Site records of softshell turtles (Chelonia: Trionychidae) from
Barak Valley, Assam, northeastern India
Kulendra
C. Das 1 & Abhik Gupta 2
1,2 Department of Ecology and
Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
Email: 1 kcdas23@rediffmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 abhik.eco@gmail.com
Date
of publication (online): 26 April 2011
Date
of publication (print): 26 April 2011
ISSN
0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print)
Editor: Indraneil Das
Manuscript
details:
Ms # o2487
Received 18
June 2010
Final received
21 December 2010
Finally
accepted 07 February 2011
Citation: Das, K.C. & A. Gupta(2011). Site records of softshell turtles (Chelonia: Trionychidae) from Barak
Valley, Assam, northeastern India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 3(4): 1722–1726.
Copyright: © Kulendra C. Das & Abhik Gupta 2011. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium for
non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit
to the authors and the source of publication.
Acknowledgements:We are grateful to the G.B.
Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora, and UGC, New
Delhi, for funding assistance.
For figures, images, tables -- click here
Eight species of turtles belonging to
the family Trionychidae (Reptilia: Chelonia) are known to occur in India and
include Nilssonia
gangetica, N. hurum, N. leithii, N. nigricans, Chitra indica, Amyda cartilaginea, Pelochelys cantorii and Lissemys punctata (two subspecies - punctata and andersonii). All the species barring N. leithii and P.
cantorii have
been reported from parts of Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram in northeastern India
(Das 1990, 1996; Bhupathy et al. 1992; Frazier & Das 1994; Choudhury 1995;
Datta 1998; Sengupta et al. 1998; Pawar & Choudhury 2000; Praschag &
Gemel 2002). However, most of the
records are from the Brahmaputra plains of Assam and adjoining areas in lower
eastern Himalaya, parts of Meghalaya and Mizoram. There is only a market survey record of trionychid species
(Das & Gupta 2004) and diversity and ecology of chelonians (Das 2008) from
the Barak Valley region in the southern part of Assam, which is geographically
distinct from the Brahmaputra Valley, being separated from the latter by the
Borail range of mountains and the Meghalaya Plateau, and is a part of the Surma
Valley of Sylhet District of Bangladesh, which in turn is a part of the Meghna
Drainage. The present study,
conducted during July 2002 to June 2007, reports for the first time the
occurrence of four species of trionychid turtles, Nilssonia gangetica, N. hurum,
Chitra indica,
andLissemys punctata andersoniifrom 57 sites in the three Barak Valley districts of Cachar, Hailakandi and
Karimganj in Assam, northeastern India, based on both live specimens and
carapace records.
Materials and Methods: The survey was conducted during July
2002 to June 2007, in the Barak Valley region of Assam that comprises the three
districts of Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj (24012’-2508’N
& 92012’-93015’E). Records of turtles were made through direct sightings and by
questioning the people in different areas, especially the turtle hunters. Live specimens were collected from the
turtle hunters and fishermen as well as from the village markets and released
after taking photographs and making morphometric measurements. Carapaces and/or plastrons were
collected from the villages near the study sites. Identification was done using
standard keys (Smith 1931; Das 1991). As all the trionychid species reported here are endangered and
protected, photographs of live specimens and some carapace samples are
deposited in the Animal Biodiversity Museum of the Department of Ecology &
Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, India.
Results and Discussion: During the survey, four species of
trionychids, Nilssonia
gangetica (Image
1) (AU-Ecol/ABM/Reptilia/Chelonia/ng-1a), N. hurum (Image 2) (AU-Ecol/ABM/Reptilia/Chelonia/nh-2a), Chitra indica (Image 3)
(AU-Ecol/ABM/Reptilia/Chelonia/ci-3a), and Lissemys punctata andersonii (Image 4)
(AU-Ecol/ABM/Reptilia/Chelonia/lpa-6a) were recorded from 57 sites in the three
Barak Valley districts of Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj in Assam,
northeastern India (Fig. 1, Table 1). Of these four species, Nilssonia
gangetica (Cuvier,
1825) is Vulnerable (ATTWG 2000), which was first recorded in Assam by Bhupathy
et al. (1992) from the Kaziranga, Orang and Nameri National Parks in
Brahmaputra Valley, followed by records from Sibsagar and north Lakhimpur
districts and the Dibru Saikhowa National Park in Tinsukia District (Choudhury
1995). Dutta (1997) reported this
species from Dhubri District, while Sengupta et al. (1998, 2000) recorded its
occurrence in Sibsagar, Dhubri and Kamrup districts. Ahmed et al. (2009) reported this species from Barak
Valley. In the Barak Valley, live
specimens of this species have been found in 25 sites, along with carapace
records from 15 sites, in Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj districts. The habitats include rivers, streams in
plains and foothills, ox-bows and floodplain lakes (beels). The size (Straight Carapace Length -
SCL) and weight of the specimens ranged from 14-57 cm and 0.4-20 kg,
respectively.
Nilssonia hurum (Gray, 1831) is Vulnerable according
to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ATTWG 2000), was earlier recorded
from Tinsukia, Bokakhat, north Cachar Hills, Kaziranga National Park, Guwahati,
Dhubri and Kamrup districts (Bhupathy et al. 1992; Frazier & Das 1994;
Barman 1996; Dutta 1997; Sengupta et al. 2000). Ahmed et al. (2009) recorded the distribution of this
species throughout Assam. The
present study reports its occurrence in 14 sites (live specimens from 10 and
carapace from four sites) in all three Barak Valley districts from rivers,
streams, ox-bows and floodplain lakes. The SCL and weight of the specimens ranged from 8-33 cm and 0.1-3.5 kg,
respectively.
Chitra indica (Gray, 1831) is Endangered (ATTWG
2000), the rarest Trionychid in this area, having been recorded from six sites
in Cachar and Karimganj districts. Live specimens were recorded from Fulertal upstream of Barak River,
downstream at the forking of Barak into Surma and Kusiyara near the
India-Bangladesh border, and from a large ox-bow still having connections with
Barak River at Baskandi. The SCL
and weight ranged from 26-75 cm and 1.6-40 kg, respectively. Fishermen in Sylhet district of
Bangladesh call Chitra
indica “Dhush
Kassim”, referring to its tendency to “hit blows with its head” (Frazier &
Das 1994). The Bengali fishermen
and turtle hunters of Barak Valley, who speak the same dialect of Bengali, also
call this turtle “Dhush Kasim” or “Gutasol”, the latter word also referring to
its tendency to thrust its head in aggression. Similarly, Lissemys
punctata andersonii(Webb, 1980) is also called “Til Kasim” because of its blotched appearance. L. punctata andersonii has been recorded from 23 sites in the
Valley, including live records from 12 sites, the SCL and weight ranging from
6.5-25 cm and 0.1-2.8 kg, respectively. Previous records in Assam are from
Kaziranga National Park (Das 1990; Bhupathy et al. 1992), and Kamrup (Sengupta
et al. 2000), and from Ranikor in West Khasi Hills, Meghalaya (Das 1990). Das (1990) assigned all the specimens from
Assam seen by him to the subspecies andersonii because of their yellow-blotched heads and carapaces. A similar colour pattern is seen in all
the specimens from Barak Valley examined by us. Interestingly, Talukdar (1979)
recorded the subspecies punctata from Brahmaputra Valley (Talukdar
followed Smith’s concept for the 2 subspecies. Webb 1980 felt that the
yellow-spotted form should bear the name andersonii). L. punctata andersonii is a fairly common species in Barak
Valley, and frequents lentic systems such as floodplain lakes and ox-bows,
besides rivers.
Thus the present records, especially
those of live specimens, from Barak River, its various tributaries, as well as
the floodplain lakes and ox-bows, indicate that the softshell turtles are
distributed much further upstream in the Meghna River system of Bangladesh of
which Barak forms a part. N. gangetica is known to be able to survive in
artificial lentic water bodies like ‘jheels’ that completely dry up in the lean
season (Frazier & Das 1994). The numerous floodplain lakes and ox-bows that are associated with the
meandering courses of Barak River and its tributaries, and maintain links with
the river in the monsoon, are also found to serve as important turtle refuges,
especially for species like N.
gangetica and L. punctata andersonii, several records of these two species
having been made in the floodplain lakes and ox-bows. N.
hurum,
although less frequently encountered than N. gangetica, appears to be distributed more upstream into the foothill
stretches of rivers. It is likely
that this species also occurs in the upper reaches of Rukni River inside
Mizoram, as reported by the Dimasa turtle hunters who make annual forays into
the upstream areas of this river. However, the carapace records should be
treated as possible sites where these turtles may be found and not as
definitive site records as had also been pointed out by Frazier & Das
(1994). The villagers in this area
hang turtle shells in their cow sheds and homes as they ascribe some magico-religious
properties to them (Gupta 2002) and might, therefore, import them from distant
places and not necessarily procure them from a nearby river or lake.
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