Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18349–18354
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6663.13.5.18349-18354
#6663 | Received 03 September 2020 | Final
received 16 November 2020 | Finally accepted 09 April 2021
New records of six termite (Blattodea: Termitidae) species from Kerala, India
Poovoli Amina ¹ &
K. Rajmohana ²
1 Zoological Survey of
India, Western Ghat Regional Centre (Recognised Research Centre of Calicut University),
Kozhikode, Kerala 673006, India.
2 Zoological Survey of
India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India.
1 aminapoovoli@gmail.com,
2 mohana.skumar@gmail.com (corresponding author)
Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publication: 26 April 2021
(online & print)
Citation: Amina, P. & K. Rajmohana (2021). New records of six
termite (Blattodea: Termitidae)
species from Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(5): 18349–18354. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6663.13.5.18349-18354
Copyright: © Amina & Rajmohana 2021. Creative Commons Attribution
4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: UGC-Moulana
Azad National Fellowship (MANF).
Competing interests: The authors
declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: The authors are
grateful to the director, Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata and the
officer-in-charge, ZSI, Western Ghats Regional Centre, Kozhikode, for support
and encouragement. The first author is
also thankful to UGC, for the award of Moulana Azad
National Fellowship (2013–2016), towards the study.
Abstract: The present paper
reports new records of six species of termites (Blattodea:
Termitidae), viz.,
Angulitermes acutus
Mathur & Sen-Sarma, Dicuspiditermes
obtusus (Silvestri), Pericapritermes
dunensis (Roonwal &
Sen-Sarma), Pericapritermes
topslipensis Thakur, Nasutitermes
cherraensis Roonwal
& Chhotani, and Nasutitermes
kali Roonwal & Chhotani
from Kerala. Three species P. dunensis, N. cherraensis
and N. kali are reported for the first time from the Western Ghats. The
details of materials collected, diagnostic characters and distribution data in
India are provided.
Keywords: Angulitermes acutus, Dicuspiditermes
obtusus, Pericapritermes
dunensis, Pericapritermes
topslipensis, Nasutitermes
cherraensis, Nasutitermes
kali.
Termites
are fully social insects, with an extraordinary range of morphological forms
(Eggleton 2011). They are a familiar group to common man,
directly or indirectly due to their abundance, fascinating characteristic
features and due to their pest status.
Being decomposers and recyclers, they are also ecologically important
(Wood & Sands 1972).
The
family Termitidae is the most highly evolved of all
the families of Isoptera and are known to occur in
all zoogeographical regions of the world.
It is the largest family in termites.
Among the total 2,937 living species of the world, 2,072 (nearly 71%)
belong to this single family under 238 genera (Krishna et al.
2013). In India, there are 208 species
under 35 genera belonging to four subfamilies of Termitidae
(71%) (Amina et al. 2013; Amina & Rajmohana 2013;
Krishna et al. 2013).
As
a part of our taxonomic studies on the termites of Kerala (Amina & Rajmohana 2013, 2016; Amina et al. 2013, 2016a,b), six
species under four genera Angulitermes acutus Mathur & Sen-Sarma,
Dicuspiditermes obtusus
(Silvestri), Pericapritermes dunensis (Roonwal & Sen-Sarma), Pericapritermes
topslipensis Thakur Nasutitermes
cherraensis Roonwal
& Chhotani, and Nasutitermes
kali Roonwal & Chhotani
(Family: Termitidae) are hereby reported as new
records from Kerala. Three species
namely N. cherraensis, N. kali, and
P. dunensis are reported for the first time
from the Western Ghat segment of Kerala.
Termites
in particular have a very strong impact on soil environment with a significant
role in maintenance of soil fertility and productivity of ecosystem. Among them, soil feeders have a positive
impact on overall organic matter cycling (Brauman
2000). In termite groups, soil feeding
termites are a less studied group. More
taxonomic explorations are needed to understand the diversity and as well as
the bioecological features of this group.
In the above six species, A. acutus, D.
obtusus, P. dunensis,
and P. topslipensis are soil feeders and N.
cherraensis and N. kali are wood feeders.
Materials and Methods
All
the specimens were collected from the part of colonies, during field surveys
undertaken in the Kerala part of the Western Ghats from 2013 to 2016. This southwestern state of India, has a very
pleasant and equable climate throughout the year. The normal temperature of Kerala ranges from
28–32 ⁰C
on the plains, but in the highlands it drops to a low level. The average annual rainfall is 3,000mm, 70%
of it is received during June to August (the period of the south-west monsoon),
20% during October to December (the north-east monsoon) and 10% during
pre-monsoon period, i.e., April and May.
The mean relative humidity value ranges from 60–90 % and the maximum
being during the rainy season (June–September).
The
specimens were preserved in 80% alcohol.
Measurements were made in 80% alcohol under a stereozoom
microscope, Leica EZ4HD, at magnifications between 8–35×. Images were taken
using Leica 205-A stereomicroscope fitted with a DFC 500 camera, and processed
with the help of extended focus software, LAS version 3.6.
The
species identifications were made using Chhotani
(1997). All specimens are
deposited in the national zoological collections of the Zoological Survey of
India (ZSI), at Kozhikode, Kerala, India.
Result and Discussion
As
a part of the inventory on the termite fauna of Kerala, Amina & Rajmohana (2014) reported 60 species of termites
from Kerala under 28 genera and three families.
In addition to this, nine more species were reported (Amina & Rajmohana 2016; Amina et al. 2016a,b; Ipe
& Mathew 2019). With the present
report, an additional six species, within four genera under the family Termitidae are hereby documented as new records from the
state.
New
reports:
Family:
Termitidae
Subfamily:
Nasutitermitinae
Nasutitermes
cherraensis Roonwal
& Chhotani, 1962
Material
examined: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5474,
11-ii-1988, one colony, India, Kerala, Palakkad (Silent Valley), coll. ZSI collection. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5475,
24-ii-2013, one colony, India, Kerala, Palakkad (Keralamedu)
10.6467N, 76.8072E, coll. Sureshan & party.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5476, 22-ii-2013, one colony, India, Kerala, Palakkad (Poochippara), 10.7867N, 76.6548E, coll. Sureshan
and team. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5477, 22-ii-2013, one colony, India, Kerala, Palakkad
(Varadimala), 10.7867N, 76.6546E, coll. Sureshan &
team.
Distribution
in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya
(Krishna et al. 2013), Kerala (Palakkad) (present study),
Diagnostic
features: Soldier Caste (Image 1).
Dimorphic. Major soldier: Total body length 3.50–4.60 mm. Head capsule
without nasus pear shaped (head length with nasus 1.50–1.80 mm, head length without nasus
0.90–1.13 mm, head width 0.80–1.07 mm, head width index 0.87–0.93). Head in profile incurved behind nasus, nasus long (nasus length 0.60–0.77 mm, nasus/head
length index 0.65–0.79) narrow, thin and cylindrical. Antennae 12–14 (mostly
12) segmented, segment 3 longer than (1.5 times) 2 in 12 segmented conditions
and shorter in 14 segmented condition.
Mandible without or with a very small spine like process. Pronotum saddle shaped. Minor Soldier:
(Adapted from Chhotani 1997). Rare occurrence. Small.
Head narrow (head length with nasus 1.25–1.40
mm; head length without nasus 0.68–0.80 mm; maximum
head width 0.60–0.67 mm; head width index is 0.84–0.88). Head behind antennae constricted. Antennae 11–12 segmented. Worker: monomorphic. Total body length 4.30–5.90 mm, head capsule subcircular (length to tip of labrum
1.30–1.40 mm, length to base of mandible 0.92–1.20 mm and maximum width
1.00–1.33 mm). Antennae 13–15 segmented,
segment 3 shortest in 13 segmented conditions and segment 4 shortest in 14
segmented antennae.
Remarks:
Of the total 250 world species of Nasutitermes,
23 species are reported from India (among them 18 species are endemic to India)
and three are known from Kerala. N. cherraensis is a species endemic to India and has a
limited distribution, known hitherto only from northeastern
India. This species is documented for
the first time from the Western ghats of Kerala. As per Chhotani
(1997), the worker caste is with 14–15 antennal segments and pronotum
with a prominent notch at anterior margin.
In the present collections, workers with 13 segmented antennae were also
present. Soldier minor was not
represented in the present collection, hence the attributes of the soldier
minors given above are from Chhotani (1997).
Nasutitermes
kali Roonwal
& Chhotani, 1962
Material
examined: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5537,
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5538, ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5539, 06-i-2015, three colony, India,
Kerala, Ernakulum: Thattekad (Urulamthanni)
10.1281N, 76.7552E, coll. Amina Poovoli.
Distribution
in India: Assam, Meghalaya (Krishna et al.
2013), Kerala (Ernakulum) (present study)
Diagnostic
features: Soldier (Image 2): Monomorphic.
Head capsule without nasus pear shaped; head length
without nasus a little longer than head width (head
length with nasus 1.30–1.58 mm, head length without nasus, 0.78–0.86 mm, head width 0.73–0.90 mm, head width
index 0.93–0.97, nasus length 0.50–0.55 mm, nasus/head length index 0.60–0.63). Head in profile straight with a weak hump
behind nasus. Nasus short and conical. Antennae 11–12 segmented, segment
3 slightly shorter and narrower than 2 in 12 segmented antennae and subdivided
in 11-segmented antennae. Mandibles with
long prominent spine. Pronotum saddle
shaped. Cerci short; 2 segmented. Worker.
Dimorphic. Major worker: Total body length 3.4–3.70 mm. In dorsal view, head capsule subcircular, epicranial suture
distinct. Antennae 13 segmented, 3
shortest. Post clypeus slightly swollen,
length less than half of width (length 0.18–0.22 mm, width 0.43–0.46 mm). Minor worker: Similar to major worker,
varying in their size and slightly in their colour. Total body length 2.60–3.00
mm.
Remarks:
N. kali is an Indian endemic species and they were confined to the northeastern part of India and now this species is reported
from Kerala, from Western Ghats. The
samples were collected from trees.
Subfamily:
Termitinae
Angulitermes
acutus
Mathur & Sen-Sarma, 1961
Material
examined: ZSI/WGRC/IR/4652, 18-ix-2013,
India: Kerala: Palakkad (Walayar Deer Park) 10.834N,
76.8461E, coll. Amina Poovoli.
Distribution
in India: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh
(Krishna et al. 2013), Kerala (Palakkad) (Present study)
Diagnostic
features: Soldier (Image 3). Head capsule
subrectangular with wavy sides; maximum width at
anterior part Head capsule comparatively large and more wide (head length to
the base of mandibles 1.20–1.35 mm; head length to tip of frontal projection
1.35–1.45 mm; maximum head width 0.95–1.00 mm); antero-lateral point of head
not prominent. Left mandible
comparatively longer than head length to base of mandible (1.35–1.40 mm).
Frontal projection short and pointed, with slightly raised tip, extending
beyond the base of mandibles and covering part of labrum. Antennae 14 segmented; segment 3 a little
longer than 2; 4 shortest or sometimes subequal to 2. Labrum
asymmetrical, mandibles slightly snapping type; slender, long and
rode-like. Postmentum
short and club shaped, pronotum saddle shaped.
Worker: Total body length 3.00–4.10 mm, head subcircular, antennae 14 segmented, segment 3 shorter than
2; 4 shortest.
Remarks:
A. acutus
is an Indian endemic species and it was formerly reported only from Tamil Nadu
and Uttar Pradesh. Now the species is
reported from Kerala for the first time.
The colonies of this species have been collected from under boulders.
Dicuspiditermes
obtusus (Silvestri, 1923)
Material
examined: ZSI/WGRC/IR/5616, 18-ix-2013,
one colony, India: Kerala: Palakkad (Walayar)
10.834N, 76.8461E, coll. Amina Poovoli.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/5617, 17-v-2013, one colony, India, Kerala, Wayanad (Kuruva Dweep), 11.8217N,
76.0922E, coll. Amina Poovoli. ZSI/WGRC/IR/5618,
26-xi-2014, one colony, India, Kerala, Ernakulum (Thoppimudi-Thattekkad),
10.1319N, 76.7071E, coll. Jafer Palot.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/5619, 27-xi-2014, one colony, India, Kerala, Ernakulum (Kolumba-Thattekad), 10.1039N, 76.7004E, coll. Jafer Palot. ZSI/WGRC/IR/5620,
5-i-2015, one colony, India, Kerala, Ernakulum (Kootikkal-Thattekad),
10.075N, 76.7495E, coll. Amina Poovoli.
Distribution
in India: Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa (Krishna et al. 2013), Kerala (Palakkad, Wayanad, Ernakulum)
(present study)
Diagnostic
features: Soldier (Image 4). Head capsule subrectangular,
Frons inclined at angle of 45⁰,
antero-lateral tubercle of head short and blunt; median suture of head
extending up to half of head length, fontanelle transverse, situated at frontal
inclination. Antennae 14 segmented; segment 2–4 subequals,
sometimes 3 slightly longer than 2 or 4.
Labrum asymmetrical, anterior margin deeply
incurved; lateral margin produced into long, thin spine like processes and with
a few serrations on antero-lateral margin at the base of spines. Mandibles asymmetrical; left mandible
strongly twisted at middle and with beak at tip; sometimes point-tip seen
damaged. Right mandible blade like,
apical blade elongate and highly incurved on inner margin, postmentum
club shaped, waist narrow and long, lying at posterior end, pronotum saddle
shaped. Worker: Total body
length 4.00–5.10 mm, head capsule subcircular and
wider than head length, antennae 14 segmented, segment 3 and 4 subequal and
segment 2 slightly longer than 3 and 4.
Remarks:
Of the 20 known species of Dicuspiditermes, D. obtusus
has very distinctive characters from other species. They have very short
and blunt antero-lateral processes on head.
This species is recorded for the first time from Kerala and were
collected from the soil underneath boulders
Pericapritermes
dunensis (Roonwal & Sen-Sarma, 1960)
Material
examined: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5717,
21-ix-2014, one colony, India: Kerala: Idukki (Chinnar
WS), 10.3068N, 77.2060E, coll. Emiliyamma &
party. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5715, 10-iv-2013, one colony, India, Kerala, Pathanamthitta (Gavi) 9.4358N, 77.1657E, coll. Rajmohana & party. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5718, 23-ix-2014,
one colony, India, Kerala, Idukki (Erachipara-Munnar),
9.8479N, 77.1464E, coll. Emiliyamma & party.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5719, 7-i-2015, one colony, India, Kerala, Ernakulam (Thattekadu Bird Sanctuary- Kallippara),
10.0749N, 76.4551E coll. Amina Poovoli.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5716, 23-i-2014, one colony, India, Kerala, Pathanamthitta
(Pekkavu), 9.4916N, 76.666E, coll. Sureshan & party.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5720, 10-ix-2015, one colony, India, Kerala, Idukki (Uppupara-PTR), 9.5262N, 77.2368E, coll. Sureshan
& party.
Distribution
in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Krishna et al. 2013), Kerala
(Ernakulam, Idukki, and Pathanamthitta) (present
study)
Diagnostic
features: Soldier (Image 5). Head
capsule elongate, subrectangular, sides slightly
narrowing anteriorly (head length with mandibles 3.95–4.25 mm, head length to
base of mandibles 2.30–2.50 mm, maximum head width 1.28–1.48 mm), frons weakly
inclined in front; median suture of head distinct, extending from posterior
margin to fontanelle, fontanelle small, circular, fontanelle gland small in
size, sometimes indistinct. Antennae 14
segmented; segment 3 a little longer than 2 or 4, segment 4-shortest, labrum asymmetrical; anterior margin weakly incurved, with
short, horn-like antero-lateral points, mandibles strongly asymmetrical,
shorter than head length (left mandible length 1.43–1.70 mm, right mandible
length 1.37–1.50 mm), postmentum long and club shaped,
narrowed at waist. Worker: Total
body length 3.2–4.00 mm, head capsule subcircular,
broader than long. Antennae 14 segmented, segment 3 shorter than 2 and a little
longer than 4, segment 4 shortest.
Remarks: This species is documented for the first time
from Kerala as well as from Western Ghats.
The colonies of this species have been collected from under boulders.
Pericapritermes
topslipensis Thakur,
1976
Material
examined: ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5721,
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5728, 11-ix-2013, 2 colonies, India: Kerala: Wayanad (Muneeswarankunnu), 11.7032N, 76.0834E, coll. Bhavana.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5733, 31-vii-2015, one colony, India: Kerala: Wayanad (Thalappuzha), 11.8403N, 75.9492E, coll. Shili.
ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV/5734, 15-vii-2015, India: Kerala: Wayanad (Vythiri),
11.5516N, 76.0403E, coll. Shili.
Distribution
in India: Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (Krishna
et al. 2013), Kerala (Wayanad) (present study)
Diagnostic
features: Soldier (Image 6). Head capsule
elongated subrectangular, sides substraight
(head length with mandibles 4.00–4.25 mm, head length to base of mandibles
2.50–2.70 mm, maximum head width 1.30–1.45 mm)
frons weakly inclined in front; median suture of head distinct,
extending from posterior margin to almost up to fontanelle, fontanelle small,
circular, fontanelle gland small in size, antennae 14 segmented; segment 3
subequal to slightly longer than 2; segment 4-shortest, labrum
asymmetrical; anterior margin substraight, with very
short antero-lateral points, mandibles asymmetrical, shorter than head length
(left mandible length 1.39–1.48 mm, right mandible length 1.36–1.45 mm), postmentum long and club shaped, pronotum strongly saddle
shaped. Worker. Total body
length 4.00–4.60 mm, head capsule subcircular,
broader than long, antennae 14 segmented, segment 3 shorter than 2 and a little
longer than 4, segment 4 shortest.
Remarks: The median suture of Y-arm is
well distinct in some specimens and in some it is indistinct. P. topslipensis
is a southern Indian endemic species from Kerala. It is reported only from the high elevation
zones.
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