Journal of Threatened
Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2022 | 14(9): 21862–21869
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7458.14.9.21862-21869
#7458 | Received 21 May 2021 | Final received
09 July 2022 | Finally accepted 07 September 2022
Woody plant wealth of
Therikadu Reserve Forest, Tuticorin, India: a
checklist
V. Muneeswaran 1 & M. Udayakumar
2
1,2 Department of Plant
Science, Manonmaniam Sundaranar
University, Abishekpatti, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
627012, India
1 muneesmsc2016@gmail.com,
2 udayakumar@msuniv.ac.in (corresponding author)
Abstract: A qualitative survey
was conducted to record the woody plant wealth of Carnatic Umbrella Thorn
Forest (CUTF) existing within the Therikadu Reserve
Forest (TRF), Tuticorin district, southeastern Coast, Peninsular India. A sum
of 35 man-days was spent on the field to prepare a woody plant checklist. All
collected specimens were identified up to the species level with the help of
floras. A sum of 105 species belonging to 83 genera in 37 families were
recorded from the study area. The family Fabaceae represented by a large number
of species (36 species) followed by Bignoniaceae (5)
and Rubiaceae (4). Eight families represented by
three species each, while 16 families represented by a single species each.
CUTF acts as a home for one of the IUCN’s endangered species, Pterocarpus santalinus.
The reserve forest and sacred grove status are keeping TRF as an intact and
relatively undisturbed ecosystem.
Keywords: Carnatic Umbrella
Thorn Forest, CUTF, dry forest, endangered species, peninsular Indian forest,
Tamil Nadu.
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 September 2022
(online & print)
Citation: Muneeswaran,
V. & M. Udayakumar (2022). Woody plant wealth of
Therikadu Reserve Forest, Tuticorin, India: a
checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(9): 21862–21869. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7458.14.9.21862-21869
Copyright: © Muneeswaran & Udayakumar 2022. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Science and Engineering Research
Board, Government of India, New Delhi (No.
CRG/2019/003148 dt. 05 February
2020).
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: M. Udayakumar, an assistant
professor, has been awarded INSPIRE Fellowship, Young Scientist, and Core
Research Grant. His area of interests are forest ecology and angiosperm
systematics. S. Muneeswaran
is currently doing PhD under the guidance of MU in the field of forest ecology.
Author contribution: MU designed and
conceptualized the study. MU and VM conducted field surveys, collection,
identification and documentation of woody plants from study area. VM prepared
the first draft of the manuscript and MU corrected it.
Acknowledgements: We thank the DFO, Thoothukudi district for the permission to conduct the
field study and Mr. S. Nagaraj and J. Evitex Izayas for their help and support during the survey. The
writing of this manuscript was supported by Science and Engineering Research
Board, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi,
India (No. CRG/2019/003148 dated 05 February 2020).
INTRODUCTION
Forests play a vital
role in regulating the climate and provide a large number of ecosystem services
to all living organisms including human beings (Montagnini
& Jordan 2005). Thorn forest is one of the highly neglected forest
ecosystems; information related to biodiversity wealth, carbon stock, and
sequestration are very limited. Thorn forests act as a home for a large number
of woody plant species (liana, shrub, and tree). The forests flourish in the
larger part of dried regions in India. Thorn forest covers 16,491 km2
of the geographical area in India. Indian states namely, Punjab, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are
endowed with thorn forest vegetation (Champion & Seth 1968). The thorn
forest is characterized by short thorny bush and shrub vegetation and
experiences dry season for about six to nine months in a year. Plants are
leafless for the most part of the year, usually have very thin leaves protected
by sharp structures such as spines, thorns or prickles. Sharp structures are
part of the structural defence, protecting
photosynthetic tissue from herbivores. Besides, the roots are predatory in
nature and spreading near the soil surface as concentrations of essential macro
and micronutrients are very limited in dry forests (e.g., Udayakumar
& Sekar 2017). A type of thorn forest occurring
in Dharmapuri, Kanyakumari, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Thoothukudi, Tirunelveli and Ramanathapuram
districts has been designated as Carnatic Umbrella Thorn Forest by Champion
& Seth (1968). A checklist of the species at national, state, district and
ecosystem level is highly useful to estimate the plant wealth and habitat of
species (Udayakumar & Parthasarathy 2012).
Earlier, Nair & Srinivasan (1981) found Acacia planifrons
and Borassus flabellifer
as dominant species of CUTF in Ramanathapuram
district, Tamil Nadu. Singh et al. (1999) found CUTF as one of the homes for
slender Loris. Venkatesh et al. (2021) designated CUTF as the important habitat
for mammalian small carnivores. Selvakumari & Rajakumar (2012) recorded wild edible plants from CUTF,
Tuticorin. Recently, Venu & Velmayil
(2021) investigated geochemistry, minerology and texture of Teri sediments.
Information on plant diversity of CUTF in Tamil Nadu is scarce hence this study
was conducted to record the woody plant wealth of Therikadu
Reserve Forest located in Thoothukudi district,
southern India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Therikadu forest ecosystem is
protected as a reserve forest by the Department of Forests, Government of Tamil
Nadu since 21 July 1982. Study area located in Tiruchendur
taluk of Tuticorin district in Tamil Nadu. The geographical coordinates of the
study area are 8.73345–8.74976 N & 77.98351–78.07294 E (Image 1). The
altitude of the study area is 30 m, while the mean annual rainfall and minimum
& maximum temperature are 750 mm and 28 & 320C. The study
area receives a major proportion of the rainfall during the north-east monsoon
(October to December), (Thoothukudi District Website
2021).
Field survey
As a part of the
establishment of 50 ha forest dynamics plot in Therikadu
Reserve Forest a qualitative survey was conducted to record the woody plant
diversity. A sum of 35 man-days spent on the field to record woody plant wealth
of TRF. About 10 sacred groves are located within the TRF. TRF housed large
number of temples and local deities, among them Arunchunaikaththa
ayyanar and Karukkuvel ayyanar temples (Tamil) are notable and visited by large
number of people during festival seasons. All the woody plants, viz., shrubs,
lianas and tree growing in TRF were collected and identified up to species
level with the help of regional floras and available checklists (Gamble &
Fischer 1921–1935; Nair & Henry 1983; Matthew 1991). Author citation
followed The Plant List (http://theplantlist.org) and POWO (2021).
Reproductive phenophase of trees
A total of 525
individuals, five individuals each per species were marked with paint to record
flowering, and fruiting phenophases of trees. All the
marked individuals were observed monthly (during first week of the month) for
the period of two years. Woody plants which had flowers and fruits (young,
mature and dried) were considered as ‘reproducing’.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Species richness and
lifeform
The qualitative plant
survey allowed us to record a sum of 105 woody plant species spread in 83
genera and 37 families. The most speciose family in the study area is Fabaceae
(36 species) followed by Bignoniaceae (5), and Rubiaceae (4). Ten families had two species each, eight
families represented by three species each, while 16 families represented by
just single species’ each in CUTF (Table 1; Image 2, 3).
Of 105 woody species
78 are trees, 17 are shrubs and 10 lianas. One-third of the recorded species are
introduced to the ecosystem by the forest department. The study area also had a
significant number of economically important and cultivated species (Table 1).
The forest department planted this species, and they are growing well within
TRF.
Acacia planifrons, Borassus
flabellifer, Dalbergia
spinosa, Dodonaea
viscosa, Morinda
coreia, and Tecomella
undulata are commonly present in the study area.
Non-native species such as Acacia auriculiformis,
A. holosericea, A. melanoxylon,
Cordia sebestena, Eucalyptus tereticornis,
Millingtonia hortensis, Spathodea companulata, Senna siamea, Tabebuia rosea, and
Tectona grandis were
planted by the forest department to enhance the green cover. Eleven non-native
fruit yielding trees including Anacardium occidentale, Annona squamosa, Carica papaya, Cocos nucifera, and Psidium
guajava were planted in and around the sacred
groves.
Woody plant richness
recorded from the study area is higher than in similar CUTF ecosystem (44
species including 17 trees, 8 lianas, and 19 shrubs) flourishing within Hosur
Forest Division (Tiwari & Ravikumar 2018a) and Dharmapuri district of Tamil
Nadu, India (21 trees, 7 lianas, and 25 shrubs) (Tiwari & Ravikumar 2018b).
The CUTF of Thoothukudi endowed with a greater number
of species than in other dry forests of Tamil Nadu. For example, Nagaraj & Udayakumar (2021) and Evitex-Izayas
& Udayakumar (2021) recorded 18 (14 genera and 11
families) and 26 species (19 genera and 15 families) from southern thorn forest
ecosystems in Vallanadu blackbuck sanctuary and Uthumalai reserve forest, respectively. The STF in Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri districts endowed with a sum of
52 woody species each (Tiwari & Ravikumar 2018a,b).
However, species
richness of TRF is similar to that of southern dry mixed deciduous forest,
Hosur, Tamil Nadu (56 trees, 7 lianas, and 42 shrubs, total 105 species; Tiwari
& Ravikumar 2018a). Conversely, species richness of study area is lower
than that of the tropical dry evergreen forest (TDEF) of Coromandel Coast,
Tamil Nadu (86 trees and 44 lianas; as in Udayakumar
& Parthasarathy 2012). The study also designated 149 woody species as core
TDEF species.
Reproductive
phenology of woody plants
Among 105 woody
species, 23 species started to produce flowers and fruits during the month of
February, gradually the number reduced in to one during the month of August.
Notably, one-fourth of all the recorded species flowered and fruited throughout
the year (Table 1). The length of the reproductive phenophase
varied from two to twelve months. A sum of 26 species had 12 months of
reproductive phenophase, three species had 10 months,
while two species had just three months in study area. The mean length of
reproductive phenophase recorded as 7.25±3.26months.
The TRF is relatively
undisturbed compared to other forests. Reserve forest category and the presence
of sacred groves within the TRF are reasons behind the protection. In addition,
people dwelling around the TRF never collect any part of the plant for personal
uses, they consider TRF as a home for their deity.
CONCLUSION
Woody plant wealth of
CUTF existing within the Therikadu Reserve Forest is
higher than in CUTF of Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri
districts of Tamil Nadu. The forest flourishing in a dry environment and
endowed with a moderate diversity of native trees. The occurrence of the larger
specimens of Acacia planifrons indicates that
TRF is relatively undisturbed for at least 50 years. Additionally, one can
witness a large number of downed and decaying dead woods and trees within the
forest, no one collect these deadwoods for any uses. The reserve forest and
sacred grove statuses are keeping TRF as an intact and relatively undisturbed
ecosystem.
Table 1. Binomial, family, life form, flowering and fruiting seasons of
woody plants recorded from CUTF of Therikadu Reserve
Forest, southern India. (Introduced species are marked with an asterisk ‘*’
symbol).
|
|
Botanical name |
Family |
Life form |
Flowering and
fruiting seasons |
|
1 |
Abrus precatorius L. |
Fabaceae |
Liana |
Throughout the year |
|
2 |
*Acacia auriculiformis Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–June |
|
3 |
*Acacia chundra (Rottler) Willd. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
4 |
Acacia horrida (L.)Willd. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
July–November |
|
5 |
*Acacia holosericea G.Don |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
June–October |
|
6 |
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
July–December |
|
7 |
Acacia planifrons Wight & Arn. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–March |
|
8 |
*Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
July–February |
|
9 |
*Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–October |
|
10 |
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa |
Rutaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
11 |
Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. |
Simaroubaceae |
Tree |
January–April |
|
12 |
Albizia amara (Roxb.) B.Boivin |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
September–June |
|
13 |
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–May |
|
14 |
*Anacardium occidentale
L. |
Anacardiaceae |
Tree |
March–May |
|
15 |
*Annona squamosa
L. |
Annonaceae |
Tree |
April–July |
|
16 |
Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb.ex
DC.) Wall. ex Guillem. & Perr. |
Combretaceae |
Tree |
August–February |
|
17 |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss. |
Meliaceae |
Tree |
April–July |
|
18 |
Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. |
Lecythidaceae |
Tree |
February–April |
|
19 |
*Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
November–April |
|
20 |
Bauhinia racemosa Lam. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
September–January |
|
21 |
*Borassus flabellifer L. |
Arecaceae |
Tree |
March–June |
|
22 |
*Caesalpinia pulcherrima
(L.) Sw. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–June |
|
23 |
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston |
Rubiaceae |
Shrub |
January–June |
|
24 |
*Carica papaya L. |
Caricaceae |
Shrub |
Throughout the year |
|
25 |
*Cassia fistula L. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
March–February |
|
26 |
*Casuarina equisetifolia L. |
Casuarinaceae |
Tree |
June–December |
|
27 |
Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.)
Tirveng. |
Rubiaceae |
Shrub |
February–December |
|
28 |
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. |
Malvaceae |
Tree |
February–June |
|
29 |
Cissus quadrangularis L. |
Vitaceae |
Liana |
February–October |
|
30 |
Cissus vitiginea L. |
Vitaceae |
Liana |
June–November |
|
31 |
Cissus heyneana Planch. |
Vitaceae |
Liana |
July–November |
|
32 |
*Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle |
Rutaceae |
Shrub |
Throughout the year |
|
33 |
*Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck |
Rutaceae |
Shrub |
February–September |
|
34 |
*Cocos nucifera L. |
Arecaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
35 |
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt |
Cucurbitaceae |
Liana |
Throughout the year |
|
36 |
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. |
Minispermaceae |
Liana |
July–March |
|
37 |
Commiphora berryi (Arn.) Engl. |
Burseraceae |
Shrub |
Throughout the year |
|
38 |
*Cordia sebestena L. |
Boraginaceae |
Shrub |
Throughout the year |
|
39 |
Ctenolepis garcini (L.) C.B.Clarke |
Cucurbitaceae |
Liana |
September–April |
|
40 |
Crateva religiosa G.Forst. |
Capparaceae |
Tree |
January–August |
|
41 |
Dalbergia spinosa Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Shrub |
March–August |
|
42 |
Dalbergia sissoo DC. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–May |
|
43 |
Delonix elata (L.) Gamble |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
April–August |
|
44 |
*Delonix regia (Hook.)
Raf. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
April–August |
|
45 |
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–June |
|
46 |
Dichrostachys santapaui Sebast. & Ramam. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
May–December |
|
47 |
Erythrina variegata L. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
April–July |
|
48 |
*Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. |
Myrtaceae |
Tree |
April–August |
|
49 |
Ficus benghalensis L. |
Moraceae |
Tree |
February–June |
|
50 |
Ficus mollis Vahl |
Moraceae |
Tree |
May–August |
|
51 |
Ficus religiosa L. |
Moraceae |
Tree |
March–May |
|
52 |
Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. |
Salicaceae |
Shrub |
December–August |
|
53 |
Flueggea virosa (Roxb.ex Willd.) Royle |
Phyllanthaceae |
Shrub |
October–January |
|
54 |
*Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.)
Walp. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–May |
|
55 |
Gmelina arborea Roxb. |
Lamiaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
56 |
Guettarda speciosa L. |
Rubiaceae |
Tree |
February–June |
|
57 |
Hardwickia binata Roxb. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
June–April |
|
58 |
Holoptelea grandis (Hutch.) Mildbr. |
Ulmaceae |
Tree |
February–March |
|
59 |
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. |
Anacardiaceae |
Tree |
April–June |
|
60 |
Lawsonia inermis L. |
Lythraceae |
Shrub |
January–June |
|
61 |
*Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
62 |
*Leucaena leucocephala
(Lam.) de Wit |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
63 |
Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig
ex L.) J.F.Macbr. |
Sapotaceae |
Tree |
October–April |
|
64 |
Mangifera indica L. |
Anacaridiaceae |
Tree |
January–June |
|
65 |
*Manilkara zapota (L.)
P.Royen |
Sapotaceae |
Tree |
February - June |
|
66 |
Melia azedarach L. |
Meliaceae |
Tree |
March–September |
|
67 |
*Millingtonia hortensis
L.f. |
Bigononiaceae |
Tree |
February–May |
|
68 |
Morinda coreia Buch.-Ham. |
Rubiaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
69 |
Moringa oleifera Lam. |
Moringaceae |
Tree |
March–October |
|
70 |
*Muntingia calabura L. |
Muntingiaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
71 |
*Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. |
Oleaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
72 |
Pandanus odorifer (Forssk.)
Kuntze |
Pandanaceae |
Shrub |
October–April |
|
73 |
*Parkinsonia aculeata L. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
74 |
Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. |
Apocynaceae |
Liana |
Throughout the year |
|
75 |
Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
January–April |
|
76 |
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
February–October |
|
77 |
*Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
January–May |
|
78 |
*Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels |
Phyllanthaceae |
Shrub |
Throughout the year |
|
79 |
Phyllanthus emblica L. |
Phyllanthaceae |
Tree |
March–June |
|
80 |
Pisonia grandis R.Br. |
Nyctaginaceae |
Shrub |
September - October |
|
81 |
*Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.)
Benth. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
January–April |
|
82 |
*Plumeria rubra L. |
Apocynaceae |
Shrub |
January–June |
|
83 |
*Polyalthia longifolia
(Sonn.) Thwaites |
Annonaceae |
Tree |
April–June |
|
84 |
*Prosopis
chilensis (Molina) Stuntz |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
85 |
*Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
86 |
*Psidium guajava L. |
Myrtaceae |
Tree |
March–August |
|
87 |
Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy |
Convolvulaceae |
Liana |
Octobe–April |
|
88 |
Sapindus emarginatus Vahl |
Sapindaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
89 |
Sapindus trifoliatus L. |
Sapindaceae |
Tree |
November–March |
|
90 |
*Spathodea campanulata
P.Beauv. |
Bignoniaceae |
Tree |
December–March |
|
91 |
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
92 |
*Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin
& Barneby |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
93 |
Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.)
DC. |
Bignoniaceae |
Tree |
April–June |
|
94 |
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels |
Myrtaceae |
Tree |
May–November |
|
95 |
*Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) Bertero ex A.DC. |
Bigononiaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
96 |
*Tamarindus indica L. |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
December - June |
|
97 |
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seen. |
Bigononiaceae |
Tree |
January–October |
|
98 |
Tectona grandis L.f. |
Lamiaceae |
Tree |
February–August |
|
99 |
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. |
Combretaceae |
Tree |
February–August |
|
100 |
Terminalia catappa L. |
Combretaceae |
Tree |
February–May |
|
101 |
Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa |
Malvaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
102 |
Thespesia populneoides (Roxb.)
Kostel. |
Malvaceae |
Tree |
Throughout the year |
|
103 |
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.)
Merr. |
Menispermaceae |
Liana |
February–June |
|
104 |
*Ziziphus jujuba Mill. |
Rhamanaceae |
Shrub |
November–July |
|
105 |
Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. |
Rhamanaceae |
Shrub |
May–July |
For
images – click here for full PDF
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