Journal
of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18738–18751
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6855.13.7.18738-18751
#6855 | Received 02 November 2020 | Final received 27 May
2021 | Finally accepted 08 June 2021
Conservation status, feeding
guilds, and diversity of birds in Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Karnataka, India
M.N. Harisha 1, K.S.
Abdul Samad 2 & B.B. Hosetti 3
1–3 Department of Post Graduate
Studies and Research in Wildlife and Management, Kuvempu University, Jnana
Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451, India.
1 harishwild@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 samadkottur@gmail.com, 3 hosetti57@gmail.com
Editor: H. Byju, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India. Date of publication: 26 June 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Harisha,
M.N., K.S.A. Samad & B.B. Hosetti (2021). Conservation status, feeding guilds, and diversity of
birds in Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(7): 18738–18751. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6855.13.7.18738-18751
Copyright: © Harisha et al. 2021. Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and distribution of this
article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the
source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing
interests.
Author details: Harisha. M.N, is serving as a guest faculty
in the Department of Wildlife and Management, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga,
Karnataka. He participated in curriculum development and various other
community services. He advised more than 24 postgraduate students and published
22 articles in reputable journals. His areas of research interest include
animal ecology, conservation biology, entomology and ornithology. K.S.A.
Samad Kottur, currently working as a lecturer at the department of
Pre-University Education, Kottur. He is a bird conservationist, freelance
writer, wildlife activist and honorary president of North Karnataka Birders’
Network (NKBN) and Society for Wildlife and Nature (SWaN), Hospet. He has
authored ‘Birds of Hampi’ and ‘Daroji-an ecological destination’ and published
more than 6 articles in reputed journals. B.B.
Hosetti is a retired professor in the department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife
management, Kuvempu University. He conducted many researches in various fields,
especially in wetland ecology, environmental pollution, biodiversity and
entomology. He advised more than 22 PhD students and published more than 120
articles in reputed journals, and edited more than 12 books on biodiversity and
wildlife conservation etc.
Author contributions: MNH involved in the design of the
research, data collection, analysis and write up of the manuscript. ABS
participated in survey, data collection and identification as well as write up
of the manuscript. BBH contributed in supervision of data collection and
manuscript preparation.
Acknowledgements: We are extremely grateful to all
faculty members of the Department of Applied Zoology and Wildlife Management,
for their support. We are grateful to the Ballari Department for granting
permission to conduct the study in the Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary and for
their gracious hospitality during the study period.
Abstract: The present study was carried out
to investigate the importance of habitat quality for the diversity,
distribution, and abundance of avifauna in Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Ballari
District from February 2015 to January 2016. A total number of 189 species of
birds, belonging to 62 families and 18 orders were recorded during the survey.
A family-wise analysis showed that the families Accipitridae (12 species),
followed by Muscicapidae (11 species), Ardeidae & Alaudidae (8 species
each), and Cuculidae (7 species) dominated the avifauna of the region. The
residential status of birds revealed that 74% (140 species) were resident, 23%
(44 species) were winter, 2% (3 species) were summer and 1% (2 species) was
passage migrant’s species. The study resulted in the recording of fives
globally Near Threatened category, viz, Painted Stork, Black-headed Ibis,
Oriental Darter, River Tern, and Pallid Harrier; and two Vulnerable
species, viz, Yellow-throated Bulbul and Woolly-necked Stork. The feeding guild
analysis revealed that the insectivorous guild has the most number of recorded
avian species (33%, 63 species), followed by carnivorous (31%, 58 species) and
least by nectarivorous (1%, 2 species). This study provides baseline data for
monitoring the avifauna in the sanctuary and demonstrates the importance of the
area in bird conservation. The study also highlights the negative impact of
anthropogenic activities as the main cause for the loss of diversity of both
birds and their habitat and the urgent need to conserve this biodiversity-rich
area with long-term monitoring programs.
Keywords: Avifaunal diversity, Ballari
District, feeding guild, relative abundance, southern Deccan Plateau,
threatened fauna, Yellow-throated Bulbul.
INTRODUCTION
Birds are good indicators of the
ecological status of any ecosystem (Bilgrami 1995). Ecologically; birds are of
tremendous importance because of their key roles as pollinators and agents of
seed dispersal (Nason 1992; Bibi & Ali 2013). Changes in their population,
behavior patterns, and reproductive ability have been used mostly to examine
the long-term effects of habitat fragmentation (Harisha & Hosetti 2009).
Given the significance of birds for conservation planning and environmental
assessments, there is a need for a better ecological understanding of the role
of bird diversity patterns and community structure in conservation
decision-making (Kati & Sekercioglu 2006).
Forests attract a significant
number of birds because they provide suitable habitats for most birds,
especially those birds associated with vegetation, and for most, the existence
of trees is a vital component of their life cycle. The birds’ level of interest
in various forests depends on the age of the stand. The composition of bird
species is highly related to the vegetation structure of forests (Robertson
& Hackwell 1995). The habitat type and structural complexity influence
species diversity and the inter-relationship between vegetation and avian
population (MacArthur & MacArthur 1961).
Approximately, 9,990 bird species
are recorded on our planet and the Indian subcontinent is home to 1,263 bird
species (Praveen et al. 2016a), constituting about 12% of the world avifauna.
Of these, approximately 531 species of birds have been reported from Karnataka.
Due to geographical variation, the Deccan Plateau region of India possesses
great diversity in agricultural as well as wild floral and faunal diversity.
Therefore, understanding the diversity and structure of bird communities is
essential to delineate the importance of regional or local landscapes for avian
conservation (Kattan & Franco 2004).
Very few avifaunal works have
been done in Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary (DSBS). Previously, Neginhal et al.
(2003) reported 90 species of birds. Later, Harisha (2013) recorded 135
bird species belonging to 43 families under 16 orders from 2009 to 2012. Except
for these earlier reports, no detailed long-term studies have been made on the
biodiversity of birds in the study area. In this context, the present study was
undertaken to highlight the status, composition, feeding guilds, and diversity
of birds of DSBS, Ballari District, Karnataka.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
Study Area
Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary is
located between Hospet and Sandur Taluk of Ballari District of Karnataka and is
spread over 82.72 km2 (Figure 1). It is about 50 km from Ballari and
about 15 km from the World Heritage Site Hampi. In October 1994, the Government
of Karnataka declared 5587.30 ha of the Bilikallu Forest Reserve as Daroji
Sloth Bear Sanctuary. After 15 years, in October 2009, the government added
2685.50 ha of the Bukkasagara Forest Reserve to the sanctuary. This resulted in
the overall area increasing from 5587.3 ha to 8272.8 ha. It lies between 15.2690N
and 76.5710E with an average elevation of 521 m, temperature of
20–46°C & annual rainfall of 450–500 mm. It is a strewn hillock that
stretches between Daroji of Sandur Taluk and Ramasagar of Hospet taluk in
Ballari District (Image 1, 2). The sanctuary has rich floral and faunal
diversity. The flora of this sanctuary is primarily dry deciduous scrub and
southern thorn forests. The typical species of scrub jungle, Grewia damine
is found to be the most abundant species of the plant followed by Senegalia
catechu and Albizia amara in the habitat. It has a very stable
population of Sloth Bears and they reside in the numerous caves found in the
hillocks within the sanctuary. Leopards, monitor lizards, mongoose, pangolins,
and Star Tortoises are some of the other animals that abound in the sanctuary.
Sampling method
A study on avifaunal diversity
was carried out from February 2015 to January 2016. The line transect method was used, as the
habitat of the study area was of open type (Sutherland et al. 2005). Six line
transects were set up, which were approximately 500m in length and 20–30 meters
in width. The transect line was walked at a constant pace for approximately 30
minutes. Twelve field visits (1 visit per month) were conducted observing the
status and diversity of birds. The field surveys were conducted in the morning
(0600–1000 h) and the evening (1600–1900 h), depending on the season when birds
were most active. Birds were observed using the Olympus binoculars (10x50), and
were identified with the help of field guides (Ali & Ripley 1983; Grimmett
et al. 2011) and were given standardized common and scientific names (Praveen
et al. 2016b). The residential status of the birds was worked out and birds are
grouped under different categories like resident, summer, passage, and winter
migrants or visitors depending on their timing and duration of occurrence
(Grimmett et al. 2011). The International Union for the Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) Red List status was additionally used to compare the local status with
the global status. During the surveys, other information or threats to bird
conservation were noted. The data recorded in each survey were kept separate,
and later analyzed for relative abundance based on the frequency of bird
sightings and are categorized, as very common (Vc) sighted >10 times; common
(Co) sighted 7–9 times; uncommon (Uc) sighted 3–6 times; rare (Ra) sighted 1–2
times (MacKinnon & Phillipps 1993). Feeding guilds were classified based on
direct observations and available literature (Ali & Ripley 1987). The relative
diversity (RDI) of families was calculated adopting the following formula
(Torre-Cuadros et al. 2007):
Number of bird species in a family
RDI =
______________________________ X 100
Total number of species
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
Avian diversity
A total of 189 species of birds
belonging to 62 families under 18 orders were recorded from DSBS. Nonpasserine
birds dominated the diversity with 98 species (52%) compared to passerine birds
(91 species, 48%) (Table1). The present investigation revealed that out of 62
families, Accipitridae dominated the study area with maximum number of species
and RDI value, i.e., 12 species (RDI= 6.45%), followed by Muscicapidae with 11
species (RDI= 5.91%), Ardeidae and Alaudidae with 8 species (RDI= 4.30%) each,
Cuculidae with seven species (RDI= 3.76%), Phasianidae, Scolopacidae,
Cisticolidae with six species (RDI= 3.23%) each, Anatidae, Columbidae,
Motacillidae, Hirundinidae, Sturnidae, Rallidae with five species (RDI= 2.69%)
each, Laniidae, Estrildidae, Pycnonotidae, Leiothrichidae with four species
(RDI= 2.15%) each, Ciconiidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Charadriidae, Strigidae,
Picidae, Alcedinidae, Corvidae, Emberizidae, Acrocephalidae, Phylloscopidae
with three species (RDI= 1.61%) each, Pteroclidae, Apodidae, Threskiornithidae,
Jacanidae, Meropidae, Falconidae, Psittaculidae, Campephagidae, Dicruridae,
Dicaeidae, Nectariniidae, Ploceidae, Passeridae, Sylviidae with two species
(Rdi=1.08%), Podicipitidae, Caprimulgidae, Anhingidae, Burhinidae, Recurvirostridae,
Turnicidae, Laridae, Tytonidae, Bucerotidae, Upupidae, Ramphastidae,
Coraciidae, Pittidae, Oriolidae, Vangidae, Aegithinidae, Monarchidae, Paridae,
Zosteropidae, Timaliidae with one species (RDI= 0.54) each respectively (Table
2). A similar pattern of dominance of Accipitridae was observed by different
authors from different protected areas in India, i.e., from Araku Valley of
Ananthagiri Hills of the Eastern Ghats in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh (Kumar
et al. 2010), a scrub forest of Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra
Pradesh (Mali et al. 2017), Tamhini Wildlife Sanctuary, the northern Western
Ghats, Maharashtra (Vinayak & Mali 2018), and Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary,
Bihar (Khan & Pant 2017).
Avian community structure as per
residential status and relative abundance
The analysis of data on the
residential status revealed that out of 189 species, 140 (74%) were resident,
44 (23%) winter, 3 (2%) summer, and 2 (1%) passage migrants respectively
(Figure 2). The occurrence of a significant number of winter migrant species
can be attributed partly to the study area being on the Central Asian Flyway
and serving as a wintering and stopover site for migratory birds that breed in
the Palearctic region (Kumar et al. 2016). The spatio-temporal distribution and
relative abundance of avifauna in any given habitat are determined based on the
quality and quantity of food available as the major factor (Wiens 1989; Ma et
al. 2010; Jha 2013). The analysis of relative abundance based on the frequency
of sightings indicated that 89 species were common, 49 were uncommon, 28 were
very common and 23 were rare species, which accounts for 47%, 26%, 15%, and 12%
of the frequency of distribution in the study area (Figure 3).
Avian community structure as per
habitat
From the earlier studies
undertaken elsewhere, it is evident that variation in vegetation structure
influences species distribution (MacArthur et al., 1962; Karr & Roth, 1971;
Pearman 2002) within a habitat. Of the 189 species recorded, 139 species were
associated with terrestrial habitat and 50 species were wetland-associated,
which account for 74% and 26% of total bird species recorded (Table 1). Wetland
characteristics like size, water depth, quality of water, trophic structure,
and presence of suitable roosting and nursery sites influence the abundance and
diversity of birds (Wiens 1989; Mukherjee et al. 2002; Ma et al. 2010). During
the present study, wetland birds such as ducks, herons, egrets, cormorants,
grebes, storks, jacanas, and kingfishers, which were observed to feed on
aquatic organisms (fish, amphibians, invertebrates, etc.,) at different water
depths available in the wetlands and adjoining agriculture fields and marshy
area.
Feeding guild structure
The diversity of avifauna in the
study area may be due to the presence of a wide spectrum of food niches. The
different species of birds occupying a particular feeding guild and space have
evolved specialized foraging strategies to explore and obtain food resources
efficiently and thus to reduce competition among diverse species (Nudds &
Bowlby 1984; Jose & Zacharias 2003). An analysis of the feeding guilds of
these birds revealed that 33% (63 species) were insectivorous and 31% (58
species) were carnivorous, 21% (40 species) were omnivorous, 9% (17 species)
were granivorous, 3% (5 species) were frugivorous, 2% (4 species) were
nectarivorous and 1% (2 species) were herbivorous respectively (Figure 3). Due
to their specialized diet and low availability of preferable food resources,
the nectarivores and piscivores are traditionally less represented (Wiens
1989). Occurrence of a significant number of insectivorous bird communities
indicates that the area consists rich insect diversity as well as less
disturbance in the form of forest fire consequences (Gregory et al. 2001) and
also play a major role as important bio-control agents of insect pest of
agriculture, horticulture, and forest ecosystem (Mahabal 2005; Thakur et al.
2010).
Among the 21 species of birds of
prey recorded from the study area, 17 species were diurnal raptors like Oriental
Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus, Black-winged Kite Elanus
caeruleus, Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus, Shikra Accipiter
badius, Black Eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis, Booted Eagle Hieraaetus
pennatus, Bonelli’s Eagle Aquila fasciata, Pallid Harrier Circus
macrourus, Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus, Montagu’s
Harrier Circus pygargus, Black Kite Milvus migrans, Brahminy Kite
Haliastur indus, Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus, and Peregrine
Falcon Falco peregrines and the other four were nocturnal raptors like
Barn Owl Tyto alba, Indian Eagle Owl Bubo bengalensis, Brown Fish
Owl Ketupa zeylonensis, and Spotted Owlet Athene brama.
The presence of carnivorous species in the study area, which is primarily
influenced by the availability of food sources, however, indicates the
abundance of their prey. Prey bases such as small birds, lizards, snakes, rats,
are among the food sources for carnivores in the area. The study area also
supports four species of nectarivorous birds which include, Thick-billed
Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile, Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum
erythrorynchos, Purple-rumped Sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica, and
Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus have been regularly seen from the
area.
Conservation status of avian
fauna
To understand the importance of a
site it is necessary to examine the significance in terms of the presence and
abundance of species (Bruford 2002). DSBS supports 15 (8%) species of birds
included in Schedule I, and 174 (92%) species included in Schedule IV of the
Wildlife Protection Act (WPA, 1972). As per IUCN red list, Daroji supports, two
globally Vulnerable (VU) species—Yellow-throated Bulbul Pycnonotus
xantholaemus & Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus—five Near
Threatened (NT) species—Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Black-headed
Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Oriental Darter Anhinga
melanogaster, River Tern Sterna aurantia, & Pallid Harrier Circus
macrourus (IUCN, 2010)—and remaining 180 species are under Least Concern
(LC) (Table 1).
It is evident from earlier
studies that the landscape with diverse habitats provides opportunities for
diverse avian fauna assemblages (Karr & Roth 1971). The study area has been
selected as an important bird area in India (IBA), as it maintains a
significant thriving population of a globally threatened and vulnerable
species, i.e., Yellow-throated Bulbul with its fragmented population is
restricted to the southern Deccan Plateau of India (Birdlife International
2001). Earlier recorded sighting (Allen 1908) of 20 pairs was in June 1901 in
the Ballari District. Kottur (2014)
observed this species around Matanga Hill in Hampi, Daroji Sloth Bear
Sanctuary, and Sannapura Forest in the Koppal District. This species has been
considered as Vulnerable because of threats caused due to degradation of its
scrub forest habitats by various anthropogenic activities such as total
clearance of vegetation, excessive wood-cutting, cattle-grazing and the
quarrying of hillocks, etc (Subramanya et al. 1993, 1995; Stattersfield et al.
1998).
Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary lies
in an important bio-geographic zone, i.e., Deccan Peninsula with its amazingly
diverse vegetation structure and environments not only attracts a variety of
resident as well as migratory bird species but also influence their diversity
and distribution within the habitat (MacArthur et al. 1962; Karr & Roth
1971; Pearman 2002). Anthropogenic disturbances on forest structure and
function are well on record (Bhat & Murali 2001; Chandrashekara et al.
2006) and indicated a negative influence of the anthropogenic intervention on
overall bird diversity (Image 3–5). The present study also revealed that the
avifauna and their habitat was under threats due to intensive anthropogenic
activities, highlighted earlier along with those other disturbances like
habitat alternations, construction of roads, firewood collection, and poaching
in the forest areas that impacted the environment adversely which intern
disturbing many threatened and migratory bird species. Hence, documentation of
the bird community and identification of potential threats are the primary
concerns of conservation at present.
The data recorded in the present
study provides valuable information about the diversity of avifauna of Daroji
Sloth Bear Sanctuary, as a baseline data for future EIA studies, and helping in
formulating future conservation strategies to improve the forest habitats,
which will attract the number of the resident bird as well as migratory species.
Further, more long-term scientific studies and monitoring along with local
participation needed to understand the ecological status, seasonal wise
abundance, and diversity, and conservation of birds in this particular area.
Table 1. Systematic list and status of Birds in Daroji
Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Karnataka.
|
|
Common
name |
Scientific
name |
Feeding
guilds |
Residential
status |
Relative
abundance |
IUCN |
WPA |
|
|
Order: Anseriformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Anatidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
Lesser Whistling Duck |
Dendrocygna javanica Horsfield, 1821 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
2 |
Garganey |
Spatula querquedula Linnaeus, 1758 |
H |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
3 |
Northern Shoveler |
Spatula clypeata Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
4 |
Indian Spot-billed Duck |
Anas poecilorhyncha J.R. Forster, 1781 |
H |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
5 |
Northern Pintail |
Anas acuta Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Galliformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Phasianidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Rain Quail |
Coturnix coromandelica J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
G |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
7 |
Jungle Bush Quail |
Perdicula asiatica Latham, 1790 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
8 |
Rock Bush Quail |
Perdicula argoondah Sykes, 1832 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
9 |
Grey Francolin |
Francolinus pondicerianus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
10 |
Painted Spurfowl |
Galloperdix lunulata Valenciennes, 1825 |
O |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
11 |
Indian Peafowl
|
Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 |
O |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
|
Order: Phoenicopteriformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Podicipitidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
Little Grebe |
Tachybaptus ruficollis Pallas, 1764 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Columbiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Columbidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Rock Pigeon |
Columba livia J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
14 |
Spotted Dove |
Streptopelia chinensis Scopoli, 1786 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
15 |
Eurasian Collared Dove |
Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky, 1838 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
16 |
Laughing Dove |
Streptopelia senegalensis Linnaeus, 1766 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
17 |
Red Collared Dove |
Streptopelia tranquebarica Hermann, 1804 |
G |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Pterocliformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Pteroclidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse |
Pterocles exustus Temminck, 1825 |
G |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
19 |
Painted Sandgrouse |
Pterocles indicus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
G |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Caprimulgiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Caprimulgidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
Indian Nightjar |
Caprimulgus asiaticus Latham, 1790 |
I |
R |
UC |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Apodidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Indian House Swift
|
Apus affinis J.E. Gray, 1830 |
I |
R |
VC |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
22 |
Asian Palm Swift |
Cypsiurus balasiensis J.E. Gray, 1829 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Cuculiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Cuculidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
Asian Koel |
Eudynamys scolopaceus Linnaeus, 1758
|
F |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
24 |
Greater Coucal
|
Centropus sinensis Stephens, 1815 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
25 |
Blue-faced Malkoha |
Phaenicophaeus viridirostris Jerdon, 1840 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
26 |
Common Hawk Cuckoo |
Hierococcyx varius Vahl, 1797 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
27 |
Sirkeer Malkoha |
Taccocua leschenaultia Lesson, 1830 |
I |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
28 |
Crested Pied Cuckoo |
Clamator jacobinus Boddaert, 1783 |
I |
Sm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
29 |
Grey-bellied Cuckoo |
Cacomantis passerinus Vahl, 1797 |
I |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Gruiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Rallidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
Common Coot |
Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
31 |
White-breasted Waterhen |
Amaurornis phoenicurus Pennant, 1769 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
32 |
Slaty-breasted Rail |
Lewinia striata Linnaeus, 1766 |
O |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
33 |
Brown Crake |
Zapornia akool Sykes, 1832 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
34 |
Purple Swamphen |
Porphyrio porphyrio Linnaeus, 1758 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Pelecaniformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Ciconiidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 |
Painted Stork |
Mycteria leucocephala Pennant, 1769 |
C |
R |
Ra |
NT |
Sch. IV |
|
36 |
Woolly-necked Stork |
Ciconia episcopus Boddaert, 1783 |
C |
R |
Co |
VU |
Sch. IV |
|
37 |
Asian Openbill |
Anastomus oscitans Boddaert, 1783 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Ardeidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38 |
Little Egret
|
Egretta garzetta Linnaeus, 1766
|
C |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
39 |
Intermediate Egret
|
Ardea intermedia Wagler, 1829 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
40 |
Cattle Egret
|
Bubulcus ibis Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
41 |
Great Egret |
Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758
|
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
42 |
Indian Pond Heron
|
Ardeola grayii Sykes, 1832 |
C |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
43 |
Striated Heron |
Butorides striata Linnaeus, 1758
|
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
44 |
Grey Heron
|
Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Pm |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
45 |
Purple Heron |
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Threskiornithidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
Black-headed Ibis |
Threskiornis melanocephalus Latham, 1790 |
C |
R |
Co |
NT |
Sch. IV |
|
47 |
Indian Black Ibis |
Pseudibis papillosa Temminck, 1824 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Phalacrocoracidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48 |
Little Cormorant
|
Microcarbo niger Vieillot, 1817 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
49 |
Indian Cormorant
|
Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Stephens, 1826 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
50 |
Great Cormorant |
Phalacrocorax carbo Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Anhingidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51 |
Oriental Darter |
Anhinga melanogaster Pennant, 1769 |
C |
R |
Co |
NT |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Charadriiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Burhinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
Indian Thick-knee |
Burhinus oedicnemus Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Charadriidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53 |
Yellow-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus malabaricus Boddaert, 1783 |
C |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
54 |
Red-wattled Lapwing |
Vanellus indicus Boddaert, 1783 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
55 |
Little Ringed Plover |
Charadrius dubius Scopoli, 1786 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Recurvirostridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
Black-winged Stilt |
Himantopus himantopus Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Jacanidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
57 |
Bronze-winged Jacana |
Metopidius indicus Latham, 1790 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
58 |
Pheasant-tailed jacana |
Hydrophasianus chirurgus Scopoli, 1786 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Scolopacidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59 |
Little Stint |
Calidris minuta Leisler, 1812 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
60 |
Wood Sandpiper |
Tringa glareola Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
61 |
Common Snipe |
Gallinago gallinago Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
62 |
Common Sandpiper |
Actitis hypoleucos Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
63 |
Marsh Sandpiper |
Tringa stagnatilis Bechstein, 1803 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
64 |
Green Sandpiper |
Tringa ochropus Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Turnicidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
65 |
Barred Buttonquail |
Turnix suscitator J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Laridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
66 |
River Tern |
Sterna aurantia J.E. Gray, 1831 |
C |
R |
Co |
NT |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Accipitriformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Accipitridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
67 |
Oriental Honey Buzzard |
Pernis ptilorhynchus Temminck, 1821 |
C |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
68 |
Black-winged Kite |
Elanus caeruleus Desfontaines, 1789 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
69 |
Short-toed Snake Eagle |
Circaetus gallicus J.F. Gmelin, 1788 |
C |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
70 |
Shikra |
Accipiter badius J.F. Gmelin, 1788 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
71 |
Black Eagle |
Ictinaetus malaiensis Temminck, 1822 |
C |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
72 |
Booted Eagle |
Hieraaetus pennatus J.F. Gmelin, 1788 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
73 |
Bonelli's Eagle |
Aquila fasciata vieillot, 1822 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
74 |
Pallid Harrier |
Circus macrourus S.G. Gmelin, 1770 |
C |
Wm |
Ra |
NT |
Sch. I |
|
75 |
Western Marsh Harrier |
Circus aeruginosus Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
76 |
Montagu’s Harrier |
Circus pygargus Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
77 |
Black Kite
|
Milvus migrans Boddaert, 1783 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
78 |
Brahminy Kite
|
Haliastur Indus Boddaert, 1783 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
|
Order: Strigiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Tytonidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79 |
Barn Owl |
Tyto alba Scopoli, 1769 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Strigidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80 |
Indian Eagle Owl |
Bubo bengalensis Franklin, 1831 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
81 |
Brown Fish Owl |
Ketupa zeylonensis J.F. Gmelin, 1788 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
82 |
Spotted Owlet |
Athene brama Temminck, 1821 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Bucerotiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Bucerotidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
83 |
Indian Grey Hornbill |
Ocyceros birostris Scopoli, 1786 |
F |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
|
Family: Upupidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84 |
Common Hoopoe |
Upupa epops Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Piciformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Picidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
85 |
Eurasian Wryneck |
Jynx torquilla Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
86 |
Yellow-crowned
Woodpecker |
Dendrocopos mahrattensis Latham, 1801 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
87 |
Lesser Golden-blacked Woodpecker |
Dinopium benghalense Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Ramphastidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
88 |
Coppersmith Barbet |
Psilopogon haemacephalus Muller, 1776 |
F |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Coraciiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Meropidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
Green Bee-eater |
Merops orientalis Latham, 1801 |
I |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
90 |
Blue-tailed Bee-eater |
Merops philippinus Linnaeus, 1767 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Coraciidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
91 |
Indian Roller
|
Coracias benghalensis Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Alcedinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
92 |
Common Kingfisher |
Alcedo atthis Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
93 |
White-throated Kingfisher |
Halcyon smyrnensis Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
94 |
Pied Kingfisher |
Ceryle rudis Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Falconiformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Falconidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
95 |
Common Kestrel |
Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
96 |
Peregrine Falcon |
Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771 |
C |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. I |
|
|
Order: Psittaciformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Psittaculidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
97 |
Rose-ringed Parakeet |
Psittacula krameri Scopoli, 1769 |
F |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
98 |
Plum-headed Parakeet |
Psittacula cyanocephala Linnaeus, 1766 |
F |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Order: Passeriformes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family: Pittidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
99 |
Indian Pitta |
Pitta brachyuran Linnaeus, 1766
|
I |
Sm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Campephagidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
Black-headed Cuckooshrike |
Lalage melanoptera Ruppell, 1839 |
I |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
101 |
Small Minivet
|
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Linnaeus, 1766 |
I |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Oriolidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
102 |
Indian Golden Oriole |
Oriolus kundoo Sykes, 1832 |
O |
Sm |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Vangidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
103 |
Common Woodshrike |
Tephrodornis pondicerianus J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Aegithinidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
104 |
Common Iora
|
Aegithina tiphia Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Dicruridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
105 |
Black Drongo
|
Dicrurus macrocercus Vieillot, 1817
|
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
106 |
White-bellied Drongo |
Dicrurus caerulescens Linnaeus, 1758
|
O |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
107 |
Ashy Drongo |
Dicrurus leucophaeus Vieillot, 1817
|
O |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Laniidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
108 |
Brown Shrike |
Lanius cristatus Linnaeus, 1758
|
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
109 |
Long-tailed Shrike |
Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758
|
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
110 |
Bay-backed Shrike |
Lanius vittaus Valenciennes, 1826 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
111 |
Southern Grey Shrike |
Lanius excubitor Linnaeus, 1758 |
C |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Corvidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
112 |
Rufous Treepie |
Dendrocitta vagabunda Latham, 1790 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
113 |
House Crow |
Corvus splendens Vieillot, 1817 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
114 |
Jungle Crow
|
Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, 1827 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Monarchidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
115 |
Indian Paradise Flycatcher |
Terpsiphone paradise Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Dicaeidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
116 |
Pale-billed Flowerpecker |
Dicaeum erythrorynchos Latham, 1790
|
N |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
117 |
Thick-billed Flowerpecker |
Dicaeum agile Tickell, 1833
|
N |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Nectariniidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
118 |
Purple-rumped Sunbird |
Leptocoma zeylonica Linnaeus, 1766 |
N |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
119 |
Purple Sunbird |
Cinnyris asiaticus Latham, 1790 |
N |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Ploceidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
120 |
Baya Weaver |
Ploceus philippinus Linnaeus, 1766 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
121 |
Streaked Weaver |
Ploceus manyar Horsfield, 1821 |
G |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Estrildidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
122 |
Red Avadavat |
Amandava amandava Linnaeus, 1758 |
G |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
123 |
Indian Silverbill |
Euodice malabarica Linnaeus, 1758 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
124 |
Black-headed Munia |
Lonchura Malacca Linnaeus, 1766 |
G |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
125 |
Scaly-breasted Munia |
Lonchura punctulata Linnaeus, 1758 |
G |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Passeridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
126 |
House Sparrow |
Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 |
O |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
127 |
Yellow-throated Sparrow |
Gymnoris xanthocollis E. Burton, 1838 |
O |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Motacillidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
128 |
White-browed Wagtail |
Motacilla maderaspatensis J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
129 |
Western Yellow Wagtail |
Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
130 |
Grey Wagtail |
Motacilla cinerea Tunstall, 1771 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
131 |
White Wagtail |
Motacilla alba Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
132 |
Paddyfield Pipit |
Anthus rufulus Vieillot, 1818 |
I |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Emberizidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
133 |
Red-headed Bunting
|
Granativora bruniceps von Brandt, 1841 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
134 |
Black-headed Bunting |
Granativora melanocephala Scopoli, 1769 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
135 |
Grey-necked Bunting |
Emberiza buchanani Blyth, 1845 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Paridae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
136 |
Cinereous (Great) Tit |
Parus cinereus Vieillot, 1818 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Alaudidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
137 |
Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark |
Eremopterix grisea Scopoli, 1786 |
I |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
138 |
Singing Bushlark |
Mirafra cantillans Blyth, 1845 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
139 |
Sykes’s Lark |
Galerida deva Sykes, 1832 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
140 |
Crested Lark |
Galerida cristata Linnaeus, 1758 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
141 |
Jerdon’s Bushlark |
Mirafra affinis Blyth, 1845 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
142 |
Oriental Skylark |
Alauda gulgula Franklin, 1831 |
O |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
143 |
Indian Bushlark |
Mirafra erythroptera Blyth, 1845 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
144 |
Rufous-tailed Finch Lark |
Ammomanes phoenicura Franklin, 1831 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Cisticolidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
145 |
Zitting Cisticola |
Cisticola juncidis Rafinesque, 1810 |
I |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
146 |
Grey-breasted Prinia |
Prinia hodgsonii Blyth, 1844 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
147 |
Ashy Prinia
|
Prinia socialis Sykes, 1832 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
148 |
Plain Prinia |
Prinia inornata Sykes, 1832 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
149 |
Jungle Prinia |
Prinia sylvatica Jerdon, 1840 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
150 |
Common Tailorbird |
Orthotomus sutorius Pennant, 1769 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Acrocephalidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
151 |
Blyth’s Reed Warbler |
Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth, 1849 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
152 |
Clamorous Reed Warbler |
Acrocephalus stentoreus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 |
I |
R |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
153 |
Booted Warbler |
Iduna caligata M.H.C. Lichtenstein, 1823 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Hirundinidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
154 |
Dusky Crag Martin |
Ptyonoprogne concolor Sykes, 1832 |
I |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
155 |
Barn Swallow |
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
156 |
Wire-tailed Swallow |
Hirundo smithii Leach, 1818 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
157 |
Red-rumped Swallow |
Cecropis daurica Laxmann, 1769 |
I |
R |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
158 |
Streak-throated Swallow |
Petrochelidon fluvicola Blyth, 1855 |
I |
R |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Pycnonotidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
159 |
Red-whiskered Bulbul |
Pycnonotus jucosus Linnaeus, 1758 |
O |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
160 |
Red-vented Bulbul |
Pycnonotus cafer Linnaeus, 1766 |
O |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
161 |
White-browed Bulbul |
Pycnonotus luteolus Lesson, 1841
|
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
162 |
Yellow-throated Bulbul |
Pycnonotus xantholaemus Jerdon, 1845 |
O |
R |
Uc |
VU |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Phylloscopidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
163 |
Greenish Leaf Warbler |
Seicercus trochiloides Sundevall, 1837 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
164 |
Tickell's leaf warbler |
Phylloscopus affinis Tickell, 1833 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
165 |
Green Leaf Warbler |
Seicercus nitidus Blyth, 1843 |
I |
Pm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Sylviidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
166 |
Yellow-eyed Babbler
|
Chrysomma sinense J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
167 |
Hume’s (Lesser) Whitethroat |
Curruca curruca Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family Zosteropidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
168 |
Oriental White-eye |
Zosterops palpebrosus Temminck, 1824 |
I |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Timaliidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
169 |
Tawny-bellied babbler |
Dumetia hyperythra Franklin, 1831 |
O |
R |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Leiothrichidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
170 |
Common Babbler
|
Argya caudata Dumont, 1823 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
171 |
Jungle Babbler
|
Turdoides striata Dumont, 1823 |
O |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
172 |
Large Grey Babbler |
Argya malcolmi Sykes, 1832 |
O |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
173 |
Yellow-billed Babbler |
Turdoides affinis Jerdon, 1845 |
O |
R |
Vc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family:
Sturnidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
174 |
Chestnut-tailed Starling |
Sturnia malabarica J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
O |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
175 |
Brahminy Starling |
Sturnia pagodarum J.F. Gmelin, 1789 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
176 |
Common Myna |
Acridotheres tristis Linnaeus, 1766 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
177 |
Jungle Myna |
Acridotheres fuscus Wagler, 1827 |
O |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
178 |
Rosy Starling |
Pastor roseus Linnaeus, 1758 |
O |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
|
Family: Muscicapidae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
179 |
Bluethroat |
Luscinia svecica Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
180 |
Indian Robin
|
Saxicoloides fulicatus Linnaeus, 1766 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
181 |
Oriental Magpie Robin |
Copsychus saularis Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
182 |
Asian Brown Flycatcher |
Muscicapa dauurica Pallas, 1811 |
I |
Wm |
Ra |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
183 |
Tickell’s Blue Flycatcher |
Cyornis tickelliae Blyth, 1843
|
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
184 |
Verditer Flycatcher |
Eumyias thalassinus Swainson, 1838 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
185 |
Red-breasted Flycatcher |
Ficedula parva Bechstein, 1792 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
186 |
Black Redstart |
Phoenicurus ochruros S.G. Gmelin, 1774 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
187 |
Blue Rock Thrush |
Monticola solitarius Linnaeus, 1758 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
188 |
Pied Bushchat
|
Saxicola caprata Linnaeus, 1766 |
I |
R |
Co |
LC |
Sch. IV |
|
189 |
Siberian Stonechat |
Saxicola maurus Pallas, 1773 |
I |
Wm |
Uc |
LC |
Sch. IV |
IUCN Red List categories: LC—Least Concern | NT—Near
Threatened | VU—Vulnerable | WPA Schedules (I, II, III, IV) as per Indian
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 | Residential Status: R—Resident | Wm—Winter
migrant | Sm—Summer migrant | Pm—Passage migrant | Feeding guilds:
I—Insectivorous | C—Carnivorous | H—Herbivorous | O—Omnivorous | G—Granivorous
| F—Frugivorous | N—Nectarivorous | Relative Abundance: Co—Common | Uc—Uncommon
| Vc—Very common | Ra—Rare.
Table 2. Relative diversity index (RDI) of various
avian families at Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Karnataka.
|
|
Family |
No. of species |
RDI |
|
1 |
Accipitridae |
12 |
6.45 |
|
|
Muscicapidae |
11 |
5.91 |
|
2 |
Ardeidae Alaudidae |
8 |
4.30 |
|
3 |
Cuculidae |
7 |
3.76 |
|
4 |
Phasianidae Scolopacidae Cisticolidae |
6 |
3.23 |
|
5 |
Anatidae Columbidae Motacillidae Hirundinidae Sturnidae Rallidae |
5 |
2.69 |
|
6 |
Laniidae Estrildidae Pycnonotidae Leiothrichidae |
4 |
2.15 |
|
7 |
Ciconiidae Phalacrocoracidae Charadriidae Strigidae Picidae Alcedinidae Corvidae Emberizidae Acrocephalidae Phylloscopidae |
3 |
1.61 |
|
8 |
Pteroclidae Apodidae Threskiornithidae Jacanidae Meropidae Falconidae Psittaculidae Campephagidae Dicruridae Dicaeidae Nectariniidae Ploceidae Passeridae Sylviidae |
2 |
1.08 |
|
9 |
Podicipitidae Caprimulgidae Anhingidae Burhinidae Recurvirostridae Turnicidae Laridae Tytonidae Bucerotidae Upupidae Ramphastidae Coraciidae Pittidae Oriolidae Vangidae Aegithinidae Monarchidae Paridae Zosteropidae Timaliidae |
1 |
0.54 |
For figures & images - - click here
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