Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2021 | 13(14): 20253–20257
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6706.13.14.20253-20257
#6706 | Received 13 September 2020 | Final
received 14 November 2020 | Finally accepted 12 December 2021
Diversity and distribution of
macro lichens from Kalpetta Municipality of Wayanad
District, Kerala, India
Greeshma Balu
1, A.R. Rasmi 2, Stephen Sequeira
3 & Biju Haridas 4
1,2 Post Graduate and Research
Department of Botany, Govt. Victoria College, Palakkad, Kerala 678001, India.
3 Lichenology Lab, Post Graduate
and Research Department of Botany,, Maharajas College, Ernakulum, Kerala
682011, India.
4 Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal
Nehru Tropical Botanical garden and Research Institute, Palode,
Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala 695562, India.
1 kichugreeshma2@gmail.com, 2 rasmibotany@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 3 step@rediffmail.com, 4 drbijutbgri@gmail.com
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date
of publication: 26 December 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Balu-,, G., A.R. Rasmi, S. Sequeira & B. Haridas (2021). Diversity and
distribution of macro lichens from Kalpetta
Municipality of Wayanad District, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(14): 20253–20257. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6706.13.14.20253-20257
Copyright: © Balu et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: This work was funded by the Student project scheme of Kerala State Council for Science,
Technology and Environment (File No: 01196 /SPS 64/2019/KSCSTE)
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to principals and heads of
the Department of Botany, Maharaja’s College, Ernakulam and Government Victoria
College, Palakkad for providing necessary facilities. Thanks are also due to Arun Christy Sebastian, Aswathi Anilkumar, and Arsha S Mohan,
research scholars, Lichenology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Maharaja’s
College, Ernakulam for the help rendered during the study. The first and third
authors acknowledges Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and
Environment (KSCSTE), Govt. of Kerala for the financial support. A special
thanks to Aswin Sai who accompanied throughout the collection.
Abstract: Macro lichens of Kalpetta Municipality of Wayanad District of Kerala state
were studied. The study revealed about 21 macro lichen species. All the species
identified are either foliose or fruticose forms belonging to families Coccocarpiaceae, Caliciaceae, Physciaceae, Parmeliaceae, Collemataceae, Lobariaceae, and Ramalinaceae indicating the dominance of these groups in
the study area.
Keywords:
Caliciaceae, Coccocarpiaceae, Collemataceae,
foliose, fruticose, lichen diversity, Lobariaceae, Parmeliaceae, Physciaceae, Ramalinaceae.
India has a rich lichen
diversity, represented by 2,513 species, 64 varieties and eight subspecies
distributed in various regions (Nayaka 2014). Sinha et al. (2018) added
publications after 2010 and recorded 2,714 species, about 14% of the total
global lichen flora. Kerala has a rich lichen diversity, especially of micro
forms, and exploration of the Western Ghats (Patwardhan 1983) have identified
>400 species. Singh & Sinha (2010) listed 75 references related to
lichen studies in Kerala, including reports by Kumar (2000), Easa (2003), Sequiera (2003 &
2007), Singh & Sinha (2010), and Biju et al. (2010). Later reports include
Nayaka & Upreti (2011), Biju et al. (2012), Bhat
et al. (2011), Mesta & Kanivebagilu (2015),
Sreekumar et al. (2017), and Zachariah et al. (2018, 2019, 2020). Nevertheless,
several interesting habitats such as croplands, wetlands, and coastal areas
remain unexplored.
Wayanad is a botanically rich
area in Kerala, with an altitude ranging from 700 to 2,100 m. About 886 km2
of the district is under forest. Kumar & Sequiera
(2003) studied lichens from Chembra and Thirunelly hills of Wayanad District, but many gaps remain
regarding this region. This study presents the first description of the
diversity and distribution of macro lichens of Kalpetta
municipality area of Wayanad district, which includes both natural forests and
cultivated land.
Materials and Methods
Study area
Wayanad is situated at 11.6850N,
76.1320E (Figure 1). The Wayanad plateau is one of the hotspot
regions in the Western Ghats, and is part of the Nilgiri
Biosphere Reserve. There are three municipal towns: Kalpetta,
Mananthavady, and Sulthan Bathery. Kalpetta municipality
comes under Vythiri Taluk and consists of 28 wards
(Figure 2). The area is surrounded by coffee and tea plantations, and mountain
ranges.
Lichen samples
A total of 112 lichen specimens
were collected from 28 wards of Kalpetta Municipality
during several field visits (Table 1). Samples were collected in brown
acid-free bags of appropriate sizes. Corticolous and
saxicolous lichens were collected along with the substratum using sharp
chisels. Much care was taken to collect these specimens without any damage to
the thallus margins. Fruticose lichens were collected with their holdfasts
intact. All specimens were serially numbered in the field according to the date
of collection. Characters of lichens which might be lost during drying and
preservation—such as the colour of the thallus, reproductive
structures, orientation of the specimen, details of associated plants,
collection date, locality, and nature of substratum—were noted.
The specimens were dried, and the
morphological details were examined under stereo zoom Leica S8 microscope,
while anatomical details were examined with a Leica DM 1000 compound microscope
with camera and image analysis software.
Chemistry was studied by spot tests using 10% aqueous solution of
potassium hydroxide, freshly prepared aqueous solution of calcium hypochlorite,
1–5% solution of para phenylenediamine and iodine solution. Thin layer chromatography was performed in
solvent system C following Orange et al. (2001). Recent literature, keys and
descriptions (Awasthi 1991, 2007; Divakar & Upreti
2005; Wijayawardene et al. 2020) were followed for
identification. Nomenclature was confirmed with the database Index Fungorum (http://www.IndexFungorum.org). Lichens were grouped on the basis of
collected localities, type of growth forms, type of fungal partner etc. The
identified specimens were deposited at the Lichen Herbarium, Department of
Botany, Maharaja’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam, Kerala.
Results and
Discussion
Analysis of the collected
specimens revealed 21 species belonging to seven families from the study area
(Table 2). Of the identified samples, 20 were foliose and the remaining
one, Ramalina sp. was fruticose. The
family Physciaceae dominated with 10 species under
three genera, followed by Parmeliaceae (5 species
under 3 genera), Collemataceae (2 species under 1
genus), Coccocarpiaceae, Caliciaceae,
Lobariaceae, and Ramalinaceae
with one species and one genus. The genus Heterodermia
dominated with seven species followed by Parmotrema
(3 species), Physcia (2 species), and Leptogium (2 species). Kumar (2000), recorded about
254 macrolichens from Kerala part of Western Ghats
among which he recorded 18 species from Thirunelly
and 14 species from Pakshipadalam area of Wayanad.
Corticolous species were dominated in both
the natural as well as the cultivated ecosystems. Species such as Leptogium denticulatum,
Myelochroa perisidians,
and Phaeophyscia ciliata
were found to be saxicolous in nature, while all others were corticolous inhabiting either on the trunks or branches of
arboreal elements in the study area. Trunks of trees and small or medium sized
rocks inside the ecosystems are the main microhabitats for most of the macrolichens in the study area. Environmental factors
influence the lichen community to a great extent and these organisms are very
much sensitive to environmental changes and microhabitat has significant
influence on lichen distribution (Fryday 2000).
Trees near road side like Bauhinia
purpurea, Mangifera indica, Bixa orellana,
Roystonea regia, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Cassia fistula hold
very few lichen species such as Coccocarpia
palmicola, Phaeophyscia ciliatea, and Pseudocyphellaria
aurata. However, trees which are closer to the
natural forests like Artocarpus hirsutus, Dalbergia latifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Helicteres isora, Ficus sp., Mimusops
elengi, Alstonia scholaris, and Lagerstroemia microcarpa
exhibit more lichens on their trunks and branches. Species like Heterodermia comosa, H.
galactophylla, H. hypochraea,
H. speciosa, Leptogium denticulatum, and Myelochroa
perisidians were found distributed here.
Environmental factors such as, light, humidiy,
rainfall, and stable microclimatic factors govern the distribution of lichen
species in such habitats. The result shows strong competitive capability of
some lichens and its wide ecological amplitude to survive on the road side
trees which has high exposure to vehicular pollution. As per Larsen et al.
(2007), transport-related pollution and bark acidity can influence lichen
distribution in some areas.
Among cultivated ecosystems, arecanut and coconut plantations had a greater number of
lichens than tea and coffee plantations. Macrolichens
such as Dirinaria consimilis,
Hypotrachyna infirma, Parmotrema cristiferum, P. praesorediosum, P. tinctorum,
and Physcia tribacoides
were found distributed in the arecanut plantations.
Coconut plantations support species like Dirinaria
consimilis, Parmotrema tinctorum, P. praesorediosum, Physcia dilatate, and P. tribacoides.
However, tea plantations in the study area inhabit only three species, Dirinaria consimilis, Physcia dilatata, and
P. tribacoides; and coffee plantations supports
only Physcia dilatata
and P. tribacoides. Since, trees are
considered as the major supporting system for the successful growth of lichens
in tropical vegetations, the bark character, aspects and height of the tree are
of greater importance in the distribution of lichens (John 1992). Nayaka et al.
(2006) enumerated the occurrence of 23 lichen species on coconut and arecanut orchard of Goa in which crustose lichens were
dominated with 17 species, while foliose and fruticose lichens exhibit scarce
growth.
With regard to the altitudinal
variation, distribution and occurrence of lichens were highest from 840–860
m. The variation of species occurrence
along the different altitudinal gradients shows that the distribution and
occurrence of lichens vary with altitude. Negi & Upreti
(2000) observed that species richness of lichens was low at lower altitude
gradually rises to a peak at middle altitudes and then fall significantly at
higher altitudes while working along the altitudinal gradients in the rock
microhabitat of Hemis National Park, in Ladakh. Mishra & Upreti
(2015) also observed that diversity of lichens changed with altitude in Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand. The most probable
reason for poor diversity in different localities situated in lower altitudes
may be due to environmental conditions, heavy anthropogenic pressure as the
inhabitants of the villages largely depend for their fuel and fodder needs on
the nearby forest area which resulted into destruction of forests.
Table 1. Details of localities
surveyed.
Name of wards |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Altitude |
Munderi |
11.6205210N |
76.0709550E |
728.33 m |
Emily |
11.6266770N |
76.0803250E |
760.99 m |
Turkey |
11.6061470N |
76.0786680E |
733.91 m |
Ambilery |
11.6213390N |
76.077730E |
669.18 m |
Vellaramkunnu |
11.5861560N |
76.068810E |
840.67 m |
Onivayal |
11.5861560N |
76.068810E |
840.67 m |
Gramathuvayal |
11.6180290N |
76.0783880E |
712.88 m |
Maravayal |
11.6205120N |
76.0710830E |
723.79 m |
Adlayed |
11.5949020N |
76.061580E |
768.18 m |
Pallythazhe |
11.6143680N |
76.0809020E |
721.18 m |
Maniangode |
11.6315950N |
76.0656170E |
729.76 m |
Puthiya Bus Stand |
11.6074270N |
76.0853160E |
766.97 m |
Municipal Office |
11.6210600N |
76.083490E |
767.97 m |
Rattakolly |
11.6024310N |
76.089170E |
764.76 m |
Chathothuvayal |
11.6188870N |
76.0860360E |
754.28 m |
Nedungode |
11.6254750N |
76.0806380E |
776.5 m |
Govt.High School |
11.6247910N |
76.0720090E |
725.85 m |
Kainatty |
11.6366330N |
76.0889250E |
741.82 m |
Ambilery |
11.6252690N |
76.0125300E |
670.18 m |
Puliyarmala |
11.6385590N |
76.0814510E |
669.04 m |
Pulpara |
11.6055860N |
76.0898360E |
774.33 m |
Kanyagurukulam |
11.6385680N |
76.0814030E |
602.6 m |
Puthoorvayal |
11.5957790N |
76.0920820E |
746.43 m |
Puthoorvayal Quarry |
11.5944410N |
76.0942510E |
779.86 m |
Emily Thadam |
11.6222840N |
76.0793840E |
743.73 m |
Gramathuvayal |
11.6183290N |
76.0786130E |
714.88 m |
Madiyoorkuni |
11.5699720N |
76.0996360E |
779.69 m |
Edaguni |
11.6976120N |
76.0834920E |
745.68 m |
Table 2. Check list of lichens
collected from the study area.
|
Name |
Family |
Growth form |
Substratum |
Localities |
1. |
Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arvidss. & D.J. Galloway |
Coccocarpiaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Munderi, Emily, Turkey, Ambilery, Vellaramkunnu Onivayal, Gramathuvayal |
2. |
Dirinaria consimilis (Stirton) D.D. Awasthi |
Caliciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Maravayal, Adlayed, Pallythazhe |
3. |
Heterodermia comosa (Eschw.)
Follmann
& Redon |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Maniangode, Emily, Puthiya Bus Stand, Municipal Office, Rattakolly,
Vellaramkunnu |
4. |
Heterodermia galactophylla (Tuck.) W.L. Culb. |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Civil Station, Onivayal, Chathothuvayal, Nedungode Adlayed, Govt.High School |
5. |
Heterodermia hypocaesia (Yasuda ex Rasanen)
D.D. Awasthi |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Civil Station, Kainatty, Rattakolly Perumthatta, Turkey, Edaguni Onivayal |
6. |
Heterodermia hypochraea (Vain.) Swinsc. & Krog |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Civil Station |
7. |
Heterodermia japonica (M.Sato) Swinsc. & Krog |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Maravayal, Nedungode, Perumthatta, Govt.
High School, Puthoorvayal, Madiyoorkuni Edaguni |
8. |
Heterodermia obscurata (Nyl.) Trevis. |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Civil Station, Nedungode, Puthoorvayal,Madiyoorkuni, Emily |
9. |
Heterodermia speciosa (Wulf.) Trevis. |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Civil Station,Onivayal,Govt.High
School,Edaguni,Maniangode, Adlayed |
10. |
Hypotrachyna infirma (Kurok.) Hale |
Parmeliaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Civil station, Edaguni, Madiyoorkuni,Ambilery Pallythazhe,Kainatty |
11. |
Leptogium denticulatum Nyl. |
Collemataceae |
Foliose |
Saxicolous |
Civil Station, Puliyarmala, Ambilery, Pulpara, Rattakolly Vellaramkunnu |
12. |
Leptogium sp. |
Collemataceae |
Foliose |
Saxicolous |
Civil Station, Onivayal, Kanyagurukulam,Adlayed,
Perumthatta |
13. |
Myelochroa perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale |
Parmeliaceae |
Foliose |
Saxicolous |
Munderi, Turkey, Kanyagurukulam, Puthoorvayal
Quarry |
14. |
Parmotrema cristiferum (Taylor) Hale |
Parmeliaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Emily, Pulpara,Turkey,
Puliyarmala, Perumthatta Puthoorvayal Quarry |
15. |
Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale |
Parmeliaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Civil Station, Pulpara, Puthoorvayal,Emily, Thadam, Kanyagurukulam |
16. |
Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) Hale |
Parmeliaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Rattakolly,Kainatty,Gramathuvayal,Turkey,Puthiya Bus Stand Municipal Office, Munderi |
17. |
Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Saxicolous |
Civil Station, Adlayed,Maniangode,Edaguni Perumthatta,Kainatty, Chathothuvayal |
18. |
Physcia dilatata Nyl. |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Maravayal, Emily, Puthiya Bus Stand, Maravayal, Puliyarmala |
19. |
Physcia tribacoides Nyl. |
Physciaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Puthoorvayal Quarry, Emily , Thadam, Maravayal |
20. |
Pseudocyphellaria aurata (Ach.) Vain. |
Lobariaceae |
Foliose |
Corticolous |
Civil Station, Edaguni, Chathothuvayal,Munderi Gramathuvayal,Municipal Office Maravayal,Puliyarmala |
21. |
Ramalina sp. |
Ramalinaceae |
Fruticose |
Corticolous |
Munderi |
References
Awasthi, D.D.
(1991). A Key to the
Microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica
40: 1–337.
Awasthi, D.D.
(2007). Compendium
of the Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.
Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal
Singh, Dehradun, India, 580 pp.
Bhat, S.,
S.N. Dudani., M.D.S. Chandran & T.V. Ramachandra
(2011). Lichens of
Western Ghats.
http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue34/lichens_westernghats/index.htm
Biju, H.,
R.G. Bagool & S. Nayaka (2010). Additions to the lichen flora of
Kerala State I: Parmelioid macro-lichens. Journal
of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 34(4): 890–897.
Biju, H., R. Bagool, S.Nayaka & T. Palode (2012). Additions to the Lichen Flora of Kerala State II: Graphidaceae. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany
36(4): 867–873.
Divakar, P.K.
& D.K. Upreti (2005). Parmelioid
Lichens in India (A Revisionary study). Bishen
Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.
Easa, P.S. (2003). Biodiversity documentation of
Kerala Part 3: Lichens. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi,
Kerala, 61 pp.
Fryday, A.M. (2000). The lichen vegetation associated
with areas of late snow lie in the Scottish highlands. Lichenologist 33:
121–150.
John, E.A.
(1992). Distribution
patterns and inter thalline interactions of epiphytic
foliose lichens. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 818–823.
Kumar, M
& S. Sequiera (2003). Notes on a collection of some
lichens from Chembra and Thirunelly
hills of Wayanad Districts, Kerala State, India. Journal of Economic and
Taxonomic Botany 27(Suppl.): 1029–1039.
Kumar, M.S.M.
(2000). Lichen (Macrolichen) Flora of Kerala Part of Western Ghats, KFRI
Research Report 194, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi,
Kerala, 186 pp.
Larsen, R.S.,
J.N. B. Bell., P.W. James., P.J. Chimonides., F.J.
Rumsey, A. Tremper & O.W. Purvis
(2007). Lichen and
bryophyte distribution on oak in London in relation to air pollution and bark
acidity. Environmental pollution 146(2): 332–340.
Mesta, A.R.
& V.S. Kanivebagilu (2015). Distribution Pattern and Ecology
of Usneoid lichens in Western Ghats, Southern India. Journal
on New Biological Reports 4: 247–254.
Mishra, G.K.
& D.K. Upreti (2015). Altitudinal distribution of cetrarioid lichens in Govind
Wildlife Sanctuary, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand,
India. Geophytology 45(1): 9–19.
Nayaka, S.,
D.K. Upreti, S. Phatak
& C. Samuel (2006). Preliminary observation on lichen flora of coconut and arecanut orchards of Goa, India. Phytotaxonomy
6: 23–25.
Nayaka, S.
& D.K. Upreti (2011). Lichens diversity in Western
Ghats: Need for quantitative assessment and conservation. Report of the Western
Ghats Ecology Expert Panel. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
India, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266143899
Nayaka, S.
(2014). Methods and
techniques in collection, preservation and identification of lichens, pp.
101–128. In: Rana, T.S., K.N. Nair & D.K. Upreti
(eds.). Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics–Classical and Modern Methods. New
India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
Negi, H.R.
& D.K. Upreti 2000. Species diversity and relative
abundance of lichens in Rumbak catchment of Hemis National Park in Ladhak. Current
Science 78: 1105–1112.
Orange, A.,
P.W. James & F.J. White (2001). Microchemical methods for the
identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society, Natural History Museum,
London, UK.
Patwardhan,
P.G. (1983). Rare and
endemic lichens of Western Ghats, South Western India, pp. 318–322. In: Jain, S.K.
& R.R. Rao (eds.). An assessment of threatened plants of India. Botanical
Survey of India, Howrah.
Singh, K.P.
& G.P. Sinha (2010). Indian lichens: an annotated checklist. Botanical Survey of
India. Shiva Offset Press, Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
Sinha, G.P.,
S. Nayaka & S. Joseph (2018). Additions to the checklist of Indian lichens after
2010. Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment Special Volume (2018):
197–206. https://doi.org/10.21756/cab.esp16
Sequiera, S. (2003). Taxonomy and Ecology of lichens
of Silent Valley National Park, Southern Western Ghats, India. PhD Thesis, FRI,
Dehradun.
Sequiera, S. (2007). Lichens of high ranges and their
utilization potential. Technical report, KSCSTE, Thiruvananthapuram, 78 pp.
Sreekumar,
V.B., K.H. Hussain & C. Renuka (2017). Virtual herbarium of Kerala
Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala, India.
Current Science 112: 466–470.
Zachariah,
S.A., S. Nayaka, S. Joseph, P. Gupta, S. Thomas & S.K. Varghese (2018). New and noteworthy records of
lichens from Pathanamthitta district, Kerala. Studies
in Fungi 3(1): 349–356. https://doi.org/10.5943/sif/3/1/35
Zachariah, S.A., S. Nayaka, P. Gupta &
S.K. Varghese (2019). The lichen genus Pyxine (Caliciaceae) in Kerala state with P. dactyloschmidtii
as new to India. Hattoria 10: 109–117.
Zachariah,
S.A., S. Nayaka, S. Joseph, P. Gupta & S.K. Varghese (2020). Eleven new records of lichens to
the state of Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(10):
16402–16406. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.5475.12.10.16402-16406
Wijayawardene, N.N., K.D. Hyde, L.K.T. Al-Ani,
L. Tedersoo, D. Haelewaters,
K.C. Rajeshkumar, R.L. Zhao, A. Aptroot,
D. Leontyev, R.K. Saxena, Y.S. Tokarev,
D.Q. Dai, P.M. Letcher, S.L. Stephenson, D. Ertz,
H.T. Lumbsch, M. Kukwa,
I.V. Issi, H. Madrid, A.J.L. Phillips, L. Selbmann, W.P. Pfliegler, E. Horváth, K. Bensch, P.M. Kirk, K.
Kolaříková, H.A. Raja, R. Radek, V. Papp, V. Dima, J.
Ma, E. Malosso, S. Takamatsu, G. Rambold,
P.B. Gannibal, D. Triebel,
A.K. Gautam, S. Avasthi, S. Suetrong,
E. Timdal, S.C. Fryar, G. Delgado, M. Réblová, M. Doilom, S. Dolatabadi, J. Pawłowska, R.
Humber, R. Kodsueb, I. Sánchez-Castro, B.T. Goto, D.K.A. Silva, F.A. de Souza, F.Oehl,
G.A. da Silva, I.R. Silva, J. Błaszkowski, K. Jobim, L. Maia, F. Barbosa, P. Fiuza,
P. Divakar, B. Shenoy, R.F. Castañeda-Ruiz, S. Somrithipol, A.A. Lateef, S.C. Karunarathna,
S. Tibpromma, P.E. Mortimer, D.N. Wanasinghe,
R. Phookamsak, J. Xu, Y. Wang, F. Tian, P. Alvarado,
D.W. Li, I. Kušan, N. Matočec,
A. Mešić, Z. Tkalčec, S. Maharachchikumbura, M. Papizadeh,
G. Heredia, F. Wartchow, M. Bakhshi,
E. Boehm, N. Youssef, V. Hustad, J. Lawrey, A. Santiago, J. Bezerra,
C. Souza-Motta, A. Firmino, Q. Tian, J. Houbraken, S. Hongsanan, K.
Tanaka, A. Dissanayake, J. Monteiro, H. Grossart, A. Suija, G. Weerakoon, J. Etayo, A. Tsurykau, V. Vázquez,
P. Mungai, U. Damm, Q.R. Li, H. Zhang, S. Boonmee, Y.Z. Lu, A.G. Becerra, B. Kendrick, F.Q. Brearley,
J. Motiejūnaitė, B. Sharma, R. Khare,
S. Gaikwad, D. Wijesundara, L. Tang, M. He, A. Flakus, P. Rodriguez-Flakus, M. Zhurbenko, E. McKenzie, M. Stadler, D. Bhat, J. Liu, M.
Raza, R. Jeewon, E. Nassonova,
M. Prieto, R. Jayalal, M. Erdoğdu,
A. Yurkov, M. Schnittler,
O. Shchepin, Y. Novozhilov,
A. Silva-Filho, E. Gentekaki, P. Liu, J. Cavender, Y.
Kang, S. Mohammad, L. Zhang, R. Xu, Y. Li, M. Dayarathne,
A. Ekanayaka, T. Wen, C. Deng, O. Pereira, S. Navathe, D. Hawksworth, X. Fan, L. Dissanayake, E. Kuhnert,
H. Grossart & M. Thines
(2020). Outline of
Fungi and fungus-like taxa. Mycosphere 11(1):
1060–1456. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8