of respondents supported Capped Langur
conservation. Habitat loss and fragmentation was considered a major threat
(47%), followed by human exploitation (22%), developmental activities (17%),
agricultural extension (8%), and hunting & teasing (6%). Knowledge
concerning Capped Langurs and perceptions of threats varied considerably among
respondents. Increased awareness among local people is suggested to motivate
them towards conservation. Benefit sharing and promotion of value-added
services through skill development could also be highly rewarding.
Keywords: Assam, conservation, northeastern India, threats.
Editor: Mewa Singh, University of Mysore,
Mysuru, India. Date of publication: 26 June
2022 (online & print)
Citation: Barbhuiya,
R.A., A.S. Choudhury, N.R. Talukdar & P. Choudhury (2022). Attitudes and perceptions of
people about the Capped Langur Trachypithecus
pileatus (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae):
a preliminary study in Barail Wildlife Sanctuary,
India. Journal of
Threatened Taxa 14(6): 21155–21160. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7490.14.6.21155-21160
Copyright: © Barbhuiya
et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Our research is not funded by any
agency or organization.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Mr. Rofik Ahmed Barbhuiya is a PhD student. His research
focuses on behavioral aspects of primates. Mr. Amir Sohail
Choudhury is a PhD student. His research focuses on mammalian ecology
and distribution. Dr. Nazimur Rahman
Talukdar did his PhD on habitat ecology of Asiatic Elephant. His current
research focuses on diverse aspects of mammalian biology to climate change. Dr. Parthankar Choudhury
is the professor and former head. His research focuses on different aspects of
mammalian and avian biology. He has more than 100 scientific publications.
Author contributions: RAB & PC designed the study;
RAB, ASC, & NRT collected the data while RAB analyzed
the data, RAB wrote the first manuscript and all authors revised the
manuscript.
Acknowledgements: We are thankful to the staff in Cachar forest division of Assam for allowing access to the Barail Wildlife Sanctuary. We thank all the participants
for sharing their views and perceptions during our study. We are also thankful
to the Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Assam University, Silchar for providing adequate facilities to carry out the
research.
INTRODUCTION
Primates play an fundamntal role in the forest ecosystem as seed dispersers
and predators, and they are dependent on primary forest habitats (Chapman &
Onderdonk 1998; Kays & Allison 2001). Habitat
fragmentation, quality of habitat, and anthropogenic factors affect primate
diversity and abundance across their distribution (Rylands 1987; Chapman &
Peres 2001; Pyritz et al. 2010). It has been recorded
that some primates respond to these challenges by emigration, crowding, and
altered sex ratios, while others continue to thrive in the same area by
adjusting to anthropogenic threats (Baranga 2004;
Martins 2005; Rode et al. 2006; Schwitzer et al.
2011). In disturbed, degraded or fragmented habitats, animals also face loss of
roosting sites, reduced food resources, diminished escape cover, altered and
migratory routes (Kumar & Solanki 2004; Malhi et
al. 2008). They are likely to become more prone to natural disasters such as
hurricanes, floods, and seasonal droughts (Malhi et
al. 2008; Alho & Silva 2012).
Capped Langur Trachypithecus
pileatus (Image 1) is a folivorous
primate occurring in the northeastern states of
India, Bangladesh, northwestern Myanmar, Bhutan, and
southern China (Das et al. 2020). They live in multi-female groups, rarely with
more than one male (Stanford 1991; Mukherjee et al. 1995). The species occurs
in different habitats including bamboo stands, plantations, and tea gardens
(Choudhury 1989, 1996; Raman et al. 1995). Their population is on the decline
mainly due to habitat loss and forest degradation (Srivastava et al. 2001; Das
et al. 2020). Human population explosion, forest degradation by logging, tea
garden extension, fuel wood collection, and other construction activities
affect the healthy survival of Capped Langurs in Assam.
The present study was carried out
in Barail Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS), which is the only
protected area in southern Assam, northeastern India.
It is situated in the Barail Hill range on the
transitional zone between the Indo-Burmese and Indo-Chinese subregions
and surrounded by tea gardens from the southern side. Although some scattered
studies have been carried out on wildlife of this sanctuary, to date no study
was taken up on Capped Langurs. The wildlife sanctuary is a safe home for many
primates, including an ‘Endangered’ species, the Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock
hoolock; four ‘Vulnerable’ species including
Bengal Slow Loris Nycticebus bengalensis, Capped Langur, Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides,
and Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina (Choudhury 2013; Talukdar et al. 2018).
Besides, Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis, a ‘Near Threatened’ species, and Rhesus
Macaque Macaca mulatta,
a ‘Least Concern’ species also occur in the sanctuary. The present study was
done to develop a clear understanding of conflict of the Capped Langur with the
people of the fringe villages and threats that affect the survival of the
species. Here, we document the results of a questionnaire survey on the Capped
Langur in BWS. This work presents ongoing problems for the species and suggests
some effective measures for conservation in the region.
METHODS
Study area
The Barail Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Barak Valley
area of southern Assam districts. The area comprises of fourteen reserve
forests, out of which Barail Reserve forest and North
Cachar Reserve forests have been converted into BWS.
It is a newly declared sanctuary formed in 2004 through a gazette notification
of the Government of Assam (vide no. FRW-12/2001/pt/4,
dated 19 June 2004).
It is a
major catchment area and watershed zone for Barak valley. It covers a total
area of 326.24 km2 and is located at the 92.766–92.866 °E &
24.966–25.966 °N. The North Cachar part of the
sanctuary is located at 92.27–92.78 °E & 25.12– 25.18 °N (Figure 1). The
forests occupy the outlying ranges of hills that project out from the main
ranges of the Jaintia Hills and North Cachar Hills and undulate at the base. The highest point in
the BWS is Nemotha Peak with an altitude of
1,105 m. The southern slopes are steeper than the northern slopes. The
elevation ranges from 55 to more than 1,800 m and annual rainfall ranges
2,500–4,000 mm. The temperature is a minimum of 9 oC
in winter and highest 37 oC in summer, and
humidity varies from 62% to 83%. The administrative control of the BWS is under
the Southern Assam Forest Circle, Silchar, Assam.
The
sanctuary includes several rivulets—Jatinga, Daloo, Kayong, Gumra, and Boleswar—all of which
drain into Barak, the main river basin of the valley. Vegetation of the
sanctuary is a mix of tropical moist
evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forests which supports a wide
diversity of wildlife. The Sanctuary harbors 19
species of mammals including seven species of primates, 250 species of
avifauna, 23 species of amphibians, and 43 species of reptiles which are
globally threatened (Choudhury 2013; Talukdar et al. 2021). The plant diversity
of BWS comprises of 81 tree species, eight species of bamboo, and several
species of herbs & shrubs.
Data collection
A preliminary survey was
conducted from November 2016 to December 2018. The survey was carried out by a
set of close ended questionnaire. The questions were designed as per Mutanga (2015), Mir et al. (2015), Choudhury et al. (2019),
and Talukdar & Choudhury (2020) with slight modifications. The samples were
taken within the range of two kilometers from the
sanctuary, considering that the Capped Langurs do not usually come out to the
fringe villages. A pilot survey was carried out on a sample of 50 people,
giving special preference to the forest staff, village headman, hunters, and
local experts. Before interviewing the respondents, a pre-test was conducted
among a few respondents to assess their level of understanding of the
questionnaire. A total of 400 respondents were selected from all the villages
irrespective of their community. The sample size was realistic as the pilot
survey suggested homogeneous responses.
The study was done in two phases.
In the first phase, the photograph of the species was shown to the respondents
to identify if they have seen it. Only those respondents who knew the species
were selected for the next phase, i.e., feedback collection. For obtaining
feedback, preference was given to the senior-most family member, who was
expected to have an idea about the past as well as the present status of the
species, and all their perceptions were recorded based on the questionnaire set
for this. After this, the respondents were asked about the threats faced by the
Capped Langur in BWS, community responses for them, and the problems caused by
the species. The ideal reason for assessing the trends of species over time and
threats were noted in the field record book as short forms, for example,
Habitat loss and fragmentation ‘HF’, Developmental activities ‘DA’, and Hunting
& Teasing ‘HT’. Collected data were combined as per the objectives of study
and perceptions of people were used for population trend analysis. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 20 and the chi-square test
was applied to understand the significance level.
RESULTS
Perceptions
Results
reveal that the local people are aware of the species. Most respondents think
that the population of Capped Langur was decreasing (46.7%), while 30.3%
respondents believe that the population was increasing, whereas 23% people did
not know whether it was increasing or decreasing, and these varied
significantly (Table 1). All the respondents are regular visitors of the
sanctuary (as they harvest firewood and practice ‘jhum’ (slash and burn
cultivation). The majority of the respondents (59%) expressed that agricultural
crops (like jhum cultivation) in fringe areas and inside the sanctuary are not
damaged by the langur, whereas 26.3% of respondents were neutral, and 14.7%
said that they do cause damage to the crops There was a significant difference
in people’s perception. (χ2 =
126.52, df = 2, P <0.001). Large numbers of
respondents (58.2%) feel that the species should be conserved, 36% were
neutral, and a small segment (5.8%) did not speak in favor
of conservation (χ2 = 166.65, df = 2, P
<0.001). Most respondents (68.3%) are not well aware of the species
conservation status. Only 23.5% of respondents knew that it is a legally
protected animal and 8.2% thought it is not legally protected and the
difference was significant (χ2 = 233.41, df
= 2, P <0.001).
A total of
49.5% respondents reported that the species is good for the sanctuary, whereas
41.2% of respondents were not interested, and only 9.3% clearly expressed it
was not good to have the langur (χ2 = 108.49, df
= 2, P <0.001). A good number of respondents (53.8%) shared that they enjoy
to watch the species, but 43% respondents were silent and only 3.2% said no (χ2
= 169.84, df = 2, P <0.001).
When the
respondents were interviewed to know the species relation with regards to human
health, the maximum response (70.2%) was ‘do not know’, whereas the remaining
10.3% and 19.5% said ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ respectively (χ2 = 250.45, df = 2, P <0.001). Most of the respondents (57.2%) said
that the species is important for balancing the ecosystem whereas 35.8% of
respondents did not know about it and only 7% of people said that they had no
role (χ2 = 152.56, df = 2, P <0.001).
Threats to the Capped Langur in Barail Wildlife Sanctuary
It was found that most people
were well aware of the threats to the Capped Langur (Figure 2). The majority of
respondents (47%) informed that habitat loss and fragmentation are significant
threats to the species and its population decline. Another section of the
respondents stated that human exploitation (22%) was the second most important
factor due to wood collection for fuel and house construction by the people in
the fringe villages. Developmental activities (17%) like road constructions and
sand & stone collection from the rivers of the sanctuary were affecting
their habitats. A few of the respondents thought that agriculture extensions
(8%) through the practice of jhum inside the sanctuary was
also a reason for habitat destruction. The remaining respondents indicated that
hunting & teasing (6%) affected the survival of the species in the
sanctuary.
DISCUSSION
Most people believed that the
population of the Capped Langur was declining. Many of them opined that these
langurs were now not as frequently seen as in the past decades. Villagers
regularly roam in the buffer areas of the sanctuary, where they had witnessed a
deterioration of forest cover due to increase in timber logging, firewood
collection, and jhum practices. Thus, the langurs might have shifted to
their traditional forage areas in the core of BWS to good quality forests, and
hence their reported perceptions. The Capped Langurs sometimes come to the
fringe areas, especially in the morning hours to forage on crops and hence a
few of the respondents reported loss of crops to langurs, while the majority of
the respondents did not experience similar incidents. Respondents opined that
they drove away the animals during the onset of jhum cultivation so as
to minimize crop loss and show a strong ability to adapt to living close to
human settlements. Large core areas of the sanctuary are sufficient to fulfill the needs of the Capped Langur. From most of the
respondents, positive attitudes were documented on the conservation of the
langur. A few of the respondents
experienced conflict and thus had negative attitude towards conservation
of the species thinking that it would cause loss to their shifting cultivation
practices. The percentage of respondents (36%) who kept silent on conservation
of the species is not negligible and they need to be sensitized to increase
cooperation for conservation.
Although most of the respondents
have a low educational background, they believe that the species was important
for the forest. Only a small fraction of the respondents knew that these
langurs were legally protected, but the majority of the respondents had no
knowledge about the conservation status of the species. This reflects the need
for awareness for the species. None of the respondents reported that the death
of langurs happens because of conflict or demand for their meat.
Habitat loss and fragmentation
are the main threats for the Capped Langur in the sanctuary (Image 2). Jhum
cultivation and large-scale harvesting of forest resources in the form of
firewood collection from the sanctuary are also major reasons for the reduction
the habitat. Although tea and rubber plantations within reserve forests are the
major factors for the destruction of natural habitats in southern Assam
(Talukdar et al. 2018), the local people in BWS have destroyed the habitat by
jhum and fuelwood collection. Jhum cultivation is one of the biggest threats
for wildlife including primates in northeastern
states (Johnsingh 1985; Katti
1992; Choudhury 1996). It is done by tribal communities for planting several
crops, fruits, and betel nut. Jhum cultivation leads to soil erosion and
landslides ultimately damaging large forest covers through the creation of
canopy gaps and depletion of food (Choudhury 2013). Increasing land for
monoculture activities especially betel nut plantation in human settlement
fringe areas of the sanctuary is another major threat. It was found that local
people collect timber yielding plants for house and furniture construction and
also for selling them to support their livelihood. Commercial mining of stone
creates landslide in Jatingah River and other small
riverbanks within the sanctuary. These are the major factors that affect
survival of wildlife including primates (Fahrig 1997;
Srivastava 2006). Habitat loss causes reduction in population size in
particular forest areas and ultimately increases the chances for some species
to become locally extinct (Burkey 1995).
Road construction and a railway
line inside the sanctuary are also threats for the Capped Langur. There is
regular railway line repairing due to damages of its track especially in monsoon
season after introducing the new broad-gauge line in 2015. Also, National
Highway 27 is under construction inside the sanctuary and NH 54 also traverses
through the western boundary of the sanctuary. A considerable number of
landslide incidences take place in these tracts every year between April and
September. Once the construction of NH 27 is over, it will cause hindrance for
the free movement of animals, especially Capped Langurs as they prefer to use
tree canopy for travel. This aspect deserves the sincere attention of
conservationists.
The increasing human population
is another major threat to wild animals in the BWS. A rising population entails
increasing consumption of food, water, and fuel (Ehrlich & Anne 1970; Cincotta & Engelman 2000). This leads to reducing the
habitat of wildlife inside the sanctuary (Figure 3). Extension of agricultural
land, especially monoculture activities, consumes the natural forests in human
settlement areas near or fringe villages of the sanctuary. People residing inside
the sanctuary especially tribal people have started practicing Betel Nut Areca
catechu and Pan Piper betel plantation (Figure 3). Both have good
market value as these are consumed by the locals as a mouth freshener and
psycho stimulant i.e., creates a sense of well-being and decreases
depression.
Table 1. Perception of people
about various questions and its calculated value.
|
Question |
Category |
χ2 |
p |
||
1 |
Do you think the number of
Capped Langur has been increasing in BWS? |
Yes |
No |
Neutral |
35.56 |
0.001 |
121 (30.3%) |
187 (46.7) |
92 (23%) |
||||
2 |
Do you think Capped Langurs are
harmful for Agricultural crops? |
59 (14.7%) |
236 (59%) |
105 (26.3) |
126.52 |
0.001 |
3 |
Is it important to conserve
Capped Langur in BWS? |
233 (58.2%) |
23 (5.8%) |
144 (36%) |
166.65 |
0.001 |
4 |
Are Capped Langurs legally
protected animal? |
94 (23.5%) |
33 (8.2%) |
273 (68.3%) |
233.41 |
0.001 |
5 |
Do you think Capped Langur is
good for BWS and local people? |
198 (49.5%) |
37 (9.3%) |
165 (41.2%) |
108.49 |
0.001 |
6 |
Do you think Capped Langur has
the recreational value? |
215 (53.8%) |
13 (3.2%) |
172 (43%) |
169.84 |
0.001 |
7 |
Is it good for human health? |
41 (10.3%) |
78 (19.5%) |
281 (70.2%) |
250.45 |
0.001 |
8 |
Do you think Capped Langur
balance the ecosystem? |
229 (57.2%) |
28 (7%) |
143 (35.8%) |
152.56 |
0.001 |
For figures &
images - - click here for full PDF
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