Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 March 2021 | 13(3): 17865–17874
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6673.13.3.17865-17874
#6673 | Received 06 September 2020 | Final
received 17 March 2021 | Finally accepted 19 March 2021
Not all gone: the rediscovery of
Jaguar (Carnivora: Felidae: Panthera onca) and records of threatened monkeys (Primates:
Mammalia) in the Magdalena River Valley of Caldas Department in Colombia, a
call for their conservation
Leonardo Mendieta-Giraldo
1, Sergio Escobar-Lasso 2, Esteban Grajales-Suaza
3 & José F. González-Maya 4
1 Corporación
Autónoma Regional de Caldas (CORPOCALDAS), Cll.21
#23-22 Ed. Atlas, Manizales, Caldas.
2,4 Proyecto de Conservación
de Aguas y Tierras, ProCAT Colombia/Internacional,
Carrera 11 # 96-43, Of. 303, Bogotá, Colombia.
3 “Fundación Ambiental Mohanes - Manzana 5 Casa 15, Rincón
de la Loma Cartago, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
4 Departamento de Ciencias
Ambientales, CBS, Universidad, Autónoma
Metropolitana Unidad Lerma, Av. de las Garzas
No. 10, Col. El Panteón. C.P, 52005, Lerma de Villada,
Estado, de México, México.
1 mendieta.leo@gmail.com, 2 biosergiobike@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 3 estebangrajales94@gmail.com,
4 jfgonzalezmaya@gmail.com
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 March 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Mendieta-Giraldo, L., S.
Escobar-Lasso, E. Grajales-Suaza & J.F.
Gonzalez-Maya (2021). Not
all gone: the rediscovery of Jaguar (Carnivora: Felidae: Panthera
onca) and records of threatened monkeys (Primates:
Mammalia) in the Magdalena River Valley of Caldas Department in Colombia, a
call for their conservation. Journal of Threatened Taxa
13(3): 17865–17874. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6673.13.3.17865-17874
Copyright: © Mendieta-Giraldo et al. 2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: Regional environmental authority of Caldas department, Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas (CORPOCALDAS), Colombia.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Leonardo Mendieta-Giraldo
(LMG) is a biologist from Universidad de Caldas and currently works for the
regional environmental authority, Corporación Autónoma Regional de Caldas (CORPOCALDAS). Sergio Escobar-Lasso (SEL) is a
biologist from Universidad de Caldas and MSc in Wildlife Management and
Conservation. Sergio currently serves as the director of the Colombian Tapir
Conservation initiative (CTC) from the IUCN SSC Tapir Specialist Group and ProCAT Colombia (www.colombia-tapir-conservation.com). Esteban Grajales-Suaza
(EGS) is a student of biology at the University of Quindío (Colombia), he leads
the “Grupo de Estudio y Conservación
de Carnívoros de la Universidad del Quindío”
(GECCUQ), a research group focused on the study and conservation of carnivorous
mammal species. José F. González-Maya
(JFGM) is the Scientific Director for ProCAT
Colombia/Internacional and Co-Chair for the IUCN SSC
Small Carnivore Specialist Group. José holds a BSc in Biology and MSc and PhD
in Conservation.
Author contribution: Study
design (LMG); Data collection (LMG); Data analysis (SEL, EGS, JFGM); Manuscript
write up (SEL, EGS, JFGM).
Acknowledgements: We want to thank the Corporacion Autonoma Regional de Caldas (CORPOCALDAS),
departmental environmental authority, for the support to carry out surveys in “Ciénaga de la Tortuga”.
We also want to thank the owners of “Hacienda La Tortuga” for allowing us to conduct the explorations.
Abstract: For decades, the middle Magdalena
Valley of Colombia has been a scene of heavy social and civil conflict, which
have resulted on a sustained and extensive expansion of the agricultural
border, dedicating most lands to extensive cattle production activities. Such extensive disturbances have led to a
progressive loss and isolation of natural forests of the region, severely
threatening biodiversity. A group highly
susceptible to local extinction in the middle Magdalena Valley are the large
and medium mammals, because they usually require large extensions of habitat
with a good degree of connectivity to be able to disperse between
fragments. In this sense, it is especially
important to identify the last remnants of habitat that still persist in the
middle Magdalena and that still are occupied by endemic and threatened mammal
species. Therefore, this work confirms
the presence of Jaguar Panthera onca and four threatened monkeys, Ateles
hybridus (Critically Endangered), Saguinus leucopus (Endangered),
Cebus versicolor (Endangered), and Aotus griseimembra
(Vulnerable) inside an isolated remnant of tropical rainforest called “Ciénaga de la Tortuga” in the Magdalena River Valley of the
department of Caldas. After 21 years of
not having reliable records of Jaguars in the Caldas department, this work
renews the hope for conserving this iconic species in the territory and is
perhaps the last opportunity to take conservation actions to prevent the total
local extinction of Jaguar in the department.
This work also represents the first confirmed records of C.
versicolor for Caldas department and the second known records of P. onca and A. hybridus. The records of A. hybridus
are also considered the southernmost locality for the species.
Keywords: Large cats, Capuchin Cebus versicolor, deforestation, threatened
species, endemic species, fragmentation, local extinction, Night Monkey Aotus griseimembra,
Spider Monkey Ateles hybridus,
Tamarin Saguinus leucopus.
INTRODUCTION
The inter-Andean
valley of the Magdalena River is an important area from the historical,
cultural, and ecological perspectives (Mancera-Rodríguez
& Rodríguez-Sánchez 2002; Fernández-Méndez et al. 2013). This valley crosses Colombia from south to
north, encompassing a variety of ecoregions from Caribbean mangroves and xeric
shrubs to dry and moist forests (Olson et al. 2001). Specifically, the middle Magdalena Valley is
particularly composed by moist forest to the north and dry forests to the
south, reason why the middle part of such area is a transition (ecotone)
between those type of forests (Fernández-Méndez et al. 2013). For decades, the middle Magdalena Valley has
been a scene of heavy social and civil conflict, which has resulted in
extensive deforestation and expansion of the agricultural border with most
lands mainly dedicated to extensive livestock farming (Fergusson et al.
2014). Such disturbances have led to a
progressive loss of the natural forests of the region, threatening the natural
resources base in general and biodiversity in particular (Fernández-Méndez et
al. 2013; Fergusson et al. 2014).
Furthermore, the unique dry and moist forests of the middle Magdalena
River valley are poorly represented in the regional and local protected areas
systems and are currently not represented at all within national protected
areas (SIAC 2020). Nowadays, the forests
that once covered the middle Magdalena have almost disappeared and the few
remnants of forest that still persist are extremely fragmented and isolated
(Fernández-Méndez et al. 2013). Despite
these large-scale deforestation processes, the middle Magdalena River valley is
still home to many endemic species, but with high risk of disappearing if
appropriate conservation actions are not urgently taken (Andrade et al. 2013).
Large and
medium-sized mammals are considered a group highly susceptible to local
extinction, because they usually require large extensions of habitat with a
good degree of connectivity to be able to disperse between fragments (Powell
& Mitchell 2012). In this sense, it
is especially important to identify the last remnants of habitat that still
persist in the middle Magdalena and that are inhabited by endemic and threated
mammal species (Castaño & Corrales 2010; Andrade
et al. 2013). Therefore, the goal of
this work is to report the presence of Jaguar Panthera
onca and four threatened and endemic monkeys, the
Variegated Spider Monkey Ateles hybridus, the Silvery-brown Tamarin Saguinus
leucopus, the Varied White-fronted Capuchin Cebus versicolor, and the Grey-handed Night
Monkey Aotus griseimembra
inside an isolated remnant of tropical rainforest called “Ciénaga
de la Tortuga” in the Magdalena River valley of the department of Caldas,
Colombia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study was carried out at a
remnant of tropical rainforest called “Ciénaga de la Tortuga” (5.714°N,
-74.680°W, 167 msnm, WGS 84) located close to the La Miel River mouth into the Magdalena River (Image 1). According to the
ecoregions defined by Olson et al. (2001), the study area corresponds to
“Magdalena-Urabá moist forests”. This isolated remnant of forest has an
extension of 167.3ha and a perimeter of 17.3km, located in Buenavista Village, La Dorada municipality, in the northeastern portion of the department of
Caldas, middle Magdalena River valley, Colombia. The Ciénaga de la Tortuga is one of the last
remnants of tropical rainforest in the region, it is immersed in
lands dedicated to extensive livestock farming and is
under private ownership as the “Hacienda Santa Clara” and “Hacienda La
Tortuga”. The rainfall regime is bimodal
with the first peak of rains between March–May and the second between September–November
(SIAC 2020). The major dry season occurs from June to August and there is a less pronounced
dry season around December–February (SIAC 2020).
Methods
Between September 2014 and March
2020, we carried out 11 short expeditions to the tropical rainforest
“Ciénaga de la Tortuga”, which together had a duration of 56 days and 327 hours (Table
1). The expeditions had two general
aims, the first was to monitor the conservation status of the forest, looking
for early deforestation alerts and the second was to evaluate if the forest is inhabited by endemic and threatened mammal species in order to better
assess the conservation status of these forests. To record the endemic and threatened mammals,
we made ad-libitum walks inside and around the rainforest which together had an
extension of 28km. We used binoculars and cameras to record all
individuals sighted and indirect signals (e.g., footprints, feeders, burrows,
among others). The date and time of each
of the sightings was recorded.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Jaguar Panthera
onca (Linnaeus 1758) rediscovery for Caldas
department.
The record of
Jaguar was obtained through a footprint (Image 2) recorded on 7 February 2018
at 08.47h, which had all features to be consistently assigned to P. onca (sensu Aranda-Sanchez
2012). This is an important rediscovery
of the species inside the department of Caldas, because it was believed that
the Jaguar populations were locally extinct in the department (Escobar-Lasso et
al. 2014). The last confirmed record of
the species was made in 1999 (21 years ago) by an adult individual who was
hunted by farmers as retaliation for cattle predation near the indigenous
reserve “Nuestra Señora Candelaria de la Montaña”, El
Rosario Village, Riosucio municipality, Cauca River
basin (Escobar-Lasso et al. 2014). Therefore,
this work represents the second known record of Jaguar in the department, but
maybe it could be one of the last individuals that still persists in the entire
region.
At international
level, the Jaguar is listed as Near Threatened (NT) throughout its whole
distribution range (Quigley et al. 2017) but recent assessments considered 33
of 34 populations in the continent either Endangered or Critically Endangered
(de la Torre et al. 2018). At the
national level, the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU) by the Colombian
Ministry of Environment (MADV 2017).
Although most of the Jaguar’s habitat has been deforested and
fragmented, the species has a widespread distribution and is found in the five
natural regions of the country (Andean, Caribbean, Pacific, Orinoquia
and Amazon) (Quigley et al. 2017), although apparently mostly isolated an on
reduced numbers (González-Maya & Jiménez-Ortega 2015; de la Torre et al.
2018). The records of Jaguars in the
middle Magdalena River valley are rare and their populations are extremely
fragmented due to habitat loss (Payán et al.
2016). The few populations that still
persist are restricted to the north of the middle Magdalena River valley, from
the south of Bolivar department in the Serrania de
San Lucas (Payán et al. 2016), to the northeastern of the Antioquia department (Arias-Alzate et al. 2011) and the south-west of Santander
department (Boron & Payán 2013; Boron et al.
2016). Therefore, it is important to
highlight that our record is considered the southernmost locality for Jaguar in
the Magdalena River valley.
Variegated Spider Monkey Ateles
hybridus Geoffroy, 1829 southernmost records.
The records of the
Variegated Spider Monkey Ateles hybridus were obtained through direct observations on
four occasions (May 2015, November 2017, January–February 2018, and March
2020). During these observations, troops
of up to 10 individuals were recorded (Image 3). To date, the only known location of A.
hybridus for Caldas department is a record
made inside the Selva de Florencia National Natural
Park (NNP) (Roncancio-Duque 2012). Therefore, this work represents the second
known location of A. hybridus in the
department of Caldas; however, unlike the populations recorded in Selva de Florencia NNP, the individuals of this new
location are inhabiting an extremely isolated forest and without any category
of conservation.
Globally, the
Variegated Spider Monkey is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) under criteria
A2cd+3cd given that its populations have declined at least 80% over the past 45
years (three generations) due primarily to hunting and habitat loss (Link et
al. 2020). Similarly, at national level,
it is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) by the Colombian Ministry of
Environment (MADV 2017). In Colombia, A.
hybridus is found from the middle valley of
the Magdalena River to the northeast region of the Caribbean region, with some
populations on the eastern flank of the Eastern mountain range (Hernández-Camacho
1976; de Luna et al. 2017; Link et al. 2020).
Therefore, the two locations known, including these records, for the
Caldas department can be considered the southernmost localities for the
species.
Varied White-fronted Capuchin Cebus
versicolor Pucheran, 1845 first confirmed records
for Caldas department.
The records of the
Varied White-fronted Capuchin Cebus
versicolor (Image 4) were obtained through direct observations on six
occasions (September 2014, May 2015, August 2016, December 2017, January-March–May
2018, and March 2020). Castaño et al. (2003) suggested the presence of Cebus albifrons in
the Caldas department based on an individual deposited in the exhibit
collection of the Natural History Museum of the Caldas University (without
catalogue number). Such individual
apparently came from the Samaná municipality, but the
collection date, coordinates and other data associated with the specimen are
unknown (Castaño et al. 2003). It is currently accepted that Cebus albifrons versicolor,
classified as a subspecies by Hershkovitz (1949), should be considered a
distinct species and the subspecies Cebus albifrons adustus and Cebus albifrons leucocephalus are synonyms of C. versicolor
(Boubli et al. 2012).
Based on this taxonomic discrepancy, and on the record of C. albifrons by Castaño et
al. (2003), García-R et al. (2018) suggested the presence of C. versicolor
inside Caldas department. Therefore, our
observations of C. versicolor can be considered the first
confirmed and reliable records of the species for Caldas department; however,
it is highly likely that the species has a wider distribution in the middle
Magdalena Valley of Caldas.
At international
level, the Varied White-fronted Capuchin is listed as Endangered (EN) under
criteria A2cd mainly due to habitat loss and illegal wildlife trade (Torre et
al. 2015). At national level, however,
the Colombian Ministry of Environment (MADV 2017) has not yet assessed the
species. C. versicolor is
endemic to the lower and middle parts of the Magdalena River basin of Colombia
and, including these new records, the species is found in nine departments:
Bolívar, Cesar, Sucre, Santander, Norte de Santander, Antioquia, Cundinamarca,
Boyacá, Caldas, and Tolima (Ramírez-Chaves et al.
2016; García-R et al. 2018; This work).
Therefore, it is necessary to promote studies focused on establishing a
national program for conservation and management of C. versicolor
and establish its conservation status at the national level.
New records for the Silvery-brown Tamarin Saguinus leucopus
(Günther, 1877).
The records of the
Silvery-brown Tamarin Saguinus leucopus (Image 5) were obtained through direct
observations on six occasions (September 2014, January–March 2018, and March
2020). Many troops of S. leucopus have been recorded inhabiting many forest
patches throughout the Magdalena River valley of the Caldas department (see Castaño et al. 2003; Roncancio-Duque
et al. 2008; Castaño & Corrales 2010; Alba-Mejia
et al. 2013; Arias-Alzate et al. 2014; Ruiz-Garcia et
al. 2014; Garcés-Restrepo et al. 2016; Vélez-García et al. 2019).
Even more, a species conservation and management plan was recently
generated for the department in 2012 (Roncancio-Duque
et al. 2012); however, the effectiveness and degree of application of such plan
is unknown. This work represents a new
location for the species in the Magdalena River valley of the department, which
must be prioritized and considered in the present and future conservation
actions due to the high degree of isolation of “Ciénaga
de la Tortuga”.
At the
international level, the Silvery-brown Tamarin is listed as Endangered (EN)
under criteria A2cd mainly due to habitat loss and illegal wildlife trade
(Morales-Jiménez et al. 2008). At
national level the species is listed as Vulnerable (VU; MADV 2017). This species is endemic to the country, found
only in northern Colombia, between the Magdalena and Cauca rivers
(Morales-Jiménez et al. 2008). In the
Magdalena River valley, populations of S. leucopus
located in the Caldas and Tolima departments represent the southernmost
populations of its distribution, which are key to enable the dispersal of the
species to the rest of the Magdalena River valley.
New records for the Grey-handed Night Monkey Aotus griseimembra
Elliot, 1912.
The Grey-handed
Night Monkey Aotus griseimembra
(Image 6) records were obtained through direct observations on four occasions
(May 2015, February–May 2018, and March 2020).
The presence of A. griseimembra
had already been recorded in the middle Magdalena River valley of the Caldas
department, specifically in the municipality of Victoria and La Dorada (Castaño et al. 2003; Garcés-Restrepo et al. 2016; García-R et al. 2018). Therefore, this work represents a new
location for the species in the Magdalena River valley of the Caldas
department, which must be prioritized and considered in the present and future
conservation actions due to the high degree of isolation of “Ciénaga de la Tortuga”.
At the international
level, the Grey-handed Night Monkey is listed as Vulnerable (VU) under criteria
A2c due to population decreasing, being its main threats habitat loss for urban
and agriculture purposes (Link et al. 2019).
At the national level, it is listed as Vulnerable (VU) (MADV 2017). In Colombia, A. griseimembra
is distributed in the inter-Andean river valleys of Magdalena and Cauca rivers,
and in the Caribbean region including Serrania de San
Lucas, Serrania del Perija,
Montes de María and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Link et al. 2019). It is important to highlight that the eastern
of the Caldas department is an important area to allow the dispersion of A.
griseimembra from south to north throughout
the Magdalena Rver Valley.
CONCLUSIONS
After 21 years of
not having reliable records of Jaguars in the Caldas department, this work
renews the hope to conserve this iconic species in the territory and is perhaps
the last opportunity to take conservation actions to prevent its local
extinction in the department. Due to the
high degree of isolation of “Ciénaga de la Tortuga”,
we believe that this remnant of forest must be prioritized and considered in
the present and future conservation actions by the environmental authorities
and the local, national, and international organizations dedicated to
conservation of nature.
The remnant of
tropical rainforest “Ciénaga de la Tortuga”, apart
from being inhabited by four threatened species of monkeys, also is inhabited
by the Colombian Red Howler Monkey Alouatta
seniculus (Image 6). Therefore, it is important to highlight that Ciénaga de la Tortuga is to date the only place in the
Caldas department where it is possible to see five of the six species of
monkeys currently recorded for the department (García-R. et al. 2018). The isolation of this forest patch and the
high risk of disappearing in the short term, including these remnant
populations of species at risk, make Ciénaga de la
Tortuga a conservation priority for the department and even for the whole
country; urgent actions are required and seem warranted to secure this remnant
and ideally to reconnect it with other forest fragments in the region.
Table 1. Description of ad-libitum expeditions carried
out in tropical rainforest remnant called “Ciénaga de
la Tortuga” in the Magdalena River valley of the department of Caldas,
Colombia.
Date |
Days of survey |
Time of survey |
Distance walked (m) |
Sep-14 |
3 |
16 hours |
1500 |
May-15 |
4 |
28 hours |
2000 |
Aug-16 |
1 |
5 hours |
500 |
Nov-17 |
3 |
21 hours |
1500 |
Dec-17 |
2 |
18 hours |
1000 |
Jan-18 |
7 |
35 hours |
3500 |
Feb-18 |
9 |
50 hours |
4500 |
Mar-18 |
9 |
48 hours |
4500 |
Apr-18 |
6 |
30 hours |
3000 |
May-18 |
5 |
36 hours |
2500 |
Mar-20 |
7 |
40 hours |
3500 |
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