Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18297–18312
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6772.13.5.18297-18312
#6772 | Received 05 October 2020 | Final
received 04 March 2021 | Finally accepted 23 March 2021
Indigenous knowledge of ethnomedicinal plants by the Assamese community
in Dibrugarh District, Assam, India
Pranati Gogoi 1 & Namita Nath 2
1,2 Department of Botany,
Gauhati University, Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781014, India.
1 pranatigogoi01@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 nathnamita1@gauhati.ac.in
Editor: K. Haridasan, Palakkad, Kerala,
India. Date of publication: 26 April 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Gogoi, P. & N. Nath (2021). Indigenous knowledge
of ethnomedicinal plants by the Assamese community in Dibrugarh District,
Assam, India. Journal
of Threatened Taxa 13(5): 18297–18312. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6772.13.5.18297-18312
Copyright: © Gogoi & Nath 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License. JoTT allows unrestricted use,
reproduction, and distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate
credit to the author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Pranati Gogoi, a PhD Scholar has authored two research
articles and a book chapter. Currently she is working on the floristic
diversity of Dibrugarh District, Assam under Gauhati University. Dr. Namita Nath has authored more than
43 research articles, 21 books, five book chapters and edited three books. She
is involved with four research projects, the ongoing one is “Inventorization of
wild edible fruits of Assam with special reference to their sustainable
utilization for livelihood generation”.
Author contribution: PG carried out the whole field survey during the
the year 2017-2019, data compilation, analysis and writing the whole
manuscript. NN supervised the whole work from field survey upto the preparation
of the report.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
indebted to all informants for sharing their invaluable knowledge and for their
help and assistance during the entire field work. We are very much grateful to Khagendra Nath
Gogoi, Tilu Gogoi, Jaya Gogoi, and Biswa Bowlari, who shared their indigenous
ethnomedicinal knowledge and experiences with us for making it possible to
learn more from their advices. We
express our feelings of gratefulness to Rantumoni Sharma and Monika Choudhury
who helped us in editing the local abstract and base map respectively. We are grateful to Saurav Kumar Borah,
curator (Botany) and Barnali Das of Botany Department, Gauhati University for
helping us in identification of collected plant specimens. We convey our heartfelt thanks to renowned
taxonomist and ethnobotanist Prof. S.K. Borthakur (retd. professor, Dept. of
Botany, Gauhati University, Assam) who helped and encouraged us at every step
of the work.
Abstract: The present
investigation is an attempt to study the uses of ethnomedicinal plants in
traditional knowledge system among the Assamese community of Dibrugarh District
in Assam. All the relevant data were
collected during 2017–2019 by following standard ethnobotanical methods through
personal interviews as well as through focus group discussions with a total of
193 informants including 62 men and 131 women.
The use value (UV) of the medicinal plants and informant consensus
factors (FIC) values were determined. In the study 174 ethnomedicinal plant species
were documented belonging to 147 genera and 78 families. Except for three species, the 171 species are
Angiosperms mostly collected from the wild.
Among the 174 species of medicinal plants, 12 species are listed under
various categories by IUCN and CITES.
All these plants are used to treat various diseases that are grouped
under 13 ICPC (International Classification of Primary Care) disease
categories, with the highest use value (0.54) recorded in Leucas aspera
followed by Paederia scandens with (0.5) use value. This confirms that these plants are important
traditional herbs with potent medicinal uses.
The highest informant consensus factor with the highest number of
species (93) being used for the digestive system (FIC= 0.76%),
followed by oral and dentistry (FIC= 0.73%) category. The ethnic communities in the district are
rich in traditional knowledge which is evident from the use records and high
degree of consensus among the informants.
Keywords: Indigenous
knowledge, informants consensus factor, northeastern India, use value
INTRODUCTION
Indigenous knowledge
plays a vital role in conservation of resources, particularly of indigenous
plant species significant for indigenous communities (Cox 2000; Leonti 2002;
Leonti 2011; Kayani et al. 2015). Since
ancient times, the indigenous communities have been harvesting ethnomedicinal
plants from the wild in different parts of the world (Malick & Cox 1996;
Dhillion et al.2002; Matu & Staden 2003; Mall et al.2015; Pasquini et al.2018;
Phumthum & Balslev 2018; Tomasini et al. 2019; Dixit & Tiwari 2020;
Qamariah et al. 2020) and the knowledge is carried forward generation after
generation (Tabuti et al. 2003). This
knowledge needs to be conserved especially in
countries facing high risk of threat to biodiversity due to urban
developmental activities, migrations, deforestation, and natural
calamities. India is one of such nations
where indigenous knowledge is decreasing day by day due to the factors
mentioned above. Northeastern India, a
mega bio-diversity hot spot, is rich in endemic flora (Mao et al.2000; Sajeng
et al. 2008; Barbhuiya et al. 2009; Mao et al. 2009; Panmei et al. 2019) and
home to nearly 1,350 medicinal plants with high economic importance that are
used in various ethnomedicinal preparations (Dutta & Dutta 2005). Besides being rich in floristic diversity,
this region is also rich with a diversified and colorful culture and
traditional knowledge system among 145 tribal communities (Ali & Das
2003). This region is considered one of the ecological hot spots of the world
and has an abundance of medicinal plants known to the native people (Asati
& Yadav 2004; Chauhan 2011; Dutta 2013; Salam 2013; Debbarma et al. 2017;
Lanusunep et al. 2018; Panmei et al. 2019).
Assam, a significant state of northeastern India falls in the Indo-Burma
Global Biodiversity Hotspot (Mittermeier et al. 2011). “Assamese” is the largest indigenous
community of Assam inhabiting throughout the valley of the Brahmaputra
River. Studies on ethnomedicinal plants
were carried out by different authors in different parts of Assam in the past
by the ethnic communities; and comprehensive works have already been published
(Borah et al. 2004; Saikia et al. 2006; Buragohain 2008; Talukdar et al. 2018).
Dibrugarh is one of the diverse lands of
northeastern India and is the largest tea producing zone in India. The land is occupied by the Assamese people
who highly depend on medicinal plants for various traditional health-care
practices. The Assamese community of
Dibrugarh District of Assam, since time immemorial have been using medicinal
plants to treat different ailments over many centuries through the traditional
knowledge system that has been passed down from generation to generation (Dutta
& Dutta 2005; Buragohain 2008; Sarma & Devi 2017; Talukdar et al.
2018). But due to certain factors like
modern lifestyle and development in medical facilities, the utilization of
these plants is rapidly decreasing. To
overcome this issue, proper documentation and assessment of traditional
knowledge of indigenous people is important (Teklehaymanot
2009). Due to the conversion of the
forests and arable land into tea gardens for commercial purposes, there is
every possibility of losing the useful medicinal plants from their natural
habitat. Therefore, proper measures and
conservation strategies of the available floristic wealth of this region is of
utmost importance. Thus proper documentation
and preservation of the ethnomedicinal knowledge has become the need of the
hour before getting lost and supplanted by modern medical facilities. In the district of Dibrugarh, although some
of the studies on ethnomedicinal plants have been carried out on Mishing tribe,
Sonowal Kachari tribe and Ahom tribe (Boruah & Kalita 2007; Kalita &
Phukan 2010; Sonowal 2013), no exhaustive work has been done on the traditional
practices of the Assamese community. In
addition, the tradition of using indigenous knowledge for the treatment of
common ailments is neglected due to the availability of modern lifestyle and
medical facilities. As a result, the
traditional household practices are rapidly decreasing in this region. The traditional practices of various ethnic
communities on the uses and management of medicinal plants is necessary in
order to fill the gap of indigenous knowledge on ethnomedicinal plants. Thus the present survey was conducted with
the objectives (1) to document the medicinal plants used by the Assamese
community in Dibrugarh District, (2) proper assessment of traditional knowledge
on the ethnomedicinal plants adopted by the people with regard to gender, age,
and knowledge, and (3) to bring out the medicinal plants with highest
ethnomedicinal importance for future value addition to their existence and
preservation for long term purposes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The present study was
carried out in the Dibrugarh District of Assam.
The district lies at 108m and occupies an area of 3,381km2. The district extends from 27.093–27.708
(latitude) & 94.562–95.485 (longitude) (Census 2011). The area stretches from the north bank of the
Brahmaputra, which flows for a length of 95km through the northern margin of
the district to the Patkai foothills on the south (Fig. 1). There is a large tract of tropical lowland
rainforests in Dibrugarh often referred to as “The Amazon of the east” owing to
its large area and thick forests. It is
also home to Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, which has an area of 340km2. It shares the park with Tinsukia
District. The region lies on the bank of
the Brahmaputra River and other environmental factors such as climate and
topography of the region has been favorable for the growth of luxuriant
vegetation. The climate of Dibrugarh is
humid and sub-tropical with extremely wet summers and relatively dry
winters. The climate is classified by
the Koppen-Geiger system and average precipitation is 2,781mm annually (Climate
data 2020). According to 2011 India census,
the district has a population of 1,326,335; males constitute 51% of the population
and females 49%. The sex ratio of the
district is 961 per 1,000 males. The
average literacy rate is 76.05%, which is higher than the national average
literacy rate.
Field survey and
collection of data
The study was
conducted during 2017–2019 in various localities following standard
ethnobotanical methods using a specially designed questionnaire (Jain 1987;
Martin 1995). All the relevant data
including those of traditional uses of the medicinal plants used by ethnic
communities of Dibrugarh District were collected following the code of ethics
(International Society of Ethnobiology 2006).
Here using the specially designed questionnaire, we collected the data
through personal interviews as well as through focused group discussions with a
total of 193 informants. The study is
significant in the sense that no such extensive work was done earlier in the
district of Dibrugarh and this region has remained unexplored or under-explored
in the field of floristic study also.
Several visits were made to remote places namely Jokai, Madhupur,
Naharkatiya, Tengakhat, Lezai, Moran, Lahowal, Borborua, Bogibeel, Khowang of
the district at different time intervals for primary data collection. Based on the information obtained from the
ethnic tribes (Ahom, Kachari, Mishing, Deori, Sonowal Kachari, Boro, and
Chutiya) the identification of the key informants became possible. With their cooperation, the plants were
collected from the forest and the local names of the given plants were recorded
in a structured questionnaire, comprising of scientific name, family, local
names of plants, part used, application, method of preparation and route of
administration. In the present study a
total of 193 informants with a strong traditional knowledge base were selected
for data collection. During the process
importance was given to collecting data with a detailed account of every
informant including their identity, address, qualifications and tribal
group. This was recorded prior to
collection of traditional knowledge based information in the local language
i.e. Assamese. Before approaching the
main steps of data collection, the aim and objectives of our study were
explained briefly to the informants to generate their trust which was very
helpful in getting accurate data. Based
on the collected data it was found that out of 193 informants, 54 were above 69
years, of which 20 were males and 34 were females. In the age group of 50–59 years there were 47
informants of which 21 were males and 26 were females. In the age group of 40–49 years, there were
56 informants of which 16 were males and 40 were females. In the age group of
30–39 years, there were 36 informants of which five were males and 31 were
females. Most of the informants were
involved with other livelihood activities being farmers, social workers,
teachers, shop keepers and house wives.
Plant collection,
identification and preservation
The herbal
practitioners of the Assamese community of the Dibrugarh District collected the
plants during the mature stage for proper identification. For proper identification an effort was made
to collect the voucher specimens related with ethnomedicinal information during
the flowering and fruiting periods. Collected
plants were identified by the interviewers in their local language as well as
correlating the plant in the field as shown by the informants (Image 1). For future record of the specimens as well as
for proper taxonomic identification plant specimens were collected properly
along with vivid photographs. The
collected plants were made into herbarium specimens by following standard
herbarium techniques (Jain & Rao 1977), and most of them were
deposited at the GUBH (Gauhati University Botanical Herbarium, Assam). The specimens were identified consulting
relevant literature like Flora of Assam (Kanjilal et al. 1934–1940);
a checklist was made of angiosperms and gymnosperms (Barooah &
Ahmed 2014); (Chowdhery et al. 2008, 2009).
Online databases like The Plant Lists (www.theplantlist.org)
and The International Plant Name Index (www.ipni.org)
were referred.
Statistical analysis
The collected data is
represented systematically in tabular form.
Information such as scientific name, family, local name, use value,
parts used, applications, method of preparation and route of administration
were provided for each species. The
collected data on the habits of plants used in Dibrugarh District of Assam was
schematically recorded in a MS-Word file.
Determination of use
value (uv)
The relative importance
of each prescribed medicinal plant was calculated by determining the use value
(Phillips et al. 1994; Zenderland et al. 2019), in order to measure the
relative importance of plants used by local healers on quantitative basis:
UV = Σ Ui/n
Where Ui is the
number of use-reports cited by each informant for a given species and n refers
to the total number of informants. When
there are many use-reports for a plant, the UV will be high, and when there are
few reports for a plant, the UV will approach zero (0).
Determination of
informants consensus factor (FIC)
Informants’ consensus
factor, i.e., FIC is usually calculated using a formula. This is done in order to find out the
homogeneity in the information given by the informants of the study area. The FIC was calculated by the
following formula (Trotter & Logan 1986; Henrich et al. 1998;
Singh et al. 2012; Bhat et al. 2013).
FIC= ( Nur
- Nt )/ Nur - 1
Here Nur
is the member of use report in a particular category of illness by
informants and Nt is the number species of taxa that is used for the
treatment of a particular disease category by informants of the study. The ICF values range from 0 to 1. When it is higher or close to 1, it indicates
higher reports about a plant species used by the informants in a particular
ailment. When the value is low or near
0, it indicates disagreement by the informants about a plant used for a certain
ailment.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Demography
In the Dibrugarh
District, Assam a total of 193 informants of the age group ranging from 30–92
years of which 62 (32.12%) were male and 131 (67.87% ) were female (Table
1). From the study it was found that the
average age of the informants was 59 years.
The illiteracy rate was found to be 14.5% whereas the literacy rate at
the primary level was 17%, middle level was 13.9%, and secondary level was
27.4% (Table 2).
An overview of
medicinal plants
In the present
research work 174 plant species were used in various traditional health care
practices which belong to 78 families and 147 genera. These were found to be used to cure several
human diseases which were grouped under 13 ICPC (International Classification
of Primary Care) disease categories. The
information on traditional knowledge carried out by the tribal people of
Dibrugarh District were arranged alphabetically by generic and specific names
along with their families, local names, applications (Table 3). It was found that the most reported
ethnomedicinal plants were herbs followed by trees, shrubs, and climbers
(Figure 2). This could be due to
availability of non-conventional herbs which are easy to cultivate in home
gardens in comparison to trees and shrubs which take a longer time to
grow. This could be due to the fact that
the herbs possess potent medicinal properties and more therapeutic effects to
resist illnesses (Abbas et al. 2017; Chekole 2017; Umair et al. 2017). Most of these ethnomedicinal plants are being
used by the tribes in their day to day activities for their livelihood and also
to get rid of severe/chronic health issues.
In the present study, among the recorded species four species, viz., Acorus
calamus L., Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. Messua
ferrea Linn., Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. are assessed as Vulnerable
(VU) by IUCN Red List, three species—Alstonia scholaris R.Brown., Terminalia
chebula (DC) W & A, and Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb.—are assessed
as Near Threatened (NT), two species—Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Ebern
and Cissampelos pareira Linn.—are listed under Least Concern (LC) (Sajem
et al. 2008; Molur & Walker 1998). Curcuma
caesia Roxb. is listed under Critically Endangered (CR) category of IUCN
while Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. is an Endangered (EN) and endemic
species of the region (Mao et al. 2009).
Rhyncostylis retusa (L.) Blume which is an epiphytic herb
belonging to family Orchidaceae is also placed under the Endangered category
(EN) appendix II (with strictly controlled international trade) of CITES (The
Convention on International Trade in Endangered species of Wild Fauna and
Flora) (Saxena 2020) (Table 4).
Plant parts used and
forms of medication
The tribal
communities have a strong indigenous knowledge system of using various parts of
a plant and the healing properties that each of the parts. The various information collected from the
tribal communities helped us to establish the importance of the different uses
of herbal remedies. The most commonly
used plant parts were leaf, root, whole plant, fruit, bark, rhizome, flower,
seed, stem, latex, bulb, twig, and tender shoots for various purposes in their
day to day lives (Figure 3). In the
study it was found that during the preparation of herbal recipes the healers
use either a single medicinal plant or combination of several plants in the
treatment of a particular disease. The
most frequently used plant parts for medicinal remedies were leaves (69
species, 39.65%). The use of leaves in
comparison to other plant parts causes less harm to the plant thus ensuring
sustainability and its further conservation (Panmei et al. 2019). It was followed by fruit (32 species,
18.39%), whole plant (21 species, 12.06%), roots (18 species, 10.34%), stems
(17 species, 9.77%), barks (13 species, 7.47 %), seeds (11 species, 6.3 %),
rhizomes (nine species, 5.17%), twigs (nine species, 5.17%), tender shoots
(eight species, 4.59%), flowers (six species, 3.44%), bulbs (six species,
3.44%) (Figure 3). Out of 78 families,
Euphorbiaceae represented the highest number of medicinal plants (10 species,
5.74%), which was followed by Asteraceae (eight species, 4.59%), Araceae (seven
species, 4.02%), and Rutaceae (seven species, 4.02%). Other research works (Singh et al.
2000; Teklehaymanot & Giday 2007; Mesfin et al. 2009; Bhattarai et al.
2010), however, reported Asteraceae to be the leading family with the highest
number of medicinal plants. Similarly,
family Lamiaceae, Apocynnaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Amaranthaceae, Zingiberaceae,
Moraceae were represented by five species each, family Apiaceae, Poaceae by
four species each and family Acanthaceae, Urticaceae, Rubiaceae,
Scrophulariaceae, Piperaceae were represented by three species each. The remaining 59 families contributing (82
species, 48.94%) have one or two species (Table 5). The medicinal plants that were used in
various forms to cure different human ailments were plant paste (55 species,
31.6%) which was the most commonly used followed by juice (38 species, 21.83%),
vegetable (30 species, 17.24%), decoction (26 species, 14.94%), eaten raw (24
species, 13.79%), infusion (17 species, 9.77%), smoke (3 species, 1.72%), pill
(three species, 1.72%) and powder and fragrance (two species, 1.14%) each
(Figure 4). For improving the
palatability, honey is used as an additive by the healer which is also used for
enhancing the taste of local medicines (Debbarma et al. 2017). It was found that most of the herbal
preparations were given orally to cure human ailments except dermatological
problems. No standardized measure for
dosage consumption of medicines was prescribed by the healers in the study
area. They were recommended with
specific guidelines and care so that the medicine worked effectively without
causing any internal problems. Examples
were also cited by the healers where excessive dosage of Cheilocostus
speciosus may lead to deafness and excessive consumption of Clerodendrum
colebrookianum may cause low blood pressure in patients.
Use value (uv)
The most commonly
used species were Leucas aspera (Roth) Spr with 0.54 use value and Paederia
scandens (Lour) with 0.5 use value; they were followed by Psidium
guajava L. with 0.49 use value, Hottuynia cordata Thunb. and Clerodenndron
colebrookianum Walp. with a use value of 0.43 each, Garcinia Morella
Roxb. ex. DC with 0.38 use value, Kalanchoe pinnatum (Lam.) Pers. with
0.37 use value, Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC with 0.35 use value and Hydrocotyl
sibthorpioides Lam. with 0.33 use value.
The most rarely used medicinal plants were Phyllanthus fraternus
Webst, Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Hardw.) Mabb., Scoparia dulcis
L., and Lepisanthes erecta (Thw.) Leenh., which had use values from 0.09
to 0.02. Some medicinal plants used by
the ethnic communities for treating basic ailments have received many reports
about their medicinal uses. The relative
importance is reflected in the use values of these medicinal plants. Leucas aspera (Roth.) Spr. is a useful
tropical plant which is harvested from the wild for local use, primarily as a
medicine, but also as a food and insect repellant. It is sometimes cultivated in home gardens
for local uses and as a pot herb. The
plant is used traditionally as an antipyretic and insecticide (Prajapati
et al. 2010). The root decoction of Paederia
scandens (Lour.) is used to cure diarrhea and dysentery (Sen
& Behera 2008). All parts of the
plant have been used for different purposes: hepatoprotection, antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-cancer, anti-microbial,
anti-hyperglycemic, analgesic, endothelial progenitor cells, anti-stomachic,
and anti-diarrhea (Barbalho et al. 2012). The extract of Hottuynia cordata
Thunb. is given for stomach ache (Kagyung et al. 2009). Most of the medicinal plants used by the
Assamese community in Dibrugarh District were also reported in the previous
studies on ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by Assamese people for various
skin ailments and cosmetics (Saikia et al. 2006), ethnomedicine used
by Mishing tribes of Dibrugarh District (Baruah & Kalita 2007), and some
ethnomedicine used by the Tai Ahom of Dibrugarh District (Kalita & Baruah
2010). The application of each medicinal
plant which was presented in our study, however, was found to be much more than
what was presented in the earlier literatures.
This may be due to the different number of informants interviewed during
the survey. There is no report of some
plants in the previous studies (Saikia et al. 2006; Talukdar et al.
2017) but have high use value such as Leucas aspera (Roth) Spr, Paederia
scandens (Lour.), Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Clerodendron
colebrookianum Walp. This may be due
to different traditional knowledge practices that have been passed from
generation to generation within the family circle.
Informants consensus
factor (fic)
Informants consensus
analysis provides a measure of availability for the given evidence of data
collection in the ethnomedicinal studies (Malla & Chhetri
2012). In this present investigation,
the medicinal plants used to treat different ailments in the Dibrugarh District
of Assam were classified into 13 ICPC (International Classification of Primary
Care) disease categories (https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/adaptations/icpc2/en/)
and the FIC value of each and every disease category was calculated
and depicted (Table 6). In the
study, the digestive system disorder category showed the greatest agreement
with an FIC of 0.76%. It was followed by oral and dentistry category
(0.73%), heart and vascular system (0.72%), external injuries (0.72%),
hematology (0.71%), respiratory system (0.68%), infection and Immunization
(0.68%), pulmonary disease (0.67%), dermatological (0.65%), musculoskeletal
& nervous system (0.63%), and urinogenital & venereal (0.57%). The least agreement between the informants
was recorded in the responses related to endocrinology and others (fever, cold,
cough) both representing 0.56%.
Previously various authors followed this FIC value as a
significant tool to carry out respective ethnobotanical work (Inta
et al. 2013; Singh et al. 2014; Mall et al. 2015; Hosseini et al. 2017). These works show a high level of agreement
among the various ethnic communities of the state of Assam having a rich
traditional knowledge with diversified flora as well as fauna along with colourful
culture and tradition.
CONCLUSIONS
The present
investigation represents an array of information about the rich indigenous
knowledge of traditional medicine and ethnobotanical potential of the various
plants used by the tribal people of Dibrugarh District. A contribution of total 174 plants against 13
different disease categories has been listed.
Most of these plant species belong to different families of angiosperms
except three from Pteridophyta. The
traditional healers and elderly villagers had given high indication scores (use
value) for the plants, viz., Leucas aspera, Paederia foetida, Psidium
guajava, Houttuynia cordata, Clerodendron colebrookianum, Garcinia
morella, Zanthoxylum nitidum, Kalanchoe pinnatum, Musa
balbiciana, and Pogostemon benghalensis have been accepted by
the people as highly useful in traditional health-care practices in Dibrugarh
District. Further, statistical analysis
of the ethnomedicinal plants carried out by calculating their use value and
informant consensus factor, have confirmed their relative importance and
efficiency towards curing various ailments in Dibrugarh District. So, the plants with ethnomedicinal properties
must be chemically tested for correct identification of bioactive compounds
which can be further used for drug designing.
This will be a great contribution to pharmaceutical and herbal
industries for betterment of mankind.
From the conservation point of view, the present work will be a new
insight in creating awareness and setting management strategies for the
ethnomedicinal plants and the floristic diversity of Dibrugarh District.
Table 1. Distribution
of ethnic informants based on age and sex.
|
Age group |
Male |
Female |
No. of persons |
Percentage |
|
30–39 |
5 |
31 |
36 |
18.6 |
|
40–49 |
16 |
40 |
56 |
29 |
|
50–59 |
21 |
26 |
47 |
24.3 |
|
60–69 |
12 |
21 |
33 |
17 |
|
70–79+ |
8 |
13 |
21 |
10.8 |
|
TOTAL |
62 |
131 |
193 |
|
Table 2. Educational
status of the informants.
|
Education level |
No. of individuals |
Percentage |
|
Illiterate |
28 |
14.5 |
|
Primary |
33 |
17.0 |
|
Middle |
27 |
13.9 |
|
Secondary |
53 |
27.4 |
|
University |
52 |
26.9 |
|
TOTAL |
193 |
|
Table 3.
Documentation of medicinal plants used by ethnic tribes of Dibrugarh District,
Assam, India.
|
Scientific name
[Family]; Voucher No. |
Common name |
Use Value |
Part Used |
Application |
Method of
preparation |
Route of
administration |
|
Abroma augusta L. [Sterculiaceae];
PG-367 |
Gorokhia korai |
0.03 |
R |
Breast cancer,
internal wound healing, jaundice |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Acacia farnesiana (L.) Wild
[Mimosaceae]; PG-269 |
Torua kadam |
0.03 |
St, B |
Menstruation pain,
stomachic, hypertension |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Achyranthes asperaL. [Amaranthaceae];
PG-167 |
Biyoni hakuta |
0.02 |
L, R |
Fever, cough,
stomachic, bone fracture |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Acorus calamus L. [Araceae]; PG-38 |
Bosh |
0.06 |
Rh |
Fever, gastritis |
Pill |
Oral, external |
|
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
[Rutaceae]; PG-399 |
Bel |
0.01 |
Fr |
Indigestion,
detoxification |
Water infusion |
Oral |
|
Ageratum conyzoides L. [Asteraceae];
PG-541 |
Gendheli bon |
0.09 |
L |
Cut |
Paste |
External |
|
Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott
[Araceae]; PG-42 |
Man kochu |
0.14 |
Rh |
High blood
pressure, anemia, tonic |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Alocasia
macrorrhiza (L.) [Araceae]; PG-43 |
Bor kochu |
0.03 |
L, Rh |
Anthelmintic,
Toothache, Insect repellant |
Paste |
External |
|
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
[Asphodelaceae]; PG-82 |
Sal kuwori |
0.28 |
L |
Fever,
detoxification, skin problem |
Paste |
Oral, External |
|
Alpinia nigra (Gaertn). B.L.Burtt
[Zingiberaceae]; PG-134 |
Tora |
0.01 |
Rh |
Leucorrhea |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.
[Apocynaceae]; PG-430 |
Chatiana |
0.03 |
St, B |
Toothache, Malaria |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Alternanthera
sessilis(L.) R.Br. Ex DC [Amaranthaceae]; PG-170 |
Mati-kanduri |
0.08 |
TS |
Gastritis,
gastro-intestinal disease |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Amaranthus spinosus
L. [Amaranthaceae]; PG-171 |
Hati-khutura |
0.03 |
R, TS |
Diarrhoea,
antidiabetic, galactogogue |
Juice, vegetable |
Oral |
|
Amaranthus tricolor
L. [Amaranthaceae]; PG-174 |
Bishalya karani |
0.02 |
L |
Stomachic |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Amorphophalus
paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson [Araceae]; PG-45 |
Ol-kochu |
0.06 |
TS |
Cancer, pinworm |
Eaten raw |
Oral |
|
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.
[Bromeliaceae]; PG-98 |
Anaras |
0.18 |
L, Fr |
Abortive,
stomachic, bleeding, pinworm |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Andographis
paniculata (Burm.f) Wall.ex. Nees. [Acanthaceae]; PG-463 |
Chirota |
0.06 |
Wh |
Stomach worm |
Water infusion |
Oral |
|
Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lamk. [Moraceae]; PG-302 |
Kothal |
0.03 |
L |
Antidiabetic |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.
[Moraceae]; PG-303 |
Bohot |
0.09 |
B |
Cough |
Decoction |
External |
|
Averrhoa carambola L. [Averrhoaceae];
PG-582 |
Kordoi |
0.12 |
Fr |
Jaundice,
stomachic, blood purifier |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
[Meliaceae]; PG-390 |
Mahaneem |
0.25 |
L |
Stomachic,
toothache, anthelmintic,antidiabetic, stomachic |
Decoction,
vegetable, paste |
Oral, External |
|
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell
[Scrophulariaceae]; PG-502 |
Brahmi |
0.1 |
Wh |
Memory enhancer,
apetizer |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Bambusa balcooa Roxb. [Poaceae];
PG-106 |
Bholuka-banh |
0.09 |
Cu, L |
Insect bite |
Paste |
Oral, external |
|
Basella albaL. [Basellaceae];
PG-69 |
Puroi sak |
0.01 |
Wh |
Anemia, tonic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Belamcanda
chinensis (L.) DC. [Iridaceae]; PG-544 |
Surya kanti |
0.01 |
R |
Stomachic |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Boerhavia repens L. [Nyctaginaceae];
PG-179 |
Pono nowa |
0.02 |
L |
Urinary infection |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Caesalpinia bonduc(L.)
Roxb.[Caesalpiniaceae]; PG-273 |
Letaguti |
0.13 |
S |
Pneumonia, cough |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
[Leguminosae]; PG-77 |
Rohar dal |
0.05 |
T |
Jaundice, urinary
infection |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Calamus rotang L. [Arecaceae];
PG-85 |
Bet gaj |
0.03 |
Sh |
Antidiabetic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Calamus tenuis Roxb. [Araceae]];
PG-86 |
Jati-bet |
0.03 |
TS |
Cough |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Calotropis procera(Ait.) R.Br.
[Asclepiadaceae]; PG-432 |
Akon |
0.07 |
La, L |
Rabies, bone
fracture, piles |
Pill, paste,
infusion |
Oral, external |
|
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze
[Theaceae]; PG-427 |
Sahpat |
0.02 |
L |
Cut and wound,
antioxidant, hair problem |
Paste, decoction |
Oral, external |
|
Capsicum frutescens
L. [Solanaceae]; PG-96 |
Dhan jolokia |
0.04 |
Fr |
Gastritis, cough |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Carica papayaL. [Caricaceae];
PG-47 |
Amita |
0.14 |
Fr, La, S |
Constipation,
indigestion, galactogogue, pinworm |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Cascabela thevetia(L.) Lipp.
[Apocynaceae]; PG-81 |
Korobiphul |
0.01 |
R |
Rabies |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Cassia fistula L.
[Caesalpinaceae]; PG-275 |
Sonaru |
0.01 |
S |
Constipation |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Catharanthus roseus
(L.) G.Don [Apocynaceae]; PG-433 |
Nayantora |
0.31 |
L |
Antidiabetic,
cancer, hypertension |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Celtis tetrandra Roxb. [Ulmaceae];
PG-212 |
Sukuta |
0.02 |
T |
Stomachic, fever |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Centella asiatica(L.) Urban
[Apiaceae]; PG-578 |
Bor-manimuni |
0.19 |
Wh |
Blood purifier,
dysentery, memory enhancer, cut |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Chromolina odorata (L.) King et Robin
[Asteraceae]; PG-546 |
Jarmani bon |
0.09 |
L |
Cut and wound |
Paste |
External |
|
Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees
& C.H.Eberm. [Lauraceae]; PG-19 |
Tezpat |
0.02 |
L |
Hypertension,
antidiabetic |
Paste, decoction |
Oral |
|
Cissampelos pareira
L. [Menispermaceae]; PG-145 |
Tubuki lota |
0.05 |
L, R |
Fever, bone
fracture |
Paste |
External |
|
Cissus
quadrangularis L. [Vitaceae]; PG-199 |
Harjura lota |
0.04 |
St |
Bone fracture |
Paste |
External |
|
Citrus aurantifolia( Christn.) Swingle
[Rutaceae]; PG-400 |
Gol-nemu |
0.26 |
Fr, S |
Diarrhea, chronic
dysentery, cough, pinworm |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Citrus chinensis(L.) Osbeck
[Rutaceae]; PG-397 |
Mousumi tenga |
0.08 |
F |
Jaundice, blood
purification |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Citrus grandis (L.) Osb.
[Rutaceae]; PG-398 |
Robab-tenga |
0.17 |
Fr |
Gastritis, pox,
hypertension, cardiovascular disease |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Citrus limon (L.) Burm.
[Rutaceae]; PG-402 |
Kaji nemu |
0.11 |
Fr |
Antidiabetic,
antidandruff, stomachic |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Clerodendron
colebrookianum Walp. [Verbenaceae]; PG-481 |
Nephaphu |
0.43 |
L |
Hypertension,
menstruation pain |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Clerodendrum
infortunatum L. [Lamiaceae]; PG-486 |
Dhopat tita |
0.03 |
R |
Pneumonia |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Clitoria ternnatea L. [Papilionaceae];
PG-587 |
Boga aparajita |
0.02 |
R |
Abortive,
stomachic, bleeding, pinworm, alzheimer |
Raw, |
External |
|
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt.
[Cucurbitaceae]; PG-258 |
Kunduli |
0.02 |
Fl, Fr, L |
Hypertension,
antidiabetic, ear infection |
Vegetable, paste |
Oral, external |
|
Colocasia esculenta
(L.) Schott [Araceae]; PG-47 |
Kosu |
0.03 |
L, St |
Hypertension,
anemia, tonic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Corchorus
capsularis L. [Tiliaceae]; PG-121 |
Morapat |
0.07 |
YT |
Fever |
Paste |
External |
|
Cheilocostus
speciosus (Koen.ex.Retz.) J.E.Smith [Costaceae]; PG-127 |
Jom lakhuti |
0.14 |
L |
Ear pain |
Juice |
Oral, external |
|
Croton joufra Roxb.
[Euphorbiaceae]; PG-227 |
Goch-mahudi |
0.15 |
B |
Pneumonia, fever,
dysentery, stomachic |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Cucurbita pepo L. [Cucurbitaceae];
PG-257 |
Ronga lao |
0.01 |
Fr, T |
Anemia |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Curcuma aromatica Salisb.
[Zingiberaceae]; PG-133 |
Bon-halodhi |
0.2 |
Rh |
Body pain, cough,
internal healing, skin problem |
Paste |
Oral, external |
|
Curcuma caesia Roxb.
[Zingiberaceae]; PG-135 |
Kola-halodhi |
0.07 |
Rh |
Gastritis,
menstruation pain, bone fracture |
Paste |
Oral, external |
|
Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.
[Zingiberaceae]; PG-136 |
Borahu |
0.02 |
Rh |
Piles, gastric |
Pill |
Oral |
|
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.
[Cuscutaceae]; PG-518 |
Akashi-lota |
0.08 |
St |
Jaundice,
tonsilitis, bone fracture, paralysis |
Paste, decoction |
External |
|
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
[Poaceae]; PG-111 |
Dubori bon |
0.07 |
Wh |
Menstruation pain,
cough, tonic, eye problem |
Juice |
Oraal |
|
Dactylotenium
aegypticum (L.) P. Beauv. [Poaceae]; PG-104 |
Bobosa bon |
0.03 |
Wh |
Piles, skin
infection |
None |
External |
|
Datura metel L. [Solanaceae];
PG-530 |
Kola dhatura |
0.01 |
L |
Arthritis |
Infusion |
External |
|
Dendrocnide sinuata
(Bl.) Chew. [Urticaceae]; PG-326 |
Bor Surat |
0.01 |
Fl |
Allergies, skin
infection |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Delonix regia ( Bojer) Rat.
[Caesalpinaceae]; PG-589 |
Krishna chura |
0.01 |
B |
Cough |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Dillenia indica L. [Dilleniaceae];
PG-160 |
Ow-tenga |
0.14 |
Fr |
Antidiabetic,
hypertension, pox |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Dracena
angustifolia Roxb. [Agavaceae]; PG-590 |
Hati-kuhiar |
0.09 |
St |
Jaundice |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Drymeria cordata (L.) Wild.ex
Roem.et.Schult. [Caryophyllaceae]; PG-176 |
Lai-jabori |
0.23 |
Wh |
Urinary infection,
leucorrhoea, piles, sinusitis, skin irritation |
Juice, paste,
fragrance |
External |
|
Dryopteris
filix-mas (L.) Schott [Dryopteridaceae]; PG-591 |
Bihlogoni |
0.13 |
L |
Pneumonia, fever,
recovery(female after giving birth),anthelmintic |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
[Asteraceae]; PG-549 |
Keheraj |
0.02 |
Wh |
Bleeding,
leucorrhea, hairfall |
Paste |
Oral, external |
|
Elaeocarpus
floribundus Bl. [Elaeocarpaceae]; PG-205 |
Jolphai |
0.02 |
Fr |
Antidiabetic |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Enhydra fluctuens Lour. [Asteraceae];
PG-552 |
Helos |
0.01 |
S |
Antidiabetic,
hypertension |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Eryngium foetidum L. [Apiaceae];
PG-577 |
Man dhania |
0.02 |
L |
Purgative,
diuretic, wound healing |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Erythrina stricta Roxb [Fabaceae];
PG-288 |
Ronga modar |
0.02 |
L |
Jaundice |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Euphorbia hirta L. [Euphorbiaceae];
PG-228 |
Gakhiroti bon |
0.03 |
TS |
Galactogogue to
nursing mother |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Euphorbia ligularia
Roxb. [Euphorbiaceae]; PG-229 |
Siju |
0.03 |
L, Ex |
Stomachic, cough,
finger swelling |
Decoction |
Oral, external |
|
Ficus auriculata L. [Moraceae];
PG-304 |
Dimoru |
0.06 |
L |
Diarrhea,
stomachic, tonic |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Ficus racemosa L. [Moraceae]; PG-309 |
Maudimoru |
0.06 |
L |
Fever,
recovery(female after giving birth), detoxification |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Flacourtia jangomas
(Lour) Rauesch.[Flacourtiaceae]; PG-211 |
Poniyol |
0.03 |
Fr |
Antidiabetic,
anemia |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Garcinia morella Roxb.ex.DC
[Clusiaceae]; PG-218 |
Kuji thekera |
0.38 |
Fr |
Chronic dysentery,
diarrhea, tonic |
Smoke, infusion |
Oral |
|
Garcinia
pedunculata Roxb. [Clusiaceae]; PG-219 |
Bor thekera |
0.03 |
Fr |
Stomachic |
Smoke, infusion |
Oral |
|
Garcinia
xanthochymus Hook.f. [Clusiaceae]; PG-220 |
Tepor tenga |
0.07 |
Fr |
Dysentery, pinworm |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Grewia serrulata DC [Tiliaceae];
PG-371 |
Kukurhuta |
0.02 |
L |
Cut and wound |
Paste |
External |
|
Gomphrena
celosioides Mart. [Amaranthaceae]; PG-166 |
Leheti |
0.02 |
TS |
Antidiabetic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Stenoclaena
palustris(Burm.f.) Bedd [Blechnaceae]; PG-592 |
Bonjaluk |
0.04 |
TS |
Menstruation pain |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis L. [Malvaceae]; PG-366 |
Jobaphul |
0.21 |
Fl, L |
Fever, menstruation
pain, leucorrhoea, hair problem |
Paste |
Oral, external |
|
Hibiscus
sabdarifffa L. [Malvaceae]; PG-372 |
Tengamora |
0.08 |
L |
Dysentery,
Stomachic, Anemia |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Houttuynia cordata Thunb.
[Saururaceae]; PG-13 |
Mosondori |
0.43 |
YT |
Dysentery,
diarrhea, stomachic |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Hydrocotyle
sibthorpioides Lam. [Araliaceae]; PG-580 |
Soru manimuni |
0.33 |
Wh |
Strengthens
muscles, Dysentery, Stomachic, Hypertonic, Leucorrhoea |
Paste |
Oral, external |
|
Ichnocarpus
frutescens R.Br. [Apocynaceae]; PG-437 |
Dudhkori lota |
0.02 |
Wh |
Galactogogue |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Impatiens tripetala
L. [Balsaminaceae]; PG-414 |
Damdeuka |
0.1 |
R, St, L |
Menstruation,
leucorrhea, jaundice, skin burn, irritation |
Paste |
Oral, external |
|
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.
[Convolvulaceae]; PG-520 |
Pani-kolmow |
0.03 |
T |
Anemia |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Jatropha curcus L. [Euphorbiaceae];
PG-231 |
Bongali era |
0.12 |
St, Ex |
Toothache, skin
problem |
Raw |
Oral, external |
|
Justicia adhatoda L. [Acanthaceae];
PG-465 |
Boga-bahok |
0.09 |
L |
Cough |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.
[Crassulaceae]; PG-163 |
Dupor tenga |
0.37 |
L |
Urethral stone,
fever |
Raw, paste |
Oral, external |
|
Lagenaria siceraria
(Molina) Standl. [Cucurbitaceae]; PG-262 |
Jati-lao |
0.04 |
T |
Piles, hypertension |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Lasia spinosa (L.) Thw.
[Araceae]; PG-49 |
Chengmora |
0.04 |
Bu, R |
Recovery after
child birth, cough, pneumonia |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Lawsonia inermis L. [Lythraceae];
PG-330 |
Jetuka |
0.05 |
L |
Skin infection |
Paste |
External |
|
Lepisanthes erecta (Thw.) Leenh.
[Sapindaceae]; PG-409 |
Tulutha |
0.02 |
R |
Urinary infection |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link
[Lamiaceae]; PG-491 |
Durun |
0.54 |
L |
Sinusitis,
apetizer, cough, bleeding, pox, gastritis |
Juice, fragrance |
Oral/Nostril |
|
Lindernia pusilla (Willd.) Bold.
[Scrophulariaceae]; PG-497 |
Gakhiroti bon |
0.08 |
Wh |
Lactating agent |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Lindernia
ruellioides (Colsm.) Pennell [Linderniaceae]; PG-498 |
Kachidoria bon |
0.01 |
Wh |
Ear pain |
Juice |
External |
|
Litsea salicifolia (Roxb. ex Nees) Hook.f. [Lauraceae]; PG-24 |
Dighloti |
0.02 |
L |
Dysentery,
flatulence |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.
[Cucurbitaceae]; PG-259 |
Jika |
0.01 |
S |
Sinusitis |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Lygodium flexuosum ( L.) Sw.
[Lygodiaceae]; PG-594 |
Kopou dhekia |
0.01 |
L |
Anthelmintic,
insect repellant |
Raw |
External |
|
Macrosolen
cochinchinensis (Lour.)
Tiegh. [Loranthaceae]; PG-165 |
Roghumola |
0.02 |
L |
Jaundice,
menstruation pain |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Magnifera indica L.
[Anarcardiaceae]; PG-385 |
Aam |
0.01 |
L |
Antidiabetic,
stomachic |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Manihat esculenta Crantz.
[Euphorbiaceae]; PG-222 |
Himolu alu |
0.04 |
B, Ex |
Cancer, leucorrhea,
eye problem |
Paste |
Oral, external |
|
Mentha arvensis L. [Lamiaceae];
PG-479 |
Pudina |
0.07 |
L |
Urinary infection,
stomachic, anti-germicidal, toothache |
Paste, infusion |
Oral |
|
Messua ferrea L. [Clusiaceae];
PG-221 |
Nahor |
0.01 |
B |
Piles |
Infusion |
Oral |
|
Microsorum
punctatum (L.) Copel. [Polypodiaceae]; PG-595 |
Kollong |
0.01 |
L |
Purgative,
diuretic, wound healing |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Mikania micrantha Kunth.
[Asteraceae]; PG-558 |
Premlota |
0.14 |
L |
Chronic dysentery,
diarrhea, cut and wound |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Mimosa pudica L. [Mimosaceae];
PG-292 |
Lajuki lota |
0.12 |
L, R |
Menstruation pain,
cut, cancer, dysentery |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Mimosops elengi Roxb. [Sapotaceae];
PG-425 |
Bokul |
0.01 |
L |
Pyrrohoea |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Momordica charantia
L. [Cucurbitaceae]; PG-260 |
Tita-kerela |
0.06 |
T, Fr |
Stomachic,
antidiabetic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Moringa oleifera Lamk.
[Moringaceae]; PG-596 |
Sojina |
0.04 |
L, B |
Tonic, blood
purification, anthelmintic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Morus alba L. [Moraceae];
PG-313 |
Nuni |
0.02 |
Fr |
Menstruation pain |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng
[Rutaceae]; PG-404 |
Narasingha |
0.22 |
L |
Anemia, stomachic,
arthritis, piles |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Musa balbiciana Colla [Musaceae];
PG-131 |
Athia kol |
0.37 |
Rh, St, L, Fr, Fl |
Toothache,
stomachic, anemia, blood dysentery, pinworm, tonic |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Musa sapientum L. [Musaceae];
PG-132 |
Kach kol |
0.07 |
Fr |
Constipation,
dysentery, stomachic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. Ex D.
Don [Myricaceae]; PG- 297 |
Noga tenga |
0.01 |
B |
Pyrrhoea, toothache |
Powder |
Oral |
|
Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis L. [Oleaceae]; PG-527 |
Sewali phul |
0.23 |
Fl, L |
Hypertension,
detoxification, cough, fever, stonachic |
Raw, juice |
Oral |
|
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. [Lamiaceae]; PG-
493 |
Tulsi |
0.31 |
L |
Cough, stomachic,
anthelmintic |
Raw, juice |
Oral |
|
Oxalis corniculata L. [Oxalidaceae];
PG-208 |
Tengeshi |
0.07 |
Wh |
Stomachic |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Oxalis corymbosa DC. [Oxalidaceae];
PG-209 |
Bor tengeshi |
0.07 |
Wh |
Stomachic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Paederia scandens(Lour) [Rubiaceae];
PG-459 |
Bhedailota |
0.5 |
L |
Anemia, stomachic,
arthritis, piles,post maternity treatment, bleeding |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Peperomia pellucida
L. [Peperomiaceae]; PG-11 |
Ponow-nowa |
0.02 |
Wh |
Tonic, blood
purification, antioxidant |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Phlogacanthus
thyrsiformis(Hardw.) Mabb. [Acanthaceae]; PG-469 |
Tita phul |
0.02 |
Fl, L |
Stomachic,
gastritis, detoxfication, anemia, skin infection |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Phyllanthus emblica
L. [Euphorbiaceae]; PG-228 |
Amlakhi |
0.1 |
Fr |
Antidiabetic,
tonic, hair problem |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Phyllanthus
fraternus G.L.Webster [Phyllanthaceae]; PG-229 |
Bhui amlakhi |
0.09 |
Wh, L, T |
Menstruation pain,
Urinary infection |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Phyllanthus
virgatus G. Forst. [Phyllanthaceae]; PG-230 |
Pani amlakhi |
0.02 |
Fr |
anti-cancer,
anti-oxidant |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Physalis minimaL. [Solanaceae];
PG-533 |
Pokmo |
0.02 |
Wh, R |
Menstruation pain,
Urinary infection |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Piper betle L. [Piperaceae];
PG-7 |
Pan |
0.09 |
L |
Cough |
Infusion |
Oral |
|
Piper longum L. [Piperaceae];
PG-8 |
Peepoli |
0.09 |
S |
Asthma, cough |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Piper nigrum L. [Piperaceae];
PG-9 |
Jaluk |
0.18 |
Fr |
Anti-cancer, Fever,
Pneumonia |
Paste, decoction |
Oral |
|
Plumbago zeylanica L.
[Plumbaginaceae]; PG-182 |
Agiasit |
0.02 |
R |
Tonsilities, skin
cancer |
Milk infusion |
Oral |
|
Pogostemon
benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze [Lamiaceae]; PG-492 |
Sukloti |
0.31 |
L |
Bleeding,
hypertension, indigestion |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Polygonum chinense L. [Polygonaceae];
PG-188 |
Modhu-solang |
0.02 |
L |
Stomachic, tonic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Polygonum glabrum Wild.
[Polygonaceae]; PG-190 |
Bihlogoni |
0.13 |
L |
Anthelmintic,
insect repellant |
Raw |
External |
|
Pouzolzia zeylanica
(L.) Benn. & R. Br. [Urticaceae]; PG-329 |
Borali bukua |
0.13 |
Wh |
Sprain, cut and
wounnds |
Paste |
External |
|
Psidium guajava L. [Myrtaceae];
PG-345 |
Modhuri am |
0.49 |
L |
Chronic dysentery,
Diarrhoea, Pyrrohoea |
Raw |
Oral |
|
Punica granatum L. [Punicaceae];
PG-336 |
Dalim |
0.15 |
Bu |
Chronic dysentery,
anemia,blood purifier |
Raw, smoke |
Oral |
|
Rhynchostylis
retusa (L.) Bl. [Orchidaceae]; PG-79 |
Kopou-phul |
0.02 |
L |
Ear pain |
Juice |
External |
|
Ricinus communis L. [Euphorbiaceae];
PG-233 |
Era gos |
0.02 |
S |
Arthritis, hair
problem |
Oil infusion |
External |
|
Rubus alceifolius Poir [Rubiaceae];
PG-321 |
Jetuli-poka |
0.02 |
R |
Pneumonia, cough |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Saccharum
officinarum L. [Poaceae]; PG-120 |
Kuhiya |
0.09 |
St |
Jaundice, tonic |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
[Sapindaceae]; PG-408 |
Moni-chal |
0.03 |
S |
Pharyngitis, cough,
hair problems |
Decoction |
Oral, external |
|
Sarcochlamys
pulcherrima ( Roxb.) Gaud [Urticaceae]; PG-330 |
Mechaki |
0.05 |
L |
Stomachic,
galactogogue, dysentery, hypolipidemic |
Decoction |
Oral |
|
Sauropus androgynus
(L.) Merr. [Euphorbiaceae]; PG-249 |
Bari-sundari |
0.05 |
L |
Antidiabetic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Schumannianthus
dichotomus (Roxb.) Gagnep [Marantaceae]; PG-129 |
Patidoi |
0.01 |
Bu |
Leucorrhea |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Scoparia dulcis L.
[Scrophulariaceae]; PG-500 |
Cheni-bon |
0.08 |
L |
Leucorrhea, cough,
pneumonia, piles |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Selaginella
kraussiana ( Kunze) A. Braun [Selaginellaceae]; PG-597 |
|
0.02 |
L |
Leucorrhea,
Jaundice |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Sida acuta Burm.f.
[Malvaceae]; PG-376 |
Sonborial |
0.02 |
L |
Jaundice |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Smilax perfoliata Lour. [Smilaceae];
PG-66 |
Tikoni-borua |
0.03 |
St |
Antidiabetic, blood
purifier |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Solanum esculentum Mill. [Solanaceae];
PG-533 |
Soru bilahi |
0.03 |
Wh |
Burning, irritation |
Juice |
External |
|
Solanum indicumL. [Solanaceae];
PG-534 |
Tita bhekuri |
0.03 |
Fr |
Blood purifier,
stomachic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Spilanthes acmella (auct.nonL.) Merr.
[Asteraceae]; PG-564 |
Bonoria malkathi |
0.23 |
Fr |
Tuberculosis,
tongue infection, internal wound healing |
Infusion |
Oral |
|
Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz.
[Anacardiaceae]; PG-387 |
Amora |
0.18 |
St, B, L, Fr |
Dysentery,
stomachic, Anemia, Piles |
Paste, raw |
Oral |
|
Stenoclaena
palustris(Burm.f.) Bedd [Blechnaceae]; PG-598 |
Ronga lota |
0.03 |
L |
Pneumonia, bodyache |
Powder |
|
|
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
[Myrtaceae]; PG-344 |
Kola jamuk |
0.28 |
Fr, S, B |
Antidiabetic, piles |
Raw, paste,
infusion |
Oral |
|
Tabernaemontana
divaricata (L.) R.Br. Ex Roem.et Schult. [Apocynaceae]; PG-443 |
Kothona phul |
0.08 |
R |
Fever, Cough,
Pneumonia |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Tagetes erecta L. [Asteraceae];
PG-566 |
Narji |
0.08 |
L |
Cut and wound |
Paste |
External |
|
Tamarindus indica L.
[Caesalpinaceae]; PG-599 |
Teteli |
0.08 |
Fr, L |
Hypertension,
fever, bone fracture |
Water infusion,
paste |
Oral, external |
|
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb ex DC) Wight
& Arn. [Combretaceae]; PG-51 |
Arjun |
0.29 |
B |
Cardiovascular
disease, piles |
Infusion |
Oral |
|
Terminalia chebula Retz.
[Combretaceae]; PG-55 |
Hilikha |
0.12 |
Fr |
Pinworm, stomachic,
anemia, constipation |
Eaten raw |
Oral |
|
Thunbergia coccinea
Wall. [Thunbergiaceae]; PG-473 |
Sunga lota |
0.01 |
Bu |
Stomachic |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Tinospora
cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Th. [Menispermaceae]; PG-149 |
Amarlota |
0.12 |
St |
Antidiabetic, bone
fracture |
Water infusion |
Oral, external |
|
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague
[Apiaceae]; PG-581 |
Ajwain |
0.01 |
S |
Indigestion,
gastritis |
Infusion |
Oral |
|
Trigonella
foenum-graecum L. [Fabaceae]; PG-266 |
Methi |
0.07 |
L, S |
Antidiabetic |
Vegetable |
Oral |
|
Vitex negundo L. [Verbenaceae];
PG-495 |
Pochotia |
0.16 |
L |
Cough, insect
repellant, stomachic, bone fracture, internal healing |
Decoction, paste |
Oral |
|
Xanthium strumarium
L. [Asteraceae]; PG-570 |
Agoru |
0.05 |
S, R |
Internal wound
healing |
Juice |
Oral |
|
Zanthoxylum nitidum
(Roxb.) DC [Rutaceae]; PG-403 |
Tezmuri |
0.35 |
R, St, B |
Pneumonia, Fever,
Cough, Toothache |
Paste, decoction |
Oral |
|
Zingiber officinale
Rosc. [Zingiberaceae]; PG-139 |
Moran ada |
0.14 |
Rh |
Whooping cough |
Paste |
Oral |
|
Zizyphus mauritiana
Lamk. [Rhamnaceae]; PG-316 |
Bogori |
0.05 |
Fr |
Pneumonia, fever,
cough, Toothache, piles |
Raw |
Oral |
L—Leaf | Wh—Whole
plant | Sh—Shoot | Ex—Exudate | St—Stem | B—Bark | Fr—Fruit | Fl—Flower |
R—Root | Bu—Bulb | S—Seed | Rh—Rhizome | La—Latex
Table 4. List of
threatened species used by ethnic tribes in Dibrugarh District.
|
Taxon |
Red List |
|
1. Acorus
calamus L. |
VU |
|
2. Clerodendrum
colebrookianum Walp. |
VU |
|
3. Messua ferrea
Linn. |
VU |
|
4. Sapindus
mukorossi Gaertn. |
VU |
|
5. Alstonia
scholaris R.Brown. |
NT |
|
6. Terminalia
chebula (DC) W & A |
NT |
|
7. Artocarpus
lakoocha Roxb. |
NT |
|
8. Cinnamomum
tamala Nees & Ebern |
LC |
|
9. Cissampelos
pareira Linn. |
LC |
|
10. Curcuma
caesia Roxb. |
CR |
|
11. Garcinia
pedunculata Roxb. |
EN |
|
12. Rhyncostylis
retusa (L.) |
EN |
Table 5. Category
wise distribution of various medicinal plant taxa in Dibrugarh District.
|
Family |
Number of genera |
Percentage of
genera |
Number of species |
Percentage of
species |
|
Euphorbiaceae |
7 |
4.02 |
10 |
5.74 |
|
Asteraceae |
8 |
4.59 |
8 |
4.59 |
|
Araceae |
6 |
3.44 |
7 |
4.02 |
|
Rutaceae |
4 |
2.29 |
7 |
4.02 |
|
Lamiaceae |
5 |
2.87 |
5 |
2.87 |
|
Apocynaceae |
5 |
2.87 |
5 |
2.87 |
|
Cucurbitaceae |
5 |
2.87 |
5 |
2.87 |
|
Amaranthaceae |
4 |
2.29 |
5 |
2.87 |
|
Zingiberaceae |
3 |
1.72 |
5 |
2.87 |
|
Moraceae |
3 |
1.72 |
5 |
2.87 |
|
Apiaceae |
4 |
2.29 |
4 |
2.29 |
|
Poaceae |
4 |
2.29 |
4 |
2.29 |
|
Solanaceae |
3 |
1.72 |
4 |
2.29 |
|
Acanthaceae |
3 |
1.72 |
3 |
1.72 |
|
Urticaceae |
3 |
1.72 |
3 |
1.72 |
|
Rubiaceae |
3 |
1.72 |
3 |
1.72 |
|
Scrophulariaceae |
3 |
1.72 |
3 |
1.72 |
|
Piperaceae |
1 |
0.57 |
3 |
1.72 |
|
Other 59 families |
71 |
57.57 |
82 |
48.94 |
|
78 |
147 |
100% |
174 |
100% |
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