Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2021 | 13(14): 20153–20166
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7342.13.14.20153-20166
#7342 | Received 18 April 2021 | Final
received 01 June 2021 | Finally accepted 26 November 2021
Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Aryanad Grama Panchayat, Kerala, India
Reji Chandran 1 & A. Vivek
Chandran 2
1,2 Society for Odonate
Studies, Vellooparampil, Kuzhimattom
PO, Kottayam, Kerala 686533, India.
2 Department of Geology and
Environmental Science, Christ College, Irinjalakuda,
Thrissur, Kerala 680125, India.
1 itsreji.chandran@gmail.com, 2
avivekchandran2@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: K.A.
Subramanian, Zoological Survey of India, Chennai, India. Date of publication: 26 December 2021 (online &
print)
Citation: Chandran, R. & A.V. Chandran
(2021). Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Aryanad Grama Panchayat, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(14): 20153–20166. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7342.13.14.20153-20166
Copyright: © Chandran & Chandran 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Reji Chandran is an event
photographer by profession. He is a passionate observer of odonates
and has contributed photographs of many rare species in multiple field guides.
He has a special interest in finding and studying uncommon endemics of the
Western Ghats. A. Vivek Chandran is an odonate researcher pursuing his PhD at Christ College
(Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Kerala. His prime
interests are odonate taxonomy and ecology. He writes
popular articles on odonates to communicate his
findings to the general public.
Author contributions: RC carried out the fieldwork and analysed the data.
AVC designed the study, helped with the fieldwork and prepared the
manuscript.
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Thomson Saburaj for his help in the field and Society for Odonate Studies (SOS) for the technical support rendered
throughout the study. The first author is grateful to the group Nat-trails,
Thiruvananthapuram for the encouragement.
Abstract: A year-long study to document the
diversity and seasonality of odonates was conducted
at Aryanad Grama Panchayat,
Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, southern India. A total of 93 species (56
dragonflies and 37 damselflies) belonging to 12 families were recorded.
Twenty-four species of odonates recorded are endemic
to the Western Ghats, three to peninsular India and one to India. Small streams
showed the highest species richness, hosting 69 species and ponds the lowest
with 59 species. Species richness showed a peak during the southwest monsoon
season and a dip in winter. The study highlights the importance of biodiversity
documentation at regional level.
Keywords: Endemic, seasonality, southern
India, species richness, Western Ghats.
INTRODUCTION
Protected areas are the
cornerstones of global biodiversity conservation efforts. India has established
a network of protected areas covering approximately 4.8% of its geographical
area, but it is impossible to bring the entire range of biodiversity under this
network (Mathur & Sinha 2008). It is therefore, imperative that we take
measures to document and conserve biodiversity outside protected areas. Under
the Biological Diversity Act of 2002, the Grama
Panchayats in India are mandated to form Biodiversity Management Committees
(BMCs) for the documentation, conservation and sustainable use of bioresources.
Kerala is the first state in India to form BMCs in all its local bodies (Kerala
State Biodiversity Board 2021). However, the documentation of insect
biodiversity is incomplete in most of the People’s Biodiversity Registers
(PBRs) prepared by the BMCs.
Dragonflies and damselflies,
which together form the insect Order Odonata are considered as important
components of freshwater ecosystems as well as good indicators of ecosystem
health because of their amphibious life history, relatively short generation
time, high trophic position and diversity (Corbet 1993; Clark & Samways
1996). Biodiversity of insects is threatened worldwide (Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys 2019) and one
in 10 species of dragonflies and damselflies is threatened with extinction (Clausnitzer et al. 2009). This global decline of insect
populations is feared to cause a catastrophic collapse of earth’s ecosystems
(May 2010). The endemic species of odonates have a
narrow distribution across the Western Ghats, occurring in only small patches
of suitable habitats (Subramanian et al. 2011; Koparde
et al. 2014). Aryanad (8.556–8.677 0N
& 77.071–77.224 0E) is an agricultural village under the
foothills of Agasthyamalai of southern Western Ghats
in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala (Figure 1). The predominant crops grown
here are coconut, rubber, banana, and vegetables (Government of Kerala 2021). Aryanad lies adjacent to the Peppara
Wildlife Sanctuary and the Karamana River that
originates in the Western Ghats flows through the village.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four ponds (with area less than
30 m2), three small streams (with width approximately 0.5 m), five
large streams (with width approximately 2 m) and the Karamana
River having a width of approximately 6 m were selected in Aryanad
Grama Panchayat for sampling odonates
(Image 1). Each habitat was visited once
every month from 1 December 2019 to 30 November 2020. Visual encounter surveys
(VES) were done to document the odonates, where the
observer walked along the edge of each waterbody for 20 minutes and recorded
all the odonate species encountered. All the field
visits were made between 0900 h and 1100 h. The odonates
were photographed using a Nikon Z6 mirror-less camera and Nikon 105 mm macro
lens. The individual odonates were identified to the
species level referring to taxonomic monographs (Fraser 1933, 1934, 1936) and
field guides (Subramanian 2005, 2009; Kiran & Raju 2013). A checklist was
prepared using systematic arrangement and taxonomy according to Kalkman et al. 2020. The study period was divided into four
seasons for data analysis—winter (December–February), summer (March–May),
south-west monsoon (June–August), and north-east monsoon (September–November).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 93 species of odonates (56 dragonflies and 37 damselflies) from 12
families were recorded from Aryanad Grama Panchayat (Table 1, Images 2–6). This accounts for
more than half (53%) of the odonate species recorded
from the state of Kerala till date (Society for Odonate
Studies 2021). In comparable studies, only 82 species of odonates
were recorded from Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary
(Varghese et al. 2014) and 48 from Chinnar Wildlife
Sanctuary (Adarsh et al. 2015). The high odonate
diversity documented from Aryanad Grama
Panchayat is probably due to the diverse habitats it sustains and its proximity
to forests including those of Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary.
Out of the 93 species recorded from Aryanad, 24 are
endemic to the Western Ghats, three to Peninsular India and one to India. Small
streams had the highest species count and ponds the least (Figure 2). The
species richness showed a peak during the south-west monsoon when 90 species
were recorded and a dip in winter, when only 30 species could be seen (Figure
3).
The records of the following
species are significant considering their endemicity, rarity and threat status
(Subramanian et al. 2018; IUCN 2021):
Protosticta sanguinostigma
Fraser, 1922
This species, easily identified
by the reddish brown equatorial band in its eyes and the peculiar shape of anal
appendages is categorized as ‘Vulnerable’ by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in its Red List of
Threatened Species. It was recorded only from the lotic habitats of Aryanad and was unrecorded during winter.
Calocypha laidlawi
(Fraser,
1924)
This small damselfly brightly coloured with sky blue, black and vermilion is the only
extant species of the genus. It is endemic to the southern Western Ghats and
has so far been recorded only from a few locations in Kerala and Karnataka. It
was recorded from all three lotic habitat types of Aryanad
Grama Panchayat and was sighted in all the seasons.
An extensive search of literature and websites failed to produce even a single
photograph of the female of this species. Hence, this is most probably the
first photographic record of the female from the wild (Image 7). It remains a
‘Data Deficient’ species in the IUCN Red List.
Elattoneura souteri
(Fraser,
1924)
This damselfly coloured brightly with red and black is a ‘Data Deficient’
species in the IUCN Red List and has so far been recorded only from a few
locations in Kerala and Karnataka. It was recorded from all three lotic habitat
types of Aryanad and could not be seen in winter.
Esme longistyla
Fraser, 1931
This species was identified
referring to characters like complete anal bridge vein, blue annules on abdomen, blue stripes on legs and structure of
anal appendages. Even though it is classified as a ‘Least Concern’ species in
the IUCN Red List, only very scarce reports of this species exist from Kerala
and Karnataka. In Aryanad, it was recorded from both
small and large streams. It could not be seen in winter.
Melanoneura bilineata Fraser, 1922
This rare and relatively large
damselfly species is the sole representative of the genus and has so far been
recorded only from a few locations in Kerala and Karnataka. It is coloured blue and black and can be distinguished by the
absence of the anal bridge vein in its wings. This species, classified as ‘Near
Threatened’ in the IUCN Red List was recorded from Aryanad
in all four seasons. It could be seen
only in the small streams and hence appears to show high habitat specificity.
Burmagomphus laidlawi Fraser, 1924
This medium-sized clubtail dragonfly has till now been recorded only from
montane forest streams of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It can be easily
separated from other clubtail species by the
structure of its anal appendages. It was recorded only during the southwest
monsoon season and could be seen only in large streams. Hence, this species is
highly seasonal and has specific habitat requirements. It remains a ‘Data
Deficient’ species in the IUCN Red List.
Nychogomphus striatus
(Fraser,
1924)
This medium-sized clubtail dragonfly has very few previous records from
Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The record from Nepal requires validation. It has
peculiar claw-shaped anal appendages that help to distinguish it easily from
other clubtail species. It is a ‘Data Deficient’
species in the IUCN Red List and was recorded from all four habitat types
sampled in Aryanad. It could be seen in both
southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon seasons.
Epophthalmia frontalis Selys, 1871
Fraser (1924) described Macromia binocellata based
on a single male specimen collected by C.M. Inglis
from Palni hills, Western Ghats. Subsequently, more
specimens were obtained from Tamaracherry, Calicut
and Walayar in the Western Ghats after which he
treated it as Epophthalmia frontalis malabarensis (Fraser 1935) and later, as Epophthalmia frontalis binocellata
(Fraser 1936). According to the last source, within Indian limits, E.
frontalis frontalis occurs in Assam and E.
frontalis binocellata is confined to the Western
Ghats. The taxon in the Western Ghats is described as a much darker insect
compared to its congenerics. Its abdominal segments 4
to 6 have paired isolated sub-basal spots instead of rings. Also, its inferior
anal appendage is distinctly longer and curves up between the apices of
superiors. According to Lieftinck (1931) and Fraser
(1936) E. frontalis and E. vittata can
be separated from each other based on their facial markings, but Asahina (1987) disagrees and states that these markings
vary depending on maturity and individuals. A large Macromiid was seen in the
large streams and Karamana River in Aryanad, but its markings seem to match more with E.
frontalis frontalis as described by Fraser (1936)
and Asahina (1987). Its terminal abdominal
segments, including the anal appendages were predominantly yellow. The inferior
anal appendage was longer than the superiors whose apices it covered by curving
in. A comparative analysis using the available resources and photographs lets
us place the taxon encountered as Epophthalmia
frontalis (Image 8), but taxonomic resolution beyond this level was impossible
without examining specimens. Tiple & Payra (2020) while reporting E. frontalis from
Central India encountered a similar problem and suggested a taxonomic revision
of South and Southeast Asian Epophthalmia
species, particularly E. frontalis and E. vittata.
Another large Macromiid with its
superior and inferior anal appendages of almost the same length was identified
as E. vittata. Its last segments including the
anal appendages were reddish brown with restricted yellow markings (Image
9).
Macromia ida Fraser, 1924
It is a rare species recorded
only from a few locations in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. A single female
of this species was sighted near the Karamana River
in the southwest monsoon season. It was identified referring to its facial
markings and paired dorsal spots on its second abdominal segment.
Idionyx gomantakensis
Subramanian, Rangnekar & Naik, 2013
This species was described based
on specimens collected from Goa and it remains ‘Not Evaluated’ in the IUCN Red
List. Only very few records of this species are available, all of them from Goa
and Kerala. It was recorded only from the small streams of Aryanad
in summer and southwest monsoon seasons.
Our study has unveiled crucial
information regarding the distribution, habitat preference and seasonality of a
large number of odonate species in the Western Ghats
landscape. While the five Orthetrum species
were recorded from all the sampled habitats and in all four seasons, many of
the endemic species showed high habitat specificity and definite seasonality.
The former can be called eurytopic or generalist species and the latter are stenotopic or specialist species. The peak in species
richness during the southwest monsoon season was expected because most odonate species in India are known to emerge and breed
during the monsoon (Subramanian 2005). Odonate
diversity dips in winter coinciding with a fall in water level in their
habitats and picks up in summer with the pre-monsoon showers. The small streams
support the highest number of species probably because they have different
microhabitats in the form of pools, marshes and slow flowing stretches. Aryanad village, with its plantations, home gardens and
forests at the fringes probably functions as an ecotone, hosting rich
biodiversity. Ecotones are ecological transition zones characterised
by high species turnover rates and local biodiversity peaks (Risser 1995; Odum & Barrett 2005). This calls for effective
conservation measures to protect the microhabitats of odonates
by the local administration of Aryanad.
Table 1. Checklist of Odonata
recorded from Aryanad Grama
Panchayat, Kerala, southern India.
Endemicity: EN WG—Endemic to the Western
Ghats | EN P—Endemic to peninsular India | EN I—Endemic to India.
IUCN Red list status: NE—Not Evaluated | DD—Data Deficient
| LC—Least Concern | NT—Near Threatened | VU—Vulnerable.
Habitats: P—Ponds | SS—Small streams
| LS—Large streams | R—River.
Seasons: M1—Southwest Monsoon | M2—Northeast
Monsoon | W—Winter | S—Summer.
|
|
Species |
Endemicity |
IUCN Red List status |
Habitats recorded from |
Seasons recorded in |
|
|
Zygoptera (Damselflies) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Lestidae |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Lestes elatus Hagen in Selys, 1862 |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1 |
|
2 |
Lestes praemorsus Hagen in Selys, 1862 |
- |
LC |
P |
M1, M2 |
|
|
Family: Platystictidae |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Protosticta gravelyi Laidlaw, 1915 |
EN WG |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
4 |
Protosticta sanguinostigma Fraser, 1922 |
EN WG |
VU |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
|
Family: Calopterygidae |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
Neurobasis chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
- |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
6 |
Vestalis apicalis Selys, 1873 |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
7 |
Vestalis gracilis (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, S |
|
8 |
Vestalis submontana Fraser, 1934 |
EN WG |
NE |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, S |
|
|
Family: Chlorocyphidae |
|
|
|
|
|
9 |
Calocypha laidlawi (Fraser, 1924) |
EN WG |
DD |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
10 |
Heliocypha bisignata (Hagen in Selys, 1853) |
-EN P |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
11 |
Libellago indica (Fraser, 1928) |
EN P |
NE |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
|
Family: Euphaeidae |
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
Dysphaea ethela Fraser, 1924 |
EN P |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
13 |
Euphaea fraseri (Laidlaw, 1920) |
EN WG |
LC |
SS, LS |
M1, M2, S |
|
|
Family: Platycnemididae |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Caconeura risi(Fraser, 1931) |
EN WG |
DD |
P, SS, LS |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
15 |
Copera marginipes (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
16 |
Copera vittata (Selys, 1863) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
17 |
Elattoneura souteri (Fraser, 1924) |
EN WG |
DD |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
18 |
Elattoneura tetrica (Laidlaw, 1917) |
EN WG |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
19 |
Esme longistyla Fraser, 1931 |
EN WG |
LC |
SS, LS |
M1, M2, S |
|
20 |
Melanoneura bilineata Fraser, 1922 |
EN WG |
NT |
SS |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
21 |
Onychargia atrocyana Selys, 1865 |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1, M2, S |
|
22 |
Prodasineura verticalis (Selys, 1860) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
|
Family: Coenagrionidae |
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
Aciagrion occidentale Laidlaw, 1919 |
- |
LC |
LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
24 |
Agriocnemis pieris Laidlaw, 1919 |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
25 |
Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P |
M1, M2 |
|
26 |
Agriocnemis splendidissima Laidlaw, 1919 |
- |
LC |
P, R |
M1, M2 |
|
27 |
Archibasis oscillans (Selys, 1877) |
- |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
28 |
Ceriagrion cerinorubellum (Brauer, 1865) |
- |
LC |
P |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
29 |
Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius, 1798) |
- |
LC |
P |
M1, M2 |
|
30 |
Ceriagrion rubiae Laidlaw, 1916 |
- |
LC |
LS, R |
M1, S |
|
31 |
Ischnura rubilio Selys, 1876 |
- |
NE |
P, R |
M1, M2 |
|
32 |
Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P |
M2, S |
|
33 |
Pseudagrion decorum (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, LS, R |
M1, S |
|
34 |
Pseudagrion indicum Fraser, 1924 |
EN WG |
LC |
P, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
35 |
Pseudagrion malabaricum Fraser, 1924 |
- |
LC |
LS, R |
M1, S |
|
36 |
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, S |
|
37 |
Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
|
Anisoptera (Dragonflies) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Aeshnidae |
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
Anax immaculifrons Rambur, 1842 |
- |
LC |
LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
39 |
Gynacantha dravida Lieftinck, 1960 |
- |
DD |
P, LS, SS,
R |
M1, M2 |
|
|
Family: Gomphidae |
|
|
|
|
|
40 |
Burmagomphus laidlawi Fraser, 1924 |
EN WG |
DD |
LS |
M1 |
|
41 |
Gomphidia kodaguensis Fraser, 1923 |
EN WG |
DD |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
42 |
Heliogomphus promelas (Selys, 1873) |
EN WG |
NT |
P, SS |
M1, M2 |
|
43 |
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
44 |
Macrogomphus wynaadicus Fraser, 1924 |
EN WG |
DD |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2 |
|
45 |
Melligomphus acinaces (Laidlaw, 1922) |
EN WG |
DD |
LS |
M1, M2 |
|
46 |
Merogomphus tamaracherriensis Fraser, 1931 |
EN WG |
NE |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, S |
|
47 |
Microgomphus souteri Fraser, 1924 |
EN WG |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
48 |
Nychogomphus striatus (Fraser, 1924) |
- |
DD |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2 |
|
49 |
Paragomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
|
Family: Macromiidae |
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
Epophthalmia frontalis Selys, 1871 |
- |
LC |
LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
51 |
Epophthalmia vittata Burmeister, 1839 |
- |
LC |
LS, R |
M1, M2 |
|
52 |
Macromia bellicosa Fraser, 1924 |
EN WG |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1 |
|
53 |
Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842 |
EN WG |
LC |
SS, LS |
M1, S |
|
54 |
Macromia flavocolorata Fraser, 1922 |
- |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
55 |
Macromia ida Fraser, 1924 |
EN WG |
LC |
R |
M1 |
|
56 |
Macromia irata Fraser, 1924 |
EN WG |
LC |
SS, LS |
S |
|
|
Family: Libellulidae |
|
|
|
|
|
57 |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1, M2 |
|
58 |
Aethriamanta brevipennis (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1, M2 |
|
59 |
Brachydiplax chalybea Brauer, 1868 |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
60 |
Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1, M2 |
|
61 |
Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius, 1793) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
62 |
Bradinopyga geminata (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
SS |
M1, M2 |
|
63 |
Cratilla lineata (Brauer, 1878) |
- |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
|
64 |
Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1773) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, S |
|
65 |
Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
66 |
Hydrobasileus croceus (Brauer, 1867) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, S |
|
67 |
Hylaeothemis apicalis Fraser, 1924 |
EN I |
DD |
P, SS |
M1, M2, S |
|
68 |
Lathrecista asiatica (Fabricius, 1798) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, S |
|
69 |
Neurothemis fulvia (Drury, 1773) |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1, M2, S |
|
70 |
Neurothemis tullia (Drury, 1773) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
71 |
Onychothemis testacea Laidlaw, 1902 |
- |
LC |
LS, R |
M1, M2 |
|
72 |
Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
73 |
Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
74 |
Orthetrum luzonicum (Brauer, 1868) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
75 |
Orthetrum pruinosum (Burmeister, 1839) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
76 |
Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
77 |
Palpopleura sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787) |
- |
LC |
SS |
M2 |
|
78 |
Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
79 |
Potamarcha congener (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2 |
|
80 |
Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, LS, R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
81 |
Rhyothemis triangularis Kirby, 1889 |
- |
LC |
P |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
82 |
Rhyothemis variegata (Linnaeus, 1763) |
- |
LC |
P, LS, R |
M1, M2 |
|
83 |
Tetrathemis platyptera Selys, 1878 |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1, M2, S |
|
84 |
Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) |
- |
LC |
P, LS, R |
M1, M2 |
|
85 |
Tramea limbata (Desjardins, 1832) |
- |
LC |
P, LS, R |
M1, M2 |
|
86 |
Trithemis aurora
(Burmeister, 1839) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, W,
S |
|
87 |
Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS, LS,
R |
M1, M2, S |
|
88 |
Urothemis signata (Rambur, 1842) |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1, M2, S |
|
89 |
Zygonyx iris Selys, 1869 |
- |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2 |
|
90 |
Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842 |
- |
LC |
P, SS |
M1, M2, S |
|
|
Genera incertae sedis |
|
|
|
|
|
91 |
Idionyx gomantakensis Subramanian, Rangnekar
& Naik, 2013 |
EN WG |
NE |
SS |
M1, S |
|
92 |
Idionyx saffronata Fraser, 1924 |
EN WG |
DD |
SS |
M1, S |
|
93 |
Macromidia donaldi (Fraser, 1924) |
- |
LC |
SS, LS, R |
M1, M2, S |
For
figures & images - - click here
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