Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2022 | 14(8): 21553–21560
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6919.14.8.21553-21560
#6919 | Received 24 November 2020 | Final
received 28 June 2022 | Finally accepted 06 August 2022
New records of Nyctalus leisleri
(Kuhl, 1817) and Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from
National Park “Smolny” and its surroundings, Republic
of Mordovia
Dmitry Smirnov 1,
Nadezhda Kirillova 2,
Alexander Kirillov 3, Alexander Ruchin 4 &
Victoria Vekhnik 5
1 Penza State
University, Krasnaya str. 40, Penza, 440026, Russia.
2,3,5 Samara Federal
Research Center RAS, Institute of Ecology of Volga River basin RAS, Komzina str. 10, Togliatti, 445003, Russia.
4 Joint Directorate of
the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and National Park “Smolny”,
Krasnaya str. 30, Saransk, 430005, Republic of Mordovia, Russia.
1 eptesicus@mail.ru, 2,3
parasitolog@yandex.ru (corresponding author), 4 ruchin.alexander@gmail.com,
5 ivavika@rambler.ru
Editor: Paul Racey, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK. Date of publication: 26 August
2022 (online & print)
Citation: Smirnov, D., N. Kirillova, A. Kirillov, A. Ruchin & V. Vekhnik (2022). New records
of Nyctalus leisleri
(Kuhl, 1817) and Myotis nattereri (Kuhl,
1817) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
from National Park “Smolny” and its surroundings,
Republic of Mordovia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 14(8): 21553–21560. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6919.14.8.21553-21560
Copyright: © Smirnov et al. 2022. Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Ministry of Science and
Higher Education of the Russian Federation, the research theme No
1021060107217-0-1.6.19 “Structure, dynamics and sustainable
development of ecosystems in the
Volga River Basin” of the Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin of RAS.
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Author details: Dmitry Smirnov has over 25 years of experience in studying of
bats from the European Russia. He holds a Doctor from the Penza State
University. His area of scientific interest is related to the conservation of
biodiversity and the study of bat communities (wintering, spatial structure,
hunting areas, feeding behavior). Nadezhda Kirillova is
Senior Researcher in Institute of Ecology of Volga River basin RAS (Togliatti).
Her scientific interests lie in the study of the ecology of small mammals
(insectivores, rodents and bats) and the fauna of their parasitic worms,
population biology and morphology of helminths.
Alexander Kirillov
is Senior Researcher in Institute of Ecology of Volga River basin RAS
(Togliatti). His scientific interests are related to the fauna and ecology of
vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals) and their parasites. As well as the
functioning of parasitic systems “helminths- vertebrates”. Professor
Alexander Ruchin holds a PhD in Biology. He is
the director of the Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and
National Park “Smolny”. He has over 20 years of
nature conservation experience, including biodiversity of vertebrates and
invertebrates in the Middle Volga region (European Russia). Victoria Vekhnik
is Senior Researcher in Institute of Ecology of Volga River basin RAS
(Togliatti). Her scientific interests are related to the study of the fauna and
ecology of small mammals. She has 15 years of nature conservation experience as
Researcher in the Zhiguli State Nature Reserve until
2021.
Author contributions:
All authors contributed equally to data collection,
conceiving and designing the study. DS and AK performed the analyses. DS, NK
and AK wrote the manuscript.
Acknowledgements: The research was
conducted within the framework of the research theme No 1021060107217-0-1.6.19
“Structure, dynamics and sustainable development of ecosystems in the Volga
River Basin” of the Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin of RAS, a
branch of the Samara Federal Research Centre of RAS. Authors are grateful to
the Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve and the National
Park “Smolny” (Republic of Mordovia) for extending
support and help during the field studies.
Abstract. Protected areas in
the Republic of Mordovia are still poorly studied in relation to bats. Our
research of the bat fauna in the National Park “Smolny”,
Republic of Mordovia was conducted in 2018‒2020. A total of 573 bats of nine
species belonging to the family Vespertilionidae were
captured and studied. Nyctalus leisleri and Myotis nattereri
were caught here for the first time. Three new sites of two rare bat species
were discovered. The list of bats in the National Park “Smolny”
currently includes 10 species.
Keywords: Bats, first finding,
Leisler’s Bat, Natterer’s Bat, protected areas, Russia.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the
threat to biological diversity has increased in many countries of the world.
Due to increasing anthropogenic impacts, many mammals are on the verge of
extinction in different parts of the world (Bodmer et
al. 1997; Bazhenov 2019; Bowyer et al. 2019; Loiseau et al. 2020; Rutovskaya
et al. 2020). Protected areas are important for the protection of mammals,
since regular monitoring of fauna and population density of rare species are conducted (Akpatou et al. 2018; Bowyer et al. 2019; Lebedinsky et al. 2019; Levykh
& Panin 2019; Ahissa et
al. 2020; Vekhnik 2020). Bats are one of the
least-studied groups of mammals in protected areas, which is why increased
survey efforts are required (Luo et al. 2013; Malekani
et al. 2018; Barros et al. 2020; Belkin et al. 2021).
The territory of
European Russia is home to 27 species of bats. Sixteen species inhabit the
Volga Upland (Mammals of Russia 2020). The National Park “Smolny”
is located in the central part of European Russia in the Republic of Mordovia.
The fauna of Mordovia includes 12 bat species according to preliminary
estimates (Artaev & Smirnov 2016). Previous
studies from 2005 to 2015 established habitation of eight bat species in the
National Park “Smolny” (Artaev
& Smirnov 2016) which did not include Myotis nattereri
(Kuhl, 1817) and Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817). Both species are widespread in
western Palaearctic. Their species ranges cover most
of western, central, and eastern Europe (Juste & Paunović 2016; Smirnov et al. 2020). In most of their
ranges they do not reach high population density and in some habitats they are
rare. Currently, there is no information about a significant decline in the
populations of M. nattereri and N. leisleri, therefore they are included in the IUCN Red
List with the status ‘Least Concern’ (LC) (Juste
& Paunović 2016; Gazaryan
et al. 2020). However, these species, like other bats, are extremely vulnerable;
therefore, in Europe all bat species are protected in accordance with EU
directives and international agreements: The Bonn Convention on the
Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals and The Convention on the
Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. In European Russia, the
vulnerability of bats and, in particular, M. nattereri
and N. leisleri is due to the reduction and
fragmentation of forest landscapes caused by the deforestation of primary
forests and other anthropogenic transformations. There is also a decrease in
the number of shelters caused by the cutting of old hollow trees.
In Russia, M. nattereri, commonly known as Natterer’s Bat, inhabits
the northwestern and central parts, the middle Volga Region, and the middle
& southern Urals. The southern border of distribution range runs along the
southern edge of the forest-steppe (Smirnov et al. 2020). In the Volga Region, M.
nattereri is one of the rare bat species. Rare
findings are due to the low abundance and sporadic distribution of this species
(Smirnov 2013). Natterer’s Bat inhabits deciduous and mixed forests, has a
sedentary lifestyle and hibernates in deep crevices or underground spaces
(Smirnov et al. 2007, 2008; Smirnov & Vekhnik
2009, 2011, 2014). Summer habitats are closely related with trees and are
confined to regions with expressed karstic landforms (Ilyin
& Smirnov 2000). The bat hunts, as a rule, over bushes and near the crowns
of low trees (Smirnov & Vekhnik 2012). In the
territory of Mordovia, M. nattereri is known
from the only finding made in 2013 in the Mordovia State Nature Reserve (Artaev 2014).
Nyctalus leisleri, or Leisler’s Bat,
is a typical inhabitant of European floodplain deciduous and mixed forests
(Smirnov 2013). In Russia, the distribution of the bat covers mainly the
Western and Central part, the Middle Volga Region, the South Urals, and the
North Caucasus (Ilyin et al. 2002; Kozhurina 2009). Nyctalus
leisleri has a relatively low abundance
everywhere. This bat species is included in almost all regional Red Lists of
the Volga Region, as well as in the Republic of Mordovia. It is a migratory
species, annually making long-distance seasonal migrations.
According to
observations in the Zhiguli State Nature Reserve
(Samara Oblast), as well as in the Ulyanovsk and Penza oblasts, the summer
season of N. leisleri in the middle Volga
region lasts from three and a half to four months (Bezrukov
& Smirnov 2012; Smirnov, 2013). Wintering places are not yet determined.
Taking into account the southern direction of the migration routes of bats,
most likely, the middle Volga population of Leisler’s Bat spends the
winter in the Northern Caucasus (Ilyin & Smirnov
2010). There is almost no information on the biology of N. leisleri in the Republic of Mordovia. The species is
known here from only three findings (Vechkanov et al.
2006; Ruchin et al. 2014; Artaev
& Smirnov 2016).
The purpose of this
study was to survey Myotis nattereri and Nyctalus leisleri
in the National Park “Smolny”, as well as the
position of these species in the structure of the bat community in this
protected area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials for
this work were our own field studies of bats in the National Park “Smolny”, which were carried out in period 2018 to 2020 in
July and August. The map of the trapping places of bats is presented in Figure
1.
Bats were caught at
night with mist nets. We used the common method of stretching net between two
poles (Jones et al. 1996). Telescopic fishing rods 7-‒9 m long were used as
poles, tied to metal pegs placed into the ground. During three years of
research, we carried out 43net/night: 2018 – 9, 2019 – 18, and in 2020 – 16.
In the daytime, we
searched for potential bat shelters (tree hollows, underground places, and
buildings). To determine the species of bats in flight, we used a D-240x
detector (Pettersson Elektronik
AB, Sweden) with the time expansion of 10 and memory size of 1.7 sec. The calls
were recorded on a zoom H2 handy recorder (Zoom Corp., Japan) in the “wav”
format with a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz and 16 bit. Processing and analysis was
carried out using the BatSound 3.31 software (Pettersson Elektronik AB). For
the analysis, we selected from the records series of frequency-modulated pulses
with a quasi constant component at the end (FM/QCF).
They belonged to a search flight and did not include signals from the active
phase of the approach and feeding buzzes, characterized by shrinking intervals
between pulses. The following parameters were used as the characteristics of
the calls: pulse duration (DUR), maximum (Fmax),
minimum (Fmin), and peak (Fpeak)
frequencies, as well as the inter-pulse intervals (IPI).
Descriptions of the
three places of catching new bat species are given below (Figure 1, sites 4, 6,
10). The site in the Udalets River floodplain (54.792
ºN & 45.266 ºE) is a small forest glade, which is not part of the National
Park (Figure 1, site 4; Image 1). The forest glade, where the animals were
caught, is surrounded on all sides by the territory of the national park and is
located just a few meters from its border. The forest glade with sedge-cereal
forbs is bounded from north and east by a pine forest, from south and west by
the floodplain forest of alders Alnus glutinosa (L.) and aspens Populus tremula L.
The Tashkinsky pond (54.747 ºN & 46.263 ºE) is a small
reservoir (0.2 ha) located on the Chernushka River in
the depth of an old pine forest (Figure 1, site 6; Image 1). Alders Alnus glutinosa (L.)
and willows Salix spp. grow along the pond banks. The northern part of
the pond is open with a small sandy beach. Coastal herbaceous vegetation is
represented by Typha latifolia L., Carex spp., Bidens
tripartita L.
The site in the
vicinity of Lake Mitryashki (54.745 ºN & 45.503
ºE) is situated in a forest glade (0.4 ha) with sedge-cereal forbs (Figure 1,
site 10; Image 1). From the north and west, the glade is surrounded by a pine
forest, from the east – a deciduous middle-aged forest (Quercus robur L., Populus tremula L., Tilia cordata Mill., Ulmus
laevis (Pall.), and from the south there is a
steep slope leading to the lake, overgrown with old alders along the shore.
The rates of
occurrence and relative abundance were calculated using the previously proposed
method (Strelkov & Ilyin 1990). The occurrence
was estimated as the ratio of the number of findings of each species to the
total number of findings of all species, given as a percentage. The relative
abundance was the ratio of the number of caught and recorded individuals of each
species to the total number of individuals caught from a given place of all bat
species, expressed as a percentage.
RESULTS
A total of 573 bats
of nine species were captured over three years of research (Table 1). We
established two new species inhabiting the National Park “Smolny”
– Myotis nattereri and Nyctalus
leisleri.
On 9 July 2019, N.
leisleri was observed visually and using
ultrasound scanning of echolocation signals in the vicinity of Lake Mitryashki. A solitary individual was hunting along the
edge of the forest for 20–30 min. Its search calls (n = 27) had the following
characteristics: DUR = 8.27±0.23 (Lim 3.1–10.6), Fmax
= 37.5±0.7 (Lim 28.4–53.7), Fmin = 26.1±0.1 (Lim
24.2–30.1), Fpeak = 28.7±0.2 (Lim 24.9–35.1), IPI =
195±53.5 (Lim 90.1–421.6). It was not caught in the installed mist net and did
not appear on subsequent evenings. However, on 27 July 2020, a post-lactating
female of this species was caught on the bank of lake Mitryashki.
On 16 July 2019, on a
forest glade in the Udalets River floodplain (Figure
1, site 4) 10 individuals of N. leisleri were
caught in the mist net, including two adult post-lactating females and eight
young bats: five males and three females (Image 2). Several more animals, that
hunted high above the tree crowns, were identified by their echolocation calls.
On 3 August 2020, one
young female of N. leisleri was caught with a
net on the bank of Tashkinsky pond (Figure 1, site
6).
On 29 July 2020 at
the research base at Lake Mitryashki (Figure 1, site
10; Image 1a) one individual of M. nattereri
was caught in a net. The captured animal was a post-lactating female (Image 3).
DISCUSSION
Before our research,
the habitation of eight bat species was established for the territory of the
National Park “Smolny” and its vicinity (Artaev & Smirnov 2016). In this study, we caught seven
bat species from eight previously known. We were unable to find Plecotus auritus Linnaeus,
1758, which was recorded in the protected area earlier (Artaev
& Smirnov 2016). Taking into account the newly-discovered M. nattereri and N. leisleri,
the list of bats in the National Park “Smolny” currently
includes 10 species. Despite the relatively high diversity of bats in this
protected area, it still does not reach its maximum here, which is typical for
the central part of European Russia. Thus, 15 species of bats have been
established in the National Park “Samarskaya Luka”
(Samara Oblast), located 300 km south-east (Smirnov & Vekhnik
2012). Five bat species: Nyctalus lasiopterus Schreber, 1780, Pipistrellus kuhlii,
Kuhl, 1817, Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl,
1817), Eptesicus nilssonii
(Keyserling & Blasius, 1839), and Eptesicus serotinus (Schreber, 1774) were not found in the National Park “Smolny”. According to the results of long-term research,
the most abundant and widespread species in the National park are Pipistrellus nathusii,
Keyserling & Blasius, 1839 Nyctalus
noctula, Schreber,
1774, Myotis daubentonii, Kuhl, 1817, Vespertilio murinus,
Linnaeus, 1758, and Myotis brandtii, Eversmann, 1845 (Artaev &
Smirnov 2016; this study). The high abundance of these species is common for
the all territory of central Russia. For example, the results of bat studies in
the National Park “Samarskaya Luka” confirm their
dominance in the bat community (Smirnov & Vekhnik
2012). On the contrary, the lowest occurrence was noted for M. nattereri, Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825), and N. leisleri (Smirnov
& Vekhnik 2012).
Myotis nattereri
is also one of the rarest species, while N. leisleri
only slightly exceeds Pipistrellus pygmaeus Leach, 1825 and M. dasycneme
in the number of captured individuals (Table 1). At the same time, throughout
the territory of Mordovia, P. pygmaeus and,
especially, M. dasycneme dominate N. leisleri in occurrence and relative abundance (Artaev & Smirnov 2016). The widely distributed N.
leisleri occurs sporadically, in colonies of 5
to 15 individuals (Smirnov & Ilyin 1997, Ivancheva & Ivanchev 2000, Ilyin et al. 2002, Kozhurina
2009). Therefore, findings of the species in local habitats can significantly
affect the rates of relative abundance. All findings of N. leisleri are usually linked to reservoirs with old
woody vegetation on the banks. We caught and detected Nyctalus
leisleri during the first 60 minutes after
sunset; therefore, the records of solitary animals at the Lake Mitryashki and the Tashkinskiy
pond may indicate the absence of colonies in these sites. We assume that the
animals used these territories as foraging places, having arrived here from
more distant localities. On the contrary, the capture of post-lactating females
and young bats in the Udalets River floodplain
indicates the possible presence of a colony there.
The finding of M. nattereri in the National Park “Smolny”
can be considered as unexpected and unique. The species summer habitats of this
species are usually situated close to the wintering places (Smirnov & Vekhnik 2014). However, there are no karstic areas with
possible underground cavities in the national park; hence the wintering places
of this species are probably outside the protected area. The nearby places of
the bat wintering grounds are situated in the Nizhny Novgorod region, about 150
km north-west and 100 km north (Bakka & Bakka 1999). It is possible that some individuals wintering
there migrate to Mordovia for summertime. Flights over such distances for this
species are possible and well known (Steffens et al. 2007).
Records of M. dasycneme in the National park “Smolny”
need particular discussion. The species is included in the IUCN Red List as
“Near Threatened” (NT). The vulnerability of M. dasycneme
is due to its sporadic distribution, the specificity of the habitat selection
(open calm water bodies with a large open water surface) and the vulnerability
of its colonies, usually located in buildings (Piraccini
2016). This is a rare species for the National Park “Smolny”.
During three years of research, we caught only five individuals in two
habitats: four bats in the vicinity of Lake Mitryashki
and one bat in vicinity of the Obrezki village.
Previously, M. dasycneme was recorded only in
the vicinity of the Obrezki village (Artaev & Smirnov 2016).
CONCLUSION
As a result of our
field studies for the fauna of Mordovia and the middle Volga region, three new
habitats of two rare bat species, Myotis nattereri
and Nyctalus leisleri
were found for the first time in the National Park “Smolny”
and should be recommended for inclusion in the Red List of the Republic of
Mordovia. The capture of post-lactating females and juveniles indicates these
species use this territory for breeding.
Table 1. Species
composition, abundance and occurrence of bats in the National Park “Smolny” and its surroundings in 2018–2020.
|
Species |
Abundance |
Occurrence |
||
|
N1 |
% |
N2 |
% |
|
|
Myotis brandtii Eversmann, 1845 |
34 |
5.9 |
6 |
13.0 |
|
Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817) |
58 |
10.1 |
5 |
10.9 |
|
Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) |
5 |
0.9 |
2 |
4.4 |
|
Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 1817) |
1 |
0.2 |
1 |
2.2 |
|
Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774) |
116 |
20.2 |
8 |
17.4 |
|
Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817) |
12 |
2.1 |
3 |
6.5 |
|
Pipistrellus nathusii
(Keyserling & Blasius,
1839) |
291 |
50.8 |
10 |
21.7 |
|
Pipistrellus pygmaeus Leach, 1825 |
6 |
1.1 |
4 |
8.7 |
|
Vespertiliio murinus Linnaeus, 1758 |
50 |
8.7 |
7 |
15.2 |
|
Total |
573 |
100 |
46 |
100 |
N1—number
of captured bats | N2—number of occurrences.
For figure &
images - - click here for full PDF
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