Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 September 2021 | 13(11): 19553–19565
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7287.13.11.19553-19565
#7287 | Received 02 April 2021 | Final
received 25 August 2021 | Finally accepted 03 September 2021
Bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in
Malaysian Borneo: status and threats
Abdulla-Al-Asif 1, Hadi Hamli 2, Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal 3, Mohd
Hanafi Idris 4,
Geoffery James Gerusu
5, Johan Ismail 6 &
Muyassar H. Abualreesh
7
1.2,6 Department of Animal Science and
Fishery, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti
Putra Malaysia,
Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97008
Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.
3,4 Faculty of Fisheries and Food
Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
3 Centre for
Environment and Sustainability, Presidency Education, 51 Panchlaish,
Chittagong 4203, Bangladesh.
5 Department of Forestry Science,
Faculty of Agricultural Science and Forestry, Universiti
Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Bintulu, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak,
Malaysia.
5,6 Institut Ekosains
Borneo, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak
Campus, Jalan Nyabau 97008
Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia Jalan Nyabau
97008, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.
7 Department of Marine Biology,
Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdualaziz
University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
1 jessoreboyhemel@gmail.com, 2
hadihamli@upm.edu.my (corresponding author), 3 a.hena@umt.edu.my,
4 hanafiidris@umt.edu.my,
5 geoffery@upm.edu.my, 6 ijohan@upm.edu.my,
7 mabulreesh1@kau.edu.sa
Editor: R. Ravinesh, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Date
of publication: 26 September 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Abdulla-Al-Asif, H. Hamli, A.H.M. Kamal, M.H. Idris, G.J. Gerusu,
J. Ismail & M.H. Abualreesh (2021). Bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in
Malaysian Borneo: status and threats. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(11): 19553–19565. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7287.13.11.19553-19565
Copyright: © Abdulla-Al-Asif et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution
of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and
the source of publication.
Funding: Ministry of Higher
Education Malaysia.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Abdulla-Al-Asif currently working on seagrass and
mangrove associated benthic fauna and their ecology. Hadi Hamli, Geoffery
James Gerusu and Johan Ismail works as senior lecturer in Universiti
Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus. Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal and Mohd Hanafi Idris works as associate professor in University of
Malaysia Terengganu. Muyassar H. Abualreesh works
as assistant professor in Saudi Arabia.
Author contributions: AAA, and HH--—Conceptualization,
methodology, data collection, statistical analysis, and writing original-draft.
AHMK, MHI, GJG, JI and MHA—writing, review and editing.
Acknowledgements: The research team acknowledges
the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia FRGS research grant code,
FRGS/1/2018/WAB13/UPM/02/2. We would like to thank Md. Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan from Universidad de Cádiz for making the map
of the study area. The research team thanks the Department of Animal Science
and Fishery, University Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, for technical
support. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude for the efforts,
suggestions, and insightful comments made by anonymous reviewers and editors on
our manuscript, which significantly improved the current version of the paper.
Abstract: Species checklists enlist the
species existing within a distinct geographical biome and assist as an
indispensable input for evolving conservation and administration strategies.
The arenas of conservation ecology and biology face the challenge of
exaggerated biodiversity, accredited to the non-recognition of taxonomic
inconsistencies. The study’s goals are to organize all scattered taxonomic
information regarding bivalve molluscs from Malaysian Borneo, i.e. Sarawak and
Sabah, under one umbrella. Available literature regarding Malaysian Borneo was
reviewed. The published taxonomic data on bivalve species, conservation status,
inconsistencies, habitats (marine, fresh, and brackish), research aspects,
threats, and conservation strategies are presented. A critical review of the
checklists and distributional records of the class Bivalvia from Malaysian
Borneo and subsequent validation of species names with the World Register of
Marine Species (WoRMS) database revealed that
currently 76 bivalve species from 12 orders and other entities, 18 superfamilies, and 27 families have been recorded from the
area. Twenty-six inconsistencies with WoRMS were
found, and the corrected names are presented. The study indicates most of the
enlisted bivalve species have not been evaluated by the IUCN Red List authority
and have ‘Least Concern’ or ‘Data Deficient’ status for Malaysian Borneo. To
date, published documents on conservation decision strategies and guidelines
for future research are not good enough. Nevertheless, potential threats and
their remedies for bivalves in the enriched Malaysian Borneo ecosystems are
discussed herein.
Keywords. Biodiversity conservation,
checklist, database, double-shelled molluscs, IUCN Red List, taxonomic
inconsistency.
Introduction
The establishment of a database
and checklist of regionally present species is crucial in managing and
conserving them from alpha to global ecosystem (Amano & Sutherland 2013).
The lack of sufficient information at the local level regarding rare and/or
endemic species potentially at risk of extinction may lead to strategies taken
by different organizations, including the government, that are inadequate to
avoid their extinction (Işik 2011). Nowadays,
humankind faces some traumatic events, including the so-called “sixth
extinction crisis”. The previous five extinctions were caused by massive
atmospheric, climatic, and universal phenomena, but the prediction of the next
mass extinction is putting the finger on human interference in natural
ecosystems (Braje & Erlandson
2013).
At regional and local level,
species decline faster than the prediction of ecologists (Collen et al. 2011; Işik 2011), but this can be modified to a sustainable level
if the conservation efforts would focus on protecting certain species (Reydon 2019). For example, some aquatic animal recovered
their extinction risk by the conservation approach with a proper policy,
legislation, and effective conservation measures. Recently, the Bangladesh
government and department of fisheries initiated the conservation of red fin
mahseer (Tor tor Hamilton, 1822). The proper
breeding program and management helped this species regain their confined
population (Kabir et al. 2018). Similarly, the reproduction and conservation
management of butter catfish Ompok pabda (Hamilton-Bouchanan,
1822) changes their IUCN status from ‘Near Threatened’ to ‘Endangered’ species
(Chakraborty et al. 2010; IUCN Bangladesh 2015). Now, aquaculture is very
extensive for Ompok pabda
(Hamilton-Bouchanan, 1822) in Bangladesh and the
Indian region (Chaklader et al. 2016; Alam et al. 2020).
Another is to protect specific
areas with high biodiversity, including rare and/or endemic species. Now
governments and third-party stakeholders recognize the value of biodiversity
conservation, and they convey efforts, finances, and human resources to the
conservation of nature. The first step in this process is to know the present
status of biodiversity (Groves et al. 2002; Martin et al. 2016), where a
checklist and relevant information are considered to be essential documents to
step forward. Establishing a database of locally and regionally present species
allows management of the national and transboundary continental conservation
process (National Research Council 1992).
Bivalves (two valves), are
abundant in marine, brackish and freshwater ecosystems, both infaunal and epifaunal in nature. Most are filter-feeders,
but some are carnivores. They influence food webs and aquatic ecosystems via
nutrient cycling and habitat modification and act as a bio-indicator (Vaughn
& Hoellein 2018). In many countries, bivalves are
consumed by humans for which they are harvested from the wild, including
freshwater and marine habitats (Köhler et al. 2012; Wijsman
et al. 2019). As molluscs are rich in protein and fat, along with essential
nutrients including vitamins and macro-micro nutrients, restaurants around the
world serve them as delicious and luxury food (e.g., Venugopal & Gopakumar 2017; Olivier et al. 2020). Bivalve shells,
including the waste of such meals, are also used as buffer material for soil
fixation; for instance, Korean scientists applied oyster waste to increase soil
pH and other micro-macro nutrients (Lee et al. 2008).
In East Malaysia (Sarawak and
Sabah, including the federal territory of Labuan), bivalves are considered a
delicacy, and highly nutritious consumable commodities (Hamli
et al. 2012b). Some previous studies described the bivalve fauna of Peninsular
Malaysia (Idris et al. 2012; Jasin 2015; Zieritz et al. 2016; Zieritz
& Lopes-Lima 2018). Some studies have been conducted in the Malaysian province
of Sarawak and Sabah covering different habitats, including mangroves (Hamli et al. 2015; Abu Hena et
al. 2016), seagrass (Al-Asif et al. 2020), wetlands (Idris et al. 2021), and
freshwater (Hamli et al. 2020). Noticeably, the
bivalve species from freshwater environments have a more than four to six times
higher risk of extinction than those in marine habitats (Agudo-Padrón
2011).
Currently there is no monograph
of bivalves (or molluscs in general) covering Malaysian Borneo. Thus far only a
small fraction of the bivalve fauna of Malaysian Borneo has been recorded. The
first bivalves from modern history of Malaysian Borneo were recorded from the
Pantai river, Sarawak (Turner & Santhakumaran
1989) and Sematan mangrove forest, Sarawak (Ashton et
al. 2003), although the first record can be tracked back in 1791, from the
Federal territory of Labuan (A small island near coast of Sarawak and Sabah in
Malaysian Borneo), with the report of native bivalve species Marcia japonica
(Gmelin, 1791) (reported as Venus japonica Gmelin, 1791) (Gmelin 1791). With
time, the number of published documents (taxonomic and ecological studies) has
increased, but the list of bivalve fauna from East Malaysia remains very
incomplete. Numerous species are recorded in Huber (2010, 2015), but his records ‘north Borneo’ or just
‘Borneo’ are not specific enough to be included here. Similar taxonomic and
conservation work was published on fish species of Bangladesh in which the
implementation of conservation measures on local fish habitats was proposed
(Parvez et al. 2019). Similarly, the current investigation intends making a
checklist of bivalves in the Malaysian part of Borneo, including their
conservation status. This study also discusses the existing research
initiatives, future research prospective, and recommended measures toward
conserving this vital living resource.
Materials
and methods
The current study is based on
published records regarding Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak and Sabah; Figure 1),
including monographs, reviews, checklists, catalogues, posters, conference
papers and posters, websites, and fishery reports from 1791 and 2020, but no
additional material was collected. For each reported species the scientific
names were confirmed based on the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) 2021 and MolluscaBase eds (2021) (validating unaccepted names, emendations,
alternate, and representations). The identifications were not checked for
correctness. In most cases this was not possible, as most publications contain
no photographs of the recorded species. New records should be accompanied by
photographs as misidentifications are commonplace.
The species list comprises,
orders, superfamilies, family name, accepted name,
unaccepted names, and emendations. The contribution (%) of different orders
within the class Bivalvia and various superfamilies
and families in the class was estimated. The statistical data, total species
counts, and graphical presentation were analyzed
using Microsoft Excel.
Results
Bivalve diversity
A total of 76 species of
bivalves from 12 orders/infraclasses/ superorders/
subclasses, 18 superfamilies, and 27 families were
reported from freshwater and marine habitats (seagrass meadow, intertidal,
mangrove, freshwater, wetlands, and coastal region of Sarawak and Sabah) in
Malaysian Borneo (Figure 2).
A critical review of the
published checklists revealed that the current literature included 26 incorrect
names for bivalve species from nine orders/ infraclasses/ superorders/
subclasses and 14 families. Of these inconsistencies in the bivalve checklist
over 53.84 % (14 species) was due to names not accepted in WoRMS
(2021), spelling mistakes (15.38 %; 4 entities), alternative representation and
inconsistency in family name (both 11.54 %; 3 entities each), and inconsistencies
in author and year (both 3.85 %; 1 entity each) (Figure 3).
Knowledge gap on bivalve research
in Malaysian Borneo
In the current century, macro
benthic surveys were first conducted in Malaysian territory in 1981 (Morris
& Purchon 1981; Way & Purchon
1981). In East Malaysia, Turner & Santhakumaran
(1989) and Ashton et al. (2003) performed the first baseline study of bivalves
in the Pantai River and Sematan mangrove forest,
Sarawak. After that, extensive taxonomic studies were conducted by Hamli et al. (2012b); whereas Wong & Arshad (2011) published a significant checklist of
bivalves. In a publication that reported edible bivalves and gastropods from
different markets in Sarawak and that was published very recently which dealt
with the morphometric and diversity investigation, we excluded that publication
from our checklist due to the time span (1791–2020) in which it was published;
however, the paper reported one new record Arcuatula
arcuatula (Hanley, 1843) and rest of the species
were already available in our checklist (Idris et al. 2021). There are now a
total of 19 published publications accessible, including a book, on the subject
(Zieritz & Lopes-Lima 2018). Among the published
papers, 10 were published in Scopus indexed journals, the other nine in local
non-indexed journals. Six published documents discuss marine bivalves, another
six discuss brackish habitats; whilst the papers cover freshwater and
freshwater-marine habitats.
Discussion
A
comprehensive checklist on Malaysian marine molluscs by Wong & Arshad
(2011) documented 581 species. Before this, Way & Purchon
(1981) and Morris & Purchon (1981) reported 398
species (330 gastropods and 68 bivalves) from Malaysia and its adjacent coastal
waters. In our study, we found bivalves from order Venerida
(19 species) has the highest number of species, followed by Ostreida
(12) and the freshwater order Unionida (10 species),
while the rest of the orders or other entities have less than ten members.
Among superfamilies, the Veneroidea
(14 species) has the highest number of species, followed by the freshwater Unionoidea (10 species), and the rest of the superfamilies has less than 10 species (Figure 4). The
family Veneridae comprises 14 species which is the
highest among all families, following that the freshwater family Unionidae (10 species) has the second-highest number and
the remaining 25 families comprise less than ten species each (Table 1).
For several
recorded species it is evident the names are erroneous, as those species only
occur in other continents. They are marked in the checklist (Table 2). The
present findings suggested that some of the species were either misidentified
or their introduction to Malaysian habitat might occurred; while observing
their original distribution. For example, Anadara
kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) is distributed in
the temperate North Pacific (Zenetos et al. 2010),
but the current study suggested that these species were found in the water of
Malaysian Borneo (Al-Asif et al. 2020). The other distributional conflicts
observed in Ctenoides scaber (Born,
1778) (Turgeon et al. 2009), Ostrea lurida Carpenter, 1864 (Polson et al. 2009), Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) (Amaral & Simone 2014), Isognomon alatus (Gmelin, 1791) (Tëmkin 2010), and Pteria colymbus (Röding, 1798) (Tëmkin 2010) where
all known distributions of abovementioned species are either North America or
South America. The European Spondylus gussonii (O.G. Costa, 1830) (Gofas
et al. 2001) was also reported from Malaysian habitat, and the geographic
distribution should not be in Malaysian Borneo. Although Saccostrea scyphophilla (Peron & Lesueur,
1807) (reported as Saccostrea mordax (Gould,
1850), the materials were observed from the ‘‘Feejee
Islands’’(Fiji); and the species was originally described from Australia) is
considered native in Australia but in 2004 the study of Lam & Morton (2004)
reported from Hong Kong coast, which might be disperse from Hong Kong to
Malaysia through ocean-going ships or other means.
Additionally,
some species may have been misidentified, but this cannot be determined without
photographs or voucher material. In the literature we found many
inconsistencies, while the present analysis revealed most inconsistencies were
“unaccepted” according to WoRMS (2021) (i.e., the
genus or species name is no longer valid); the rest were misspellings,
alternative representations, changes in families, changes in author, and
changes in year (Table 2). Moreover, there are taxonomic corrections: for
instance, in freshwater family Unionidae there is no
difference between Pseudodon crassus Drouet & Chaper, 1892 and Pseudodon
walpolei (Hanley, 1871); therefore, WoRMS merges them into one single species Monodontina walpolei
(Hanley, 1871). Similarly, in the Cyrenidae Polymesoda erosa auct. non Lightfoot, 1786 and Polymesoda
expansa (Mousson, 1849)
have recently been synonymized in WoRMS (Huber 2010)
to the revised name Geloina expansa (Mousson, 1849).
The study of Hamli et al. (2015) revealed
morphological differences between these two taxa which lead to considered as
they were both valid species.
The current
study demonstrates that current bivalve research knowledge (ecological,
taxonomic, and other aspects) are insufficient to serve as a foundation for
academic, conservation, and aquaculture initiatives in Malaysian Borneo. A
thorough literature search was conducted using a variety of databases (e.g.,
SCOPUS, Web of Science, university websites (for thesis), and CNKI), but the
number of published papers on Borneo bivalves was determined to be insufficient.
Bivalve research in Borneo is strongly encouraged, and areas such as
populations, threats, life history, and breeding biology for aquaculture
initiatives can all be considered significant research fields. While taxonomy,
habitat ecology, conservation actions, area-based management initiatives, and
approaches to recovery and reintroduction are all fundamental, harvesting
trends are also critical (Lopes-Lima et al. 2018; Zieritz
et al. 2020). A comprehensive checklist of bivalves in Malaysian Borneo is
necessary to fill this knowledge gap. It is recommended that additional
research on bivalves be conducted as a basis for conservation measures, as they
contribute to both the ecology and economy of Malaysia.
Present
status
IUCN status
of bivalves in Borneo and their habitats
According
to the IUCN red list status, 66 bivalve species have not been evaluated by the
IUCN or any other institution that are present in Malaysian Borneo, and it is
quite clear that a plethora of research work can be conducted to evaluate only
the IUCN unevaluated species. Whereas nine species were determined to be least
concerned and one species was determined to have data deficiency (Figure 5).
Thus, these species must be protected wherever they occur in Malaysian Borneo
through the imposition of reserve areas, restricted areas, or national/regional
conservation sites. It is observed that 76 species of bivalve fauna have been
reported from Malaysian Borneo, including 61 marine species (17 species can be
found in both marine and estuarine or brackish water), three brackish water,
and 12 freshwater species (one species can be found in both fresh and brackish
water).
Threats to
the biodiversity of bivalve species
Sarawak and
Sabah (the Malaysian portion of Borneo) are rich in biodiversity. Certain areas
of Borneo Island remain pristine due to the lack of human intervention.
Commercial logging and forest destruction due to palm plantations, on the other
hand, have increased rapidly in various parts of these two provinces (Bryan et al.
2013; Shevade & Loboda
2019). As a result of soil runoff into the South China Sea, secondary pollution
of marine and coastal ecosystems occurs (Morni et al.
2017). Harvesting edible bivalves from wild sources indiscriminately is also a
significant threat to sustainable populations. Most importantly, there is no
government or local government initiative to initiate commercial aquaculture of
these bivalves in order to conserve their indigenous characteristics. A model
of the global declination of bivalves was proposed by Lopes-Lima et al. (2018),
in which they showed that in the Indo-Pacific region, pollution (45%) is the
significant reason of decline in bivalve species, whilst freshwater bivalve
species decline more rapidly than the marine species (Agudo-Padrón
2011). Other factors contributing to the decline of bivalve fauna include
overexploitation (20 %), habitat modification (15 %), and urbanization (10 %)
(Figure 6), mining activities, agriculture and aquaculture, transportation
infrastructure, climate change and temperature rise, recreational activities,
and various geological events, such as tsunamis caused by earthquakes.
Conservation prospects
Conservation is critical to
preventing the extinction of vulnerable species. After discussing possible causes
of bivalve species decline in the Indo-Pacific region, including Malaysia, we
propose some conservation strategies for sustainable use of bivalve natural bio
resources based on the global model developed by Lopes-Lima et al. (2018)
(Figure 8).
To begin, bivalves are aquatic
Mollusca that cannot survive without water (marine, brackish, or freshwater),
and thus protection of water and water-adjacent land (40 %) should be
prioritized for bivalve species conservation. Additionally, awareness-raising
among stakeholders (including government, the general public, universities,
non-governmental organizations, and the local populace) and communication with
the local populace must be implemented (25 %). Water and adjacent land
management (12 %), species management through proper conservation procedures
(10 %), and incentives for local stakeholders who will carry out the
conservation process (4 %) can all contribute significantly to the conservation
of bivalves in Borneo. While the existing policies and regulations are
sufficient for a sustainable conservation process, additional research is
necessary to determine whether any revisions to those policies and regulations
are necessary (3 %). Ex situ conservation (2 %) and proper enforcement of
policies, legislation, and regulation (2 %). Any threatened species and those
that have been suppressed by stressors, including human intervention, should be
recovered through the application of appropriate management guidelines and
procedures (1 %). Conservation strategies can be integrated into formal
national curricula; consequently, future leaders and stakeholders should be
concerned about bivalve biodiversity conservation (0.5 %). Reintroduction of
species from another source is sometimes feasible. The general training received
by common people, stakeholders, conservationists, and government officials is
sufficient in the Indo-Pacific region and Malaysia, as there are ample training
facilities and current conservation legislation is adequate, but conservation
measures for bivalves should be prioritized.
Another research by Lopes-Lima et
al. (2014) suggested that research on different aspects of taxonomy,
systematics, anatomy, physiology, ecology, and conservation of freshwater
bivalves will be helpful to conserve and reduce the extinction risk. Omics
approach will also be helpful to conserve the bivalve fauna (Carducci et al.
2020). In contrast, a recent study from China suggested that awareness among
people regarding ecological protections can be a helpful tool for protecting the
habitat of bivalves. Reduce or suspend
the commercial capture of wild bivalves, establish sanctuaries for habitat
protection, extend the fishing or capture ban period which might helpful to
conserve the bivalve fauna (Cao et al. 2018).
Prospects
and future research
The status of bivalves in
Malaysian Borneo as a whole has not yet been determined. Numerous research
groups comprised of provincial governments, universities, and the federal
government can work in various ecological niches to determine the true number
and species of bivalves in Malaysian Borneo in order to create a comprehensive
checklist. Aquaculture of commercially valuable bivalve species may be another
area of research that could help prevent indiscriminate harvesting of bivalves
from Malaysian Borneo’s diverse habitats. Pollution studies can be conducted to
assess the biodiversity and ecological threats posed by various industrial
zones, despite the fact that water, air, and soil pollution are increasing as a
result of these two provinces’ rapid industrialization. A strong legislative
framework could be established and enforced to protect different habitats’
ecological integrity and bivalve diversity. Strict enforcement of laws may aid
in the conservation of bivalve species in Malaysian Borneo.
Regrettably, there is far too
little information at the moment, but provincial governments could declare some
species vulnerable and also establish some protected zones in accordance with
the IUCN Red List. Numerous awareness campaigns, including posters, television
programmes, telecasts, documentaries, films, and cartoons, can be produced to
educate the public about the critical nature of bivalve conservation. For
example, state governments can take steps similar to the Chinese Giant Panda
conservation approach, which is called ‘Panda Diplomacy’ (Buckingham et al.
2013), where China showed public awareness and scientific efforts are effective
in the conservation process. Lopes-Lima et al. (2018) proposed some research
aspects that will help retain the bivalve diversity’s sustainability. According
to them, the primary focus on bivalve research should be on the assessment of
populations and their distribution (32 %), assessment of threats (28 %), and on
studying their life history / breeding for future aquaculture purposes (20 %)
(Figure 7). Whereas the taxonomy of specific bivalve species, the habitats and
ecology of each species, the population trends of bivalves in Borneo, the
harvest trends of fishers including aquaculture, recovery actions if any species
faces imminent extinction, management plans for multi-ground stakeholders, and
further action by various organizations can be considered as significant
research arenas.
Kumar & Ravinesh
(2016) recommended that the importance of taxonomic research be disseminated;
thus, taxonomic knowledge can be included in national level curricula, for
example, high school and college students can learn this science with joy. This
initiative can be incorporated into the provincial and regional curricula of
Malaysian Borneo. Additionally, they emphasized the importance of establishing
accurate species databases and repositories, which will aid in future research
and analysis. Kumar & Ravinesh (2016) also
emphasized the resolution of scientifically dubious name categories, such as
‘taxon inquirendum’ and ‘nomen dubium’,
which is commendable, and the protocols may be beneficial for the Malaysian
Borneo ecosystem as well. They proposed that an integrative taxonomic approach
incorporating detailed biogeography and evolutionary genetic materials could be
beneficial for bivalve fauna conservation in Malaysian Borneo. Finally, citizen
scientists and civil society approaches are very common and widely adopted in
many developed countries; for this, a person does not have to be a scientist;
rather, a keen interest in nature and biodiversity can also be beneficial for
nature conservation. The research on the aforementioned criteria may be adopted
and contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in Malaysian Borneo in the
coming years and decades.
The current checklist is prepared
by reviewing the previously published documents from Malaysian Borneo, although
the published documents are few. Some of the papers we had collected were very
general, and the author did not provide an appropriate format of species
scientific names (Al-Asif et al. 2020). Misidentification is a widespread issue
in taxonomy, and some published documents reported different bivalve species
out ranged of their original distribution region. For example, the distribution
of Ctenoides scaber (Born,
1778) (Turgeon et al. 2009) is well known from North America, but the previous
study reported this species from the southeastern
Asian region. This might happen because the author found similarities with southeastern Asian bivalve species with North American
species or is entirely misidentified.
On the other hand, we can say it
is considered either misidentification of these species or they introduced to
the Malaysian habitat. Most of the published papers we had handled did not
provide any pictures of bivalve species, which can be considered a considerable
gap of the bivalve research in Malaysian Borneo (Shabdin
2010). In contrast, the papers that were published on the ecological phenomena
or on the ecological subject matter did not include photographs or appropriate
scientific nomenclature, and the samples that had been gathered were not stored
in a permanent and easily accessible repository for future study. The island of
Borneo does not have a natural history museum, although there is a tiny part of
the ‘Sarawak State Museum’ that is known as the ‘Natural History Museum’, but
there are no depositing facilities or a permanent repository in the Malaysian
part of this island (Al-Asif et al. 2020; Shabdin
2010). Given the foregoing, Malaysian Borneo urgently requires a permanent and
accessible repository for the collection of samples. New expeditions to
different rivers and creeks in the interior of Borneo can be conducted to
determine the exact number of bivalve species found in Malaysian Borneo.
Conclusions
The current work produced a
comprehensive checklist of bivalves recorded from Malaysian Borneo,
crosschecked with WoRMS (2021) and MolluscaBase (2021). An accurate checklist of bivalves aids
appropriate resource allocation for the conservation process, and at the same
time has many other functions. Accurate data on bivalve species under one
umbrella will provide insight which species are present in Malaysian Borneo. It
will also help revise and update the national list of molluscan fauna and
periodic update of bivalve taxonomic information.
Table 1. Bivalve fauna in
Malaysian Borneo.
|
Order/Infra
Class/ Super Order/ Sub Class |
Super
Family |
Family |
Species |
IUCN |
Habitat |
Ref |
|
Adapedonta |
Solenoidea |
Pharidae |
Sinonovacula constricta (Lamarck, 1818) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Ashton et
al. (2003) |
|
Solenidae |
Pharella acutidens (Broderip
& Sowerby, 1829) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b) |
||
|
Solen lamarckii Chenu,
1843 |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b) |
|||
|
Solen regularis Dunker, 1862 |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b) |
|||
|
Arcida |
Arcoidea |
Arcidae |
Anadara antiquata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|
Anadara indica (Gmelin,
1791) |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|||
|
Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga,
1906) |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|||
|
Arca ventricosa Lamarck, 1819 |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Barbatia amygdalumtostum (Röding, 1798) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a, 2012b); Shabdin
et al. (2014) |
|||
|
Cardiida |
Cardioidea |
Cardiidae |
Tridacna crocea Lamarck, 1819 |
LC |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|
Tridacna
maxima (Röding, 1798) |
LC |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Tridacna
squamosa Lamarck, 1819 |
LC |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Tellinoidea |
Donacidae |
Donax faba Gmelin, 1791 |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|
|
Solecurtidae |
Azorinus coarctatus (Gmelin,
1791) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
||
|
Tellinidae |
Eurytellina lineata (W. Turton, 1819) (Pink) |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
||
|
Carditida |
Carditoidea |
Carditidae |
Beguina semiorbiculata (Linnaeus,
1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|
Crassatelloidea |
Crassatellidae |
Bathytormus radiatus (Sowerby,
1825) |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|
|
Limida |
Limoidea |
Limidae |
Ctenoides philippinarum Masahito
& Habe, 1978 |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|
Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Lucinida |
Lucinoidea |
Lucinidae |
Lepidolucina venusta (Philippi, 1847) |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|
Ostreida |
Ostreoidea |
Ostreidae |
Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) |
NE |
MAR |
Shabdin et al.
(2014) |
|
Lopha cristagalli (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Shabdin et al.
(2014); Wong & Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Magallana bilineata (Röding,
1798) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Shabdin (2010); Hamli et al. (2012b) |
|||
|
Magallana rivularis (Gould, 1861) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Raven
(2019) |
|||
|
Ostrea lurida Carpenter, 1864 |
NE |
MAR |
Shabdin et al.
(2014) |
|||
|
Saccostrea scyphophilla (Peron & Lesueur, 1807) |
LC |
MAR |
Matsumoto
et al. (2017) |
|||
|
Pterioidea |
Isognomonidae |
Isognomon alatus (Gmelin,
1791) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|
|
Isognomon ephippium (Linnaeus,
1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Ashton et
al. (2003); Hamli et al. (2012b) |
|||
|
Isognomon nucleus (Lamarck,
1819) |
NE |
MAR |
Matsumoto
et al. (2017) |
|||
|
Margaritidae |
Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus,
1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
||
|
Malleidae |
Malleus albus Lamarck, 1819 |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
||
|
Pteriidae |
Pteria colymbus (Röding,
1798) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
||
|
Myida |
Pholadoidea |
Pholadidae |
Pholas orientalis Gmelin,
1791 |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b) |
|
Lignopholas chengi Turner & Santhakumaran, 1989 |
NE |
MAR |
Turner
& Santhakumaran (1989) |
|||
|
Lignopholas rivicola (G.B. Sowerby II, 1849) |
NE |
MAR |
Turner
& Santhakumaran (1989) |
|||
|
Lignopholas fluminalis (Blanford,
1867) |
NE |
FW |
Turner
& Santhakumaran (1989) |
|||
|
Martesia striata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
BW |
Turner
& Santhakumaran (1989) |
|||
|
Mytilida |
Mytiloidea |
Mytilidae |
Byssogerdius striatulus (Hanley, 1843) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Huber
(2010); Raven (2019) |
|
Brachidontes variabilis (Krauss, 1848) |
NE |
MAR |
Raven
(2019) |
|||
|
Pectinida |
Anomioidea |
Anomiidae |
Enigmonia aenigmatica (Holten,
1802) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Ashton et
al. (2003); Raven (2019) |
|
Placunidae |
Placuna placenta (Linnaeus,
1758) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012b) |
||
|
Pectinoidea |
Spondylidae |
Spondylus gussonii O.G. Costa, 1830 |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|
|
Spondylus squamosus Schreibers,
1793 |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Pectinidae |
Amusium pleuronectes (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b) |
||
|
Mimachlamys varia (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Pedum spondyloideum (Gmelin, 1791) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Unionida |
Unionoidea |
Unionidae |
Ctenodesma borneensis (Issel,
1874) |
NE |
FW |
Zieritz &
Lopes-Lima (2018); Zieritz et al. (2020) |
|
Monodontina walpolei (Hanley, 1871) |
NE |
FW |
Zieritz &
Lopes-Lima (2018); Zieritz et al. (2020) |
|||
|
Pilsbryoconcha exilis (I. Lea, 1838) |
LC |
FW |
Hamli et al.
(2012b) |
|||
|
Pressidens insularis (Drouёt,
1894) |
NE |
FW |
Zieritz &
Lopes-Lima (2018); Zieritz et al. (2020) |
|||
|
Rectidens sumatrensis (Dunker, 1852) |
DD |
FW |
Zieritz &
Lopes-Lima (2018) |
|||
|
Schepmania nieuwenhuisi (Schepman, 1898) |
NE |
FW |
Zieritz &
Lopes-Lima (2018); Zieritz et al. (2020) |
|||
|
Schepmania parcesculpta (von Martens, 1903) |
NE |
FW |
Zieritz &
Lopes-Lima (2018); Zieritz et al. (2020) |
|||
|
Simpsonella gracilis (I. Lea, 1851) |
NE |
FW |
Zieritz &
Lopes-Lima (2018) |
|||
|
Sinanodonta lauta (von Martens, 1877) |
NE |
FW |
Zieritz et al.
(2020) |
|||
|
Sinanodonta woodiana (I. Lea, 1834) |
LC |
FW |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b); Hamli et al. (2020); Zieritz
& Lopes-Lima (2018) |
|||
|
Venerida |
Veneroidea |
Veneridae |
Callista erycina (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|
Circe scripta (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b) |
|||
|
Gafrarium pectinatum (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|||
|
Lioconcha castrensis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Marcia hiantina (Lamarck, 1818) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Shabdin (2010) |
|||
|
Meretrix casta (Gmelin,
1791) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|||
|
Meretrix lusoria (Röding,
1798) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|||
|
Meretrix lyrata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1851) |
NE |
BW; MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020); Hamli et al. (2012a,b); Hamli et al. (2017) |
|||
|
Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
BW ; MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b); Abu Hena et al. (2016); Hamli et al. (2016); Matsumoto et al. (2017) |
|||
|
Paphia rotundata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
NE |
MAR |
Wong &
Arshad (2011) |
|||
|
Paratapes undulatus (Born, 1778) |
NE |
MAR |
Hamli et al. (2012a,b) |
|||
|
Placamen isabellina (Philippi, 1849) |
NE |
MAR |
Al-Asif et
al. (2020) |
|||
|
Pelecyora exilium (G. B. Sowerby III, 1909) |
NE |
MAR |
Sowerby
(1909) |
|||
|
Marcia
japonica (J. F. Gmelin 1791) |
NE |
MAR |
Gmelin (1791) |
|||
|
Cyrenoidea |
Cyrenidae |
Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774) |
LC |
FW; BW |
Shabdin &
Alfred (2007) |
|
|
Geloina bengalensis (Lamarck, 1818) |
LC |
BW |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b); Hamli et al. (2015) |
|||
|
Geloina expansa (Mousson,
1849) |
LC |
BW |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b); Shabdin & Alfred (2007); Shabdin (2010); Hamli et al.
(2015) |
|||
|
Glauconomidae |
Glauconome virens (Linnaeus, 1767) |
NE |
MAR |
Hamli et al.
(2012a,b) |
||
|
Arcticoidea |
Trapezidae |
Neotrapezium sublaevigatum (Lamarck,
1819) |
NE |
MAR |
Raven
(2019) |
NE—Not Evaluated | LC—Least
Concern | DD—Data Deficient | FW—Freshwater | BW—Brackish water | MAR—Marine.
Table 2. List of taxonomic corrections
in available bivalve species in Malaysian Borneo.
|
Given
Family |
Corrected
Family |
Given name
of species |
Corrected
name of species |
Type of
inconsistency |
|
Arcidae |
Arcidae |
Anadara granosa |
Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Unaccepted |
|
Arcidae |
Arcidae |
Barbatia fusca (Bruguière,
1789) |
Barbatia amygdalumtostum (Röding, 1798) |
Unaccepted |
|
Cardiidae |
Cardiidae |
Tridacna (Chametrachea) crocea
Lamarck, 1819 |
Tridacna crocea (Lamarck, 1819) |
Alternative
representation |
|
Cardiidae |
Cardiidae |
Tridacna (Chametrachea) maxima (Röding,
1798) |
Tridacna
maxima (Röding, 1798) |
Alternative
representation |
|
Tridacnidae |
Cardiidae |
Tridacna
squamosa Lamarck, 1819 |
Tridacna
squamosa Lamarck, 1819 |
Family
changed |
|
Cyrenidae |
Cyrenidae |
Polymesoda bengalensis |
Geloina bengalensis (Lamarck, 1818) |
Unaccepted |
|
Cyrenidae |
Cyrenidae |
Polymesoda expansa |
Geloina expansa (Mousson,
1849) |
Unaccepted |
|
Glauconomidae |
Glauconomidae |
Gluconome virens |
Glauconome virens (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Misspelling |
|
Isognomonidae |
Isognomonidae |
Isonomon nucleus |
Isognomon nucleus (Lamarck,
1819) |
Misspelling |
|
Isognomonidae |
Isognomonidae |
Spondylus gussonii OG. Costa, 1829 |
Spondylus gussonii (O.G. Costa, 1830) |
Wrong year |
|
Limidae |
Limidae |
Ctenoides scabra (Born, 1778) |
Ctenoides scaber (Born, 1778) |
Unaccepted |
|
Mytilidae |
Mytilidae |
Brachidontes striatulus (Hanley, 1843) |
Byssogerdius striatulus (Hanley,
1843) |
Unaccepted |
|
Pteriidae |
Margaritidae |
Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus,
1758) |
Family
changed |
|
Ostreidae |
Ostreidae |
Crassostrea virginiea |
Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) |
Misspelling |
|
Ostreidae |
Ostreidae |
Crassostrea iredalei |
Magallana bilineata (Röding,
1798) |
Unaccepted |
|
Ostreidae |
Ostreidae |
Crassostrea rivularis (Gould, 1861) |
Magallana rivularis (Gould, 1861) |
Alternative
representation |
|
Pectinidae |
Pectinidae |
Chlamys varia (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Mimachlamys varia (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Unaccepted
(currently placed in genus Mimachlamys) |
|
Myoida |
Pholadidae |
Pholas orientalis |
Pholas orientalis (Gmelin,
1791) |
Family
changed |
|
Unionidae |
Unionidae |
Anodonta woodina |
Sinanodonta woodiana (I. Lea, 1834) |
unaccepted
(recombination) |
|
Unionidae |
Unionidae |
Pseudodon walpolei (Hanley, 1871) |
Monodontina walpolei (Hanley, 1871) |
Unaccepted |
|
Veneridae |
Veneridae |
Meretrix. lyrata |
Meretrix lyrata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1851) |
Misspelling |
|
Veneridae |
Veneridae |
Paphia undulata |
Paratapes undulatus (Born, 1778) |
Unaccepted |
|
Veneridae |
Veneridae |
Meretrix meretrix Roding, |
Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Wrong
author name |
|
Veneridae |
Veneridae |
Paphia alapapilionis Röding, 1798 |
Paphia rotundata (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Unaccepted |
|
Veneridae |
Veneridae |
Dosinia exilium (G.B. Sowerby III, 1909) |
Pelecyora exilium (G.B. Sowerby III, 1909) |
Unaccepted |
|
Veneridae |
Veneridae |
Venus
japonica Gmelin, 1791 |
Marcia
japonica (J. F. Gmelin 1791) |
Unaccepted |
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