Journal
of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 January 2022 | 14(1):
20413–20425
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN
0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7267.14.1.20413-20425
#7267 | Received 11 March 2021
| Final received 09 December 2021 | Finally accepted 28 December 2021
An inventory of new orchid (Orchidaceae) records from Kozhikode, Kerala, India
M. Sulaiman
1 , C. Murugan 2 & M.U. Sharief
3
1–3 Botanical Survey of India,
Southern Regional Centre, TNAU Campus, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003, India.
1 sulai.anbu@gmail.com (corresponding author), 2 sivanthimurugan@rediffmail.com,
3 shariefbsi@yahoo.co.in
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 January 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Sulaiman, M., C. Murugan & M.U. Sharief (2022). An inventory of new orchid (Orchidaceae)
records from Kozhikode, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(1): 20413–20425. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7267.14.1.20413-20425
Copyright: © Sulaiman et al. 2022. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, New Delhi.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: M. Sulaiman, working as senior research fellow
in Flora India Project, Botanical Survey of India, Southern
Regional Centre, Coimbatore. He is more interested in survey of orchids across
the Western Ghats. Dr. C. Murugan, positioned as Scientist-‘E,’
Botanical Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre, Coimbatore. He is
specialized in taxonomy of angiosperms, wild genetic
resources. Dr. M.u. Sharief, designated as Scientist-‘E’ and the Head of the Office, Botanical
Survey of India, Southern Regional
Centre, Coimbatore. His works of interests include floristic studies,
ethnobotany, taxonomy of aromatic & medicinal plants, plant
biotechnology.
Author contributions: The first author surveyed, collected specimens for identification and
prepared the manuscript; while the second and third authors validated the
manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Ministry of
Environment, Forest & Climate Change, New Delhi for funding the Flora of
India Project; Dr. A.A. Mao, director, Botanical
Survey of India, Kolkata for providing the facilities and support to carry out
the work. Thanks are also extended to the Kerala Forest Department for granting
field permission.
Abstract: Orchidaceae is one of the largest families
in the plant kingdom. It has high diversity within the tropical and subtropical
parts of the world, and is considered as a characteristic feature to measure
forest richness. This study explores the orchid diversity in Kozhikode
District, Kerala, India. A total of 57 species belonging to 28 genera were
identified within the study region. Among the total, 42 were epiphytic species
and 15 species were terrestrial. Additionally, 16 species were identified as endemic
to India, of which, 10 species were exclusive to the Western Ghats, four
species to the Western and Eastern Ghats, and two species to peninsular India.
Previous studies conducted within this region, only recorded 10 species. The
present study, however, adds new records of 47 species to the orchid diversity
of Kozhikode.
Keywords: Conservation, diversity,
epiphytes, new distribution, Western Ghats.
Introduction
Orchids are abundant in the humid
tropics and subtropics of the world. They are known for their attractive colour, beautiful structure, and long vase life of the flowers.
Orchids play an important role in horticulture trade due to their aesthetic
appeal. Horticulturalists show a huge interest in orchid hybrids, which are
among the most highly valued horticultural plants in mass-market trade (USDA
2019). Besides the floriculture importance, the orchids face over-exploitation
for medicinal practices and are included in the threatened categories (Jalal et
al. 2014). Due to the threatened status of orchids, different frameworks and
acts are established by international agencies and the Indian Government with
the aim to provide legal protection to conserve native orchid diversity. The
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) has included native orchids in Appendix I & II to prevent the
illegal trade. Similarly, orchids are placed under Schedule VI of Wildlife
Protection Act, 1972 amended in 1992 to regulate the trade activities of
orchids within India (Wildlife Protection Act 1972; Nagrare
2006).
India is widespread with
biogeographic regions with varied topography, climate and habitat providing the
floristic wealth of country with 21,730 taxa under 2,774 genera and 268
families (Mao & Dash 2020). Within India, orchids are documented with 1,256
taxa belonging to 155 genera and 305 endemic species (Singh et al. 2019).
Latest records from the Western Ghats indicated the presence of 305 orchid
species under 77 genera. Additionally, just in the state of Kerala, 265 orchid
species belonging to 77 genera have been listed so far (Nayar
et al. 2014). Moreover, the Western Ghats and the state of Kerala have been
reported to host a high level of orchid endemism with 111 endemic species in
the Western Ghats, and 22 species that are exclusively endemic to Kerala (Singh
et al. 2015).
Kerala is known to be rich in orchid
diversity. The first research study that aimed to create an inventory of orchid
species in Kozhikode District, Kerala was 32 years ago. The study resulted in
recording only 10 species (Manilal & Sivarajan 1982). Ever since, most researchers have mainly
focused on identifying new species. Thus the present work aims to build upon
the study that was conducted by Manilal & Sivarajan (1982) and bring out a more comprehensive
inventory of orchid species in Kozhikode District, Kerala.
As the natural ecosystem is highly
threatened by multiple anthropogenic stressors, it is imperative to periodically estimate the floral wealth in
a region. The orchids are adapted to live in a specialized environment because
of their specialized requirement and many species are very restricted in
distribution and endemism is very high (Nagrare
2006). Any destruction or degradation of natural habitat beyond a tolerable
limit cause threat for their survival. Hence the present study also
necessitates to survey and study the orchid diversity and distribution of an
area in regular period.
Study Area
Kozhikode is one of the coastal
districts in Kerala. It is bound by Kannur district in the north, Wayanad district
in the east, Malappuram district in the south, and the Lakshadweep Sea in the
west. It lies between north latitudes 11.140–11.835 and east longitudes
75.508–76.137. It has a forest cover of 1,493 km2 (Economic Review
2019). The study areas, viz., Kakkad, Kakkayam, Kuttiyadi, Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary, Puduppadi, Peruvannamuzhy,
and Thamarassery were selected as they are composed
of different forest types such as: tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical
evergreen forest, and grasslands (Table 1). In the year 2019, Kozhikode
recorded an annual rainfall of 3,205 mm. The minimum temperature in this region
ranges between 22 and 25.80C and the maximum between 28.2 and 32.90C.
The temperature reaches its peak in the month of April. The zonal relative
humidity ranges 74–92 % during the morning hours and 64–89 % in the evening
hours (Figure 1).
Methods
Field survey
Explorations on orchids at Kozhikode
were carried out from January 2018 to December 2019. The random survey
succeeded through frequent visits in all seasons and locating the orchids in
tropical semi-evergreen forest, tropical evergreen forest, and grasslands of
Kozhikode, Kerala. Normally about three specimens were collected with
reproductive structures while single specimen was collected for the orchids
with least population or an uncommon species. The terrestrial or ground orchids
were collected leaving the tuber or rhizome for regeneration and epiphytes were
collected using sticks without disturbing its population. The non-flowered
orchids were collected and planted in the botanical garden of the Botanical
Survey of India, Coimbatore and upon flowering of the species the
identification was carried out.
The field notes included names of the
flora, habit, habitats, species name, family, flowering, fruiting, date of
collection, collection number, collectors, and remarks. In addition, the
geo-coordinates and elevation of the orchids were recorded using GPS-Garmin and
digital photos were taken using a Nikon D300s Camera for future reference.
After gathering the plant materials,
herbarium was prepared using standard herbarium techniques such as poisoning,
drying, mounting, and labelling (Jain & Rao 1976). The specimens were
identified using relevant literature, regional and national floras (Abraham
& Vatsala 1981; Ansari & Balakrishnan 1990;
Gamble 1928; Kumar & Manilal 2004; Misra 2007; Sasidharan 2013;
Singh et al. 2015, 2019), as well as specimens examined at regional and
national herbaria, namely, Madras Herbarium (MH), Tropical Botanic Garden and Research
Institute (TBGT), Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), and University of
Calicut (CALI). The mounted specimens were labelled with accessed number and
deposited in the Madras Herbarium (MH), Botanical Survey of India, Southern
Regional Centre, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
Results
Floristic diversity
This study was conducted as an
attempt to create an inventory of orchid species from Kozhikode.
A total of 57 species of orchids, belonging to 28 genera were identified as a
part of this study (Table 2). The orchids were categorized based on habitat
type, and it is noted that, among the total, 42 species are observed to be
epiphytic and 15 species are terrestrial. The above collection also included 16
orchid species which are endemic to India. Of these 16 endemic species, 10
species are exclusively found in Western Ghats, viz.: Bulbophyllum
aureum, B. rheedei,
Dendrobium heyneanum, D. nodosum, Luisia
macrantha, Oberonia josephi, O. sebastiana, O. verticillata, Robiquetia josephiana, and Smithsonia
maculata; four species are endemic to the
Eastern and Western Ghats, viz.: Dendrobium nanum,
D. ovatum, Habenaria heyneana, and Porpax
exilis; and two species are endemic to
peninsular India, viz.: Oberonia brunoniana and O. proudlockii
(Figure 2).
The most dominant orchid genera in
Kozhikode are Dendrobium (8 spp.), Oberonia
(7 spp.), Bulbophyllum and Habenaria each (4 spp.), and Liparis
(3 spp.). Eight genera are represented by two species each, while the 13
genera have one species each. (Figure 3).
Discussion
The land of Kozhikode is endowed with
forests, wetlands and beaches. In the past, many academics, botanists, and
scientists have conducted expeditions to explore the floristic diversity of
this region (Ellis et al. 1967; Manilal & Sivarajan 1982; Chandra & Azeez 2010). The results of
those expeditions include, discoveries of new species, new distribution
records, rediscoveries of species, checklist of endemic species, medicinal
plants, and lower plants (Nair & Madhusoodanan
2006; Udayan et al. 2008; Ambily
et al. 2010).
The present study confirmed the new
distribution of 57 orchid species including 10 species that were earlier
documented in the region by Manilal & Sivarajan (1982), viz: Acampe
ochracea, Bulbophyllum
sterile, Crepidium versicolor,
Dendrobium macrostachyum, Geodorum
densiflorum, Habenaria diphylla, H. viridiflora, Luisia tristis, Rhynchostylis retusa, and Zeuxine longilabris.
On comparison of orchid diversity in neighboring
districts of Kannur and Wayanad resulted in high number of orchids with 46 and
165, respectively (Ramachandran & Nair 1998; Ratheesh 2009); while
Kozhikode was documented with less number (Manilal
& Sivarajan 1982). Upon analyzing
the study area, same level of plant richness was observed. Besides, it is also
noted that previous researchers has focused more on floristic aspects rather
than concentrating on specific groups like Orchidaceae.
The new distributional findings of
the 48 orchid species were mainly found in Kakkayam
(tropical evergreen forests), Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary (tropical
semi-evergreen forests, tropical evergreen forests, and grasslands), Kakkad & Pathuppadi (tropical
semi-evergreen forests), and Kuttiyadi, Peruvannamuzhy, & Thamarassery
(tropical semi-evergreen forests and tropical evergreen forests) (Image 1–4). A
majority of the species from the survey was found in tropical evergreen forests
(25 species). At high elevations the tropical semi-evergreen forests hosted the
second highest diversity of 17 species, while in comparison, at lower elevation
the diversity of orchids was relatively less, i.e., 10 species. Orchid
diversity within grasslands was the lowest with five species (Figure 4).
The high number of orchid flowerings
are observed between the months of August to December and others between the
months of January to June. The endemic genus for the Western Ghats of Smithsonia maculata
and S. straminea are excellent collections
from the study area. Oberonia josephii, previously known only from Wayanad, is now
included in this collection as a secondary addition. An interesting species, Eulophia zollingiri
known for its rare blooming was recorded and conserved with other orchids as ex
situ conservation at the botanical garden, Botanical Survey of India,
Coimbatore. Hence, this work also highlights the presence and distribution of
species is the first step in determining areas of conservation and conservation
strategies.
Conclusion
The present findings resulted in recording
the new distributions for 47 species of orchids in Kozhikode; as the earlier
records has indicated only 10 species. This study also confirms the importance
of conducting repeated field surveys in the study area to bring out a
comprehensive inventory of orchid species. In addition, it also helps in
documenting the changes happening in forest cover and land use finally
identifying the threat factors of the vegetation. Thus it is concluded that
inventory of any floristic elements is quite essential to assess the diversity
of a given area and it act as a baseline data to suggest the appropriate
conservation measures in the future timescale.
Table 1. Geographic location of
orchid diversity, Kozhikode District.
|
|
Location |
Altitude (m) |
Latitude |
Longitude |
|
1 |
Kakkad |
10 |
11.036082 |
75.940545 |
|
2 |
Kakkayam |
772 |
11.550156 |
75.928466 |
|
3 |
Kuttiyadi |
81 |
11.659060 |
75.749145 |
|
4 |
Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary |
1,176 |
11.558230 |
75.958238 |
|
5 |
Puduppadi |
82 |
10.789007 |
76.230478 |
|
6 |
Peruvannamuzhy |
60 |
11.583010 |
75.818076 |
|
7 |
Thamarassery |
55 |
11.423630 |
75.946984 |
Table 2. Orchid enumeration of Kozikode district, Kerala.
|
|
Name of the species |
Life form |
Flowering & fruiting |
Voucher No. (MH) |
Locality |
Distribution |
|
1 |
Acampe ochracea (Lindl.) Hochr. |
E |
Nov–May |
145445 |
Anjulimukku (Peruvannamuzhy) |
India (Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Karnataka, Kerala,
and Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Thailand,
Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. |
|
2 |
Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. &
McCann |
E |
Feb–Nov |
145444 |
Kuttiyadi |
India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Daman & Diu, Dadara & Nagar Haveli, Jharkhand, Chhattishgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, and Seychelles. |
|
3 |
Aerides crispa Lindl. |
E |
May–Aug |
145414 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Goa, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, and Dadara & Nagar Haveli), Sri Lanka,
Myanmar, and Bangladesh. |
|
4 |
Aerides ringens (Lindl.) C.E.C.Fisch. |
E |
Feb–Nov |
145446 |
Kuttiyadi |
India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka. |
|
5 |
Bulbophyllum aureum (Hook.f.) J.J.Sm. |
E |
Jan–Feb |
145449 |
Athozhi (Kuttiyadi) |
India (Kerala and Tamil Nadu)
Endemic to Western Ghats. |
|
6 |
Bulbophyllum rheedei Manilal & C.S.Kumar |
E |
May–Aug |
145411 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Kerala) Endemic to
Western Ghats. |
|
7 |
Bulbophyllum sterile (Lam.) Suresh |
E |
Apr–Nov |
14541 |
Sankaranpuzha camp (Kakkayam) |
India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu), Nepal, Bangladesh and
Myanmar. |
|
8 |
Bulbophyllum stocksii (Benth. ex Hook.f.) J.J.Verm., Schuit. & de Vogel |
E |
Sep–Nov |
145412 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Kerala and Tamil Nadu), Myanmar and Bangladesh. |
|
9 |
Calanthe sylvatica (Thouars) Lindl. |
T |
Sep–Nov |
145438 |
Sothupara (Kakkayam) |
India (Assam, Mizoram, West
Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu), Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China,
Myanmar, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Indo-China, Madagascar, and
Africa |
|
10 |
Cheirostylis parvifolia Lindl. |
T |
Jun–Sep |
145431 |
Ambalappara Grass land (Kakkayam) |
India (Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha) and Sri Lanka. |
|
11 |
Cleisostoma tenuifolium (L.) Garay |
E |
Jan–Dec |
145447 |
Pathuppadi |
India (Goa, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, and Thailand. |
|
12 |
Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl. |
E |
Jan–Apr |
145403 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Karnataka, Kerala, and
Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka. |
|
13 |
Cottonia peduncularis (Lindl.)
Rchb.f. |
E |
Jan–Apr |
145415 |
Kakkayam |
India (Goa, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha) and Sri Lanka. |
|
14 |
Crepidium versicolor (Lindl.) Sushil K.Singh, Agrawala & Jalal |
T |
Sep–Nov |
145426 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka. |
|
15 |
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. |
E |
Mar–Jun |
145439 |
Kakkad |
India (Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal,
Uttarakhand, Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Chhattishgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Andaman
& Nicobar Islands), Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Laos,
Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. |
|
16 |
Dendrobium herbaceum
Lindl. |
E |
Oct–Nov |
145415 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Mizoram, West Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Bihar, Chhattishgarh, Jharkhand, and Madhya
Pradesh) and Bangladesh. |
|
17 |
Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl. |
E |
Feb–Apr |
145410 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal,
Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar,
Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia. |
|
18 |
Dendrobium heyneanum Lindl. |
E |
Sep–Nov |
145430 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Karnataka, Kerala, and
Tamil Nadu). Endemic to Western Ghats. |
|
19 |
Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl. |
E |
Mar–Jun |
145427 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Arunachal Pradesh, West
Bengal, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
and Jharkhand), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, and
Vietnam. |
|
20 |
Dendrobium nanum
Hook.f. |
E |
Sep–Nov |
145419 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Goa, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu). Endemic to Eastern and Western Ghats. |
|
21 |
Dendrobium nodosum Dalzell |
E |
Mar–Jun |
145403 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Goa, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala). Endemic to Western Ghats. |
|
22 |
Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kraenzl. |
E |
Jan–Dec |
145448 |
Thamarassery |
India (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu). Endemic to Eastern and
Western Ghats. |
|
23 |
Dendrobium salaccense (Blume) Lindl. |
E |
Sep–Nov |
145409 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Assam, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Odiaha,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Sri Lanka,
Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
|
24 |
Diploprora championii (Lindl.) Hook.f. |
E |
Aug–Sep |
145421 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Meghalaya, Arunachal
Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Odisha, Karnataka, Kerala, and Andaman &
Nicobar Islands), Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and
Vietnam. |
|
25 |
Eulophia nuda Lindl. |
T |
Sep–Oct |
145435 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West
Bengal, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattishgarah, Punjab, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andaman & Nicobar
Islands), Sri Lanka, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia,
Philippines, and Pacific Island. |
|
26 |
Eulophia zollingeri (Rchb.f.) J.J.Sm. |
T |
Jan–Feb |
145435 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Assam, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, and
Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Japan,
Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and Vietnam. |
|
27 |
Geodorum densiflorum (Lamk.) Schlech. |
T |
Apr–Nov |
145440 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West
Bengal, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Chhattishgarh,
Jharkhand, and Madhya Pradesh) New Guinea, Thailand, Indo-China, southeastern
Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia, and Fiji. |
|
28 |
Habenaria diphylla Dalz. |
T |
Aug–Sep |
145451 |
Atthikode grass land
(Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Meghalaya, Sikkim, West
Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Jharkhand, and Chhattishgarh), Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar,
Thailand, China, and Philippines. |
|
29 |
Habenaria heyneana Lindl. |
T |
Aug–Sep |
145433 |
Ambalappara grass land (Kakkayam) |
India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu). Endemic to Eastern and
Western Ghats. |
|
30 |
Habenaria longicorniculata J.Graham |
T |
Aug–Sep |
145423 |
Athikode grass land
(Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Chhattishgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan) and Sri
Lanka. |
|
31 |
Habenaria viridiflora (Sw.) R. Br. |
T |
Aug–Dec |
145451 |
Atthikode grass land
(Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Assam, Karnataka,
Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bangladesh,
Indo-China, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
|
32 |
Liparis deflexa Hook.f. |
T |
Oct–Nov |
145440 |
Kuttiyadi R.F. |
India (Assam, Sikkim, West
Bengal, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Chhattishgarh), Myanmar, Nepal, Laos, Cambodia,
Indo-China, and Vietnam. |
|
33 |
Liparis elliptica Wight |
E |
Sep–Oct |
145427 |
Kakkayam R.F. |
India (Manipur, Meghalaya,
Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and
Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia,
Philippines, Vietnam, and Pacific Islands. |
|
34 |
Liparis viridiflora (Blume) Lindl. |
E |
Aug–Dec |
145428 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Assam, Meghalaya,
Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Sikkim, West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Andhra
Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, China, Nepal,
Bhutan, Taiwan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand,
and Pacific Islands. |
|
35 |
Luisia macrantha Blatt. & McCann |
E |
Feb–Nov |
145408 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Karnataka and Kerala).
Endemic to Western Ghats. |
|
36 |
Luisia tristis (G.Forst.) Hook.f. |
E |
Mar–Jun |
145441 |
Athozhi (Kuttiyadi) |
India (Assam, Meghalaya,
Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Sri Lanka, Nepal, China,
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Bhutan, Malaysia, and southeastern Asia. |
|
37 |
Oberonia bicornis Lindl. |
E |
Aug–Nov |
145420 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Manipur, Mizoram,
Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, and
Bangladesh. |
|
38 |
Oberonia brunoniana Wight |
E |
Aug–Dec |
145419 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Andhra Pradesh, Goa,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu). Endemic to peninsular India. |
|
39 |
Oberonia ensiformis (Sm.) Lindl. |
E |
Aug–Dec |
145402 |
Sankaranpuzha (Kakkayam) |
India (Manipur, Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim West Bengal, Uttarakhand, Andhra
Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andaman
& Nicobar Islands), Nepal, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. |
|
40 |
Oberonia josephi C.J.Saldanha |
E |
Aug–Dec |
145424 |
Kakkayam R.F. |
India (Karnataka and Kerala)
Endemic to Western Ghats. |
|
41 |
Oberonia proudlockii King & Pantl. |
E |
Aug–Dec |
145402 |
Sankaranpuzha (Kakkayam) |
India (Odisha, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu) Endemic to Peninsular India. |
|
42 |
Oberonia sebastiana B.V.Shetty & Vivek. |
E |
Aug–Nov |
145442 |
Anjulimukku (Kuttiadi) |
India (Kerala and Tamil Nadu).
Endemic to Western Ghats. |
|
43 |
Oberonia verticillata Wight |
E |
Aug–Nov |
145418 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Goa, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala). Endemic to the Western Ghats. |
|
44 |
Peristylus aristatus Lindl. |
T |
Aug–Sep |
145434 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu), Nepal, Pakistan, Myanmar, Malaysia, and
Indonesia. |
|
45 |
Peristylus spiralis A.Rich. |
T |
Aug–Sep |
145432 |
Ambalappara Grass land (Kakkayam) |
India (Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu, and Kerala) and Sri Lanka |
|
46 |
Phalaenopsis mysorensis C.J.Saldanha |
E |
Feb–Apr |
145407 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Karnataka and Kerala)
and Sri Lanka. |
|
47 |
Pholidota imbricata Hook.f. |
E |
Jan–Mar |
145428 |
Thamarassery |
India (Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West
Bengal, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Chhattishgarh,
Madhya Pradesh, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands), Sri Lanka, tropical &
subtropical Asia, and Pacific Islands. |
|
48 |
Porpax exilis (Hook.f.) Schuit.,
Y.P.Ng & H.A.Pedersen |
E |
Feb–Apr |
145404 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu). Endemic to Eastern and Western Ghats |
|
49 |
Porpax reticulata Lindl. |
E |
Jan–Mar |
145413 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Goa, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu), Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
|
50 |
Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume |
E |
Apr–Nov |
145443 |
Kakkad |
India (Assam, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, West
Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh,
Odisha, Gujarat, Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Chhattishgarh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Andaman &
Nicobar Islands), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal, Bangladesh, china,
Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Java. |
|
51 |
Robiquetia josephiana Manilal & C.S.Kumar |
E |
Sep–Oct |
145422 |
Soothuppara (Kakkayam) |
India (Kerala and Tamil Nadu).
Endemic to Western Ghats. |
|
52 |
Sirhookera lanceolata (Wight) Kuntze |
E |
Aug–Nov |
145405 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka. |
|
53 |
Smithsonia maculata (Dalzell) C.J.Saldanha |
E |
Jun–Sep |
145429 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala,
Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu). Endemic to Western Ghats. |
|
54 |
Smithsonia straminea C.J.Saldanha |
E |
Feb–Apr |
145406 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Goa, Karnataka, Kerala,
and Maharashtra) and Sri Lanka. |
|
55 |
Taeniophyllum alwisii Lindl. |
E |
Sep–Mar |
145422 |
Atthikode R.F. (Malabar
Wildlife Sanctuary) |
India (Karnataka, Kerala, and
Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka. |
|
56 |
Zeuxine gracilis (Breda) Blume |
T |
Sep–Dec |
145431 |
Kuttiyadi |
India (Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu),
Borneo, Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam |
|
57 |
Zeuxine longilabris (Lindl.) Trimen |
T |
Aug–Dec |
145430 |
Ambalappara (Kakkayam) |
India (Assam, Tripura,
Arunachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, and Bihar), Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and
Cambodia. |
For
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