Journal of Threatened Taxa |
www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2021 | 13(5): 18257–18282
ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893
(Print)
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6475.13.5.18257-18282
#6475 | Received 26 July 2020 | Final
received 17 March 2021 | Finally accepted 10 April 2021
Legumes of Kerala, India: a checklist
Anoop P. Balan 1
& S.V. Predeep
2
1 KSCSTE-Malabar
Botanical Garden and Institute For Plant Sciences, Kozhikode, Kerala 673014,
India.
1 PG Department of
Botany, Bishop Abraham Memorial College, Thuruthicad,
Pathanamthitta, Kerala 689597, India
2 PG Department of
Botany, SVR NSS College, T.P. Puram P.O., Vazhoor,
Kottayam, Kerala 686505, India.
1 anooppb01@gmail.com
(corresponding author), 2 predeepsv@gmail.com
Editor: M.K. Vasudeva Rao, Shiv Ranjani Housing Society, Pune, India. Date
of publication: 26 April 2021 (online & print)
Citation: Balan.A.P.
& S.V. Predeep (2021). Legumes of Kerala, India: a checklist. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(5): 18257–18282. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6475.13.5.18257-18282
Copyright: © Balan & Predeep
2021. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproduction, and
distribution of this article in any medium by providing adequate credit to the
author(s) and the source of publication.
Funding: This study was initially funded by Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Department
of Science & Technology, Government
of Kerala through the project ‘Studies on the Legume Flora of Kerala state’
(No. 013/SRSLS/2005/CSTE) during the
period 2006-2009. The first author
received financial assistance from
Science and Engineering
Research Board, Department of Science
and Technology, Government
of India through the
project PDF/2016/001936 during the
period 2017-2019.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details: Anoop P. Balan is an Assistant Professor in the PG
Department of Botany (SF), Bishop Abraham Memorial College, Thuruthicad,
Pathanamthitta, Kerala. He was a National
Post-Doctoral Fellow (SERB, Govt. of India) and Project Co-Ordinator (KSBB) at
KSCSTE-Malabar Botanical Garden & Institute for Plant Sciences, Kozhikode,
Kerala during the period 2017-2020. His area of interest is Plant taxonomy and
Legume systematics. Dr. S.V. Predeep was retired as an Associate Professor in the
PG Department of Botany, SVR NSS College, Vazhoor,
Kottayam, Kerala. His area of interest is Legume systematics.
Author contribution: SVP designed and conceptualized the study.
APB and SVP conducted field surveys, collection, identification and
documentation of legumes from all districts of Kerala state. APB prepared the
first draft of the manuscript and SVP contributed in further editions.
Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to the Kerala
State Council for Science, Technology & Environment, Department of Science
& Technology, Government of Kerala for financial assistance. We are also
grateful to the management of SVR NSS College, Vazhoor,
Kottayam for the facilities provided for this work. First author is grateful to
KSCSTE-Malabar Botanical Garden & Institute for Plant Sciences, Kozhikode,
Kerala for various supports. The help given by Dr.
A.J. Robi, BAM College, Thuruthicad,
Dr. P.S. Udayan, Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur, Dr. N. Sasidharan, KFRI, Peecchi, Dr. Vivek
C. Poulose, Botanical Survey of India, Port Blair and
Dr. Rakesh G. Vadhyar,
Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore through photographs and literature are
thankfully acknowledged. Thanks, are also due to Dr.
V.P. Prasad, former Head of Office, Central National Herbarium, Botanical
Survey of India, Kolkata and the curators of various Indian herbaria for their
assistance during herbarium consultation. Support and assistance from the
officials of Kerala State Forest Department was invaluable during the field
studies and is also acknowledged with thanks.
Abstract: A checklist of the
legumes of Kerala State is presented.
This exhaustive checklist is an outcome of extensive field surveys,
collection, identification and documentation of family Leguminosae carried out
across Kerala State during the period 2006–2019. A total of 448 taxa were recorded under five
subfamilies and 115 genera. The majority
of the legumes are herbs and shrubs, the rest being trees and woody
climbers. About 81 taxa are endemic to
India, especially confined to the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, out of
which 17 are endemic to Kerala. The state is home to two Critically
Endangered and six Endangered legumes, facing severe threat of extinction. Crotalaria is the dominant legume
genus in the state with 62 taxa followed by Desmodium
and Indigofera. About 57 genera are represented by single
species each. Legumes are treated
according to the latest phylogenetic classification of the Legume Phylogeny
Working Group (LPWG). Updated
nomenclature, habit, native countries, voucher specimens, and images of endemic
and lesser known legumes found in the state are provided. Crotalaria multiflora var. kurisumalayana (Sibichen
& Nampy) Krishnaraj
& N. Mohanan is reduced as a synonym to C.
multiflora (Arn.) Benth.
Keywords: Checklist, Crotalaria
multiflora, endemic, Kerala, Leguminosae, LPWG, Western Ghats.
Introduction
Leguminosae with 770
genera and over 19,500 species (Lewis et al. 2013), are the third largest
family of flowering plants after Orchidaceae and
Asteraceae. Legumes are a significant
component of nearly all terrestrial biomes, distributed throughout the world in
almost all
habitats and are second only to the Poaceae in their
importance to human beings. The family
is morphologically, physiologically, and ecologically exceptionally diverse,
representing one of the most spectacular examples of evolutionary
diversification in plants (LPWG 2017).
Legumes are grown agriculturally, primarily for their seeds called
pulses, contributing 33% of the dietary protein nitrogen needs of humans (Vance
et al. 2000). Many legumes are able to
do nitrogen fixation, through symbiotic association with Rhizobium bacteria
within root nodules and thereby play an important ecological role in the
terrestrial nitrogen cycle. Considering
the importance of legumes, the 68th session of the United Nations
General Assembly declared the year 2016 as the International Year of Pulses for
their popularisation internationally.
Leguminosae in India are represented by
1,297 taxa under 179 genera, of which about 23% are strictly confined to India
(Sanjappa 1992).
Kerala, one of the species-rich states in the country, is exceptional
because of its richness in biodiversity and endemism. According to Nayar
et al. (2006), Kerala represents about 4,694 species of flowering plants under
1,418 genera and 188 families. The state
constitutes only 1.18% of the geographical area of India but it accommodates
about 27.57% of the flowering plants occurring in the country (Nayar et al. 2008). Sasidharan (2004) and Nayar et
al. (2006) published checklists of flowering plants of Kerala, primarly based on literature. According to Sasidharan
(2004), there are 381 legume species in Kerala under 93 genera out of which 82
taxa are endemic to India. Nayar et al. (2006) enumerated 389 species of legumes in
Kerala under 96 genera of which 85 taxa are restricted to India. The latest treatment of Leguminosae in
Kerala is that of Murthy & Nair
(2016), in which they enumerated 382 species of legumes under three distinct
families, viz., Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, and Mimosaceae with 17, 60, & 18 genera and with 56, 281,
& 45 species, respectively.
Though Leguminosae are one of the most
dominant families in the state and also highly important in the economic point
of view, an exclusive legume flora of the state is still wanting. To fill this lacuna, the authors have
conducted extensive field surveys, collection, identification and documentation
of all the legumes of the state during the last 14 years to produce a
comprehensive account on the legume flora of Kerala. Regarding this, recently three new leguminous
taxa and seven new records have been reported from Kerala (Predeep
et al. 2008, 2009; Predeep & Balan 2010; Balan
& Predeep 2016; Balan et al. 2014, 2017). The study was initially funded by the Kerala
State Council for Science, Technology and Environment, Dept. of Science &
Technology, Govt. of Kerala. The present
checklist is the first step before the release of a legume flora of Kerala and
the list is prepared based on the authors’ own collections, and specimens
deposited in various Indian herbaria and relevant literature.
Systematic Treatment
Leguminosae (nom. alt. Fabaceae) received
its scientific name from earlier taxonomists due to its characteristic fruit
(legume). Since this name was long in
usage even before the code was formulated, this name was conserved by the
International Code of Nomenclature (ICN).
Another name Fabaceae based on the type genus Faba
Mill. was proposed as an alternate name according to the provisions of ICN and both
names are acceptable following Articles 18.5 and 18.6 of the Shenzhen Code (Turland et al. 2018).
The name Leguminosae or Fabaceae encompasses all the known leguminous
plants under it. Monocarpellary superior
ovary with marginal placentation and leguminous fruit are the key characters of
Leguminosae.
Earlier (and worth mentioning) treatment
of the family Leguminosae are that of de Candolle (1825), who subdivided the
family into four suborders (= subfamilies), namely, Papilionaceae,
Swartzieae (now included in Papilionoideae),
Mimoseae, and Caesalpineae. This system was elaborated by Bentham (1865),
who recognised three major groups within Leguminosae and whose classification
formed the basis for all subsequent classifications of the family for the next
150 years. Taubert
(1894), Engler (1964), Thorne (1976, 2000), Polhill & Raven (1981), and
many others also treated Leguminosae as one family with three subfamilies. Some other researchers treated Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, and Papilionaceae as separate families (Takhtajan
1959, 1966, 1973, 1980; Hutchinson 1964, 1969, 1973; Cronquist 1968; Dahlgren
1983; Mabberley 1997). Systematic considerations based on molecular
evidences also recognize Leguminosae as a monophyletic family, with three
subfamilies (Doyle et al. 2000; Lewis & Schrire
2003; Wojciechowski 2003; Lewis et al. 2005; Shipunov
2009; APG IV 2016; Judd et al. 2016).
Recent molecular-based phylogenetic studies (Bruneau
et al. 2008; Bello et al. 2009, 2012; Sinou et al.
2009; Cardoso et al. 2012, 2013; Gagnon et al. 2013, 2016; Koenen
et al. 2013; LPWG 2013a,b, 2017; Dugas et al. 2015), however, made sweeping
changes in the systematics of Leguminosae.
The Legume Phylogeny Working Group-LPWG (2017) proposed a new subfamilial classification of Leguminosae, which is perhaps
the most comprehensively sampled phylogenetic analysis of legumes to date. All adequately sampled phylogenetic analyses
of the family indicate that the monophyletic Mimosoideae
and Papilionoideae are nested within a paraphyletic
assemblage of caesalpinioid lineages. LPWG (2017) recognized six subfamilies in
Leguminosae: a recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae
DC. (148 genera & ca. 4400 species), Cercidoideae
LPWG (12 genera & ca. 335 species), Detarioideae Burmeist. (84 genera & ca. 760 species), Dialioideae LPWG (17 genera & ca. 85 species), Duparquetioideae LPWG (one genus & one species), and Papilionoideae DC. (503 genera & ca. 14,000
species). The traditionally recognised
subfamily Mimosoideae is a distinct clade nested
within the recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae. All the subfamilies, except the African
subfamily Duparquetioideae, are well represented in
Kerala.
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
This checklist is the result of extensive
field studies and repeated seasonal collections of plant specimens from Kerala
during the period 2006 ̶2019. The plant
samples belonging to Leguminosae were collected from all areas of Kerala
including coastal, midland, and highlands, all types of forest and non-forest
areas in all seasons of the year.
Herbarium sheets were prepared following the method suggested by Bridson & Forman (1998) and are housed in the herbarium
in the Malabar Botanical Garden & Institute for Plant Sciences, Kozhikode,
Kerala (MBGH). Identification was done
with the help of pertinent literature including national and local floras
(Hooker 1876, 1878; Bourdillon 1908; Rao 1914; Gamble
1918; Manilal & Sivarajan
1982; Manilal 1988; Ramachandran & Nair 1988; Vajravelu 1990; Mohanan &
Henry 1994; Sasidharan & Sivarajan
1996; Sivarajan & Mathew 1997; Mohanan & Sivadasan 2002;
Kumar et al. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan 2009; Sasidharan 2011) and revisionary studies (Sanjappa 1986, 1995; Thothathri
1982, 1987; Babu et al. 1987; Nair 1989;
Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay 1996a,b; Singh 2001;
Bandyopadhyay et al. 2006; Ansari 2008) and consultation of authentic specimens
housed at CAL, CALI, KFRI, MH, TBGT & University College Herbarium,
Thiruvananthapuram. The species list is
based primarily on author’s collections and specimens deposited in various
Indian herbaria listed in Tables 1, 2, 3, with the exception of 39 reports from
the literature. The checklist is
arranged according to the latest phylogenetic system of classification of
legumes proposed by LPWG (2017). Each
species is arranged alphabetically under respective subfamilies. Habit, native countries, selected voucher
specimens and litereature references are provided for
each species. Plant names are updated
following International Plant Names Index (IPNI—www.ipni.org), The Plant List (www.theplantlist.org)
and Tropicos (www.tropicos.org). The native range of each species is given on
the basis of the International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS—www.ildis.org)
and Plants of the World Online (www.plantsoftheworldonline.org).
RESULTS
Leguminosae (Fabaceae sensu
lato) in Kerala
are represented by 448 taxa including 423 species, four subspecies and
21 varieties under 128 genera in five subfamilies (Tables 1, 2, 3; Images 1 ̶
64). Out of 448 taxa, 87 are introduced
plants, either naturalized or under cultivation for various purposes. Among the 361 indigenous legumes, Papilionoideae dominate with 269 species, one subspecies
and 16 varieties under 64 genera. Caesalpinioideae is represented by 53 taxa in 22 genera
followed by Detarioideae (13/5), Cercidoideae
(8/3), and Dialioideae (1/1). Crotalaria is the dominant genus with
59 taxa, next comes Indigofera (26 taxa), Dalbergia (18 taxa), Tephrosia
(13), and Vigna (13). About 47
genera are represented by a single species only. Top 10 dominant genera are
given in Fig. 1.
Life form analysis (Fig. 2) revealed that,
out of the 361 indigenous legumes identified from the state, the majority are
herbs (124) and shrubs (95) followed by climbers (78) and trees (64).
The district-wise analysis (Fig. 3) shows
that Idukki is the legume-rich district with 267 taxa followed by Palakkad
(236), Kollam (178), Wayanad (174), and Thiruvananthapuram (169). The lowest number of legumes was found in Eranakulam District (69 taxa).
Endemic and threatened legumes
Among the 361 indigenous legumes found in
Kerala, 81 are endemic to India and 33 are confined to the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka
biodiversity hotspot. Out of 81 Indian
endemic species legumes, 32 are restricted to the Western Ghats of Kerala,
Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu states. About
17 taxa, namely Crotalaria assamica var. keralensis, Dalbergia
beddomei, D. travancorica,
Dialium travancoricum,
Humboldtia bourdillonii,
H. brunonis var. raktapushpa,
H. sanjappae, H. unijuga var. trijuga,
Kunstleria keralensis,
Millettia pulchra
var. munnarensis, Phanera
murthyi, Sanjappa
cynometroides, Smithia
venkobarowii var. venkobarowii,
S. venkobarowii var. glabra, Tephrosia
travancorica, T. wynaadensis,
and Vigna sathishiana are endemic to
Kerala. The distribution range of 81
Indian endemic legumes found in Kerala is analysed and represented in Fig.
4. Among the threatened legumes found in
Kerala, Dialium travancoricum
and H. unijuga var. trijuga are Critically Endangered, Cynometra travancorica, Humboldtia bourdillonii,
H. unijuga var. unijuga, H. vahliana,
Kingiodendron pinnatum,
and Sophora wightii
are Endangered and Saraca asoca is Vulnerable (IUCN 2020). Cynometra
beddomei, which is treated as Extinct in the Red
List, has been re-collected recently (Sasidharan
1998), and hence it can be categorised as Critically Endangered. During our field studies Dialium
travancoricum is found to be the most threatened
tree species in Kerala and is on the brink of extinction due to poor
regeneration. This species is survived
with a few numbers of very old trees in Ponmudi
forest ranges of Thiruvananthapuram District.
Among Endangered tree legumes, Kingiodendron
pinnatum is facing severe threats due to
over-exploitation and habitat destruction.
The oleo-gum-resin of this plant species is used in gonorrhoea,
catarrhal conditions of genito-urinary and
respiratory tract (Kumar et al. 2011), and also in the paint industry. The species has been severely exploited for
its wood oil in the past and the stem bark is collected as a substitute for Saraca asoca. Dalbergia
travancorica is another highly threatened legume
restricted to a few lowland urban sacred groves in Thiruvananthapuram (Jagadeesan et al. 2015).
Economically important legumes
Arachis hypogea (Groundnut), Cajanus
cajan (Red Gram), Canavalia
gladiata (Sword Bean), Cicer
arietinum (Bengal Gram), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Cluster Bean), Lablab purpureus (Lablab Bean), Phaseolus coccineus (Scarlet Runner), P. lunatus (Lima Bean), P. vulgaris (French
Bean), Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
(Winged Bean), Sesbania sesban
(Swamp Pea), Vigna mungo (Black Gram), Vigna radiata (Green
Gram), V. unguiculata ssp. cylindrica (Catjang), and V.
unguiculata ssp. unguiculata
(Cowpea) are commonly cultivated in the state for pulses/vegetables. Pisum
sativum (Garden Pea) is cultivated in high ranges in Idukki District. Dalbergia
latifolia (Malabar Rosewood), D. lanceolaria, D. sissoo,
and Pterocarpus marsupium (Kino), and P.
santalinus (Red Sandalwood) are known for
their quality timber. About one-third of
the legumes in Kerala have known medicinal properties (Kirtikar
& Basu 1918; Ambasta
1986; Parrota 2001).
These include Abrus precatorius, Butea monosperma,
Clitoria ternatea,
Codariocalyx motorius,
Cullen corylifolia, Indigofera
tinctoria, Kingiodendron
pinnatum, Mucuna
pruriens, Pongamia
pinnata, Pseudarthria
viscida, and Saraca
asoca. Centrosema molle, Desmodium intortum,
Leucaena leucocephala,
Macrotyloma uniflorum, Sesbania sesban, Stylosanthes guianensis, and S.
hamata are the forage legumes found in the
state. Calopogonium
mucunoides, Mucuna
bracteata, and Pueraria
phaseoloides are grown as cover crops in rubber
plantations.
Ornamental legumes
Amherstia nobilis, Arachis
glabrata, A. pintoi, Brownea coccinea, B. grandiceps, Bauhinia spp., Caesalpinia pulcherrima,
Cassia spp., Clitoria ternatea, and Senna spp. are widely grown in
Kerala for ornamental purposes. Albizia saman, Castanospermum australe,
Cassia javanica, Delonix
elata, D. regia,
Libidibia coriaria,
Millettia peguensis,
Parkia biglandulosa,
and Peltophorum pterocarpum
are the common avenue trees in the state.
Invasive legumes
Exotic legumes like Centrosema
molle, Mimosa diplotricha,
Senna hirsuta, S. occidentalis,
S. sophera, S. tora, among others have extensively invaded the
degraded forest areas and open wastelands throughout the state and are causing
severe threat to the native flora.
Several forage legumes introduded have escaped
from farms and have become invasive in the plains especially by the road-sides
during the last two decades. Desmodium scorpiurus,
D. tortuosum, Stylosanthes
guianensis, and S. hamata
have become a serious threat to indigenous plants in the plains. Desmodium
intortum and D. uncinatum are
emerging as rapidly multiplying weeds in the high ranges in Idukki
District. Senna uniflora
is a recently reported weed in the plains of central Kerala.
Excluded legumes
Five legumes previously reported from the
state of Kerala (Saidharan 2004; Nayar
et al. 2006) have been excluded in this checklist due to the various reasons
given below:
1. Desmodium
caudatum (Thunb.) DC.:
reported from Malappuram District (Sivarajan & Mathew
1997) based on Philip Mathew 33038 (CALI) was a misidentification of Sohmaea laxiflora (DC.)
H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi
2. Humboldtia
laurifolia Vahl: Robert
Wight’s collection of ‘H. laurifolia’ from
‘Malabar’ region of India 180 years ago was found to be a misidentification of H.
vahliana Wight (Balan et al. 2016).
3. Indigofera
barberi Gamble: No specimens or record of
collection from Kerala found.
4. Rhynchosia
rothii Benth. ex
Aitch.: Reported from Silent valley National Park in Palakkad District (Manilal 1988) based on T. Sabu 10897 (CALI) was a
misidentification of Neonotonia wightii (Arn.) J.A.Lackey.
5. Vigna bourneae
Gamble: No specimens or record of collection from Kerala found.
Notes
Sibichen & Nampy
(2007) described Crotalaria kurisumalayana, a taxon closely allied to C. multiflora Benth. from the Vagamon Hills of
central Kerala. C. multiflora
is an Indo-Sri Lankan species distributed in the grasslands and open hill
slopes of higher elevations. The authors
distinguished C. kurisumalayana from C.
multiflora, mainly based on the shape of leaves, lax racemes, and
sericeous ferruginous pods. Since these
characters are highly overlapping, Krishnaraj & Mohanan (2012) reduced C. kurisumalayana
to a variety of C. multiflora and identified the presence or
absence of purple striations as the main distinguishing characters. Field studies, however, revealed that this
purple striation is also not consistent and therefore the trinomial is reduced
to a synonym of C. multiflora.
For figures
& images - - click here
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