Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2021 | 13(12): 19837–19848

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7104.13.12.19837-19848

#7104 | Received 22 January 2021 | Final received 11 August 2021 | Finally accepted 14 September 2021

Checklist of moths (Heterocera) of Tadong, Sikkim, India

Prayash Chettri ¹, Yuki Matsui ², Hideshi Naka ³ & Archana Tiwari ⁴

¹ Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734101, India.

^2,3 Department of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Tottori, Japan.

⁴ Department of Physics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India.

⁴ Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.

¹ prayashchettri96@gmail.com, ² mothya22@gmail.com, ³ chun@tottori-u.ac.jp, ⁴ archana.tiwari.ox@gmail.com (corresponding author)

Editor: Jatishwor Singh Irungbam, Biology Centre CAS, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Date of publication: 26 October 2021 (online & print)

Citation: Chettri, P., Y. Matsui, H. Naka & A. Tiwari (2021). Checklist of moths (Heterocera) of Tadong, Sikkim, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(12): 19837–19848. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.7104.13.12.19837-19848

Copyright: © Chettri et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.

Funding: Self-funded.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: AT would like to express sincere gratitude to Prof. Sudipta Mukherji, Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, Dr. Ajay Tripathi, Sikkim University and Ms. Tavishi Tripathi, Varanasi for their constant motivation, support and encouragement. PC would like to express his sincere gratitude to Mr. Anthony Chettri for his constant support and encouragement and also for providing the basic needs for the accomplishment of this study.

Abstract: This study attempts to create a checklist of moths recorded from two different parts of Tadong in Sikkim, located in the northeastern Himalaya of India. Out of 160 photographed specimens of moths, 133 species were identified and classified. Sixteen families of moths were recorded out of which Erebidae (30.83%) had the highest number of species followed by Geometridae (24.81%), and Crambidae (18.05%) while the other families comprised of 26.30% of the total species.

Keywords: Biodiversity, Eastern Himalaya, Erebidae, Geometridae.

Sikkim, a northeastern Himalayan state, is known for its biodiversity and strategic location surrounded by Nepal, Bhutan, and China. Several new species of butterflies, insects, and birds have been identified in the region (Kalawate 2018), but there are few reports on the sighting or identification of moth species. They play important roles in ecosystems as pollinators for many plants, and they are food for many predators, including bats and birds (Scoble 1992).

During 19^th–20^th Century, Hampson (1892, 1894, 1895, 1896) and Bell & Scott (1973) documented moths of this region. Dudgeon (1898–1901) documented moths from Sikkim and Bhutan. Kirti & Sodhi (2002) recorded 30 species of footman moths from Sikkim. The State Fauna Series holds records of moths from Ctenuchidae and Limacodidae, with 24 species and 40 species, respectively (Chaudhury 2003), Saturniidae with 26 species (Gupta 2003), Zygaenidae with 66 species (Bhattacharya 2003), Arctiidae with 182 species (Chaudhury 2003), and Geometridae with 265 species (Ghosh 2003). Kirti & Sodhi (2003) recoded 24 species belonging to subfamily Arctiinae from Sikkim. Sanyal et al. (2018) recorded 4,107 species with Sikkim having the greatest moth diversity. Chandra et al. (2019) also recorded 1,274 species of moths in ‘Assemblages of Lepidoptera in Indian Himalaya through Long Term Monitoring Plots,’ where many of the species of moths were recorded from the state of Sikkim.

The aim of the present study is to create a baseline checklist of moths from Tadong region in Sikkim for further update and addition to the inventory of moths of Sikkim.

Materials and Methods

An opportunistic survey was conducted where moths were photographed as they came towards light sources (LED, incandescent or compact fluorescent bulbs) illuminating residential premises. They were photographed in two different localities in Tadong (Figure 1a–c) viz., Gairi Gaon (27.314N & 88.601E) and 6^th Mile area (27.3127N & 88.593E) within the period of 2017–2019. The altitude of the sites ranged from 1,099–1,356 m (Table 1). Study sites are located between two watercourses, Rani Khola and Rorochu. The region has taken on urban characteristics as land resources have been encroached continuously due rapid unplanned development (Figure 1d) (Chettri & Lama 2014). There is a gradual change in vegetation from alpine to subtropical and temperate deciduous forest in the region (Tamang et al. 2005). The temperature has been increasing in recent decades and precipitation fluctuates each year (Kumar et al. 2020).

The survey included photographing moths near the light sources using a smartphone camera (12MP). Morphological characters were considered for the identification. Different sources were used including Walker (1866), Haruta (1992–2000), Irungbam et al. (2016), Shubhalaxmi (2018), Kirti & Singh (2015), Sondhi & Sondhi (2016), and Uniyal et al. (2016). Online portals such as Indian Biodiversity Portal (Vattakaven et al. 2016), iNaturalist, LepIndex (Beccaloni et al. 2003), and BOLDSYSTEMS (Ratnasingham & Hebert 2007) were also utilised for the identification. Classification has been followed according to van Nieukerken et al. (2011) and Nuss et al. (2003–2021). PAST3 (Computer Software) was used to calculate diversity indices. Species contribution to diversity of each family was determined by calculating the dominance index= ni×100/N where (ni) is individuals of particular species and (N) is the total no. of species (Mishra et al. 2016).

Results and Discussion

During the study a total of 160 individual moths were photographed, from which 133 species were identified from the region. Of the identified specimens 112 were identified to species level, and 21 to the genus level (Images 1–133). Looking at species contribution to the diversity it was found that family Erebidae had the highest number of moths with 41 species, followed by Geometridae with 33 species and Crambidae with 24 species. Other families including Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Pyralidae, Drepanidae, Eupterotidae, Nolidae, Zygaenidae, Bombycidae, Limacodidae, Lasiocampidae, and Thyrididae accounted for 26% of total species (Table 2, Figure 2). All the identified species are listed in Table 3. Diversity indices were calculated using Past3 software, which showed Fisher’s alpha, Shannon index, evenness, and Chao-1 to be 4.752, 1.975, 0.4504, and 21, respectively. Hence, the species diversity seems quite high. These values could be later used to collate species diversity (abundance, richness, evenness) of moths of this region.

Conclusion

In this study, we have attempted to create a baseline checklist of moths from Tadong, Sikkim region. This work adds to the inventory of moths of this region which could be utilised for future studies.

Table 1. Geographical location of survey sites at Tadong, Sikkim, India.

Survey Sites	GPS Coordinates	Altitude (m)
Gairi Gaon	27.314N & 88.601E	1,099
6^th Mile	27.312N & 88.593E	1,356

Table 2. Number of moth species belonging to different families.

	Family	No. of species
1	Erebidae	41
2	Geometridae	33
3	Crambidae	24
4	Noctuidae	7
5	Nolidae	5
6	Notodontidae	5
7	Pyralidae	5
8	Drepanidae	3
9	Eupterotidae	2
10	Zyganidae	2
11	Bombycidae	1
12	Euteliidae	1
13	Limacodidae	1
14	Lasiocampidae	1
15	Thyrididae	1
16	Tortricidae	1
Total		133

Table 3. Checklist of moths recorded during this survey.

	Family	Subfamily	Scientific name	Author and Year of description	Months observed (2017–2019)	Location
1	Bombycidae	Bombycinae	Penicillifera apicalis	Walker, 1862	September	GG
2	Crambidae	Acentropinae	Eristena sp.		June	SM
3	Crambidae	Acentropinae	Parapoynx fluctuosalis	Meyrick, 1899	August, June	SM
4	Crambidae	Odontiinae	Heortia vitessoides	Moore, 1885	May	SM
5	Crambidae	Pyraustinae	Hyalobathra coenostolalis	Snellen, 1890	October	SM
6	Crambidae	Pyraustinae	Pagyda auroralis	Moore, 1888	September	GG
7	Crambidae	Pyraustinae	Sclerocona sp.		October	SM
8	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Agrotera basinotata	Hampson, 1891	June	SM
9	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Arthroschista hilaralis	Walker, 1859	August	SM
10	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Bradina diagonalis	Guenée, 1854	November	GG
11	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Cnaphalocrocis medinalis	Guenée, 1854	October	GG
12	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Diaphania indica	Saunders, 1851	June	SM
13	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Glyphodes crithealis	Walker, 1859	May	GG
14	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Leucinodes orbonalis	Guenée, 1854	July	SM
15	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Cnaphalocrocis trapizalis	Guenée, 1854	November	SM
16	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Maruca vitrata	Fabricius, 1787	October	GG
17	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Metoeca foedalis	Guenée, 1854	November	GG
18	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Patania scinisalis	Walker, 1859	September	GG
19	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Perisyntrocha ossealis	Hampson, 1896	October	GG
20	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Pycnarmon aeriferalis	Moore, 1877	November	SM
21	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Pygospila tyres	Cramer, 1780	March, August	GG
22	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Rhimphalea trogusalis	Walker, 1859	July	SM,GG
23	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Spoladae recurvalis	Fabricius, 1775	August	GG
24	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Synclera cf. univocalis	Walker, 1859	August	SM
25	Crambidae	Spilomelinae	Talanga sp.		August	GG
26	Drepanidae	Drepaninae	Callidrepana sp.		September	SM
27	Drepanidae	Drepaninae	Drepana pallida	Warren, 1922	November, October	GG
28	Drepanidae	Drepaninae	Macrocilix maia	Leech, 1888	October	GG
29	Erebidae	Aganainae	Asota caricae	Fabricius, 1775	May	SM
30	Erebidae	Aganainae	Asota plana	Walker, 1854	April	GG,SM
31	Erebidae	Aganainae	Mecodina cineracea	Butler, 1879	September	SM
32	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Adites frigida	Walker, 1854	July	SM
33	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Aemene taprobanis	Walker, 1854	October	GG
34	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Aglaomorpha plagiata	Walker, 1855	March	GG
35	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Barsine cf. cuneonotata	Walker, 1855	July	GG
36	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Indiania eccentropis	Meyrick, 1894	May	GG
37	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Camptoloma binotatum	Butler, 1881	June	SM
38	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Creatonotos transiens	Walker, 1855	June	SM
39	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Cyana cf. coccinea	Moore, 1878	October	SM
40	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Cyana cf. neopuer	Singh et al. 2019	August	GG
41	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Cyana cf. weerawoothi	Lourens, 2017	October	SM
42	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Lyclene cf. clamaria	Moore, 1888	October	SM
43	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Lyclene conjunctana	Walker, 1866	July	GG
44	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Lyclene dasara	Moore, 1859	October	SM
45	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Barsine phaeodonta	Hampson, 1911	October	GG
46	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Nyctemera adversata	Schaller, 1788	May	SM
47	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Padenia duplicana	Walker, 1863	August	SM
48	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Zardara distorta	Moore, 1894	June	SM
49	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Pseudoblabes oophora	Zeller, 1853	October	GG
50	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Schistophleps bipuncta	Hampson, 1891	October	GG
51	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Juxtarxia multiguttata	Walker, 1855	May, August	SM
52	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Spilarctia sp.		September	SM
53	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Stictane sp.		April	GG
54	Erebidae	Arctiinae	Syntomoides imaon	Cramer, 1780	October	SM
55	Erebidae	Boletobiinae	Singara diversalis	Walker, 1865	August	GG
56	Erebidae	Calpinae	Eudocima sp.		July	SM
57	Erebidae	Erebinae	Anomis flava	Anomis flava	April	GG
58	Erebidae	Erebinae	Artena dotata	Fabricius, 1794	October	GG
59	Erebidae	Erebinae	Erebus gemmans	Guenée, 1852	September	GG
60	Erebidae	Hypeninae	Dichromia quadralis	Walker, 1858	November	GG
61	Erebidae	Lymantriinae	Cifuna locuples	Walker, 1855	May	GG
62	Erebidae	Lymantriinae	Euproctis bipunctapex	Hampson, 1891	May	GG
63	Erebidae	Lymantriinae	Euproctis cf. postica	Walker 1865	May	GG
64	Erebidae	Lymantriinae	Euproctis sp.		November	SM
65	Erebidae	Lymantriinae	Ilema sp.		July	GG
66	Erebidae	Lymantriinae	Pida apicalis	Walker, 1865	December	GG
67	Erebidae	Lymantriinae	Somena scintillans	Walker, 1856	May	SM
68	Erebidae	Lymantriinae	Somena similis	Moore, 1860	October	GG
69	Erebidae	Pangraptinae	Pangrapta pseudalbistigma	Yoshimoto, 1993	October	GG
70	Eupterotidae	Eupterotinae	Apha sp.		October	GG
71	Eupterotidae	Eupterotinae	Eupterote geminata	Walker, 1855	September	GG
72	Euteliidae	Stictopterinae	Lophoptera squammigera	Guenée, 1852	August	SM
73	Geometridae	Desmobathrinae	Eumelea cf. atomata		November	SM
74	Geometridae	Ennominae	Abraxas neomartaria	Inoue, 1970	November	GG
75	Geometridae	Ennominae	Arichanna transfasciata	Warren, 1893	May	SM
76	Geometridae	Ennominae	Biston contectaria	Walker, 1863	September	SM
77	Geometridae	Ennominae	Cassyma cf. deletaria	Moore, 1888	September	SM
78	Geometridae	Ennominae	Celenna festivaria	Fabricius, 1794	June	GG
79	Geometridae	Ennominae	Chorodna mauraria	Guenée, 1858	May	GG
80	Geometridae	Ennominae	Cleora fraterna	Moore, 1888	August, November	GG
81	Geometridae	Ennominae	Cleora sp.		August	GG
82	Geometridae	Ennominae	Corymica immaculata	Warren, 1897	October	GG
83	Geometridae	Ennominae	Darisa fratercula	Moore, 1888	March	GG
84	Geometridae	Ennominae	Ectropis dentilineata	Moore, 1867	May, June	SM
85	Geometridae	Ennominae	Gonodontis aethocrypta	Prout, 1962	November	SM
86	Geometridae	Ennominae	Erebomorpha fulgurita	Walker, 1860	September	GG
87	Geometridae	Ennominae	Parasynegia pluristriaria	Walker, 1863	September	GG
88	Geometridae	Ennominae	Heterostegane subtessellata	Walker, 1862	November	GG
89	Geometridae	Ennominae	Ourapteryx clara	Butler, 1880	October	SM
90	Geometridae	Ennominae	Hypomecis sp.		October	GG
91	Geometridae	Ennominae	Thinopteryx crocoptera	Kollar, 1844	April	GG
92	Geometridae	Ennominae	Thinopteryx nebulosa	Butler, 1883	October	SM
93	Geometridae	Geometrinae	Comibaena integranota	Hampson, 1893	September	SM
94	Geometridae	Geometrinae	Cosmostolodes albicantena	Warren, 1895	March	GG
95	Geometridae	Geometrinae	Maxates cf. protrusa	Butler, 1878	May	SM
96	Geometridae	Geometrinae	Thalassodes quadraria	Guenée, 1857	November	SM
97	Geometridae	Larentiinae	Acolutha pictaria	Moore, 1888	December	SM
98	Geometridae	Larentiinae	Harutalcis cf. vialis	Moore, 1888	November	SM
99	Geometridae	Larentiinae	Syzeuxis sp.		May	SM
100	Geometridae	Larentiinae	Polynesia truncapex	Swinhoe, 1892	July	GG
101	Geometridae	Oenochrominae	Sarcinodes restitutaria	Walker, 1863	August	GG
102	Geometridae	Sterrhinae	Perixera absconditaria	Walker, 1862	December	GG
103	Geometridae	Sterrhinae	Scopula cf. ferrilineata	Moore, 1888	November	GG
104	Geometridae	Sterrhinae	Synegiodes histrionaria	Swinhoe, 1892	March	SM
105	Geometridae	Sterrhinae	Timandra correspondens	Hampson, 1895	June	GG
106	Lasiocampidae	Lasiocampinae	Trabala vishnou	Lefèbvre, 1827	May, November	SM
107	Limacodidae	Limacodinae	Chalcoscelides castaneipars	Moore, 1865	August	SM
108	Noctuidae	Aganainae	Cymatophoropsis sinuata	Moore, 1879	May	SM
109	Noctuidae	Catocalinae	Arcte modesta	Hoeven, 1840	August	GG
110	Noctuidae	Heliothinae	Heliothis peltigera	Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775	April	SM
111	Noctuidae	Noctuinae	Mythimna intertexta	Chang, 1991	June	SM
112	Noctuidae	Noctuinae	Mythimna seperata	Walker, 1865	April	GG
113	Noctuidae	Noctuinae	Trachea auriplena	Walker, 1857	April	GG
114	Noctuidae	Plusiinae	Ctenoplusia agnata	Staudinger, 1892	April	GG
115	Nolidae	Chloephorinae	Gabala polyspilalis	Walker, 1865	May	GG
116	Nolidae	Chloephorinae	Kerala sp.		May, October	GG
117	Nolidae	Chloephorinae	Nycteola sp.		October	GG
118	Nolidae	Chloephorinae	Tyana cf. chloroleuca	Walker, 1866	July	SM
119	Nolidae	Risobinae	Risoba sp.		November	GG
120	Notodontidae	Cerurinae	Syntypistis pallidifascia	Hampson, 1892	October	SM
121	Notodontidae	Dudusinae	Netria multispinae	Schintlmeister, 2006	July	GG
122	Notodontidae	Phalerinae	Phalera grotei	Moore, 1859	July	SM
123	Notodontidae	Thaumetopoeinae	Gazalina chrysolopha	Kollar, 1844	September	SM
124	Notodontidae	Thaumetopoeinae	Gazalina transversa	Moore, 1879	April	SM
125	Pyralidae	Epipaschiinae	Orthaga sp.		October	GG
126	Pyralidae	Epipaschiinae	Salma sp.		September	GG
127	Pyralidae	Epipaschiinae	Teliphasa sp.		September	GG
128	Pyralidae	Pyralinae	Endotricha sp.		April	GG
129	Pyralidae	Pyralinae	Pyralis pictalis	Curtis, 1834	September	GG
130	Thyrididae	Striglininae	Telchines vialis	Moore, 1883	May	GG
131	Tortricidae	Tortricinae	Archips sp.		July	GG
132	Zygaenidae	Chalcosiinae	Agalope bifasciata	Hope, 1840	August	GG
133	Zygaenidae	Chalcosiinae	Pidorus glaucopis	Drury, 1773	August	SM
Note: 1) Survey sites: Gairi Gaon (GG) and 6^th Mile (SM); 2) Months observed: Includes months on which the species were sited which might indicate flying duration or seasonal presence; 3) Scientific name: Genus level identifications are represented as sp. Provisional identifications as cf. or near, the former for close matches and the latter for poor matches.

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