Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2022 | 14(3): 20747–20757
ISSN 0974-7907
(Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7165.14.3.20747-20757
#7165 | Received 06
February 2021 | Final received 26 November 2021 | Finally accepted 10 March
2022
Spatial and temporal variation in
the diversity of malacofauna from Aripal stream of
Kashmir Himalaya, India
Zahoor Ahmad Mir 1 &
Yahya Bakhtiyar 2
1,2 Fish Biology and Limnology
Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
Jammu & Kashmir 190006,
India.
1 mirzahoor88@gmail.com, 2 yahya.bakhtiyar@gmail.com
(corresponding author)
Editor: N.A. Aravind, Ashoka Trust for
Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru, India. Date
of publication: 26 March 2022 (online & print)
Citation: Mir, Z.A. & Y. Bakhtiyar (2022). Spatial and
temporal variation in the diversity of malacofauna from Aripal
stream of Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(3): 20747–20757. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7165.14.3.20747-20757
Copyright: © Mir & Bakhtiyar
2022. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None, all expenses were borne
by Zahoor Ahmad Mir, PhD Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Zahoor Ahmad Mir—PhD Research Scholar, Department
of Zoology, University of Kashmir is currently working in the Fish Biology and
Limnology Research Laboratory of the Department and has a keen interest in the
taxonomy and diversity of macrobenthic invertebrates
along with the limnology of Kashmir Himalayan streams. Dr.
Yahya Bakhtiyar—Assistant Professor,
Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir is currently working in the Fish
Biology and Limnology Research Laboratory of the Department and his focus of
research is fish population dynamics, fish reproductive biology, zooplankton, macrobenthic invertebrates, biomonitoring, and limnology of
the waterbodies of Jammu and Kashmir.
Author contributions: ZAM—field survey, data
collection, identification, photography, statistical analysis, and manuscript
preparation. YB—research supervision, drafting of research problem, and
manuscript preparation.
Acknowledgements: The authors are highly thankful
to the Head, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir for providing all the
necessary laboratory and library facilities while conducting this research
work.
Abstract: This paper presents the spatial
and temporal variation in the diversity of malacofauna in relation to the water
chemistry of the Aripal stream of Kashmir Himalaya. A
total of 12 species were reported which belong to four families, Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, and Bithyniidae from
class Gastropoda, and two families, Cyrenidae and Pisidiidae from
class Bivalvia. The family Planorbidae contributed
34% to the total annual molluscan population followed by Lymnaeidae
(28%) and Bithyniidae (18%). During the collection, Gyraulus sp., Planorbis
sp., and Bithynia tentaculata were
prevalent at all sites, with predominance of Bithynia tentaculata.
Species richness and abundance were observed maximum at site A3 (down-stream)
and minimum at site A1 (up-stream) while in the case of temporal variation,
species richness and abundance were maximum in summer and minimum in winter.
Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index, Margalef index,
and Pielou evenness index were used to calculate the
diversity, dominance, richness, and evenness of molluscan species,
respectively. Physico-chemical parameters revealed a
non-significant spatial variation (P >0.05) except pH, total
hardness, and alkalinity while a significant temporal variation (P
<0.05) was observed in the physico-chemical parameters
except dissolved oxygen. A significant positive correlation was seen between
the molluscan species and total hardness. In the present study, the stone
mining, channel morphology of stream, habitat heterogeneity, and physico-chemical parameters were also found to promote the
spatial and temporal diversity of malacofauna.
Keywords: Abundance, classification,
distribution, freshwater ecosystems, macrobenthic
invertebrates, molluscs, Pearson’s correlation, physico-chemical
parameters, richness.
INTRODUCTION
Molluscs serve as sources of food
for fishes, birds and mammals (Wosu 2003). Molluscs
also act as intermediate hosts to helminth parasites that cause diseases such
as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis in humans and livestock (Mostafa 2009;
Alhassan 2020; Silva et al. 2020). Freshwater molluscs, being detritus feeders,
play a significant role in improving water quality (Martin 1991; Reddy 1995).
Freshwater bodies are inhabited by two classes of molluscs: Gastropoda
and Bivalvia, with the Gastropoda forming the largest
group (Lydeard et al. 2004). Both gastropods and
bivalves are diverse in aquatic ecosystems such as lakes, ponds, wetlands,
springs, streams, and rivers, which act as models for ecological studies (APHA
1998). Ecological parameters like temperature, nature of substratum, type of
vegetation, and water chemistry play significant role in the occurrence,
distribution, and density of freshwater molluscs (Bournard
et al. 1987; Boulton & lake 1992; Linke et al.
1999). Temperature has a major impact on the seasonal distribution and
abundance of freshwater molluscs (Biggs et al. 1990). Bottom substrate such as
boulders, cobbles, pebbles, gravel, and sand provide a suitable habitat for the
colonization and establishment of molluscs in streams (Hynes 1970; Habib &
Yousuf 2012). Growth of vegetation such as macrophytes and periphyton along and
within the stream increases the density, distribution, and diversity of
molluscs (Nelson et al. 1990; Bilby & Ward 1991; Ghani et al. 2017). Water
chemistry parameters (viz., pH, alkalinity, hardness) influence the abundance
and richness of molluscs (Peeters & Gardeniers 1998). The spatial and temporal variation in
both biotic and abiotic parameters change the adaptation strategies along with
the composition, distribution, and diversity of mollusc communities (Rosillon 1987; Poff & Ward
1989). The freshwater molluscs are facing threats from various sources such as
water pollution, habitat destruction through dams and channelization, and
climate change (Peeters
& Gardeniers 1998; Primack 2002). The studies on
Indian Himalayan malacofauna is meager compared to
other parts of India (Blanford & Godwin-Austen
1908; Rao 1993; Aravind et al. 2010; Sharma et al. 2010) and in Kashmir
Himalaya, a well-documented work has been carried out on the diversity of
benthic molluscan fauna (Qadri et al. 1981; Dhar et
al. 1985; Pandit et al. 2002; Yousuf et al. 2006; Bhat & Pandit 2010; Habib
& Yousuf 2014; Allaie et al. 2019). Despite the
work carried out in the field of limnology, there is still a lack of knowledge
and fragmentary information regarding habitat heterogeneity and changing
riparian land use patterns along the hill streams. These aspects have a
profound impact on the occurrence, abundance, and richness of benthic fauna and
have been considered during the present study on the spatial and temporal
variation in the diversity of malacofauna from the Aripal
stream of Tral, Kashmir Himalaya.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Description of the study area
The present study has been
carried out from the Aripal stream, located in the Tral town, between geographic coordinates 33.93°N and
75.10°E with an altitude of 1,662 m in the district Pulwama,
Kashmir valley. The stream originates in the northern ridge of Greater Himalaya
and forms one of the important tributaries of the Jhelum river in the district.
The town is situated 11 km away from NH 44 Awantipora
and nearly about 40 km from Srinagar city. The Aripal
watershed covers an area of 380 km2 in the sub-district and provides
various ecosystem services such as a source of drinking water and irrigation
for horticulture and agriculture purposes and also forms an opportunity for
trout culture in the area. The stream forms an important reservoir of
construction materials such as boulders, cobbles, pebbles, gravel, and sand,
which boost the rural economy (Mir & Saleem 2016). During the survey, three
sites were selected from the stream, on the basis of distance, altitudinal
distribution, riparian land-use types, and stream heterogeneity. The sites were
marked as site A1 at Aripal (up-stream), 34.01˚N
& 75.04˚E, 1,902 m, site A2 at Chandrigam
(mid-stream), 33.55˚N & 75.05˚E, 1,607 m, and site A3 at Kadelbal (down-stream), 33.53˚N & 75.02˚E, 1,583 m
(Image 1). The geographical representation of the Aripal
watershed along with sampling sites was created through Arc-GIS software
(Figure 1).
Sampling, processing, and
identification
Sampling was carried out on
monthly basis from June 2018 to May 2019. The molluscan samples were collected
by using standard bottom samplers (EU-WFD implemented) Surber net and D-net
(HYDRO-BIOS) with 0.9 m2 area and 0.5 mm mesh size (Rosenberg & Resh 1993; Barbour et al. 1999; Hayslip
& Gretchen 2007). Wader and synthetic rubber gloves were used during wading
in each sampling reach. A systematic method was followed to cover the different
microhabitats in each sampling site (Peck et al. 2002). A standard operating
method in benthic macroinvertebrate sampling, developed by Moultan
et al. (2000) and Carter & Resh (2001) was
followed for filtration, sieving, removing, and sorting of molluscs and
extraneous material from the sample. During processing, samples were fixed with
4% formalin and preserved with 70% ethanol. The identification was done with
the help of dissecting stereo zoom microscope (Magnus MS 24) with Magcam DC 10 camera following taxonomic keys (Edmondson
1959; Rao 1989; Ramakrishna & Dey 2007).
Physico-chemical parameters
The physico-chemical
parameters of water, viz., dissolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity (Alk), total hardness (TH), air temperature (AT), water
temperature (WT), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids
(TDS) were measured by following standard methods (APHA 1998).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis of data was
performed by using MS excel 2016, SPSS 20, and Past 4 software. Shannon-Wiener
index (1949), Simpson dominance index (1949), Margalef
index (1958) and Pielou evenness index (1966) were
used to calculate the diversity, dominance, richness, and evenness of molluscan
species with the use of Past 4 software. Spatial and temporal data of physico-chemical parameters were subjected for one-way
ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and the relationship with
molluscan species was determined through two-tailed Pearson’s correlation with
the help of SPSS 20 software.
RESULTS
Molluscan diversity
During the present study, 1,509
individuals were collected from three different sites of the Aripal stream throughout the year. A total of 12 species
were reported from six families and two classes. Gastropoda
represented 10 species that belong to four families, Lymnaeidae,
Physidae, Planorbidae, and Bithyniidae while the class Bivalvia was represented by two
species belonging to two families, Cyrenidae and Pisidiidae (Table 1). The identified Gastropoda
were Radix auricularia, Lymnaea
stagnalis, Pseudosuccinea
columella, Racesina luteola,
Physella acuta, Segmentina sp., Indoplanorbis
exustus, Gyraulus sp.,
Planorbis sp., and Bithynia tentaculata. The Bivalvia species were Corbicula cashmirienses and Pisidium
casertanum (Table 1; Image 2). During the
collection, Gyraulus sp., Planorbis sp., and Bithynia tentaculata were present at all the sites, while Physella acuta was
observed only at site A2 (mid-stream) and Lymnaea
stagnalis, Segmentina sp.
and Indoplanorbis exustus
were present only at site A3 (down-stream). Radix auricularia,
Pseudosuccinea columella, Racesina
luteola, Corbicula cashmirienses
and Pisidium casertanum
were reported from site A2 and site A3 of the stream (Table 2).
The class Gastropoda
and Bivalvia contributed 82% and 18% to the total annual molluscan population
(Figure 2). The family Planorbidae contributed 34%
followed by Lymnaeidae (28%), Bithyniidae
(18%), Cyrenidae (11%), Pisidiidae
(7%), and Physidae (2%) to the total annual molluscan
population (Figure 3). The species Bithynia tentaculata
contributed 18% followed by Gyraulus sp.
(16%), Pseudosuccinea columella (12%), Radix
auricularia (10%), Corbicula cashmiriensis (10%), Planorbis
sp. (8%), Indoplanorbis exustus
(7%), Pisidium casertanum
(7%), Lymnaea stagnalis
(4%), Racesina luteola
(3%), Segmentina sp. (3%), and Physella acuta (2%)
to the total annual molluscan population (Figure 4).
The diversity was observed
highest at site A3 (2.25) and lowest at site A1 (1.04), dominance was recorded
highest at site A1 (0.37) and lowest at site A3 (0.12), species richness was
observed highest at site A3 (1.47) while lowest at site A1 (0.41) and evenness
was recorded highest at sites A1 & A3 (0.94) while lowest at site A2 (0.78)
(Figure 5).
In the temporal variation of
malacofauna, the diversity was observed highest in summer season (2.33) while
lowest in winter season (2.06), dominance was recorded maximum in winter season
(0.14) while minimum in summer season (0.11), species richness was observed
maximum in summer season (1.74) while minimum in winter season (1.45) and
evenness was recorded maximum in spring season (0.89) while minimum in summer
season (0.86) (Figure 6).
Physico-chemical parameters
During the study, a total of
eight physico-chemical parameters were recorded. The
air temperature (AT) ranged from 4–25 ˚C with a mean value of 16.3±7.5 ˚C,
water temperature (WT) ranged from 7.67–19 ˚C with mean value of 13.2±3.7 ˚C,
dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from
8.13–14.33 mg/L with mean value of 11.1±1.8 mg/L, pH ranged from
7.33–8.47 with mean value of 7.8±0.4, electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from
126.67–368.67 µs cm-1 with mean value of 256.3±84.4 µs cm-1,
total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 62–184.33 mg/L with mean value of
121.6±42.1 mg/L, total hardness (TH) ranged from 35.7–161.67 mg/L with mean
value of 94.8±32.9 mg/L and alkalinity (Alk) ranged
from 61.33–137 mg/L with mean value of 94.2±21.5 mg/L (Table 3).
The descriptive analysis in the
physicochemical parameters of the Aripal stream on
spatial and seasonal scale is presented in the Table 4 & 5, respectively.
A relationship between the
molluscan species and physico-chemical parameters of
the Aripal stream showed a significantly positive
correlation with the total hardness. The Radix auricularia,
Racesina luteola,
Gyraulus sp., Planorbis
sp., and Corbicula cashmirienses revealed
a very significant positive correlation (P <0.01) with total hardness
while the Lymnaea stagnalis,
Pseudosuccinea columella, Segmentina sp., Indoplanorbis
exustus, and Pisidium
casertanum revealed a significant positive
correlation (P <0.05) with total hardness. Besides the Pseudosuccinea columella and Pisidium casertanum
showed a significant positive correlation (P <0.05) with water
temperature and pH. The Planorbis
sp. showed a very significant positive correlation (P <0.01) with
air temperature and water temperature. The Bithynia tentaculata
revealed a very significant positive correlation (P <0.01) with air
temperature and water temperature while a negative significant correlation (P
<0.05) with alkalinity (Table 6).
DISCUSSION
The ecology of a place and the
seasons of a year play an important role in the distribution and abundance of
organisms. During the present study, the distribution and abundance of
freshwater molluscs were monitored in the Aripal
stream of Kashmir Himalaya, where 12 species were reported which belong to six
families and two classes. Out of 12 species, 10 species belong to class Gastropoda, and the remaining two species belong to class
Bivalvia. The family Planorbidae showed a high
contribution to the total molluscs at all the selected sites of the stream,
followed by the Lymnaeidae and Bithynidae.
Sharma et al. (2010) observed similar results regarding the diversity and
distribution of Gastropoda. Hora et al. (1955)
observed the prevalence of Gyraulus sp.,
Indoplanorbis exustus,
and Valvata sp. in the Kashmir valley.
However, in our case, Gyraulus sp., Planorbis sp., and Bithynia tentaculata
were recorded from all the sites which may be attributed to the availability of
food and shelter in the form of leaf litter, aquatic macrophytes, periphyton,
and organic-rich bottom sediments of different sites. The high prevalence of Bithynia
tentaculata in the stream may be due to the
better capability of utilizing the organic matter available in the bottom
substrate. The presence of Lymnaea stagnalis, Segmentina sp.,
and Indoplanorbis exustus
with the increase in electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids at site
A3 may act as bioindicator of pollution. Wagh et al.
(2019) noticed similar results with respect to freshwater molluscs in the
Amravati district of Maharashtra, India. The selected sites along the stream
face various types of disturbances. The site A1 is disturbed due to stone
mining, floods, and land-use changes, site A2 is disturbed mainly from washing
clothes and domestic sewage and site A3 receives the agricultural runoff from
surrounding agricultural land. The presence of few species at site A1
(up-stream) may be the key cause of stone mining, occasionally torrential flow
during floods, and change in land-use patterns which may cause habitat
instability and result negative impacts upon the molluscan fauna. However, the
species number increased abruptly towards the downstream which may be
attributed to the reduction in the stream slope, low velocity, stability of
bottom substrate, the inflow of nutrients from surrounding agricultural land,
and sedimentation of fine organic matter. Further high diversity, richness, and
evenness were observed at site A3 (down-stream) and low values at site A1
(up-stream). The high diversity, richness, and evenness in the downstream may
reflect the stability of bottom substrate due to downward serpentine flow,
formation of pool-rich stretches, and presence of different microhabitats by
the introduction of woody debris and growth of periphyton and submerged
macrophytes. The findings are validated by Strzelec
& Krolczyk (2004) who reported that sandy bottom,
vegetation, and organic sedimentation are the most suitable substrate for rich
molluscan fauna. The richness of the molluscan species at site A2 and site A3
may also be attributed to the combined effect of higher values of alkalinity, pH,
total hardness, and total dissolved solids. During the present study, majority
of molluscan species showed a significant positive correlation with physico-chemical parameters. Many workers have reported a
positive correlation between these parameters and mollusca
(Malhotra et al. 1996). The dissolved oxygen showed spatially and temporally
non-significant variation in the stream and also revealed a non-significant
correlation with molluscan species. A similar trend was observed in earlier
studies (Sharma 1986). In the temporal variation of mollusca,
the species diversity and richness were observed maximum in the summer season
while minimum in the winter season. This may be related to the two important
parameters, viz., temperature and organic matter. The increase in the
temperature during the summer season may activate the decomposition of organic
matter suspended in the bottom substrate and may accelerate its conversion into
inorganic nutrients. This process may promote the growth and structure of
periphyton and macrophytes which form the suitable substrate for malacofauna.
The statement is related to the findings of various other authors as well
(Dutta & Malhotra 1986; Malhotra et al. 1996; Bath et al. 1999). The
present study presents the spatial and temporal diversity patterns of
malacofauna in the Aripal stream of Kashmir Himalaya.
Mollusca as one of the components of macrobenthic
invertebrates play role in the regulation of suspended organic matter within
the bottom substrate of streams. The study emphasizes the need for the
conservation of streams and their role in shaping the occurrence, distribution,
abundance, and richness of malacofauna. Streams as freshwater ecosystems
provide habitat for diverse flora and fauna and thus form an important model for
ecological studies.
Table 1. The systematic list of malacofauna from Aripal stream.
Phylum |
Class |
Order |
Family |
Genus/Species |
Mollusca |
Gastropoda |
Basommatophora |
Lymnaeidae |
Radix auricularia |
Lymnaea stagnalis |
||||
Pseudosuccinea columella |
||||
Racesina luteola |
||||
Physidae |
Physella acuta |
|||
Planorbidae |
Segmentina sp. |
|||
Indoplanorbis exustus |
||||
Gyraulus sp. |
||||
Planorbis sp. |
||||
Mesogastropoda |
Bithyniidae |
Bithynia tentaculata |
||
Bivalvia |
Veneroida |
Cyrenidae |
Corbicula cashmiriensis |
|
Pisidiidae |
Pisidium casertanum |
Table 2. Species composition of malacofauna at
different sites of Aripal stream.
|
Genus/Species |
Site A1 |
Site A2 |
Site A3 |
1 |
Radix auricularia |
- |
+ |
+ |
2 |
Lymnaea stagnalis |
- |
- |
+ |
3 |
Pseudosuccinea columella |
- |
+ |
+ |
4 |
Racesina luteola |
- |
+ |
+ |
5 |
Physella acuta |
- |
+ |
- |
6 |
Segmentina sp. |
- |
- |
+ |
7 |
Indoplanorbis exustus |
- |
- |
+ |
8 |
Gyraulus sp. |
+ |
+ |
+ |
9 |
Planorbis sp. |
+ |
+ |
+ |
10 |
Bithynia tentaculata |
+ |
+ |
+ |
11 |
Corbicula cashmiriensis |
- |
+ |
+ |
12 |
Pisidium casertanum |
- |
+ |
+ |
(+) presence;
(-) absence
Table 3. Range and mean values of physico-chemical
parameters from Aripal stream.
|
Parameters |
Min |
Max |
Mean±SD |
1 |
AT (oC) |
4 |
25 |
16.3±7.5 |
2 |
WT (oC) |
7.7 |
19 |
13.2±3.7 |
3 |
DO (mg/L) |
8.1 |
14.3 |
11.1±1.8 |
4 |
pH |
7.3 |
8.5 |
7.8±0.4 |
5 |
EC (µs cm-1) |
126.7 |
368.7 |
256.3±84.4 |
6 |
TDS (mg/L) |
62 |
184.3 |
121.6±42.1 |
7 |
TH (mg/L) |
35.7 |
161.7 |
94.8±32.9 |
8 |
Alk (mg/L) |
61.3 |
137 |
94.2±21.5 |
Min—minimum | Max—maximum | SD—standard deviation.
Table 4. Spatial variation in the physico-chemical
parameters from Aripal stream.
Parameters |
Site A1 |
Site A2 |
Site A3 |
AT (oC) |
15.4±6.5a |
16.5±8a |
16.8±8.1a |
WT (oC) |
12.4±2.8a |
14.2±4.7a |
13.1±3.5a |
DO (mg/L) |
10.7±1.2a |
11.6±2.1a |
10.8±2.2a |
pH |
7.6±0.3b |
7.9±0.4a |
7.9±0.3a |
EC (µs cm-1) |
226±90.3a |
258.9±80.7a |
283.9±82.2a |
TDS (mg/L) |
108.4±44.8a |
122.8±39.8a |
133.8±41.5a |
TH (mg/L) |
78.3±32.8b |
94.6±29ab |
111.5±36.9a |
Alk (mg/L) |
80.9±20.1b |
92.1±19.4ab |
109.5±25a |
Parameter
sharing the same superscript among the sites are nonsignificant (P >0.05);
one-way ANOVA applied followed by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Table 5. Seasonal variation in the physico-chemical
parameters from Aripal stream.
Parameters |
Summer |
Autumn |
Winter |
Spring |
AT (oC) |
24.1±1.3a |
17.4±5b |
6.7±2.5c |
16.9±5.4b |
WT (oC) |
17.4±2.9a |
12.8±3.3b |
9.7±1.5c |
13±2.2b |
DO (mg/L) |
10.2±2.1a |
11.1±1.9a |
11.7±1.8a |
11.2±1.6a |
pH |
7.7±0.3b |
8±0.6a |
7.6±0.2b |
7.9±0.1ab |
EC (µs cm-1) |
183.8±68.5b |
315.7±55.6a |
335.1±32a |
190.6±38.2b |
TDS (mg/L) |
87.7±31.6b |
156.8±30a |
150.1±24.8a |
92±26.4b |
TH (mg/L) |
108.1±51.1a |
90±19.1ab |
71.8±24.4b |
109.3±26.6a |
Alk (mg/L) |
78±17.7b |
87.6±17.7b |
120.1±25.9a |
91±12.1b |
Parameter
sharing the same superscript among the seasons are nonsignificant (P >0.05);
one way ANOVA applied followed by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Table 6. Correlation between the molluscan species and
physico-chemical parameters from Aripal
stream.
Malacofauna |
AT |
WT |
DO |
pH |
EC |
TDS |
TH |
Alk |
Radix auricularia |
0.48 |
0.5 |
-0.28 |
0.4 |
-0.06 |
-0.06 |
0.82** |
0.15 |
Lymnaea stagnalis |
0.16 |
0.06 |
-0.28 |
0.29 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
0.68* |
0.39 |
Pseudosuccinea columella |
0.48 |
0.61* |
0.01 |
0.60* |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.65* |
0.14 |
Racesina luteola |
0.55 |
0.56 |
-0.20 |
0.46 |
-0.10 |
-0.05 |
0.81** |
-0.01 |
Physella acuta |
0.13 |
0.23 |
0.51 |
0.43 |
0.07 |
0.13 |
0.06 |
-0.19 |
Segmentina sp. |
0.20 |
0.13 |
-0.32 |
0.16 |
0.18 |
0.14 |
0.62* |
0.38 |
Indoplanorbis exustus |
0.31 |
0.20 |
-0.37 |
0.24 |
0.11 |
0.10 |
0.68* |
0.28 |
Gyraulus sp. |
0.42 |
0.33 |
-0.38 |
0.24 |
-0.06 |
-0.07 |
0.78** |
0.18 |
Planorbis sp. |
0.72** |
0.74** |
-0.33 |
0.43 |
-0.26 |
-0.24 |
0.79** |
-0.18 |
Bithynia tentaculata |
0.90** |
0.95** |
-0.38 |
0.24 |
-0.57 |
-0.50 |
0.50 |
-0.70* |
Corbicula cashmiriensis |
0.23 |
0.29 |
-0.02 |
0.50 |
0.12 |
0.11 |
0.73** |
0.43 |
Pisidium casertanum |
0.46 |
0.61* |
0.03 |
0.61* |
-0.11 |
-0.08 |
0.67* |
0.07 |
‘*’
significant correlation at P <0.05; ‘**’ highly significant
correlation at P <0.01; two-tailed Pearson’s coefficient of
correlation (r) applied.
For figures &
images - - click here
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