Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2021 | 13(12): 19799–19807
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7312.13.12.19799-19807
#7312 | Received 06 April 2021 | Final
received 10 September 2021 | Finally accepted 19 September 2021
Additions to the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Jammu & Kashmir from Kishtwar High Altitude National Park
Vishal Kumar 1, Yash
Pal Sharma 2, Siljo Joseph 3, Roshinikumar Ngangom 4 & Sanjeeva
Nayaka 5
1,3,4,5 Lichenology Laboratory,
CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh 226001, India.
1,2 Department of Botany, University
of Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir 180006, India.
1 vishalbotany2014@gmail.com, 2
yashdbm3@gmail.com, 3 siljokl@gmail.com 4 rkngangom@gmail.com,
5 nayaka.sanjeeva@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Editor: Pooja Gupta,
Govt. ABPG College, Balaghat, India. Date of publication: 26 October
2021 (online & print)
Citation: Kumar, V., Y.P. Sharma, S.
Joseph, R. Ngangom & S. Nayaka (2021). Additions to the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Jammu & Kashmir from Kishtwar High Altitude National Park. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(12): 19799–19807. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7312.13.12.19799-19807
Copyright: © Kumar et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Science and
Engineering Research Board, New Delhi (EMR/2016/006604); Department
of Science and Technology,
New Delhi (IFA18-LSPA 124); University Grant Commission,
New Delhi
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Vishal Kumar is a PhD Scholar and
also working as a project associate at Lichenology Laboratory. He has been
working on the diversity of lichens of KHANP. Dr. Yash Pal Sharma is a
professor of Botany and coordinator of UGC SAP DRS-II. His expertise includes
mycology, plant pathology, and mushroom biology. Dr. Siljo
Joseph is DST-Inspire faculty. His expertise includes taxonomy of Arthoniales, a primitive group of lichens and lichenicolous fungi. Roshinikumar
Ngangom is a junior research fellow. Dr. Sanjeeva Nayaka is senior principal scientist. His
expertise includes taxonomy of microlichens especially Lecanora
sensu lato group.
Author contributions: VK contributed to field survey,
lichen collection, identification and manuscript writing; YPS designed the
study and contributed in collection of lichen specimens and improved the
manuscript; SJ contributed in identity confirmation of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi and improved the manuscript; RN
identified the Buellia and Hafellia
species and manuscript writing; and SN contributed in identity confirmation of
species and improvement of the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to the
head of Department of Botany, University of Jammu; director, CSIR-National
Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for providing laboratory facilities to
conduct this study; to Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi for
financial support (EMR/2016/006604). SJ thanks the Department of Science and
Technology, New Delhi for financial assistance under INSPIRE Faculty Scheme IFA
18-LSPA 124. RN thank University Grant Commission for financial assistant under Junior Research
Fellowship (CSIR-NBRI manuscript number - CSIR-NBRI_MS/2021/04/02).
Abstract: The present study reports 14
lichenized and two lichenicolous fungi new to the mycota of Jammu & Kashmir. The lichenized fungi are Buellia aeruginascens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Caloplaca pachycheila
Poelt & Hinter., Cladonia
cervicornis ssp. verticillata
(Hoffm.) Ahti, Hafellia
curatellae (Malme) Marbach, Hafellia subnexa Marbach, Hafellia tetrapla (Nyl.) Pusswald, Leptogium askotense D.D.Awasthi, Nephromopsis laii (A. Thell & Randlane) Saag & A.Thell, Polycauliona phlogina (Ach.) Arup,
Frödén & Søchting,
Pyxine cognata Stirt., Rinodina conradii Körb., Rinodina intermedia Bagl.,
Rinodina oxydata (A.Massal.) A.Massal., and Squamulea squamosa (B.deLesd.)
Arup, Søchting & Frödén.
The lichenicolous fungi include Abrothallus
microspermus Tul.
and Lichenoconium lecanorae
(Jaap) D.Hawksw. The species are enumerated along
with their present distribution.
Keywords: Ascomycota, biodiversity,
northern India, taxonomy, the Himalaya, union territory.
INTRODUCTION
The union territory of Jammu
& Kashmir (J&K) represents a predominant Himalayan landscape which lies
between coordinates 32.733–36.966 N latitudes and 73.433–80.5 E longitudes and is one of the ‘hotspots’ of lichen diversity
in India (Sheikh et al. 2006). Due to great altitudinal variation,
unique terrain, diverse vegetation, and varied climate, J&K offers a wide
range of habitats for the growth and colonization of lichenized fungi.
Kishtwar High Altitude National Park
(KHANP) situated in district Kishtwar of J&K is surrounded
by beautiful snow-capped Himalaya and lies between coordinates 75.990E
longitude and 33.582N latitude. The national park covers an area of
approximately 2,200 km2 with an altitude range of 1,200–6,000 m.
KHANP experiences temperate to alpine climatic regimes. The average temperature
during the summer months is 16 °C and in winter months it ranges 9–11 °C. The
average annual rainfall is about 920 mm. The upper reaches of KHANP are
characterized by severe and prolonged winter and short summer seasons. The
prominent vegetation includes both coniferous and broad-leaved deciduous
forests. Abies pindrow
(Royle ex D.Don) Royle, Pinus wallichiana A.B.Jacks., P. gerardiana Wall.
ex D.Don, and Cedrus
deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don are the prominent
conifers. At lower elevations, Quercus oblongata D.Don,
Q. floribunda Lindl. ex A.Camus,
Aesculus indica (Wall.
ex Cambess.) Hook., Juglans regia
L., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham.
ex D.Don, and Fraxinus excelsior L. are
prominent.
Smith (1931), Schubert & Klement (1966), and Awasthi & Singh (1970) are the
pioneer contributors to lichen study in J&K. Later, several researchers
(Sheikh et al. 2006, 2009; Khan et al. 2010; Solan
et al. 2010; Kumar et al. 2012; Khare et al.
2020) made significant contributions towards understanding the lichen mycota of the region. Recently, Khare
et al. (2020) compiled an inventory reporting 424 lichen species from the
J&K, while Kumar & Sharma (2020) added five species of parmelioid lichens from KHANP as new additions to the
lichen mycota of J&K.
The studies on the lichenicolous fungi in India have been initiated recently
with the publication of the first list of these fungi by Zhurbenko
(2013) that included 42 taxa based on the collections from J&K. Afterwards,
Joshi (2018), and Joshi et al. (2016, 2018, 2020a,b) made noteworthy
contributions to this group of organisms from J&K. However, no exhaustive
documentation of the lichenized and lichenicolous
fungi has been attempted for KHANP. While inventorying the lichen mycota of KHANP the authors came across several interesting
specimens of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The lichen specimens were
collected from different localities of the KHANP during 2017–2020. The
samples were preserved in the herbaria of University of Jammu (HBJU) and
CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (LWG). The
morpho-anatomical characters were studied under a stereo-zoom (Leica S8APO) and
compound microscope (Leica DM2500), and identified by following the literature
(Awasthi 1991, 2007; Joshi 2008; Marbach 2000;
Hawksworth et al. 2010; Sheard 2010; Singh & Sinha 2010). The chemistry was
studied through spot tests and thin layer chromatography (solvent system C) was
performed following Orange et al. (2001). A brief description of only lichenicolous fungi are provided as they are not readily
available.
RESULTS
Enumeration of
lichenized fungi
Buellia aeruginascens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. Lich. Univers. 7:
331. 1931. Lecidea disciformis
var. aeruginascens Nyl.,
Bull. Soc. linn. Normandie, sér.
2 2: 191. 1868. (Caliciaceae) (Image a).
Specimen examined: HBJU
16052, 10.xi.2020, J&K, Kishtwar district, KHANP,
Palmar, on bark, 33.455N, 75.684E, 2,513 m, coll. V. Kumar & Y.P.
Sharma.
Distribution: India (Mizoram)
(Logesh et al. 2017), Chile, South America and Australia (Hafellner
et al. 1989).
Caloplaca pachycheila Poelt
& Hinter., Biblioth. Lichenol.
50: 168. 1993. (Teloschistaceae) (Image b).
Specimens examined: HBJU
16044, 17.vii.2018, J&K, Kishtwar district,
KHANP, Palmar, on rock, 33.456N, 75.685E,
2,510 m, coll. V. Kumar & Y.P. Sharma; LWG19-035707 22.iv.2019,
J&K, KHANP, Sonder, on rock, 33.471N, 75.826E, 2,090 m, coll. V. Kumar & Y.P.
Sharma.
Distribution: India (Uttarakhand)
(Mishra & Upreti 2015), and Pakistan (Poelt & Hinteregger 1993).
Cladonia cervicornis ssp. verticillata
(Hoffm.) Ahti, The Lichenologist 12: 126 1980. Cladonia verticillata
(Hoffm.) Schaer., Lichenum Helveticorum Spicilegium. 1: 31 1823. (Cladoniaceae)
(Image c).
Specimens examined: HBJU
16060, 17.vii.2018, J&K, Kishtwar district,
KHANP, Ekhala, on soil 33.451N, 75.738E, 1,750 m, coll. V. Kumar & Y.P.
Sharma; LWG 18-035706 17.vii.2018, on soil 33.470N, 75.819E, 2,100 m, coll.
Kumar & Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: India (Manipur,
Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal) (Awasthi 2007) and widely distributed
in Asia, Australasia, Europe, and America (Ahti 2007).
Hafellia curatellae (Malme)
Marbach, Biblioth. Lichenol. 74: 255. 2000. Buellia
curatellae Malme, Arkiv før Botanik
21A 14: 18 1927. (Caliciaceae) (Image d).
Specimen examined: HBJU
16047, 22.iv.2019, J&K, Kishtwar district, KHANP,
Sonder, on twigs of Cedrus deodara,
33.469N, 75.828E, 2,240 m, coll. V. Kumar & Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: India (Andhra
Pradesh, Mizoram, Odisha, and Tamil Nadu) (Singh & Sinha 2010; Reddy et al.
2011; Nayak et al. 2016; Logesh et al. 2017), Africa, Australia, Brazil, New
Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, and Thailand (Marbach
2000; Weerakoon 2014).
Hafellia subnexa Marbach, Biblioth. Lichenol. 74: 285.
2000. (Caliciaceae) (Image e).
Specimen
examined: HBJU 16049, 22.iv.2019, India, J&K, Kishtwar
district, KHANP, Sonder, on twigs of Cedrus deodara 33.471N, 75.822E, 2,048 m, Vishal Kumar
& Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: India (Arunachal
Pradesh) (Bajpai et al. 2018), Japan, Malaysia, Russia, Thailand (Marbach 2000; Buaruang et al.
2017; Ezhkin & Schumm 2018)
Hafellia tetrapla (Nyl.) Pusswald,
Biblioth. Lichenol. 74:
288. 2000.
Buellia callispora var. tetrapla (Nyl.) J.
Steiner, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 7: 645. 1907. (Caliciaceae)
(Image f).
Specimen examined: HBJU 16050,
21.iv.2019, India, J&K, Kishtwar district, KHANP,
Sonder, on twigs of Cedrus deodara
33.472N, 75.823E, 2,030 m, Vishal Kumar and Y. P. Sharma.
Distribution: India (Uttarakhand)
(Singh & Sinha 2010; Rai et al. 2016), South America, Australia, Brazil,
Hawaii, New Zealand, South Africa, Réunion, Nepal, and Uruguay. (Marbach 2000).
Leptogium askotense D.D.Awasthi, Norw. Jl
Bot. 24: 63 1977. (Collemataceae) (Image g).
Specimens
examined: HBJU 16054, 22.iv.2019, India, J&K, Kishtwar
district, KHANP, Ekhala, on bark 33.450N, 75.739E, 1,830 m, Vishal Kumar &
Y.P. Sharma; LWG19-035708, 22.iv.2019, on bark 33.451N, 75.741E, 1,750 m, Vishal Kumar & Y.P.
Sharma.
Distribution: India
(Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal (Singh &
Sinha 2010) and China (Xia et al. 2018).
Nephromopsis
laii (A. Thell
& Randlane) Saag &
A. Thell, Bryologist 100: 111 1997. Cetrariopsis laii A.Thell & Randlane, Cryptogamie Bryologie Lichénologie 16: 46 1995. (Parmeliaceae)
(Image h).
Specimen examined: HBJU
16092, 10.vii.2017, India, J&K, Kishtwar
district, KHANP, Marwah, on bark 33.667N, 75.700E,
2,600 m, Vishal Kumar & Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: India (Sikkim,
Nagaland and West Bengal), China, Japan, Nepal, Taiwan and Vietnam
(Singh & Sinha 2010).
Polycauliona
phlogina (Acharius)
Arup, Frödén & Søchting,
Nordic Jl Bot. 31: 53 2013. Parmelia citrina var. phlogina Ach., Methodus, Sectio post. Stockholmiæ: 180 1803. Scythioria
phlogina (Ach.) S.Y. Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix, Thell & Hur, Acta bota. Hung. 56:
164 2014. Caloplaca phlogina
(Ach.) Flagey, Mém. Soc. ému. Doubs, sér. 6 1: 250 1886. (Teloschistaceae)
(Image i).
Specimen examined: HBJU
16074, 22.iv.2019, India, J&K, Kishtwar district,
KHANP, Sonder, on decaying wood of Cedrus deodara 33.472N, 75.819E, 2,050 m, Vishal Kumar
& Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: India (Madhya
Pradesh and Uttarakhand) (Joshi 2008), Caribbean, Fennoscandia, North America,
and Mexico (Arup 2006).
Pyxine cognata
Stirt., Proc. Roy.
phil. Soc. Glasgow 11: 311 1879. Pyxine berteriana var. himalaica
D.D. Awasthi, Phytomorphology 30: 366 1982. (Caliciaceae) (Image j).
Specimen examined: HBJU
16072, 17.vii.2018, India, J&K, Kishtwar district,
KHANP, Palmar, on bark 33.455N, 75.683E, 2,500 m, Vishal Kumar & Y.P.
Sharma.
Distribution: India (Arunachal
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu, and
Uttarakhand (Singh & Sinha 2010)), Australia (Elix
2009), Brazil (Aptroot et al. 2014), China (Yang et
al. 2019), and Thailand (Mongkolsuk et al. 2012).
Rinodina conradii Körb.,
Syst. lich. Germ.: 123 1855. (Physciaceae) (Image k).
Specimen examined: HBJU
16056, 10.vii.2017, India, J&K, Kishtwar
district, KHANP, Marwah, on bark 33.669N, 75.700E, 2,530 m, Vishal Kumar &
Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: India (West
Bengal hills) (Singh & Sinha 2010), Australia, Bhutan, New Guinea & New
Zealand, and temperate regions of Northern America, central & southern
Europe (Singh & Sinha 2010).
Rinodina intermedia
Bagl., Comm. Soc.
crittog. Ital. 1: 315 1863. (Physciaceae)
(Image l).
Specimen examined: HBJU
16048, 10.vii.2017, India, J&K, Kishtwar
district, KHANP, Marwah, on bark 33.669N, 75.703E, 2,400 m, Vishal Kumar &
Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: The species has
a restricted distribution and is only known from Uttarakhand (Gupta et al.
2016) and West Bengal (Singh & Sinha 2010). The species is widely
distributed in dry and warm temperate regions of northern hemisphere including
Caribbean, Macaronesia, southern Europe, United Kingdom, Ecuador, Kenya,
Africa, and South America (Mayrhofer et al. 2001).
Rinodina oxydata (A. Massal.) A. Massal., Geneacaena lichenum noviter proposita ac descripta: 19 1854. Mischoblastia oxydata
A. Massal., Ricerche sull’autonomia dei licheni crostosi: 42 1852. (Physciaceae) (Image m).
Specimen examined: HBJU
16051, 17.vii.2018, India, J&K, Kishtwar
district, KHANP, Palmar, on rock 33.456N, 75.685E, 2,510 m, Vishal Kumar &
Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: India (Assam,
Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal (Singh & Sinha 2010; Gogoi et al. 2019)), southern Africa, Asia, Australia,
Brazil (Kashik 2006), eastern & southern North
America, Scandinavia, and Europe (Sheard 2010).
Squamulea
squamosa (B. de Lesd.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén, Nordic Jl Bot. 31: 56
2013. Placodium squamosum
B. de Lesd., Annals Cryptog.
Exot. 6: 123 1933. Caloplaca
squamosa (B. de Lesd.) Zahlbr.,
Cat. Lich. Univers. 10: 629 1940. (Teloschistaceae) (Image n).
Specimen examined: HBJU 16079, 22.iv.2019, India, J&K, Kishtwar district, KHANP, Ekhala,
on rock 33.449N, 75.741E, 1,810 m, Vishal Kumar & Y.P. Sharma.
Distribution: India
(Uttarakhand) (Mishra & Upreti 2015), California
and Arizona southwestern North America (Wetmore 2003).
Enumeration of lichenicolous fungi
Abrothallus
microspermus Tul., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér.
3 17: 115 1852. Abrothallus smithii var. microspermus
(Tul.) Linds., Quart. J. Microscop. Sci. 5: 34 1857. (Abrothallaceae)
(Image o).
Specimen examined: HBJU 16058,
19.vii.2019, India, J&K, Kishtwar district,
KHANP, Marwah, on twigs 33.669N, 75.700E, 2,550 m, Vishal Kumar &
Y.P. Sharma.
Description: Ascomata
rounded, convex, black, 0.15–0.30 mm in diam., hymenium hyaline, hypothecium
pale brown, Hymenium I–, K+ green. Asci 8-spored. Ascospores brown, 1-septate,
11–14.5 × 4.5–5.5 µm.
Host: Punctelia
neutralis (Hale) Krog
Distribution: India (Arunachal
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) (Joshi et al. 2018), Romania (Czarnota et al. 2018), Switzerland, Great Britain, southern
Ural Mountains (Urbanavichene et al. 2013), North
America (Cole & Hawksworth 2001, Diederich 2003, Kocourková et al. 2012), South Korea (Kondratyuk
et al. 2013), and New Zealand (Longán & Gómez-Bolea 1999).
Lichenoconium lecanorae (Jaap) D. Hawksw.,
Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Bot. 6: 270 1979. Coniosporium
lecanorae Jaap, Verh. bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenb. 47: 71 1905. (Abrothallaceae) (Image p).
Specimen examined: HBJU 16079,
21.iv.2019, India, J&K, Kishtwar district, KHANP,
Sonder, on bark of Cedrus deodara
33.470N, 75.815E, 2,325 m, Vishal Kumar & Y.P. Sharma.
Description: Conidiomata
pycnidia, scattered, blackish, ovoid, immersed to partially erumpent, 0.06–1.0
mm in diam., conidiophores absent, conidiogenous cells
brown, conidia simple, brown, subglobose, 3.0–5.0 ×
2.0–3.5 µm.
Host: Lecanora
sp.
Distribution: India (Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand) (Joshi et al. 2016), Great Britain, Ireland, Canary
Island, Spain (Hawksworth et al. 2010), and Ukraine (Darmostuk
2019).
DISCUSSION
The 16 species reported in the
present study belong to 12 genera and eight families. Most of these species are
crustose except for Cladonia cervicornis subsp. verticillata
which is fruticose, while Leptogium askotense, Nephromopsis
laii and Pyxine
cognata are the foliose species. The study
reports two interesting species of Rinodina,
namely R. conradii and R. intermedia
having 3-septate and submuriform ascospores
respectively. Such species of Rinodina are
rare in India, and previously, their distribution was confined to Uttarakhand
and West Bengal. It is quite surprising that earlier workers overlooked both
the species in the area, which is considered as the ‘hot spot’ of lichen
diversity.
Further, among the 16 taxa
reported as new to Jammu & Kashmir, the species Buellia
aeruginascens, Hafellia
curatellae, Hafellia subnexa, Rinodina conradii and Rinodina
oxydata were previously reported from the
northeastern Himalaya. The distribution of these species in western Himalaya
reveals the continuous distribution of these species throughout the Himalayan
belt. Although, Nephromopsis laii so far known only from eastern Himalaya but some
of the specimens available at LWG indicate its occurrence in western Himalaya.
Two species of lichenicolous fungi, Abrothallus microspermus
and Lichenoconium lecanorae,
extend their distribution within India, and Punctelia
neutralis is observed as a new host for Abrothallus microspermus.
In the recent inventory of
lichenized fungi for Jammu & Kashmir, Khare et
al. (2020) listed 424 species, however, they missed the inclusion of four
species (Cetraria potaninii,
Montanelia sorediata,
Xanthoparmelia somloënsis,
and X. taractica) reported by earlier workers.
Meanwhile, Kumar & Sharma (2020), while compiling the family Parmeliaceae reported five species as new to J&K from
KHANP. After the inclusion of four species missed by Khare
et al. (2020), five species reported by Kumar et al. (2020) and 14 species
reported in the present study, the total number of lichenized fungi in Jammu
& Kashmir rises to 447 species. Compared to other states within western
Himalaya, this number is less, whereas Himachal Pradesh (ca. 520 species) and
Uttarakhand (ca. 1,200 species) with similar climatic conditions are
well-explored for lichen diversity. Similarly, in the case of lichenicolous fungi, after adding two new records, the
total is raised to 68 species, while neighbouring
Himalayan states such as Uttarakhand harbour 101
species and Himachal Pradesh records 32 species.
CONCLUSION
The frequent encountering of
previously unreported species from KHANP indicates the unexplored diversity of
lichen and lichenicolous fungi. The unique
topography, climate, and prevalence of broadleaved as well as coniferous and
mixed forest stands in KHANP are the plausible habitats which support luxuriant
growth and proliferation of both lichenized and lichenicolous
fungi. However, KHANP needs to be surveyed intensively, especially in the high
altitudinal and inaccessible areas. A thorough survey would yield many more new
additions to J&K as well as novel taxa to science.
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