Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2022 | 14(3): 20740–20746
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7306.14.3.20740-20746
#7306 | Received 05
April 2021 | Final received 29 November 2021 | Finally accepted 13 January 2022
Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Ashish Tiple
1, Vivek Sharma 2 & Sonali
V. Padwad 3
1 P.G. Department of Zoology, Vidyabharti College, Seloo,
Wardha, Maharashtra 442104, India.
2 Departments of Zoology, Govt.
Model Science College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482003, India.
3 B1/8 Savitri
Vihar, Somalwada, Wardha Road Nagpur, Maharshtra
440025, India.
1 ashishdtiple@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2
vrks1007@gmail.com, 3 sonalipadwad@yahoo.co.in
Editor: K.A. Subramanian, Zoological
Survey of India, Chennai, India. Date of publication:
26 March 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Tiple,
A., V. Sharma & S.V. Padwad (2022). Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(2): 20740–20746. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7306.14.3.20740-20746
Copyright: © Tiple
et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dr. Ashish D. Tiple is a wildlife biologist with field experience in Central India. He has more than 18 years of research
experience. His prime research focuses on Butterfly biodiversity; taxonomy;
behavior; population dynamics; molecular ecology and insect tissue culture; In
addition, he is also a keen Odonatologist, interested in dragonfly diversity
and behavior. He also maintains an active interest in Conservation at the
grassroots level with respect to bureaucracy, community involvement and related
activities. He has 70 International/ National papers, 09 books and 1 ebook in his credit on an extensive range of ecological,
behavioral and biogeographically research of central Indian fauna. Vivek Sharma is actively working on snakes of
India and has been part of 20 publications on snakes. His aim is to innovate
and build bridges to facilitate citizen-science projects on wildlife and
environment. Presently he is working as a freelance biologist to provide
solutions on the education of snakes and snakebites and occasionally shows his
interest in wild mammals and the Odonate diversity of
central India. Sonali V. Padwad is
involved in extensive research in the field of Biotechnology and insect
ecology. She has 14+ years of research and teaching experience and published 12
research papers in reputed journals. In addition, she is also interested in
dragonfly and Butterfly diversity and behavior.
Author contributions: ADT and SVP designed the study,
carried out the fieldwork, analyzed the data and prepared a draft; VS
carried out the fieldwork and revised the final draft. ADT, SVP and VS helped
with the preparation of the manuscript and revised the draft.
Acknowledgements: Thanks to Dr.
K.C. Joshi and Dr. Nitin Kulkarni, senior scientists,
Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur for valuable suggestions and
providing facilities.
Abstract: The present study was carried out
to reveal the odonate diversity in Jabalpur city and
its surrounding area in Madhya Pradesh, central India. During the study period
of 2008–2019 a total of 75 species of odonates
belonging to two suborders and nine families were recorded. Twenty-one new
species were recorded for Jabalpur district and four for Madhya Pradesh; 37%
(28) species were abundant or very common, 19% (14) were common, 16% (12) were
frequent, 24% (18) rare, and 4% (3) very rare. The maximum number of odonates were found in family Libellulidae
(n= 32), followed by Coenagrionidae (n= 17), Gomphidae (n= 09), Platycenemididae
(n= 06), Aeshnidae (n= 05), Lestidae
(n= 03), Macromiidae (n= 02), and Chlorocyphidae
(n= 01). Of 75 species recorded from Jabalpur city, 72 come under the IUCN Red
List. Among them, Indothemis carnatica come under Near Threatened (NT) category, 65
species come under Least Concern (LC) Category, six species under Data
Deficient (DD), and three species remain not assessed. The study supports the
value of the city area in providing habitat for Odonata.
Keywords: Central India, checklist,
conservation, distributional gaps, diversity, habitat, IUCN Red List, new
records, Odonata.
INTRODUCTION
Odonates (damselflies and dragonflies)
are an ancient insect order with origins in the Carboniferous era about 250
million years ago. They probably mark the first time that evolution
experimented with the ability to hover in the air over an object of interest
(Andrew et al. 2008). They are beautifully coloured, primarily aquatic in their
pre-adult stages, and closely tied to freshwater ecosystems such as rivers,
streams, lakes, marshes, and rice fields. Species are usually highly specific
to habitats, but some have adapted to using man-made water bodies (Tiple & Chandra 2013). Odonates
are important for water-rich habitats such as wetlands, lakes and rainforests,
and they are also significant for habitats where water is scarce. Thus the
Odonata are regarded as vital to the survival of life (Dijkstra 2007). Odonates are economically significant and act as useful
biocontrol agents, since adults prey on mosquitoes, flies, moths, aphids,
termites, and small beetles, while larvae feed on mosquito larvae and other
soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates. Odonata are reliable indicators of overall ecosystem
health, since they are highly sensitive to environmental changes (Dijkstra
& Lewington 2006; Andrew et al. 2008).
Globally, 6,356 species in 693
genera of odonates have been reported (Schorr &
Paulson 2022), of which 498 species and 27 Subspecies in 154 genera and 18
families are known from India (Subramanian & Babu
2020; Joshi & Sawant 2020; Bedjanič et al. 2020; Payra et al. 2020, 2021; Dawn 2021). Fraser (1933–1936)
published three volumes on Odonata in the ‘Fauna of British India’ and included
536 species and subspecies of Odonata from India, including Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka and included many species from Madhya
Pradesh. After Fraser’s work, some additions were made by Bhasin
(1953), Prasad & Ghosh (1988), Mitra (1988,
1995), Srivastava & SuriBabu (1997), Prasad &
Varshney (1995), and Mishra (2007). Many additions have been made to the fauna
of Madhya Pradesh by Tiple et al. (2011, 2012) with
the latest updated checklist being Tiple &
Chandra (2013) revealing 106 species under 53 genera and 12 families with 14
new records from Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Recently Tiple
& Payra (2020) reported Epophthalmia
frontalis as a new record for Madhya Pradesh. Though the diversity of
Odonata had been well documented from Madhya Pradesh, no consolidated checklist
of Odonata of Jabalpur city and its surrounding areas is available and hence
the present one with an objective of exploring the diversity and abundance.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Opportunistic sampling and photo
documentation were conducted in selected areas of Jabalpur city and its
surrounding areas. Surveys were carried out from 2008 to 2019. Most of the
samplings were done between 1000 h and 1400 h, when odonates
control their body temperature in sunlight (Subramanian 2009; Koli et al. 2014; Payra & Tiple 2019). Identification of odonates
was primarily made directly in the field from specimens collected with handheld
aerial sweep nets and subsequently released without harm. Photographs of
specimens taken from various angles aided their identification using field
guides (Andrew et al. 2008; Subramanian 2009; Nair 2011). Specimens that were
difficult to identify in the field were collected and preserved in 70% alcohol
or acetone, and carried to the laboratory for further identification with the
help of taxonomic keys (Fraser 1933, 1934, 1936; Mitra
2002). All scientific names follow Kalkman et al.
(2020). The species were categorized on the basis of number of sightings in the
Jabalpur city as: VC very common (>100 sightings), C common (50–100
sightings), FC frequently common (15–50 sightings), R rare (2–15 sightings), VR
very rare (<2 sightings) (Tiple et al. 2008).
Study area
Jabalpur is one of the largest
and the most crowded cities in Madhya Pradesh, located in the north-center region of India at 23.16°10’7.57’’N &
79.93°55’54.64’’E. It is situated on the
Deccan Plateau at an altitude of 411 m and is surrounded on all sides by
ancient basalt rocks and forests. Jabalpur consists of a long, narrow plain
running from south-west to north-east flanked by the Bhanrer
and Kaimur ranges of the Vindhyan
system on the west and the various hills of the Mahadeo range and Maikal range on the east. The Bhitrigarh
range and a few subsidiary hills intrude upon in the middle of the district and
practically join the Vindhyan and the Satpura systems, which together form the great central
watershed of India. It lies in the catchment of the longest river of central
India, the Narmada, along with its tributaries, Hiran,
Gour, Ken, and Sone. Jabalpur city is surrounded by
low, rocky, and barren hillocks, which include Kariapathar
hillock to the north-east, SitaPahad and Kandhari
hills to the east and Madan Mahal hills to the south-west (Chandra 2008; Flora
et al. 2020).
Jabalpur city has a humid
subtropical climate, having three main seasons: June/July wet monson and its aftermath from June till October, the cool
dry winter from October/November to February/March and the hot dry season from
April till the onset of rains. The temperature of the city ranges from minimum
of 10–25 °C to maximum 30–45 °C with a relative humidity 10–15 % to 60–95 %.
Annual precipitation is 1,386 mm.
Survey sites
All the study sites were within
and around Jabalpur city within a radius of 20 km. Odonates
were surveyed in Dumna Nature Reserve (includes Kakartala), Dhobi Reserve Forest, Lower Gaur Reserve
Forest, City Gardens, Tropical Forest Research Institute (TFRI), Airport Road, Vijaynagar, Garha, Adhartal, Medical College Campus, Bhedaghat,
Pariyat Tank, Narrai
forest, Parashuram Kund,
Madan Mahal Hills (includes Thakurtal, Pisanhaari Temple and SangramSagar),
areas adjacent to River Narmada, Bargi dam, temporary
and permanent flowing or still water bodies, and rivers (Figure 1).
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Seventy-five species of Odonata
belongings to nine families were recorded. The present study adds 21 new
species recorded for Jabalpur district, and four species for Madhya Pradesh. Of
the total, 37% (28) species were abundant or very common, 19% (14) were common,
16% (12) were frequently common, 24% (18) rare and 4% (03) very rare (i.e., Aethriamanta brevipennis,
Agriocnemis pieris,
Caconeura ramburi).
The observed and identified species, their status in and around of Jabalpur
city are listed in Table 1.
The highest number of odonates belonged to the family Libellulidae
(32 species) with 10 new records (i.e., Aethriamanta
brevipennis, Diplacodes
lefebvrii, Diplacodes
nebulosa, Indothemis
carnatica,
Neurothemis fulvia,
Orthetrum chrysis,
Rhodothemis rufa,
Tramea limbata,
Rhyothemis triangularis,
Urothemis signata),
followed by Coenagrionidae (17 species) with one new
record (Pseudagrion hypermelas), Gomphidae
(09 species) with five new records (i.e., Cyclogomphus
ypsilon, Cyclogomphus
wilkinsi, Ictinogomphus
distinctus,Ictinogomphus
angulosus, Microgomphus
torquatus), Platycenemididae
(06 species) with three new records (i.e., Caconeura
ramburi, Elattoneura
nigerrima, Onychargia
atrocyana), Aeshnidae
(05 species) with one new record (Anax
indicus), Lestidae (03 species), Macromiidae (02 species) with one new record (Macromia
cingulata) and Chlorocyphidae
(1 species) (see Figure 2). Ictinogomphus distinctus, Rhyothemis
triangularis, Onychargia atrocyana, and Anax
indicus are recorded for the first time in Madhya Pradesh. I. distinctus has been reported from Santragachi,
Howrah, West Bengal (Image 1). R. triangularisis a widely distributed species; it
was recorded only from Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu states (Dow &
Sharma 2010) (Image 4). O. atrocyana is a
widely distributed species; it was recorded only from forested areas of Western
Ghats, Bengal, and northeastern states (Image 3). These species are recorded
for the first time in central India. A. indicus is a widely distributed
species in India. There are gaps in its known distribution but these are likely
to be due to under sampling and misidentification as the closely related A. guttatus, with which it has been frequently confused
(Image 2).
Among the 75 odonates
recorded from Jabalpur city, 72 species are listed in the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species. Among them Indothemis carnatica is ‘Near Threatened’, 65 species are ‘Least
Concern’, the six species are ‘Data Deficient’ (Cyclogomphus
wilkinsi, Ictinogomphus
distinctus, Macrogomphus
annulatus, Microgomphus
torquatus, Caconeura ramburi, and Elattoneura
nigerrima), and three not listed. The family Gomphidae is also represented by the highest number of Data
Deficient species (Table 1). The members of this family are fast moving insects
and may have crepuscular habits. These insects are difficult to observe or
collect. Many gomphids are already rare. Therefore, there are high chances of not
detecting them during surveys (Tiple & Koparde 2015).
During monsoon and post-monsoon
seasons, Pantala flavescens
is very abundant, as a result of mass emergence and migration. However, species
like Aethriamanta brevipennis,
Agriocnemis pieris,
Caconeura ramburi,
Onychargia atrocyana, Elattoneura nigerrima, Ictinogomphus angulosus, and Rhyothemis triangularis
were rarely encountered. Abundance of Brachythemis
contaminata, Orthetrum
Sabina, and Diplacodes trivialis was high in contaminated water bodies. Species
of Gomphidae, Macromiidae, Chlorocyphidae, and Platycnemididae
were not found in contaminated water but found to occur in unpolluted wetlands.
Odonates are an indicator group and
conservation activities must be acknowledged, especially for tropical odonates (Samways & Steytler
1996; Suhling et al. 2004). Zones in and around urban
regions which consist of rivers, lakes, dams, rainwater puddles, marshes, urban
parks, and gardens are excellent and rich sites of Odonata, and thus should be
conserved and kept pollution free. Emerging urbanization affects odonate populations because of destruction and
contamination of their natural habitats. Regions like the Narmada River and Bargi dam, which are home to large numbers of migratory
birds, should be monitored and kept pollution free. Thorough analyses of their
population in these habitats may act as role model for the evaluation of
environmental health and quality. Observations from the present investigation
may end up being significant as a reference for biodiversity managers in
assessing changes in environmental conditions in the study area.
To conserve the suitable habitats
of these ecologically important insects, public awareness is required.
Anthropogenic activities (cutting logs, expansion of agricultural fields in
lake surroundings), siltation, and eutrophication are among the major causes
for increasing deterioration rate of the suitable habitats of odonates. However, presence of forest streams, waterfalls,
rivers, lakes, and temporary & permanent flowing or still water bodies with
dense shrubs & tree vegetations are most likely the major attractions for
the Odonata. The observations recorded in the present study may prove valuable
as a reference for assessing the changes due to the environmental conditions in
the locality in the future.
The suborder Anisoptera
was abundant in comparison to Zygoptera, and found in
all the water bodies that were sampled. This corroborates the findings of
earlier reports (Williams 1997; Lawler 2001; Suhling
et al. 2004). Our findings agree with Keize & Kalkman (2009), who concluded that Coenagrionidae
and Libellulidae are the dominant Odonata fauna in
standing water worldwide. Tiple (2008) studied the
Odonata fauna of Nagpur city and observed that the Libellulidae
dominated with 30 species followed by Coenagrionidae
(16 species). In central India too, odonate fauna is
mostly dominated by the Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae (Tiple &
Chandra 2013). Andrew (2013) observed similar findings with the Odonata of Chatri Lake in Amravati and Zilpi
Lake in Nagpur, respectively. Tiple et al. (2013)
gave a detailed compilation of odonates of Vidarbha
region of Maharashtra with 82 species under 47 genera and nine families, and
revealed that the Libellulidae is the dominant one
(38 species). The present study also corroborates this as Libellulidae
(32 species), the most dominant, followed by Coenagrionidae.
Tiple & Chandra (2013) reported
106 species of Odonata from Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh States. The present
study on the Odonata of Jabalpur city revealed the presence of 75 species which
account 71% of total species reported in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
States. The Jabalpur city and surrounding area seems to be having rich Odonate diversity of 75 varieties of species in small city
area. Probably due to the presence of rivers (Narmada, Hiran,
Gour, Ken, and Sone), lakes, and temporary &
permanent flowing or still water bodies with dense shrub & tree vegetation
a major attraction to the odonate species. The
observations recorded in the present study supports the value of the Jabalpur
city area in providing valuable resources for Odonata and it may prove as a
reference for assessing the changes due to the environmental conditions in the
locality in the future.
Table 1. Checklist of Odonata of
Jabalpur city: OS—Occurrence status | TS—Threat status as assigned from IUCN
(2014). NA—Not available | LC—Least concern | DD—Data deficient | VU—Vulnerable
| NT—Near Threatened. The species recorded for the first time from the Jabalpur
are asterisked by (*), and those which were previously unrecorded in the Madhya Pradesh
state are marked by #.
|
|
Scientific name |
OS |
TS |
|
|
Suborder: Anisoptera
(Dragonflies) |
||||
|
Family: Aeshnidae (05) |
||||
|
1 |
Anax guttatus (Burmeister, 1839) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
2 |
Anax immaculifrons (Rambur, 1842) |
C |
LC |
|
|
3 |
Anax indicus Lieftinck, 1942*# |
R |
LC |
|
|
4 |
Anax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839) |
FC |
LC |
|
|
5 |
Gynacantha bayadera Selys,1891 |
C |
LC |
|
|
Family: Gomphidae (09) |
||||
|
6 |
Burmagomphus pyramidalis Laidlaw,1922 |
R |
NA |
|
|
7 |
Cyclogomphus ypsilon Selys, 1854* |
R |
NA |
|
|
8 |
Cyclogomphus wilkinsi Fraser, 1926* |
R |
DD |
|
|
9 |
Ictinogomphus distinctus Ram, 1985*# |
R |
DD |
|
|
10 |
Ictinogomphus angulosus (Selys,1854)* |
R |
LC |
|
|
11 |
Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
12 |
Macrogomphus annulatus (Selys,1854) |
FC |
DD |
|
|
13 |
Microgomphus torquatus Selys, 1854* |
R |
DD |
|
|
14 |
Paragomphus lineatus (Selys,1850) |
C |
LC |
|
|
Family:Libellulidae (32) |
||||
|
15 |
Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 |
C |
LC |
|
|
16 |
Aethriamant abrevipennis (Rambur, 1842)* |
VR |
LC |
|
|
17 |
Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842) |
FC |
LC |
|
|
18 |
Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius,1793) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
19 |
Bradinopyga geminate (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
20 |
Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
21 |
Diplacodes lefebvrii (Rambur,1842)* |
R |
LC |
|
|
22 |
Diplacodes nebulosa (Fabricius, 1793)* |
R |
LC |
|
|
23 |
Diplacodes trivialis (Rambur,1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
24 |
Indothemis carnatica (Fabricius, 1798)* |
R |
NT |
|
|
25 |
Neurothemis fulvia (Drury, 1773)* |
C |
LC |
|
|
26 |
Neurothemis intermedia (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
27 |
Neurothemis tullia (Drury, 1773) |
C |
LC |
|
|
28 |
Orthetrum Sabina (Drury, 1773) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
29 |
Orthetrum chrysis (Selys, 1891) * |
FC |
LC |
|
|
30 |
Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
31 |
Orthetrum luzonicum (Brauer, 1868) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
32 |
Orthetrum pruinosum (Burmeister, 1839) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
33 |
Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider,1845) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
34 |
Pantalaflavescens(Fabricius, 1798) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
35 |
Potamarcha congener (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
36 |
Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur, 1842) * |
R |
LC |
|
|
37 |
Rhyothemis variegate (Linnaeus, 1763) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
38 |
Rhyothemis triangularis Kirby, 1889*# |
R |
LC |
|
|
39 |
Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) |
C |
LC |
|
|
40 |
Tramea basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1807) |
C |
LC |
|
|
41 |
Tramea limbata (Desjardins, 1832) * |
C |
LC |
|
|
42 |
Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
43 |
Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
44 |
Trithemis kirbyi Selys, 1891 |
FC |
LC |
|
|
45 |
Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
46 |
Urothemis signata Rambur, 1842* |
FC |
LC |
|
|
Family: Macromiidae (02) |
||||
|
47 |
Epophthalmia vittata Burmeister, 1839 |
C |
LC |
|
|
48 |
Macromia cingulata Rambur, 1842* |
C |
LC |
|
|
Suborder: Zygoptera
(Damselflies) |
||||
|
Family: Chlorocyphidae
(01) |
||||
|
49 |
Libellago lineate (Burmeister, 1839) |
C |
LC |
|
|
Family: Coenagrionidae
(17) |
||||
|
50 |
Aciagrion pallidum (Selys,1891) |
FC |
LC |
|
|
51 |
Aciagrion occidentale Laidlaw, 1919 |
C |
LC |
|
|
52 |
Agriocnemis splendidissima Laidlaw |
FC |
NA |
|
|
53 |
Agriocnemis femina (Brauer, 1868) |
R |
LC |
|
|
54 |
Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
55 |
Agriocnemis pieris Laidlaw,1919 |
VR |
LC |
|
|
56 |
Paracercion calamorum (Ris,1916) |
R |
LC |
|
|
57 |
Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius, 1798) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
58 |
Amphiallagma parvum (Selys,1876) |
R |
LC |
|
|
59 |
Ischnura aurora (Brauer, 1865) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
60 |
Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
61 |
Pseudagrion spencei Fraser, 1922 |
FC |
LC |
|
|
62 |
Pseudagrion decorum (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
63 |
Pseudagrion hypermelas (Selys,1876)* |
R |
LC |
|
|
64 |
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur, 1842) |
C |
LC |
|
|
65 |
Pseudagrion rubriceps (Selys, 1876b) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
66 |
Ischnura nursei (Morton,1907) |
FC |
LC |
|
|
Family: Lestidae (03) |
||||
|
67 |
Lestes elatus Hagen in Selys,1862 |
FC |
LC |
|
|
68 |
Lestes concinnus Hagen in Selys, 1862 |
VC |
LC |
|
|
69 |
Lestes viridulus Rambur, 1842 |
VC |
LC |
|
|
Family: Platycnemididae
(06) |
||||
|
70 |
Copera marginipes (Rambur, 1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
71 |
Caconeura ramburi (Fraser, 1922) * |
VR |
DD |
|
|
72 |
Disparoneura quadrimaculata (Rambur,1842) |
VC |
LC |
|
|
73 |
Prodasineura verticalis (Selys,1860) |
FC |
LC |
|
|
74 |
Elattoneura nigerrima (Laidlaw, 1917)* |
R |
DD |
|
|
75 |
Onychargia atrocyana (Selys, 1865)*# |
R |
LC |
|
For figures &
images - - click here
REFERENCES
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(2013).Odonates of Zilpi Lake of Nagpur (India) with a note
on the emergence of the Libellulidae dragonfly, Trithemis
pallidenervis. Journal of New Biological
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